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Download Book ® BOOKS FOR PROFESSIONALS BY PROFESSIONALS Krajci Cummings Android on x86 Android on x86: an Introduction to Optimizing for Intel® Architecture serves two main purposes. First, it makes the case for adapting your applications onto Intel’s x86 architecture, including discussions of the business potential, the changing landscape of the Android marketplace, and the unique challenges and opportunities that arise from x86 devices. The fundamental idea is that extending your applications to support x86 or creating new ones is not difficult, but it is imperative to know all of the technicalities. This book is dedicated to providing you with an awareness of these nuances and an understanding of how to tackle them. Second, and most importantly, this book provides a one-stop detailed resource for best practices and procedures associated with the installation issues, hardware optimization issues, software requirements, programming tasks, and perfor- mance optimizations that emerge when developers consider the x86 Android devices. Optimization discussions dive into native code, hardware acceleration, and advanced profiling of multimedia applications. The authors have collected this information so that you can use the book as a guide for the specific require- ments of each application project. This book is not dedicated solely to code; instead it is filled with the information you need in order to take advantage of x86 architecture. It will guide you through installing the Android SDK for Intel Architecture, help you understand the differ- ences and similarities between processor architectures available in Android devices, teach you to create and port applications, debug existing x86 appli- cations, offer solutions for NDK and C++optimizations, and introduce the Intel Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager. This book provides the most useful information to help you get the job done quickly while utilizing best practices. ISBN 978-1-4302-6130-8 53999 Shelve in Mobile Computing User level: 9 781430 261308 Beginning–Advanced For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front matter material after the index. Please use the Bookmarks and Contents at a Glance links to access them. Contents at a Glance About the Authors ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� xxi Acknowledgments ������������������������������������������������������������������������ xxiii Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xxv ■ Chapter 1: History and Evolution of the Android OS ����������������������� 1 ■ Chapter 2: The Mobile Device and Operating System Landscape ������ 9 ■ Chapter 3: Beyond the Mobile App—A Technology Foundation ��� 17 ■ Chapter 4: Android Development—Business Overview and Considerations ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 ■ Chapter 5: The Intel Mobile Processor ����������������������������������������� 33 ■ Chapter 6: Installing the Android SDK for Intel Application Development �������������������������������������������������������������� 47 ■ Chapter 7: Creating and Porting NDK-Based Android Applications �������������������������������������������������������������������� 75 ■ Chapter 8: Debugging Android ��������������������������������������������������� 131 ■ Chapter 9: Performance Optimizations for Android Applications on x86 �������������������������������������������������������������������� 185 ■ Chapter 10: x86 NDK and C/C++ Optimizations ������������������������� 259 ■ Chapter 11: Using Intel Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager on Windows, Mac OS, and Linux to Speed Up Android on x86 Emulation ���������������������������������������������������������� 285 v ■ CONTENTS AT A GLANCE ■ Chapter 12: Performance Testing and Profiling Apps with Platform Tuning ������������������������������������������������������������������ 303 ■ Appendix A: References �������������������������������������������������������������� 331 Index ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 343 vi Introduction We wrote Android on x86: an Introduction to Optimizing for Intel® Architecture to provide a one-stop, detailed resource for the topic’s best practices and procedures. The book encompasses the installation issues, hardware optimization issues, software requirements, programming tasks, and performance optimizations that emerge when you consider programming for x86-based Android devices. Having worked on related projects ourselves, we committed to collecting our experience and information into one book which could be used as a guide through any project’s specific requirements. We dove into fine-tuned optimizations, native code adjustments, hardware acceleration, and advanced profiling of multimedia applications. The book is not dedicated solely to code, although you’ll find plenty of code samples and case studies inside. Instead, we’ve filled Android on x86 with the information you need in order to take advantage of the x86 architectures. We will guide you through installing the Android Software Development Kit for Intel Architectures, help you understand the differences and similarities between the processors available for commercial Android devices, teach you to create and port applications, debug existing x86 applications, offer solutions for NDK and C++ optimizations, and introduce the Intel Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager. The information we’ve pulled together provides the most useful help for getting your development job done quickly and well. Why Android on x86? In 2011, we experienced a paradigm shift in how we communicate. Smart device sales outpaced personal computer sales for the first time. This changing of the guard emerged from three sources: • Our increasing professional and social need for open, constant communication • The lower cost and compelling new features of smartphones and tablets • The increased ease of use and availability of mobile apps In the next few years, mobile access to the Internet is likely to exceed access via laptops and desktops; the hardware we use to communicate may change, but our passion for connectivity anytime, anywhere is sure to continue. xxv ■ INTRODUCTION Holding more than 80% of the market share for smartphone shipments worldwide, Google’s Android operating system has proven to be the leader of this mobile revolution. The key reasons for the success of Android are its open platform and flexible partnerships. The wealth of open-source resources available for Android developers spurs the creation of more apps, giving consumers more choices. In addition, the open platform supports a competitive and diverse hardware environment. As the market for high-performing mobile devices widens, Google has teamed up with Intel to envision the next frontier for Android: getting the OS to run on devices with Intel architectures inside. The journey towards Android on Intel architectures began unofficially in 2009, when a group of developers started the open source Android-x86 initiative in order to port Android onto devices running on Intel x86 processors. Soon after, with the official Android on Intel architecture project, Intel started contributing code and resources to the Android Open Source Project (AOSP). In 2012, the first Android smartphones featuring Intel processors were released to market worldwide; by late 2013, Android smartphones and tablets with unprecedented processing power were entering United States’ markets. Most recently, the two groups committed to getting Android to run on 64-bit devices, including netbooks, laptops, and traditional desktop PCs, meaning that in 2014, Android will break into a market historically dominated by Microsoft Windows and Apple OSX. Android will bring its enormous, thriving community of application developers forward to a wide range of devices and hardware architectures. The collaboration brings a number of benefits from both groups. Intel’s x86 architecture comes with 35 years of well-documented processing excellence, a mature developer ecosystem, and a sophisticated set of development tools. In terms of performance, Intel’s latest chips strike a balance between high performance and low power consumption that is ideal for smartphones, tablets, and netbooks. Native x86 emulator support is a key feature of the latest Android SDK versions, and Intel is dedicated to providing developers with a host of tools for optimizing Android application performance for their chips. By expanding onto both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures, the Android landscape is opening wide. More Android-equipped mobile devices with Intel processors are hitting shelves and our fingertips every day, and the upcoming addition of Intel-powered netbooks and laptops will shape the environment into something amazing. A new Android experience will take shape, one that remains diverse and becomes optimized for larger screens, robust multi-windowing, and ever-faster processor speeds. It’s an exciting time, and we hope that developers will seize this new opportunity to expand Android’s horizons. Who Is This Book For? This book is aimed at two general categories of people: developers and those interested in choosing Android x86 as a platform for their applications. With this in mind, the beginning chapters focus on much more high-level, nontechnical questions, so that people from all technical backgrounds can make informed choices. The later chapters focus heavily on the developers’ side of the world, starting with a basic foundation
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