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Children & Armed Conflict in Sri Lanka

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CHILDREN & ARMED CONFLICT IN SRI LANKA Displaced Tamil girl at Mannar Reception Centre, 1995 ©Howard Davies / Exile Images A discussion document prepared for UNICEF Regional Office South Asia Jason Hart Ph.D REFUGEE STUDIES CENTRE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is based upon material collected in Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom. In the gathering, consideration and analysis of this material I have enjoyed the support and assistance of many people. I should here like to offer my thanks to them. Firstly, I am indebted to Reiko Nishijima at UNICEF-ROSA who has been responsible for the overall project of which this report is part. I should like to thank Reiko and her assistants, Damodar Adhikari and Tek Chhetri, for their warm support. At the Sri Lanka Country Office of UNICEF I was fortunate to be welcomed and greatly assisted by staff members throughout the organisation. My particular thanks go to the following people in the Colombo office: Jean-Luc Bories, Avril Vandersay, Maureen Bocks, U.L Jaufer, Irene Fraser, and the country representative, Colin Glennie. With the assistance of UNICEF’s drivers and logistics staff I was able to visit all five of the field offices where my work was facilitated most thoroughly by Monica Martin (Batticaloa), Gabriella Elroy (Trincomalee), I.A. Hameed, Bashir Thani & N. Sutharman (Vavuniya), Penny Brune (Mallavi), A. Sriskantharajan & Kalyani Ganeshmoorthy (Jaffna). My gratitude also goes to the numerous other individuals and organisations who helped during my seven week stay in Sri Lanka. Lack of space prevents me from mentioning all except a handful: Gunnar Andersen and Rajaram Subbian (Save the Children, Norway), Pauline Taylor-McKeown (SC UK), Alan Vernon and numerous colleagues (UNHCR), Markus Mayer, (IMCAP), Jenny Knox (Thiruptiya), Sunimal Fernando (INASIA), Jeevan Thiagarajah and Lakmali Dasanayake (CHA), various staff at ZOA, Ananda Galappatti (War-Trauma & Psychosocial Support Programme) Father Saveri (CPA) and Father Damien (Wholistic Health Centre). I should also like to thank the staff of ICRC who, on several occasions, enabled my journey around the country to continue smoothly. I also benefitted greatly from discussions in the UK with Jonathon Goodhand, Ingrid Massage, Liz Philipson and Randhir Wanigasekera. This document has been produced as part of a research programme on war- affected and displaced children at the Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford University, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Fund. At all stages I have received support and encouragement from my colleagues at the RSC – Jo de Berry and Tom Feeny – and, most especially, from the project supervisor, Jo Boyden. 2 CONFIDENTIAL - not for circulation or quotation ABBREVIATIONS CAAC Children Affected by Armed Conflict CRC (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child DfID Department for International Development (UK government) EPDP Eelam People’s Democratic Party EPRLF Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front GoSL Government of Sri Lanka IPKF Indian Peace Keeping Force LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam MSF Medicins Sans Frontieres NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PLOTE People’s Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam ROSA Regional Office for South Asia (UNICEF) PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder RSC Refugee Studies Centre (Oxford University) SC UK Save the Children, United Kingdom SLA Sri Lankan Army TELO Tamil Eelam Liberation Organisation TRO Tamil Rehabilitation Organisation UNGASS UN General Assembly Special Session (on children) 3 CONFIDENTIAL – not for circulation or quotation CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 6 Background to the project 6 Establishing the knowledge base 7 The Sri Lanka country document 8 Children as victims and as participants 9 SECTION 1 DEVELOPMENT AND DIMENSIONS OF THE CONFLICT 11 REASONS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF ARMED CONFLICT 11 The development of communalist politics 11 Social and Economic Inequality 12 Failures of the political system 14 THE POSITIONS OF THE MAIN PROTAGONISTS 16 The government of Sri Lanka 16 The LTTE 17 Other parties to conflict in Sri Lanka 18 HISTORY AND NATURE OF THE CONFLICT 19 The general level of conflict 19 Funding and sources of weaponry 20 SECTION 2 THE ECONOMY 22 THE COSTS OF CONFLICT AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL 22 Direct costs 22 Revenue Foregone 23 THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF CONFLICT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL 24 Impoverishment of basic services 24 Loss of income 25 Migration 27 High price of basic items 27 IMPACT UPON CHILDREN: COMMODITIZATION 28 SECTION 3 PHYSICAL IMPACTS 31 HEALTH PROVISION IN CONFLICT-AFFECTED AREAS 32 CHILDREN’S HEALTH AND NUTRITION 34 4 CONFIDENTIAL - not for circulation or quotation CONFLICT-RELATED VIOLENCE 37 In combat 37 Bystander/collateral injury 37 Communal massacres 38 Landmines 38 Bombs and shells 40 ABUSE BY MILITARY FORCES 40 Sexual abuse & harassment 40 Arrest and torture 41 Forced Recruitment 42 ABUSE & NEGLECT WITHIN THE FAMILY 43 ORPHANS 44 SECTION 4 SOCIO-CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL LIFE 47 EDUCATION: ACCESS & EXPERIENCE 47 Access 48 Experience 51 LEISURE / PLAY 53 RELIGIOUS & CULTURAL LIFE 54 The role of religious figures 54 Cultural activities for propaganda? 55 Language 55 The role of children in the socio-cultural life of their communities 56 SECTION 5 PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL ISSUES 57 THE SCALE AND NATURE OF THE PROBLEMS 57 Children in the south 57 Children in the north and east 57 EFFECTS UPON FAMILY RELATIONS AND COMMUNITY VALUES 59 CHILDREN’S RESPONSE TO PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL CHALLENGES 60 Trauma and PTSD 60 Children’s capacities for peace and violence 61 SECTION 6 CONCLUSION – RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH 64 APPENDIX- A NOTE ON SOURCES 67 ENDNOTES 68 5 CONFIDENTIAL – not for circulation or quotation INTRODUCTION Background to the project The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) provides a global charter for the protection of children’s survival, development and well being. Armed conflict creates conditions under which many of the rights laid out in the CRC are undermined. As the 1996 Graca Machel/UNICEF report on Children Affected by Armed Conflict pointed out, war increases the threats to children and clearly contravenes the mandate for their protection laid out in the CRC. The international community has therefore a special duty of care and protection with regard to children exposed to armed conflict, civil strife and displacement. This duty requires agencies involved in preventative and emergency efforts to understand how children are affected by such adversities and to develop measures that mitigate the impact on children. Acknowledging the urgent need to improve child-focused emergency responses in the context of conflict, the UK government’s Department for International Development (DfID) has provided financial support to UNICEF globally, through the Children Affected by Armed Conflict (CAAC) Project to raise the capacity of child-focused interventions in armed conflict. As part of this initiative the Regional UNICEF Office in South Asia (ROSA) has undertaken the Children Affected by Armed Conflict Part One Project. The premises of the project are: ♦ Child protection during emergencies involves more than simple service delivery. The project seeks to develop a conceptual and practical framework to move forward policy, practice and advocacy on CAAC. This entails the development of new methods of information gathering and analysis, new approaches to programming and policy development and new ways of thinking about and working with children and their families during conflict. ♦ Working with and supporting children, their families, communities and other local stakeholders implies the need for in-depth understanding of the particular context, dynamics and impacts of armed conflict in South Asia. 6 CONFIDENTIAL - not for circulation or quotation ♦ Building the capacity of UNICEF and partner organisations to respond more effectively to war-affected children requires the development of new training approaches that enhance not only individual learning, but also institutional memory. Current training practices that rely on ‘training events’ and the production of manuals are not the most effective way of meeting these objectives. The Project will therefore develop interactive and distance learning methods and produce learning modules and materials that will be made available on the UNICEF website. ♦ Children’s rights can be protected by promoting leadership and accountability for violations, and by ensuring that internationally agreed standards of child protection become accepted throughout the region and are sustained during conflict. This entails lobbying, advocacy and information dissemination on general human/children’s rights instruments, with a focus on principles and issues that are of particular relevance to war-affected children. Establishing the Knowledge Base To initiate the project UNICEF ROSA commissioned consultants at the Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford, to map out: 1) the existing knowledge on children affected by armed conflict in the South Asia region 2) the existing institutional capacity for intervention on CAAC. Between January and April 2001 two consultants travelled to India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Afghanistan collecting existing secondary information on CAAC and meeting informed experts, particularly those involved in child-focused intervention in areas of conflict. The UNICEF country offices provided logistical support in Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. In Pakistan and Afghanistan the project was facilitated by the UNICEF Pakistan Country Office and Afghanistan Country Office in partnership
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