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Department of History Punjabi University, Patiala

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Department of History Punjabi University, Patiala 'HISTORY' IN POPULAR MOVEMENTS : BRITISH PUNJAB, 1849-1947 A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Punjabi University, Patiala IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY Supervised by Submitted by Dr. Navtej Singh, Harwinder Kaur Professor Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA CONTENTS TITLE PAGE NO. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i INTRODUCTION iii - xii Chapter I THE BACKDROP 1 - 24 Chapter II POLITICAL MOVEMENTS 25 - 85 Chapter III SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS 86 - 141 Chapter IV AGRARIAN MOVEMENTS 142 - 186 Chapter V RELIGIO-CULTURAL, AGRARIAN 187 - 228 AND POLITICAL IMPACT CONCLUSION 229 - 238 BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 – 254 Keywords 1. Movements 2. Utilization 3. Glorification 4. Sacrifice 5. Emphasis ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is with privilege that I express my gratitude and regard to Dr. Navtej Singh, who very kindly and patiently extended the benefits of his knowledge, experience and critical judgement to my research work. His insight into the problems, farsightedness and timely guidance helped me to achieve my goal. I am immensely grateful to Dr. Nazer Singh for his encouragement and support throughout my research work and also for all the help and guidance he provided me as a teacher. I am also thankful to all the faculty members of department of History including Dr. K.S. Dhillon, Head of the department, Dr. Sukhninder Kaur and Dr. Jaspal Kaur for their kind co-operation and occasional suggestions. I am thankful to all my friends for their support especially to Mrs. Amandeep Kaur, Rajwinder Kaur, Bhawanpreet Kaur and Kirandeep Kaur for being always there whenever I needed their help. A special word of thanks to Dr. Sukhminder Kaur for being a true friend. Her constant motivation and support has been observed through many difficult periods. I am indebted to her friendship and love. I would like to thank all the librarians and supportive staff, who have directly or indirectly helped me in my research work. A special word of thanks for S. Paramjit Singh, Office Incharge, Department of History for his help and co-operation. I am grateful to Mr. Rajesh Kumar for typing and processing this thesis with utmost care and concern. I am deeply indebted to my parents especially my father S. Harnek Singh and father-in-law S. Harbhajan Singh, who encouraged and motivated me to study. I owe much to my husband S. Bhupinder Singh who encouraged me not only to begin this endeavour but supported and inspired me throughout the course of my research work. I also feel obliged to my darling daughters Reet and Samar who have bore separation and tolerated my lack of attention. My brothers Gagandeep Singh and Parminder Singh have also be especially acknowledged because without their help it was not possible to complete this arduous work. Last but not the last I am grateful and indebted to the Almighty for providing me the courage and patience to complete my work. Patiala (HARWINDER KAUR) Dated : INTRODUCTION The process of the interaction of human beings with themselves and also with the environment became the basis of the knowledge of human experience. The accumulated wisdom and information also emerged as a terminology to be assigned as the discipline of history. In fact the continuous interaction of understanding and sharing the accumulated experience provided growth to new formations of human interactions. In other words, 'history' becomes the study of 'intercourse' in a particular time and space. In that sense it becomes a perception and hence interpretation. Moreover, the objective of history is to create a specific understanding of the human past with focus on the identification of truth, reality or actuality of the happenings. Although this evaluation process of recognizing the past of society has its inherent limitations because of a variety of forces influencing this process. Yet no one can deny the fact that this exercise of understanding the past is important and significant because this 'collective knowledge' could be utilized in shaping the human present and also laying the foundation of the future of society. At the same time the nature of sources available to the historian in constructions of the historical account also exerts constraints on the process of capturing of actuality of the past happenings along with the prevalence of a number of perceptions of interpretations. Thus while there is least debate on the utility of the discipline of the history, despite its variant interpretations, the subject itself survives both in memory and history. This process of remembering the human past and then utilizing it in the contemporary existence and also to the formation of the human future is the subject of research for this dissertation. The evaluation or examination of this utilization of 'history' has been chosen under the British rule in Punjab. The choice is centered on two factors: one, that it is near contemporary past, and secondly, the period was marked by the conditions of slavery which necessitated a large scale utilization of 'history' against the foreigners. Moreover, a large number of anti-British agitations emerged. The area of utilization has been taken from the annexation of the Punjab in 1849 to the end of the British rule in 1947. The province of Punjab has been chosen because it was the last province to be annexed by the British imperialism and also owing to the fact that three different religious communities existed predominantly. Further the focus is on the British controlled areas and the territories under the possession of the princely rulers remain beyond the scope because of the variation in the nature of control mechanism. It may be mentioned here that the early historiographical writings on British Punjab are preoccupied with political or diplomatic processes. Subsequently, other aspects of human activities in the domain of economy, religion, social and cultural life along with the gender and identity issues became integral part of colonial historiographical research. As a result, the students of British Punjab now have access to wider spectrum of perceptions on the relationship between the region of Punjab and imperialism. Yet there remains certain areas which need further exploration both in terms of source materials and interpretations. This establishes scope for further enquiry and research in the available components of human activities: political, economic, religious and socio- cultural. Under the imperial regime political developments occupied crucial and wider space that began with the nature of British annexation of the Punjab, early opposition by the ruling nobility in the forum of two Anglo- Sikh Wars, Bhai Maharaj Singh, Namdhari movement, activities of Maharaja Dalip Singh, the Ghadr revolt of 1913-16, the Gurdwara reform movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal, Babbar Akalis, The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Naujawan Bharat Sabha, The Kirti Party, The Communist Party and the Indian National Army. Besides the activities of Indian National Congress in Punjab such as Non-cooperation movement, the Martial Law agitation, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and Quit-India movement have also attracted attention of the historical academics. Various agrarian/peasant protests and movements, including the opposition to the Punjab Land Alienation Bill 1900, The Punjab Disturbances 1907, Anti-moneylenders Agitation, 1915, Harse-Chhina agitation of 1938, Punjab Kisan Sabha 1937 and Anti Bandobast agitation 1938. Apart from political and agrarian upheavals, there appeared a number of socio-religious and cultural manifestations; some of these included the Namdhari Lehar, Brahamo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Singh Sabha, the Nirankaris and the Ahemadias. Further there are historical works on British education system, judicial setup, administrative structure, police organization, communication network, gender and identity issues, and certain other related transformations in the tertiary sector. So far the various anti-colonial movements in the field of politics, economy and culture are concerned, their major thrust is on events, causes, effects, and the British response towards these developments. None of the works on the above mentioned subjects and issues had attempted to analyse the use of 'History' in such anti-colonial manifestations. This demands analysis and hence constitute significant justification of further research and exploration in this direction. Mention may be made of some of the important contributions on colonial Punjab. These include Ganda Singh, The Kuka Lehar, K.W. Jones, The Arya Dharma, N.G. Barrier, The Punjab Disturbances of 1907, Mahinder Singh, The Akali Movement, Bhagwan Josh, Communist Movement in Punjab, Master Hari Singh, Punjab Peasant in Freedom Struggle, Ganda Singh, Deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Sardar Ajit Singh, B.N. Dutta, Jallianwala Bagh, J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of Punjab, Himmadri Benrjee, Agrarian Society of Punjab, Navtej Singh, Starvation and Colonialism, Navtej Singh, Challenge to Imperial Hegemony and Ganda Singh, The Singh Sabha and The Other Socio-Religious Movements in the Punjab. Although these writings contribute significantly to understand transformation of the British Punjab society under imperial backdrop, yet as mentioned earlier, none of these works have tried to examine and analyze the use of 'history' by various anti-imperial protests and movements. Therefore, the aim of the present research is to evaluate and critically examine the use of 'History' by the organizers of these political, agrarian and religio-cultural assertions in order to locate the significance and importance of its utilization impregnating such anti-colonial resentments and also to understand the nature of 'History' used, the modes and methodology, extent and scope along with its impacts in accelerating these movements. In the area of writing this type of utilization of history not much literature in the form of articles or monographs and books is available. Except for some articles by Navtej Singh and a recent book by Michael Nijhawan on Dhadi Darbar : Religion, Violence And The Performance of The Sikh History, in the year 2006.
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