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The Unconventional Strategic Option: Democracies Supporting Non-State Armed Groups

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The Unconventional Strategic Option: Democracies Supporting Non-State Armed Groups The unconventional strategic option: Democracies supporting non-state armed groups by Jan K. Gleiman B.A., Boston University, 1994 M.S., Troy State University, 2005 M.P.A., Georgetown University, 2006 M.M.A.S., U.S. Army Command and General Staff School, 2010 M.M.A.S., U.S. Army School of Advanced Military Studies, 2011 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Security Studies Program College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2018 Abstract This study examines the effects of regime type on support to foreign insurgent groups. Theoretically, it relies on structural and normative characteristics of democracies by arguing that leaders in these regimes tend to encounter multiple disincentive mechanisms generally not found in non-democracies. Thus, leaders of democratic regimes are less likely to actively support foreign insurgent groups as a component of strategy below the threshold of military intervention. When they do choose to lend their support, they tend to choose either low-level types of support (simple material support) or high-level support (full military intervention). Leaders of non- democratic regimes, however, can employ the full spectrum of support types to seize strategic opportunities and tailor strategies that are more costly and more risky. The dissertation tests this theory by using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The statistical analysis of a dyadic, cross-sectional, time-series dataset of 179 countries from 1975 to 2009 provides some support for the proposed hypotheses. Structured, focused comparison of three conflicts with multiple within-case observations (cases) also reveals modest support for the hypothesis that democracies are unlikely to support insurgent groups in general and have multiple disincentives toward providing mid-level types of support that expose the democratic leaders to additional costs and risks. Unexpectedly, the qualitative case studies reveal that in addition to the structural disincentives initially identified, leaders of democratic regimes may have a harder time managing the principal-agent relationship between the supporting state (principal) and the insurgent groups (agents). The need to maintain a large winning coalition to survive as a leader in a democracy presents multiple principal-agent problems and allows rebel leaders and rebel factions to resist integration, prevent the loss of autonomy, and facilitate the establishment of alternative avenues of resource mobilization. While previous literature in political science and international relations provides evidence that structural characteristics of democratic regimes make them good at winning interstate wars, this study provides initial evidence that those same structural characteristics make democracies’ success more elusive when applying unconventional strategies short of war. The unconventional strategic option: Democracies supporting non-state armed groups by Jan K. Gleiman B.A., Boston University, 1994 M.S., Troy State University, 2005 M.P.A., Georgetown University, 2006 M.M.A.S., U.S. Army Command and General Staff School, 2010 M.M.A.S., U.S. Army School of Advanced Military Studies, 2011 A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Security Studies Program College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2018 Approved by: Major Professor Emizet Kisangani Copyright © Jan K. Gleiman 2018. Abstract This study examines the effects of regime type on support to foreign insurgent groups. Theoretically, it relies on structural and normative characteristics of democracies by arguing that leaders in these regimes tend to encounter multiple disincentive mechanisms generally not found in non-democracies. Thus, leaders of democratic regimes are less likely to actively support foreign insurgent groups as a component of strategy below the threshold of military intervention. When they do choose to lend their support, they tend to choose either low-level types of support (simple material support) or high-level support (full military intervention). Leaders of non- democratic regimes, however, can employ the full spectrum of support types to seize strategic opportunities and tailor strategies that are more costly and more risky. The dissertation tests this theory by using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The statistical analysis of a dyadic, cross-sectional, time-series dataset of 179 countries from 1975 to 2009 provides some support for the proposed hypotheses. Structured, focused comparison of three conflicts with multiple within-case observations (cases) also reveals modest support for the hypothesis that democracies are unlikely to support insurgent groups in general and have multiple disincentives toward providing mid-level types of support that expose the democratic leaders to additional costs and risks. Unexpectedly, the qualitative case studies reveal that in addition to the structural disincentives initially identified, leaders of democratic regimes may have a harder time managing the principal-agent relationship between the supporting state (principal) and the insurgent groups (agents). The need to maintain a large winning coalition to survive as a leader in a democracy presents multiple principal-agent problems and allows rebel leaders and rebel factions to resist integration, prevent the loss of autonomy, and facilitate the establishment of alternative avenues of resource mobilization. While previous literature in political science and international relations provides evidence that structural characteristics of democratic regimes make them good at winning interstate wars, this study provides initial evidence that those same structural characteristics make democracies’ success more elusive when applying unconventional strategies short of war. Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. xi List of Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... xii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... xv Dedication .................................................................................................................................. xviii Chapter 1 - Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose and Argument .......................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Conceptual Definitions ......................................................................................................... 9 The explained variable: State Support to Insurgent Groups ................................................. 10 The explanatory variable: Regime Type ............................................................................... 11 Insurgent Groups and Insurgency ......................................................................................... 11 1.4 Structure of the Dissertation ............................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2 - Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 14 2.1 The Structural Approach ..................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Theories of Democratic Peace ............................................................................................ 26 2.3 Military Intervention in Civil Wars .................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3 - Theoretical Development: Regime Type and Unconventional Strategy ................... 36 3.1 Assumptions ........................................................................................................................ 37 3.2 Hypotheses .......................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 4 - Quantitative Research ................................................................................................ 49 4.1 Research Design ................................................................................................................. 49 Dependent variable and sub-samples. ................................................................................... 51 Independent variable. ............................................................................................................ 55 Control variables. .................................................................................................................. 55 4.2 A Few Methodological Issues............................................................................................. 59 4.3 Methodology and Empirical Analysis ................................................................................ 62 4.4 Summary and Discussion of Findings ................................................................................ 69 Chapter 5 - Qualitative Research .................................................................................................
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