DOCSLIB.ORG

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tobacco Mosaic Virus Tobacco Mosaic Virus Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus, genus tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes characteristic patterns, such as "mosaic"-like mottling and discoloration on the leaves (hence the name). TMV was the first virus ever to be discovered. Although it was known from the late 19th century that an infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was determined to be a virus. It is the first pathogen identified as a virus. History In 1886, Adolf Mayer first described the tobacco mosaic disease that could be transferred between plants, similar to bacterial infections. In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky gave the first concrete evidence for the existence of a non-bacterial infectious agent, showing that infected sap remained infectious even after filtering through finest Chamberland filters. Later, in 1903, Ivanovsky published a paper describing abnormal crystal intracellular inclusions in the host cells of the affected tobacco plants and argued the connection between these inclusions and the infectious agent. However, Ivanovsky remained rather convinced, despite repeated failures to produce evidence, that the causal agent was an unculturable bacterium, too small to be retained on the employed Chamberland filters and to be detected in the light microscope. In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck independently replicated Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant. Beijerinck coined the term of "virus" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature. Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be crystallized. It was achieved by Wendell Meredith Stanley in 1935 who also showed that TMV remains active even after crystallization. For his work, he was awarded 1/3 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946, even though it was later shown some of his conclusions (in particular, that the crystals were pure protein, and assembled by autocatalysis) were incorrect. The first electron microscopical images of TMV were made in 1939 by Gustav Kausche, Edgar Pfankuch and Helmut Ruska – the brother of Nobel Prize winner Ernst Ruska. In 1955, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams showed that purified TMV RNA and its capsid (coat) protein assemble by themselves to functional viruses, indicating that this is the most stable structure (the one with the lowest free energy). The crystallographer Rosalind Franklin worked for Stanley for about a month at Berkeley, and later designed and built a model of TMV for the 1958 World's Fair at Brussels. In 1958, she speculated that the virus was hollow, not solid, and hypothesized that the RNA of TMV is single-stranded. This conjecture was proven to be correct after her death and is now known to be the + strand. The investigations of tobacco mosaic disease and subsequent discovery of its viral nature were instrumental in the establishment of the general concepts of virology.] Structure Tobacco mosaic virus has a rod-like appearance. Its capsid is made from 2130 molecules of coat protein (see image to the left) and one molecule of genomic single strand RNA, 6400 bases long. The coat protein self-assembles into the rod-like helical structure (16.3 proteins per helix turn) around the RNA, which forms a hairpin loop structure (see the electron micrograph above). The protein monomer consists of 158 amino acids which are assembled into four main alpha-helices, which are joined by a prominent loop proximal to the axis of the virion. Virions are ~300 nm in length and ~18 nm in diameter. Negatively stained electron microphotographs show a distinct inner channel of ~4 nm. The RNA is located at a radius of ~6 nm and is protected from the action of cellular enzymes by the coat protein. There are three RNA nucleotides per protein monomer. X-ray fiber diffraction structure of the intact virus was studied based on an electron density map at 3.6 Å resolution. Structure of TMV TMV virus was first crystallized by Stanley The length of TMV is 300 nm, while width is 18 nm. There is a present of core of 4 nm inside the TMV. Inside the core helically coiled RNA molecule is present, which is made up of nearly 6500 nucleotides RNA is enclosed inside the protein coat, a capsid. The capsid is made of 2130 capsomeres of some size each capsomere is made up of 158 amino acids Genome The TMV genome consists of a 6.3-6.5 kb single-stranded (ss) RNA. The 3’-terminus has a tRNA-like structure, and the 5’ terminus has a methylated nucleotide cap. (m7G5’pppG). The genome encodes 4 open reading frames (ORFs), two of which produce a single protein due to ribosomal read through of a leaky UAG stop codon. The 4 genes encode a replicase (with methyltransferase [MT] and RNA helicase [Hel] domains), an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a so-called movement protein (MP) and a capsid protein (CP). Physicochemical properties TMV is a thermostable virus. On a dried leaf, it can withstand up to 120 degrees Fahrenheit (50 °C) for 30 minutes. TMV has an index of refraction of about 1.57. Disease cycle TMV does not have a distinct overwintering structure. Rather, it will over-winter in infected tobacco stalks and leaves in the soil, on the surface of contaminated seed (TMV can even survive in contaminated tobacco products for many years). With the direct contact with host plants through its vectors (normally insects such as aphids and leafhoppers), TMV will go through the infection process and then the replication process. Infection and Transmission After its multiplication, it enters the neighboring cells through plasmodesmata. The infection spreads by direct contact to the neighboring cells, For its smooth entry, TMV produces a 30 kDa movement protein called P30 which enlarge the plasmodesmata. TMV most likely moves from cell-to-cell as a complex of the RNA, P30, and replicate proteins. It can also spread through phloem for longer distance movement within the plant. Moreover, TMV can be transmitted from one plant to another by direct contact. Although TMV does not have defined transmission vectors, the virus can be easily transmitted from the infected hosts to the healthy plants, by human handling. Replication Following entry into its host via mechanical inoculation, TMV uncoats itself to release its viral [+]RNA strand. As uncoating occurs, the MetHel:Pol gene is translated to make the capping enzyme MetHel and the RNA Polymerase. Then the viral genome will further replicate to produce multiple mRNAs via a [-]RNA intermediate primed by the tRNAHIS at the [+]RNA 3' end. The resulting mRNAs encode several proteins, including the coat protein and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), as well as the movement protein. Thus TMV can replicate its own genome. After the coat protein and RNA genome of TMV have been synthesized, they spontaneously assemble into complete TMV virions in a highly organized process. The protomers come together to form disks or 'lockwashers' composed of two layers of protomers arranged in a helix. The helical capsid grows by the addition of protomers to the end of the rod. As the rod lengthens, the RNA passes through a channel in its center and forms a loop at the growing end. In this way the RNA can easily fit as a spiral into the interior of the helical capsid. Host and symptoms Like other plant pathogenic viruses, TMV has a very wide host range and has different effects depending on the host being infected. The tobacco mosaic virus has been known to cause a production loss for flue cured tobacco of up to two percent in North Carolina. It is known to infect members of nine plant families, and at least 125 individual species, including tobacco, tomato, pepper (all members of the useful Solanaceae), cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers.[19] There are many different strains. The first symptom of this virus disease is a light green coloration between the veins of young leaves. This is followed quickly by the development of a "mosaic" or mottled pattern of light and dark green areas in the leaves. Rugosity may also be seen where the infected plant leaves display small localized random wrinkles. These symptoms develop quickly and are more pronounced on younger leaves. Its infection does not result in plant death, but if infection occurs early in the season, plants are stunted. Lower leaves are subjected to "mosaic burn" especially during periods of hot and dry weather. In these cases, large dead areas develop in the leaves. This constitutes one of the most destructive phases of tobacco mosaic virus infection. Infected leaves may be crinkled, puckered, or elongated. However, if TMV infects crops like grape and apple, it is almost symptomless. Environment TMV is known as one of the most stable viruses. It has a very wide survival range. As long as the surrounding temperature remains below approximately 40 degrees Celsius, TMV can sustain its stable form. All it needs is a host to infect. If necessary, greenhouses and botanical gardens would provide the most favorable condition for TMV to spread out, due to the high population density of possible hosts and the constant temperature throughout the year. Treatment and Management One of the common control methods for TMV is sanitation, which includes removing infected plants and washing hands in between each planting. Crop rotation should also be employed to avoid infected soil/seed beds for at least two years. As for any plant disease, looking for resistant strains against TMV may also be advised.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Curriculum Vitae Prof. Dr. John Howard Northrop
    Curriculum Vitae Prof. Dr. John Howard Northrop Name: John Howard Northrop Lebensdaten: 5. Juli 1891 ‐ 27. Mai 1987 John Howard Northrop war ein US‐amerikanischer Biochemiker, Biophysiker und Bakteriologe. Er lieferte Arbeiten zur Charakterisierung von Proteinen. Darüber hinaus listete er Grundsätze auf, die bei der Isolierung und Reindarstellung von Enzymen generell beobachtet werden können. Außerdem entwickelte er experimentelle Methoden, mit denen nachgewiesen werden konnte, dass kristallisierte Proteine reine Verbindungen sind, die volle Enzymaktivität besitzen. Für die Darstellung von Enzymen und Virusproteinen in reiner Form wurde er 1946 gemeinsam mit seinem Landsmann, dem Biochemiker Wendell Meredith Stanley, mit dem Nobelpreis für Chemie ausgezeichnet. Akademischer und beruflicher Werdegang John Howard Northrop studierte ab 1908 Chemie und Zoologie an der Columbia University in New York. Die Ausbildung schloss er 1912 mit einem Bachelor of Science ab. Ein Jahr später erhielt er den Master of Arts. 1915 wurde er im Fach Chemie promoviert. Im Anschluss war er mit einem Stipendium am Jacques Loeb Laboratory tätig, das zum Rockefeller Institute gehört. 1916 nahm man ihn in den Mitarbeiterstab des Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research auf, 1924 wurde er Vollmitglied. Northrop blieb dort bis zu seiner Emeritierung im Jahr 1961. Während des Ersten Weltkriegs verpflichtete sich Northrop für den Kriegsdienst. Er war im Rang eines Hauptmanns tätig. Nach Kriegsende wandte er sich wieder seiner Forschungsarbeit am Rockefeller Institute in New York zu. 1939 war Northrop Gastprofessor an der University of California; ein Jahr später Lektor an der John Hopkins University. 1942 wurde er in die National Defense Research Commission berufen, ein Gremium, über das die amerikanische Forschung während des Zweiten Weltkriegs koordiniert Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina www.leopoldina.org 1 wurde.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Viruses
    Western Plant Diagnostic Network1 First Detector News A Quarterly Pest Update for WPDN First Detectors Spring 2015 edition, volume 8, number 2 In this Issue Page 1: Editor’s Note Dear First Detectors, Pages 2 – 3: Intro to Plant Plant viruses cause many important plant diseases and are Viruses responsible for huge losses in crop production and quality in Page 4: Virus nomenclature all parts of the world. Plant viruses can spread very quickly because many are vectored by insects such as aphids and Page 5 – Most Serious World Plant Viruses & Symptoms whitefly. They are a major pest of crop production as well as major pests of home gardens. By mid-summer many fields, Pages 6 – 7: Plant Virus vineyards, orchards, and gardens will see the effects of plant Vectors viruses. The focus of this edition is the origin, discovery, taxonomy, vectors, and the effects of virus infection in Pages 7 - 10: Grapevine plants. There is also a feature article on grapevine viruses. Viruses And, as usual, there are some pest updates from the West. Page 10: Pest Alerts On June 16 – 18, the WPDN is sponsoring the second Invasive Snail and Slug workshop at UC Davis. The workshop Contact us at the WPDN Regional will be recorded and will be posted on the WPDN and NPDN Center at UC Davis: home pages. Have a great summer and here’s hoping for Phone: 530 754 2255 rain! Email: [email protected] Web: https://wpdn.org Please find the NPDN family of newsletters at: Editor: Richard W. Hoenisch @Copyright Regents of the Newsletters University of California All Rights Reserved Western Plant Diagnostic Network News Plant Viruses 2 Ag, Manitoba Photo courtesy Photo Food, and Rural Initiatives and Food, of APS Photo by Giovanni Martelli, U of byBari Giovanni Photo Grapevine Fanleaf Virus Peanut leaf with Squash Mosaic Virus tomato spotted wilt virus Viruses are infectious pathogens that are too small to be seen with a light microscope, but despite their small size they can cause chaos.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Evolution of a Bee- Associated Bacterium
    Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1953 Genome evolution of a bee- associated bacterium ANDREA GARCÍA-MONTANER ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-513-0986-6 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416847 2020 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in A1:111a, Biomedicinskt centrum (BMC), Husargatan 3, Uppsala, Thursday, 24 September 2020 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor Matthias Horn (Department of Microbial Ecology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology). Abstract García-Montaner, A. 2020. Genome evolution of a bee-associated bacterium. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1953. 80 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0986-6. The use of large-scale comparative genomics allows us to explore the genetic diversity and mechanisms of evolution of related organisms. This thesis has focused on the application of such approaches to study Lactobacillus kunkeei, a bacterial inhabitant of the honeybee gut. We produced 102 novel complete genomes from L. kunkeei, which were used in four large comparative studies. In the first study, 41 bacterial strains were isolated from the crop of honeybees whose populations were geographically isolated. Their genome sequences revealed differences in gene contents, including the mobilome, which were mostly phylogroup- specific. However, differences in strain diversity and co-occurrence between both locations were observed. In the second study, we obtained 61 bacterial isolates from neighboring hives at different timepoints during the summer.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Microbiology at Scripps
    81832_Ocean 8/28/03 7:18 PM Page 67 Special Issue—Scripps Centennial Marine Microbiology at Scripps A. Aristides Yayanos Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, • San Diego, California USA Marine microbiology is the study of the smallest isolated marine bioluminescent bacteria, isolated and organisms found in the oceans—bacteria and archaea, characterized sulfate-reducing bacteria, and showed many eukaryotes (among the protozoa, fungi, and denitrifying bacteria could both produce and consume plants), and viruses. Most microorganisms can be seen nitrous oxide, now known to be an important green- only with a microscope. Microbes pervade the oceans, house gas. Beijerinck also founded the field of virology its sediments, and some hydrothermal fluids and through his work on plant viruses (van Iterson et al., exhibit solitary life styles as well as complex relation- 1983). Mills (1989) describes the significance of the ships with animals, other microorganisms, and each work of Beijerink and Winogradsky to plankton other. The skeletal remains of microorganisms form the research and marine chemistry. largest component of sedimentary fossils whose study Around 1903, bacteriology in California was reveals Earth’s history. The enormous morphological, emerging in the areas of medicine and public health physiological, and taxonomic diversity of marine and accordingly was developing into an academic dis- microorganisms remains far from adequately cipline in medical schools (McClung and Meyer, 1974). described and studied. Because the sea receives terres- Whereas the branch of microbiology dealing with bac- trial microorganisms from rivers, sewage outfalls, and teria and viruses was just beginning, the branch con- other sources, marine microbiology also includes the cerning protozoa and algae was a relatively more estab- study of alien microorganisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Beijerinck, Martinus Willem
    414 BIOGRAPHIES MARTINUS WILLEM BEIJERINCK 1851-1931 Beijerinck was bom in 1851 in Amsterdam, the son of a railway employee. He received his secondary education at the HBS in Haar­ lem and from 1868 to 1872 studied chemical technology at die Delft Polytechnic School. Together with his fellow students J.H. van 't Hoff and A.A.W. Hubrecht, Beijerinck was exempted, in 1872, from an additional examination in Greek and Latin required for university study. Wliile he was teacher in various schools Beijerinck studied botany at Leiden from 1872 onwards. In 1877 he received his doctor­ ate, cum laude, on a dissertation entitled Bijdrage tot de morpholoffe der plankgallen (Contribution to the Morphology of Plant Galls). In 1884 Beijerinck became a member of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam, and a year later he was hired as a microbiologist by the Nederlandsche Gist- en Spiritusfabriek (Dutch Yeast and Methylated Spirits Factoiy) in Delft. In this capacity he got his own microbiological laboratoiy, where he carried out many origi­ nal studies, especially on the metabolism of various species of bacteria and lichens. He discovered the small nitrogen-fixing tubers at the roots of leguminous plants and a group of anaerobic bacteria that were important for the production of acetone and butyl alcohol. In 1895 the Delft Polytechnic School appointed Beijerinck as pro­ fessor of biology and bacteriology. Two years later a new micro­ biological laboratory, built especially for him and his students, was opened. Here Beijerinck continued his microbiological studies with great success. In 1896 he discovered the bacterium that was reponsible for the bad smell of polluted canal water in Dutch cities; he and his students did important work on the microbes that were active in acetic-acid and alcohol fermentations; and in 1898 Beije­ rinck was the first to postulate the existence of a filterable living principle, a 'contagium vivum fluidum', responsible for the mosaic disease in tobacco plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of Genomics (1901–1950)*
    Research Resource Timeline of Genomics (1901{1950)* Year Event and Theoretical Implication/Extension Reference 1901 Hugo de Vries adopts the term MUTATION to de Vries, H. 1901. Die Mutationstheorie. describe sudden, spontaneous, drastic alterations in Veit, Leipzig, Germany. the hereditary material of Oenothera. Thomas Harrison Montgomery studies sper- 1. Montgomery, T.H. 1898. The spermato- matogenesis in various species of Hemiptera and ¯nds genesis in Pentatoma up to the formation that maternal chromosomes only pair with paternal of the spermatid. Zool. Jahrb. 12: 1-88. chromosomes during meiosis. 2. Montgomery, T.H. 1901. A study of the chromosomes of the germ cells of the Metazoa. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 20: 154-236. Clarence Ervin McClung postulates that the so- McClung, C.E. 1901. Notes on the acces- called accessory chromosome (now known as the \X" sory chromosome. Anat. Anz. 20: 220- chromosome) is male determining. 226. Hermann Emil Fischer(1902 Nobel Prize Laure- 1. Fischer, E. and Fourneau, E. 1901. UberÄ ate for Chemistry) and Ernest Fourneau report einige Derivate des Glykocolls. Ber. the synthesis of the ¯rst dipeptide, glycylglycine. In Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 34: 2868-2877. 1902 Fischer introduces the term PEPTIDES. 2. Fischer, E. 1907. Syntheses of polypep- tides. XVII. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 40: 1754-1767. 1902 Theodor Boveri and Walter Stanborough Sut- 1. Boveri, T. 1902. UberÄ mehrpolige Mi- ton found the chromosome theory of heredity inde- tosen als Mittel zur Analyse des Zellkerns. pendently. Verh. Phys -med. Ges. WÄurzberg NF 35: 67-90. 2. Boveri, T. 1903. UberÄ die Konstitution der chromatischen Kernsubstanz. Verh. Zool.
    [Show full text]
  • PART I Foundations of Microbiology
    © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORPART SALE OR DISTRIBUTION I FoundationsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of MicrobiologyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 1 Microbiology: Then and Now CHAPTER© Jones 2& BartlettThe Chemical Learning, Building LLC Blocks of Life © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 3 Concepts and Tools for Studying Microorganisms CHAPTER 4 Structure and Organization of Prokaryotic Cells CHAPTER 5 Microbial Growth and Nutrition © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORCHAPTER SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6 Microbial Metabolism NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The six chapters in Part I embrace several aspects of the six principal (overarching) concepts as described in the ASM Fundamental Statements for a concept-based microbiology curriculum. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © M.I.T. Case No. 17683C, “C Food ,” by Roman Stocker, Steven Paul Smriga, and Vincente Igancio Fernandez. Paul Steven Roman Stocker, by ,” Case No. 17683C, “C Food © M.I.T. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS Evolution • Cells, organelles (e.g., mitochondria and chloroplasts), and all major metabolic pathways © Jones & Bartlettevolved Learning, from early LLC prokaryotic cells. Chapters 3 ©and Jones 4 & Bartlett Learning, LLC • The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. Chapter 3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Cell Structure and • The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy Function (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron).
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Lignocellulose-Degrading Microbial Consortia Cortes Tolalpa, Larisa
    University of Groningen Lignocellulose-degrading microbial consortia Cortes Tolalpa, Larisa IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Cortes Tolalpa, L. (2018). Lignocellulose-degrading microbial consortia: Importance of synergistic interactions. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 23-09-2021 Chapter 1 General introduction Larisa Cortés Tolalpa Chapter 1. General Introduction Lignocellulose biomass composition During the past century, world energy consumption has mostly depended on the utilization of fossil fuels, which has provoked negative changes in our climate and increased the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. An important emerging trend in the 21th century is the switch from non-renewable fossil resources to renewable ones for the production of biofuels and other valuable compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Milestones in Microbiology from the Science of Microbes Teacher’S Guide by Nancy P
    Activity: Milestones in Microbiology from The Science of Microbes Teacher’s Guide by Nancy P. Moreno, Ph.D., Barbara Z. Tharp, M.S., Deanne B. Erdmann, M.S., Sonia Rahmati Clayton, Ph.D., and James P. Denk, M.A. RESOURCES Free, online presentations of each activity, downloadable activities in PDF format, and annotated slide sets for classroom use are available at www.bioedonline.org/ or www.k8science.org/. © 2012 by Baylor College of Medicine All rights reserved. © 2012 by Baylor College of Medicine SOURCE URLs All rights reserved. BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE Printed in the United States of America BIOED ONLINE | K8 SCIENCE ISBN-13: 978-1-888997-54-5 www.bioedonline.org | www.k8science.org ISBN-10: 1-888997-54-0 BAYLOR-UT CENTER FOR AIDS RESEARCH www.bcm.edu/cfar TEACHER RESOURCES FROM THE CENTER FOR EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH MOLECULAR VIROLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY AT BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE www.bcm.edu/molvir The mark “BioEd” is a service mark of Baylor College of Medicine. The information contained in this publication is for educational BAYLOR-UT CENTER FOR AIDS RESEARCH purposes only and should in no way be taken to be the provision or practice of medical, nursing or professional healthcare advice www.bcm.edu/cfar or services. The information should not be considered complete and should not be used in place of a visit, call, consultation or advice of a physician or other health care provider. Call or see a physician or other health care provider promptly for any health care-related questions. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY BIOLOGY - STEM FACILITY Development of The Science of Microbes educational materials is supported, in part, by a Science Education Partnership Award www.biology.bnl.gov from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), grant number 5R25 RR018605.
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery of the Causal Agent of the Tobacco Mosaic Disease
    From the book Discoveries in Plant Biology, 1998, pp.: 105-110. S.D Kung and S. F. Yang (eds). Reprinted with permission from the World Publishing Co., Ltd. Hong Kong. Chapter 7 The Discovery of the Causal Agent of the Tobacco Mosaic Disease Milton Zaitlin Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853, USA ABSTRACT The discovery of the causal agent of the disease causing mosaic and distortion on tobacco plants, with the concomitant realization that the etiologic agent was something unique - a virus - came at the end of the 19th century. This marked the beginning of the science of virology, although many diseases now known to be caused by viruses were described much earlier. This review documents the contributions of the three men who were the pioneers in this work, namely, Adolph Mayer, Dmitrii Iwanowski and Martinus Beijerinck. To appreciate the discovery of the new infectious agent, the virus, at the end of the 19th century, we must think within the context of what was known about disease etiology at that time. It had only been appreciated for a short time that many diseases were caused by infectious entities. The work of pioneers like Pasteur, Lister and Koch had brought an appreciation of the causal agents of anthrax and tuberculosis. The dogma of the day was firmly entrenched in the postulates of Koch, who described in detail what was essential in order to establish the causal organism for a disease: 1) The organism must be associated with the pathological relationship to the disease and its symptoms; 2) The organism must be isolated and obtained in pure culture; 3) Inoculation of the organism from the pure culture must reproduce the disease; and 4) The organism must be recovered once again from the lesions of the host.
    [Show full text]
  • Federation Member Society Nobel Laureates
    FEDERATION MEMBER SOCIETY NOBEL LAUREATES For achievements in Chemistry, Physiology/Medicine, and PHysics. Award Winners announced annually in October. Awards presented on December 10th, the anniversary of Nobel’s death. (-H represents Honorary member, -R represents Retired member) # YEAR AWARD NAME AND SOCIETY DOB DECEASED 1 1904 PM Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (APS-H) 09/14/1849 02/27/1936 for work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged. 2 1912 PM Alexis Carrel (APS/ASIP) 06/28/1873 01/05/1944 for work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs 3 1919 PM Jules Bordet (AAI-H) 06/13/1870 04/06/1961 for discoveries relating to immunity 4 1920 PM August Krogh (APS-H) 11/15/1874 09/13/1949 (Schack August Steenberger Krogh) for discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism 5 1922 PM A. V. Hill (APS-H) 09/26/1886 06/03/1977 Sir Archibald Vivial Hill for discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle 6 1922 PM Otto Meyerhof (ASBMB) 04/12/1884 10/07/1951 (Otto Fritz Meyerhof) for discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle 7 1923 PM Frederick Grant Banting (ASPET) 11/14/1891 02/21/1941 for the discovery of insulin 8 1923 PM John J.R. Macleod (APS) 09/08/1876 03/16/1935 (John James Richard Macleod) for the discovery of insulin 9 1926 C Theodor Svedberg (ASBMB-H) 08/30/1884 02/26/1971 for work on disperse systems 10 1930 PM Karl Landsteiner (ASIP/AAI) 06/14/1868 06/26/1943 for discovery of human blood groups 11 1931 PM Otto Heinrich Warburg (ASBMB-H) 10/08/1883 08/03/1970 for discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme 12 1932 PM Lord Edgar D.
    [Show full text]
  • Rdpg Symposium
    2017 RDPG SYMPOSIUM GUT MICROBIOME BASICS AND TRANSLATION INTO CONSUMER PRODUCTS Dr Gilbert opened the symposium by explaining how unique each individual gut microbiome is and said, “The microbiome is essentially a fingerprint.” LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Untangle the taxonomy and vast array of bacteria present in the GUT MICROBIOME BASICS human gut microbiota • Elucidate the diversity of fiber AND TRANSLATION INTO and its role in fueling human gut microbes • Establish a connection between CONSUMER PRODUCTS human health and the gut microbiota • Demonstrate how industry is n October 21, 2017, the Research Dietetic Practice Group of the Academy of Nutrition translating the science into Oand Dietetics hosted a continuing education symposium sponsored by the Abbott consumer products Nutrition Health Institute. The symposium, which was held in Chicago, featured four speakers The goals for the symposium were: who study different aspects of the human gut microbiome and how these bacteria affect health 1) to define the role of the gut throughout the lifespan. microbiome and to describe dietary fibers that the bacteria use as fuel SYMPOSIUM OVERVIEW sources, and 2) to demonstrate how industry is translating the Jack Gilbert, PhD, University of Chicago, reviewed basic microbiology and bacterial scientific findings into products. nomenclature, and introduced the importance of gut bacteria in clinical applications. Bruce The learning objectives presented Hamaker, PhD, Purdue University, discussed the vast array of fibers that bacteria use as fuel the latest scientific findings with sources. Hannah Holscher, PhD, RD, University of Illinois, focused on science translation and clinical applications for patient the ways fiber may be used to modulate gut microbes for human health.
    [Show full text]