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SONORA in the AGE of RAMON CORRAL, 1875-1900 Delmar Leon

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SONORA in the AGE of RAMON CORRAL, 1875-1900 Delmar Leon Sonora in the age of Ramón Corral, 1875-1900 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Beene, Delmar Leon, 1938- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 04:28:00 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565265 SONORA IN THE AGE OF RAMON CORRAL, 1875-1900 by Delmar Leon Beene A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Delmar laon Beene_________________________________ entitled “Sonora in the Age of Ramon Corral, 1875-1900” _____ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy_____________________________ £Z^ZZ2- After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* X7, M 7 This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. 1 SIGNED (£) COPYRIGHTED BY DELMAR LEON BEENE 1972 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank several persons who contributed to the dissertation. First, I would like to thank the Organization of the American States Fellowship Committee for a twelve months research grant which enabled me to work in Mexico. Special thanks go to the grandsons of Ramon Corral, Jorge Corral and Ramon Corral, III, who kindly permitted me to use the few remaining letters of Ramon Corral and his diary which he kept while in Europe. Also I wish to thank the staff members of the Biblioteca y Museo de Sonora and those of the library of the University of the Americas where the microfilm copy of the General Porfirio Diaz Archive is kept. I wish to thank the members of my dissertation committee for their helpful advice. Drs. George A. Brubaker and Richard A. Cosgrove read the entire dissertation and to them I extend my thanks. Special thanks are extended to my dissertation director. Dr. Russell C. Ewing, who had the unenviable task of reading the rough drafts. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT . ............................... ...... 'vi CHAPTER I. I N TRODUCTION............ 1 II. STRUGGLE FOR P O W E R .......................... 6 III. CHANGING THE G U A R D ............ 32 IV. POLITICAL STRUCTURE IN SONORA DURING THE P O R F I R I A T O ............................. 60 V. THE CHALLENGE................................. 88 VI. THE CLASH OF CULTURES........................ 117 VII. PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS.............. 152 VIII. CONCLUSION . ....................... 191 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................... 206 v ABSTRACT The purpose of this dissertation is to depict the impact of the porfiriato and the role of Ramon Corral in the state from 1875 to 1900. Upon assuming the presidency, General Diaz launched a centralization program designed to give the federal government control over the states and to bring order to Mexico. At the same time the Mexican presi­ dent worked to attract foreign capital and hoped that once the nation achieved order and stability, foreign investments would lead to the industrialization of the country. Conse­ quently , Luis Torres and Ramon Corral, whose ideas coincided with those of the president and who agreed with the policies of the national government, became instrumental in insti­ tuting Diaz' program in Sonora. Corral, who served as Diaz' first and only vice- president, played a vital and often dominant role in the affairs of Sonora from 1870 to 1900. In the early '70's before the rise of Diaz, Corral edited two newspapers in which he attacked the administration of Ignacio Pesqueira which had controlled Sonora since 1857. After the fall of the pesqueiristas in 1876, Corral served in the state legis­ lature where he waged a new struggle against the interim government of Vicente Mariscal, and sponsored legislation to promote the economic grpwth of the state. He returned to vi vii the state legislature under the administration of Luis E. Torres in 1879 to serve as both deputy from the district of Alamos and secretary of state. The state elected the young deputy to the national congress in 1880, and during his term of office Corral successfully defended the agricultural interests of Sonora. Failing to be re-elected to the national body in 1882, Corral returned to Sonora where he alternately served in the positions of secretary of state or governor, thereby dominating the administration of the state until the end of the century. During the period that Ramon Corral directed the administration of the state, Sonora emerged from its chaotic past to achieve internal stability and economic progress. Diaz terminated the political struggles which had plagued the entire nation, and the military forces of the United States aided the Mexicans in checking the Apache raids. Foreign investors revitalized the decaying mining industry, constructed the railroad which linked the state to commer­ cial markets in the United States, and abetted the coloniza­ tion of vast territories within the state. Sonorans participated in the economic growth of the state as middle­ men in many of the mining adventures, cultivated greater acreage, and expanded their commercial operations to take advantage of the increase in population and the new markets in the United States. Although the government failed to control the Yaqui and Mayo tribes in the southern region of viii the state and, consequently, failed to colonize the fertile tribal lands, Sonora prospered from the programs of the porfiriato. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The history of the state of Sonora from its incep­ tion in 1830 to the rise of Porfirio Diaz in 1876 is a history of internal chaos and economic decadence. It is a history of caudillo rule free from interference from Mexico City and of Apache raids which almost forced the abandonment of the frontier region. In the southern part of the state two powerful tribes lived virtually free from civil authori­ ties and controlled the two maJor river systems of Sonora. The Yaqui and Mayo tribes occupied the fertile lands along the river banks and blocked the Mexican attempts to colonize the river areas. To the further detriment of the economy, Sonoran miners could not compete with the foreign producers who used more advanced methods and enjoyed better and cheaper transportation facilities. Those engaged in agri­ culture faced similar problems as antiquated techniques, scarcity of water, inaccessible markets, and a meager labor force limited production. No railroad crossed the state and few wagon roads existed. The only regular stage line operated between the port city of Guaymas and Hermosillo. Occasionally a stage ran between Hermosillo and the state capital, Ures, but no line linked Sonora with Arizona. 1 2 Political struggles, filibustering expeditions, and French invaders compounded the problems of Sonora and drained the state treasury.^ The internal chaos and economic decadence within the state caused many persons to emigrate and threatened to depopulate Sonora. Sonoran officials estimated that by the year 1871, some 16,000 persons had emigrated either to Alta California or to Arizona, and 4,000 had been killed in the political struggles and Indian conflicts. Several frontier towns lost over fifty per cent of their population and Arizpe, the former state capital, declined from a population of over 6,000 citizens to less than 2,000. Overall, Sonora's population declined from a high of 150,000 in 1840 to less than 100,000 in the early 18701s. Because of the loss in population, mines closed, fields lay fallow, and 1. E. de Fleury, "Noticias Geologicas, Geograficas y Estadisticas Sobre Sonora y BaJa California," [1864] in Genero Garcia (ed.), Documentos Ineditos 0 Muy Raros Para la Historia de Mexico (36 vols., Mexico: Libreria de la Vda. de Ch. Bouret, 1909), XXII, 221-22, 228-33; John Russell Bartlett, Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents in Texas. New Mexico. California. Sonora, and Chihuahua. connected with the United States and Mexican Boundary Com­ mission. During the Years 1850, '51. '52. and '53 (2 vols., Chicago: The Rio Grande Press Inc., 1965), I, 282, 409; Alexander Willard to secretary of state, October 1, 1870, September 30, 1871; Alexander Garrison to secretary of state, September 30, 1872, "Despatches from United States Consuls in Guaymas, Mexico, 1832-1896,11 National Archives Microfilm Publications, Microcopy T-210 (Washington: National Archives and Record Service, 1958-1961), rolls 2, 3; Boletin Oficial (Ures), September 15, 1876; Francisco T. Davila, ^ Sonora Historico v Descriptiva (Nogales, Arizona: Tipografia de R. Bernal, 1894), p. 2. 3 commerce declined, while taxes increased and discontent 2 mounted among the populous. While Sonora suffered through the civil struggles, Apache raids, Indian rebellions, and filibustering move­ ments, as well as the French invasion of 1865, a new breed of men devoted to the economic progress of the state emerged.
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