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Encylodaedia Biblica; a Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political

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Encylodaedia Biblica; a Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political SCRIP SCYTHIANS like the Scribes refused, accordingly, to pay the foreign the fates of men (Jastrow, Karppe). For the later tax and were consequently in a constant state of Jewish references see Charles, Enoch, note on pp. 1318, friction with the Roman provincial authorities whom and for the origin of the tablets of Marduk see the the Sadducees, ever true to their foreign predilections, Babylonian Creation-story, 133 4 r31, and the first myth supported. It cannot be said, however, that the later of Zu, k-B,vi. pt. i. pp. 478, and cp Jastrow, RBA Sadducees like their phil-Hellenic predecessors were 428, 540. entirely anti-national. 2. ai ypa$ai (some eighteen times in NT-eg. Jn. 5 39, of There can be no doubt that this bigoted theocratic OT), see CANON, g 2 : ypa+ai Byrar, Kom. 12 ; i’yparp4, ~li. 12 IO 15zS(?) Lk. 421 Jn. 222 73842 1035 13 18 17 12 192428363, nationalistic tendency, which the Pharisees never ceased 209 Acts116 83235 Rom.43 917.1011 112 Gal.3822 430 20. Rebellion. to preach, eventually caused the I Tim. 5 18 Ja. 2 8 23 4 5 I Pet. 2 6 2 Pet. 120 ; rr&a ypa$d, disastrous anti- Roman rebellion that 2 Tim. 3 16. T& ;fpi ypi+paTa (AV, the holy scriptures ’ RV ended so fatally for the Jewish nation. Indeed, accord- the sacred’ writings) z Tim. 3 15 ; cp I Macc. 12 9 (T& FL& ~d Bra) ; z Macc. 8 23 (741” lcpdv &’PAou). ing to Josephus (BJiv. 398, Ant. xviii. 1 I), it w-as Observe that in Pet. probably, and in Jas., Jn., and the Zealots, a distinctly Pharisaic development, who I 2 Pet. certainly, ypaqnj is used of the Scripture as were the instigators and ringleaders of this movement. 3 a whole. 2 Tim. 3 16, however, RV is doubtless right It happened then that those who wished to lead the In in changing AV’s all scripture (is given by inspiration people to righteousness and to the realisation of the of God, and is) ’ into ‘ every scripture (inspired of God Messianic hopes of centuries became, through their is also).’ ypa$nj means here, as also in Paul, any own blind pride, the chief instruments in the downfall single passage of Scripture. ‘The writer shares the of their nation and religion. The Pharisees’ bigotry Jewish view of the purely sitpernatural origin of the and narrow short-sightedness, therefore, which Jesus Scripture in its strictest form, according to which had condemned so frequently and so vehemently, were “ theopneustia ” is ascribed directly to the Scripture ’ punished in the most terrible manner conceivable. (Holtzmann, Lehrb. der NTLichen Theologie, 2261). The literature on the subject is very extensive. Among the modern publications the following should be mentioned :-Cohen Cp the Jewish belief in the heavenly origin of the Torah, Les Pharziiens (Paris 1877) ’ Ewald’ the denial of which made a man an ‘ Epicurean ’ or 21. Bibliography. Gesch. des YoZkes ZsraeiF) 3 35;8 476h apostate, and excluded him from the future age (Sanhe- (1864); Geiger, ‘Sadd. u. Phar.’ in Jud. drin, goa). Ztschr. 211 (1863); Gfrorer, Das jahrhunderf d. Heils, 1309 (r8& Gratz Gesch. derjuden (‘4 7184553 (1863). SCURVY (a?;), Lev. 21 20 2222 Dt. 28271- ; see Hamcrger, ReaZenc&’. far Bibelu. Taimud, ii. 1038fl (1882) f Hausrath Neufest. Zeitgesch. 1763 Kriiger, ‘ Beitrge zur DISEASES,8. Kenntnisi der Pharisler u. Essener ’ ’in Theof. Quartafschr. 85431-54’ Kuenen, De Godsdienst van Zsrarf. 2 342 (1869); SCYTHE., For Jer. 50r6 AVmg, (>$p),see AGRI- VulksreZikon und WeZfrcZigion, 206 8 (Berlin, r88$ Reuss CULTURE, 5 7. For Is. 2 4 Joel 3 [41 IO ilk. 4 3 [all AVmg.1 RE 11 4968; Schenkel, BibeZfex. 4 5r68; Schiirer, Gesch: (np), %e PRUNINGHOOK. For 2 Macc. 132 (‘scythe-hear- desjZd. Vofkes ZcitaZter/esu Chndi 2 2488 314fl. (1886). im ing,’ Ipmaw$ipz), see CHARIOT, $11. in Kiehm’s HWB 2 rzog-rzro 1451-54 (rb94); Sieffert, PREP! 13210-44 (1884) ; Wellhausen, P/za?-j>aeru.Sadducaer(r874). SCYTHIANS. The LXX contains some apparent J. D. P. references to the Scythians. SCRIP. 1. as+, yaz&ti;(cp ASS. lak!tu=np’?, to In z Macc. 447 Antiocbus IV. Epiphanes is charged with such injustice as would not be found in a Scythian court, and in rake together ’ ; or Ar. kaZ‘atun, ‘ pouch, satchel, 1. xlccerlsin 3 Macc. 7 5 the servants of Ptolemy IV. Philo- knapsack’). I S. 174ot (CyAAorH). pator are accused of cruelties after the fashion 2. n~pa,Mt. 1010 Mk. 68 Lk. 93 lo4 2235 f. (RV 6 adNT= of Scythianr The city of BETH-SHEAN (9.u.) Sefihia 7 is called Scythopolis (ZKUO~VrrdArc) in J udg. WALLET). A scrip is pouch or wallet used by a 127 Judith 3 IO 2 Macc. 12 29f: Symmachus shepherds (Milton, Conus, Z. 626); cp CATTLE, § 6. translated &y (Elam) in Gen. 14 I g, ZrrvOCv. But the yaZk@ was also used by travellers. It is Moreover ‘ Scythian ’ (ZK6Or/s) is mentioned with probably the mjpa of Judith 105 13 IO 15 (EV ‘bag’), and ‘ barbarian ’ in TR of Col. 311. of Mt. 1010, etc. ; arp$ or (n)nysp may (Che.) also It is not certain that in any of these instances the be restored in Judg. 526 (MT in;), where it would mean reference is to the historic Scythians. a household box or bag (see JAEL). Jason of Cyrene in the days of Czsar, and the author of 3 Macc. at the time of Caligula, may indeed have had in mind SCRIPTURE, SCRIPTURES. I. In Dan. 1021 such descriptions as those in Herod. 462-69 or some proverbial sayings based on them. It is also possible, however that they the seer‘s supernatural visitant is reported as saying, used the term ‘Scythians’ only as a synonym for ‘iarharians.’ ‘ I will show thee that which is noted in the scripture According to Georgius Syncellus (Chron. 1405) the origin of the of truth’ (AV), or rather (RV), ‘ I will show thee that name Scytho olis for BETH-SHEAN also known to Josephus (Ant. xii. 8 5 Is 348& Eusehius(OS9375;), and others, was the presence which is inscribed in the writing of truth ’-;.e., in the in that city of a body of Scythiaus remaining from the invasion in book in which the destinies of mankind are written down the time of Psamrnetichus. The name, however, does not occur beforehand. The expression stands in close relation to on an inscription before 218 B.C. Pliny states (UN.574) that the growing interest of the later Jews in the ‘ last things.’ Scythopolis formerly had the name of Nysa. Whilst it is not in itself improbable that some Scythians in 625 B.C. remained as Prophecy in the grand old style having ceased, it an enclave in Eetb-shean and played as important a part there became necessary to look to the source of all true know- as the exiles from Cutha seem to have done in Samaria, it is also ledge of the future-viz., to God-or more specially to possible that the name is due to the settlement of some people those seers and sages of primitive times whom Yahwk, deported by A&-bani-pal, such as the Parthian Dahae (Ezra49, it was believed, favoured by giving them special revela- where Hoffmann’sconjecture Nln? is inore ingenious than con- tions, either directly, or by one of those angels who vincing). Symmachus may have used Scythian for Parthian. In Col. 3 II the text is clearly not in order. It probably read ‘ see his face ’ (Enoch, Seth, Daniel, etc. ). The phrase originally ‘Jew and Gentile (‘Iou8a;or xai &wdr ; Syr. in its context is important for the comprehension of those Ihzidhciyt w-’AmpliyZ; Eth. Ayhridaw2 wa ‘Afanzdw2: Lat. late writings to which the name of some one of those Gentifis et Iudeus) ‘ circumcision and uncircunicision, Greek and barbarian ’ (mp;m++ rai &popvuria, ‘Ehhy rai @ip3apor; primitive seers is prefixed. It is, of course, related to Syr. Yaumiyiyl wBarderZy2: cp Ignatius, Philad. 6, EAAqd such an expression as the ‘book of life,’ or, ‘of the m ral @apS&prr, SoChos rai iA$Ospor) ; ‘ Scythian ’ (Z~d&ls) living,’ Ps. 6928 [~9], cp Dan. 121, but very much more seem to be a gloss to ‘barbarian. closely to the conception of the ‘ heavenly tablets’ It is exceedingly probable that in MT the Scythians (TX~KCSTOO olrpavoe, see Test. rii. Patriarch. ; Enoch, are referred to as Ashkenaz’ (6Auxavar) in Gen. lo3 81 I$ ), which are the Jewish equivalent of the tablets of I Ch. 16 Jer. 5127. Marduk. The idea survives in the popular Jewish view of the Jewish New Year’s Day (=the Zakmuk festival 1 [The question of the origin and meaning of the name ‘Ashkenaz ’ and the related names needs to he re-examined in at Babylon), according to which God holds session on connection with the ‘ Jerahmeelite theory. See Crz?. Bib. on that day with a book before him in which he inscribes Gen. 102-4.1 4329 4330 SCYTHIANS SCYTHIANS Originally the Hebrew word may have been pronounced pal Gngi still lingered in the neighbourhood of Urartu Aikunza (:I@$#, !?@E, I!???, UzvE, I>?@); it is as Delitzsch as the name of a chief of Sahi (Cyl. B. 41Jj. 'l'hat h& pointed out (see ASHKENAZ)identical with the memory of Gog as a people was not lost IS shown 2. Ashkenaz AHkuza and Iikuza occurring in Assyrian in- by Ewald rightly felt that the phrase ' Gog = Sqrthim. scriptions (see 5 6). In the Behistfin inscription Rtv.
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