The Project for Seismic Risk Assessment and Risk Management Planning in the Republic of Armenia

Republic of Armenia Rescue Service, Ministry of Emergency Situations (RS)

Final Report

Vol. I Summary

December 2012

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

OYO International Corp. Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. GE Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. JR 12-181

Republic of Armenia Rescue Service, Ministry of Emergency Situations (RS)

The Project for Seismic Risk Assessment and Risk Management Planning in the Republic of Armenia

Final Report

Vol. I Summary

December 2012

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

OYO International Corp. Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd.

The Project for Seismic Risk Assessment and Risk Management Planning in the Republic of Armenia

Structure of Volume of Final Report

Vo l . Title Language Armenian I Summary English Japanese Armenian Main Report 1 II English Risk Assessment of Yerevan City Japanese Armenian Main Report 2 III English Yerevan Earthquake Disaster Management Plan Japanese Armenian IV Data Book English

Exchange rate used in this report

1.00 US Dollar (US$) = 407.43 Armenia Drams (AMD)

1.00 Japanese Yen (JPY) = 5.19 Armenia Drams (AMD)

(as of October 8, 2012)

Outline of the Project

1. Background Title: The Project for Seismic Risk Assessment and Risk Management Planning in the Republic of Armenia Counterpart Agency: Rescue Service, Ministry of Emergency Situations (RS) Project Period: August 2010 - December 2012

The goal of this project is “Reduction of Disasters due to a large scale earthquake which has a possibility of occurrence in Yerevan City”. The three purposes of the project are the followings; 1) Generation of seismic risk map and establishment of earthquake disaster management plan for Yerevan city 2) Capacity development of relevant organizations on seismic risk evaluation, earthquake disaster management planning, and these capacities for applying to other cities in Armenia. 3) Establishment of cooperation structures and cooperation relations among Ministry of Emergency Situations (including RS), Yerevan Municipality, and relating organizations regarding to earthquake disaster management.

The project is composed by two phases. Phase 1 is by September 2011 and mainly for seismic hazard and risk assessment. Phase 2 is after then and mainly on earthquake disaster management planning.

2. Risk Assessment of Yerevan City 2.1 Ground Survey The Tertiary sedimentary rocks widely distribute in Yerevan. The volcanic rocks and the Terrace deposits cover it in north and in southwest respectively. As the information of the ground is insufficient for risk assessment, following ground survey were carried out. The ground models for each 250m square grids are made based on the acquired information. 1) Drilling Survey (30m depth x 10 points) 2) PS Logging (30m depth x 10 logs) 3) Surface Wave Exploration (60 points) 4) Micro Tremor Survey (50 points) 5) Surface Geology Mapping and Cross Section Mapping (1:10,000 scale)

2.2 Active Fault Survey The trench investigation was carried out across the active faults near Yerevan to set up the scenario earthquakes. 1) Active fault was confirmed along Garni Fault. The time of seismic event of the active fault which was confirmed at east of Yerevan was supposed around BC 1,000. 2) Trench survey was carried out at Metsamor in the west of Yerevan City to confirm the Yerevan fault, however no fault was found. Active fault was confirmed at Nor Ughi trench across Vedi Fault in

1 Final Report Vol. I Summary

southeast of Yerevan. The Vedi Fault might not be geology fault as it was estimated before but moved as a secondary along with the movement of Yerevan Fault (may be in 893 by Dvin Earthquake).

2.3 Seismic Hazard Assessment Following two scenario earthquakes are established along Garni Fault which runs in eastern direction of Yerevan from north-northwest to south-southeast. - GF2 Scenario: east of Yerevan, magnitude 7.0 - GF3 Scenario: southeast of Yerevan, magnitude 7.0 The calculated seismic intensity by GF2 Scenario is 8 to 9 in MSK scale (5+ to 6- in JMA scale) and almost 8 (5- to 5+) by GF3 Scenario. The possibility of liquefaction is low. The re-activation of existing landslides in eastern Yerevan may occur.

2.4 Risk Assessment The structural classification and distribution of residential buildings are studied by sampling survey and inventory survey. The current condition of bridges and flyovers are investigated by the existing register and onsite survey. The lifeline database of network and the pipe materials was compiled from existing drawings. The damage functions were prepared mainly based on the damage during the 1988 Spitak Earthquake considering the aging effect and the existing inventory in Yerevan also. The damage was estimated as follows based on the inventory database, damage functions and the earthquake motion by the scenario earthquakes.

(1) Damage of residential buildings (Total collapse and heavily damage) Inventory GF2 Scenario GF3 Scenario Multi-story Individual Housing Multi-story Individual Housing Multi-story Individual Housing Apartment House Unit Apartment House Unit Apartment House Unit 4,371 42,633 264,928 860 13,870 54,800 350 6,660 22,500 (20%) (33%) (21%) (8%) (16%) (8%) * Half of multi-story apartments are 4 - 5 storied stone masonry. Same type buildings to the damaged by Spitak Earthquake also exist many. Most individual houses are stone masonry.

(2) Casualty damage Population GF2 Scenario GF3 Scenario Death Injured Death Injured 1,119,200 31,800 76,500 11,200 31,100 (2.8%) (6.8%) (1.0%) (2.8%) * More than 70% of citizens are living in multi-story apartment.

(3) Damage of infrastructure No damage was estimated for bridges and flyovers.

(4) Damage of lifelines (Worst case) Length of pipes/ lines (km) GF2 Scenario GF3 Scenario Water Sewage Electricity Gas Water Sewage Electricity Gas Water Sewage Electricity Gas 1,300 1,050 2,600 1,090 27 points 81 points 22 km 265 km 12 points 36 points 5 km 121 km * Water and sewage pipelines are buried underground but most gas pipelines are set on the ground surface.

2 Outline of the Project

2.5 Related Study on Earthquake Disaster Management Plan The urban planning, environment, social conditions and educational aspects were surveyed and studied to contribute the earthquake disaster management planning. Followings are the summary. - There are a few parks and green spaces available to access on disaster in the northeastern part of the city. The open space in the densely built-up area is mostly occupied by private warehouse or garage. - In order to promote earthquake-resistant urban development requiring the earthquake-resistant housing, improvement of legal framework for urban development will be the priority issue. - Some reference and recommendations on earthquake disaster mitigation needs to be added in Master Plan. - There is no hazardous waste disposal site in Yerevan City. About 17 years are needed to dispose whole disaster waste by GF2 Scenario in current management ability. - The capacity of Temporary Distribution Points is enough but Long-term Settlement Points are less. On the contrary, questionnaire survey suggested that half of the victims will prefer to remain in Yerevan in case of a violent earthquake. - The evacuation plan in case of the accident of nuclear power plant is prepared. However, the accident envisaged in this plan is independent case, not due to severe seismic disaster. - The school disaster education is systematically carried out mainly related to the emergency response activities. The interactive and participatory learning is insufficient. - Education for citizen provided by government organizations focuses on enhancing disaster management capacity of each citizen. The Community Based Disaster Risk Management is not covered.

2.6 Establish of the System for Earthquake Disaster Management Two systems are established making use of the outcomes in Phase 1. (1) Realtime seismic intensity distribution information system This system displays the estimated earthquake intensity distribution of whole Yerevan City immediately after the earthquake on the display in Rescue Center of MES. The earthquake motion is estimated from observed data at the 5 strong motion stations in Yerevan in accordance with the ground amplification factor which was evaluated in the hazard assessment study in Phase 1. The information distribution function through SMS service of mobile phone is also added.

(2) Earthquake disaster estimation system This is the GIS based software which estimates the earthquake motion distribution by the arbitrary scenario earthquake and the damage due to the natural hazard in quantitative manner. The simplified risk evaluation methods which were used in the risk assessment study in Phase 1 are loaded. As the main users of this system are the members of RS or the Yerevan branch of RS, this system is designed that can be used without professional knowledge of the earthquake hazard and damage analysis. The effect of reconstruction of residential buildings can be included as an option.

3 Final Report Vol. I Summary

3. Formulation of Earthquake Disaster Risk Management Plan of Yerevan City In consideration of evaluation of earthquake hazards and risks in Yerevan City and result of preparation of earthquake disaster scenario, the earthquake disaster risk management plan of Yerevan City was developed, together with Rescue Service, Ministry of Emergency Situations; a counterpart of this project. For the formulation of the plan, disaster consequence scenario on 19 matters of emergency response was developed, and then, issues and measures for improvement of the present situations were picked up. Concerning mitigation, direction and outline of the measures for improvement were identified through clarification of the present situations and important issues. Selection of priority measures was done by means of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and implementation plans for the priority projects were developed. The highest-priority measure “Development of evacuation plan and approval by Mayor for dissemination of the contents” has been implemented in this project. Business Continuity Plan (BCP) of Rescue Service was also prepared in the course of the preparation of the Earthquake Disaster Risk Management Plan. The Earthquake Disaster Risk Management Plan is on process for approval of Mayor of Yerevan City.

3.1 Goal, policies, priorities for the plan Under “promotion of comprehensive disaster management” as goal of earthquake disaster risk management, earthquake disaster management activities are promoted from the following perspectives.

(1) Long-sighted disaster management (setting ultimate goals) To mitigate risks related to earthquake disaster, promotion of earthquake disaster management activities is recommended upon definition of ultimate goals, which are 1) Saving human lives, 2) Securing the livelihood of citizens, 3) Maintaining social/ economic systems and 4) Maintaining the governance of the City and the nation.

(2) Overall disaster management (responsibilities shared under vertical and horizontal organization schemes as well as collaboration of activities by all stakeholders with a sense of ownership) Disaster management activities should be promoted by all the personnel and organizations. In order to facilitate earthquake disaster management activities, it is necessary for all personnel/ organizations to clarify their own roles and to engage in activities with a sense of ownership through coordination with one another.

4 Outline of the Project consistent approach for quake-resistant development by not only recovering to the pre-earthquake state but also linking with disaster mitigation and preparedness for future earthquakes.

(4) Specific/ efficient disaster management (activities upon risk awareness) In order to efficiently implement disaster management activities, one needs to, upon learning hazard and vulnerability primarily as well as risks, formulate a disaster management plan and implement measures accordingly to mitigate risks selected in consideration of importance, urgency and efficiency of response measures.

(5) Precise and feasible disaster management (activities aligned with one’s capacity and accumulation of activities) It is recommendable to implement feasible measures, considering needs of residents and financial conditions, and then, to realize a quake-resident city with the accumulation of the feasible measures. Together with the implementation of measures, it is required to update the result of risk assessment and revise the Plan, based on the updating of assessment. The following policies for formulating the Plan were defined in conjunction with the issues identified through the study. a) Utilizing scientific risk assessment and earthquake disaster scenarios b) Focusing on mitigation for efficient activities c) Lowering vulnerability by enhancing prior measures such as building reinforcement, considering the feasibility d) Enhancing disaster management awareness of all citizens ranging from administrative officers to residents e) Formulating a sustainable plan that emphasizes system/budget/governance enhancement through coordination with related organizations and the communities (groups of residents) f) Promoting disaster management activities through disaster education and dissemination of disaster information, utilizing real-time seismic intensity display system The key elements described in the above policies will facilitate mitigation activities for earthquake disasters under the priorities for the Plan. The priority mattes were selected through review and evaluation of the present situation are summarized below. a) Raising awareness/ dissemination of information on disaster management b) Promotion of urban redevelopment and securing open space in urban areas c) Improvement of road network d) Seismic strengthening of buildings e) Research and study for damage estimation f) Collaboration and co-working with volunteers g) Prevention of fire outbreak and explosion and increasing safety of dangerous materials

5 Final Report Vol. I Summary

3.2 Earthquake disaster risk management plan of Yerevan City The structure and contents of the earthquake disaster risk management plan formulated in this project are shown in following table.

Structures and contents of the Plan

Structures Contents Chapter 1 Basic considerations Basic Part 1 Chapter 2 Overview and damage estimation Considerations Chapter 3 Basic responsibilities of risk management entities

Chapter 4 The city’governance related to implementation of mitigation measures Chapter 5 Quake-resistant human development Chapter 6 Quake-resistant community development Part 2 Mitigation Plan Chapter 7 Quake-resistant urban Development Chapter 8 Aseismic reinforcement of buildings, facility structures, etc. Chapter 9 Seismic study and research

Chapter 10 Process for preparedness and assistance by the city Chapter 11 Preparedness by the citizens and communities Chapter 12 Preparedness related to initial response Chapter 13 Preparedness related to communication Chapter 14 Preparedness for fire and hazardous materials Chapter 15 Preparedness for rescue and evacuation Part 3 Preparedness Plan Chapter 16 Preparedness for emergency transportation Chapter 17 Preparedness for emergency medical care Chapter 18 Preparedness for missing person search / body recovery Chapter 19 Drinking water and food procurement / supply process Chapter 20 Preparedness for rehabilitation of lifeline / communication / mudslide prevention facilities Chapter 21 Preparedness for handling of garbage, human waste, and debris

Chapter 22 Basics of emergency response Chapter 23 Establishing and managing Crisis Management Center Chapter 24 Collection and offering of information Chapter 25 Security, traffic control, emergency transport Chapter 26 Mutual coordination with disaster risk management bodies Chapter 27 Evacuation and rescue Chapter 28 Emergency medical care, sanitation Emergency Part 4 Chapter 29 Search and rescue of missing persons, handling of remains Response Plan Chapter 30 Fire-fighting, countermeasures against hazardous materials Chapter 31 School measures Chapter 32 Supply of drinking water and food Chapter 33 Emergency rehabilitation of lifelines, telecommunications, traffic, and debris flow protection facilities Chapter 34 Handling of garbage, human waste, and debris Chapter 35 Emergency response to housing and livelihood

Chapter 36 Basic ideas for reconstruction Chapter 37 Reconstruction Headquarters Rehabilitation / Part 5 Chapter 38 Formulating reconstruction plans Reconstruction Plan Chapter 39 Stability of civilian life Chapter 40 City reconstruction Part 6 Assistance Plan Chapter 41 Assistance plan

6 Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Page Part 1 Seismic Risk Assessment Chapter 1 Background ...... 1 1.1 Background of the Project ...... 1 1.2 Purpose of the Project ...... 2 1.3 Execution Structure of the Project ...... 2 Chapter 2 Data Collection and Evaluation ...... 5 2.1 Regulation, Organization, and Plan ...... 5 2.2 Maps and GIS data ...... 7 2.3 Earthquake Related Data ...... 7 2.4 Tectonics, Active Faults, Landforms, Geology and Ground Conditions ...... 8 2.5 Population, Land-use and Urban Development ...... 10 2.6 Buildings ...... 11 2.7 Infrastructure, Lifeline ...... 12 Chapter 3 Ground Survey ...... 13 3.1 Drilling, Laboratory Tests ...... 13 3.2 Geophysical Survey ...... 13 3.3 Surface Geology Mapping ...... 14 3.4 Landslide Survey ...... 15 3.5 Active Fault Survey ...... 15 Chapter 4 Seismic Hazard Assessment ...... 17 4.1 Modeling of Ground Conditions ...... 17 4.2 Scenario Earthquakes ...... 19 4.3 Earthquake Motion, Liquefaction Potential and Slope Stability ...... 19 4.4 Earthquake Motion by Yerevan Fault ...... 21 Chapter 5 Inventory Survey of Structure ...... 23 5.1 Building Sampling Survey ...... 23 5.2 Building Inventory Survey ...... 24 5.3 Vulnerability Function of Buildings ...... 24 5.4 Inventory Survey of Infrastructure ...... 25 5.5 Vulnerability Function of infrastructure ...... 26 5.6 Inventory of Lifelines ...... 26 5.7 Damage Function of Lifeline Facilities ...... 26 Chapter 6 Risk Assessment ...... 28 6.1 Damage of Buildings ...... 28 6.2 Infrastructure Risk Assessment ...... 29 6.3 Damage to Lifeline ...... 29 6.4 Assessment of Fire and Casualty Damage ...... 30 6.5 Creation of Earthquake Disaster Information Database ...... 31 6.6 Worst Case Candidate for Planning ...... 31

i Final Report Vol.1 Summary

Chapter 7 Related Study on Earthquake Disaster Management Plan ...... 32 7.1 Urban Planning ...... 32 7.2 Environment and Social Conditions ...... 34 7.3 Social Condition Survey...... 36 7.4 Disaster Education and Community Based Disaster Risk Management ...... 36 Chapter 8 Establish of the System for Earthquake Disaster Management ...... 39 8.1 Realtime Seismic Intensity Distribution Information System ...... 39 8.2 Earthquake Disaster Estimation System...... 40

Part 2 Yerevan Earthquake Disaster Management Plan Chapter 9 Formulation of Earthquake Disaster Risk Management Plan of Yerevan City ...... 43 9.1 Basic considerations (Part1 of Volume III) ...... 45 9.2 Mitigation Plan (Part 2 of Volume III) ...... 48 9.3 Preparedness Plan（Part 3 of Volume III） ...... 56 9.4 Emergency Response Plan (Part 4 of Volume III) ...... 71 9.5 Rehabilitation / reconstruction plan (Part 5 of Volume III) ...... 89 9.6 Assistance plan (Part 6, Chapter 41 of Volume III) ...... 92

ii Table of Contents

Table Page Table 1.3-1 Working Schedule of the Project ...... 3 Table 2.5-1 Population and Population Density by District ...... 10 Table 2.6-1 Content of collected building data by GIS and CAD ...... 11 Table 4.1-1 Summary of S wave velocity structure in Yerevan ...... 18 Table 4.2-1 Fault Parameters of Scenario Earthquakes...... 19 Table 4.4-1 Fault Parameters of Yerevan Fault ...... 22 Table 5.1-1 Structural types and brief description of multi-story residential buildings ...... 23 Table 5.4-1 Focus Point in Investigation...... 25 Table 5.6-1 Summary of lifeline length ...... 26 Table 6.1-1 Damage of buildings ...... 29 Table 6.4-1 Casualty Damage (Night time) ...... 31 Table 6.6-1 Summary of Damaqge for Worst Case Candidate for Planning ...... 31 Table 9-1 Structures and contents of the Plan ...... 44 Table 9.2-1 Classification of organizations and divisions relating to mitigation plan ...... 49 Table 9.2-2 Mitigation activities by residents ...... 49 Table 9.2-3 The contents of disaster education for officials ...... 50 Table 9.2-4 Mitigation/ preparedness activities by communities ...... 50 Table 9.2-5 Contents to be covered in a disaster management plan for residents’ associations .... 51 Table 9.2-6 Purpose of disaster education in communities ...... 51 Table 9.2-7 Materials to be prepared by communities for prevention of fire ...... 52 Table 9.2-8 Assistance to communities done by governments ...... 53 Table 9.3-1 Preparedness by residents ...... 57 Table 9.3-2 Matters to be confirmed in family beforehand ...... 58 Table 9.3-3 Preparedness activities by communities ...... 58 Table 9.3-4 Assistance by official organizations for stockpiling of community ...... 59 Table 9.3-5 Evacuation stages ...... 63 Table 9.3-6 Category of strategic roads ...... 63 Table 9.3-7 Vehicles subject to emergency vehicles ...... 64 Table 9.3-8 Items to be prepared under the initial medical care process ...... 65 Table 9.3-9 Specialized GHs and their subdivisions for recovery of electric utility, communication and transport communication lines ...... 68 Table 9.3-10 Rehabilitation bases for major facilities...... 69 Table 9.3-11 Candidates of debris disposal sites ...... 70 Table 9.4-1 Classification of natural emergency situations ...... 73 Table 9.4-2 Points to be noted in assembling ...... 73 Table 9.4-3 Items to be included in an announcement by CMC ...... 74 Table 9.4-4 Security activities in earthquake disasters ...... 75 Table 9.4-5 Measures concerning traffic in earthquake disasters ...... 75 Table 9.4-6 Items of request for assistance ...... 76 Table 9.4-7 Items of the order on evacuation ...... 77 Table 9.4-8 Vital activity during evacuation ...... 78 Table 9.4-9 Information to be collected for initial response of fire-fighting ...... 81 Table 9.4-10 Information relating to supply of food and commodities...... 84

iii Final Report Vol.1 Summary

Figure Page Figure 1.3-1 Operation System of the Project ...... 2 Figure 1.3-2 Flowchart of the Project ...... 4 Figure 2.1-1 Chart of management bodies for civil protection in emergency situations ...... 6 Figure 2.3-1 Seismicity from 1932 to 2008 by NSSP Earthquake Catalogue ...... 7 Figure 2.4-1 Active fault map (by Georisk, with NSSP catalogue) ...... 9 Figure 2.4-2 Relief map of Yerevan city, created from DEM（Georisk,2011） ...... 9 Figure 3.1-1 Location of site investigation sites ...... 13 Figure 3.3-1 Geological map of the Yerevan City area ...... 14 Figure 3.5-1 Active fault map around Yerevan City (fault by Georisk, catalogue by NSSP) ...... 15 Figure 3.5-2 A photo of west wall at trench of Nor Ughi 1-2 point ...... 16 Figure 4.1-1 Schematic geological cross section in Yerevan city ...... 17 Figure 4.1-2 Depth of rock layers ...... 17 Figure 4.1-3 Type of ground ...... 18 Figure 4.2-1 Fault Models of Scenario Earthquakes ...... 19 Figure 4.3-1 Acceleration distribution at ground surface ...... 20 Figure 4.3-2 Landslide hazard and risk map ...... 21 Figure 4.4-1 Source Fault Models of Yerevan Fault ...... 22 Figure 4.4-2 Acceleration distribution at ground surface by Yerevan Fault ...... 22 Figure 5.1-1 Proposed structural category and supposed constructed year ...... 23 Figure 5.2-1 A ratio of each structural type ...... 24 Figure 5.3-1 Proposed damage function for multi-story residential buildings ...... 25 Figure 5.3-2 Proposed vulnerability function for individual houses ...... 25 Figure 6.1-1 Number of heavily damaged residential buildings per 250m grid ...... 28 Figure 8.1-1 Example of seismic intensity display ...... 40 Figure 9.1-1 Collaboration of organizations in vertical and horizontal schemes ...... 45 Figure 9.1-2 Concept disaster management cycle...... 46 Figure 9.1-3 Activities under the disaster management cycle in chronological order ...... 46 Figure 9.3-1 System of preparatory activities implemented by emergency response services ...... 57 Figure 9.3-2 Concept of disaster management community unit ...... 59 Figure 9.3-3 Candidates of debris disposal sites ...... 71 Figure 9.4-1 Outline of evacuation and rescue activities ...... 77 Figure 9.4-2 Outline of emergency medical care activities ...... 79 Figure 9.4-3 Outline of activities of search and rescue of missing persons and handle bodies ..... 80 Figure 9.4-4 Outline of activities to provide drinking water, food and commodities ...... 83 Figure 9.4-5 Outline of activities for emergency rehabilitation of lifelines, etc...... 85 Figure 9.4-6 Outline of activities associated with emergency response to housing and livelihood87

iv Abbereviations

Abbreviations Armenian English Japanese 14C 14C 炭素の放射性同位体 14 զանգվածային թվով ածխածնի Carbon Isotope Mass Number 14 (原子量 14） իզոտոպ

ADSL ADSL 非対称デジタル加入 Ասիմետրիկ թվային բաժանորդային գիծ Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 者回線 ՀՎՄ AHP 分析階層処理 Հիերարխիայի վերլուծության մեթոդ Analytic Hierarchy Process ALOS ALOS Հողի դիտարկման առաջադեմ Advanced Land Observing Satellite 陸域観測技術衛星 արբանյակ (Ճապոնիա) (Japan) AMS AMS Արագացումային Accelerator Mass Spectrometry 加速器質量分析 զանգվածասպեկտրաչափում ՀԿԽԸ ARCS アルメニア赤十字社 Հայկական կարմիր խաչի ընկերություն Armenian Red Cross Society Հայպետհիդրոմետ ArmHydromet Հայաստանի Armenian State Hydrometeorological and アルメニア水文気象 հիդրոօդերևութաբանության և monitoring Service 観測サービス մոնիտորինգի ծառայություն ԱՇՊ BCP Աշխատանքների Business Continuity Plan 事業継続計画 շարունակականության պլան

CAD CAD コンピュータ支援設 Ավտոմատացված նախագծում Computer-aided design 計 Կադաստր Cadastro ՀՀ կառավարությանն առընթեր անշարժ State Committee of the Real Property 地籍局 գույքի կադաստրի պետական կոմիտե Cadastre of the Government of the RA ՀՎՀԱՌԿ CBDRM Համայնքի վրա հիմնված աղետի ռիսկի Community based disaster risk コミュニティ防災 կառավարում management ՔԿՃՄՊՆ CBRNE Քիմիական, Կենսաբանական, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, 化学、生物、放射性 Ճառագայթային, Միջուկային, Nuclear, Explosives 物質、核、爆発物 Պայթուցիկ նյութեր ՔՊ CD 民間防衛 Քաղաքացիական պաշտպանություն Civil Defence ԱՊՀ CIS Անկախ պետությունների Commonwealth of Independent States (a համագործակցություն (անկախ group of independent countries that were 独立国家共同体 պետությունների մի խումբ, որոնք մինչև part of the Soviet Union until 1991) 1991թ. մտնում էին Խորհրդային Միության կազմի մեջ)

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ՓԲԸ CJSC 非公開型株式会社 Փակ Բաժնետիրական Ընկերություն Closed Joint Stock Company ՃԿԿ CMC 危機管理センター Ճգնաժամային կառավարման կենտրոն Crisis Management Center ՃԿՊԱ CMSA 国家危機管理アカデ Ճգնաժամային կառավարման Crisis Management State Academy ミー պետական ակադեմիա DEM DEM 数値標高モデル Բարձրության թվայնացված մոդել Digital Elevation Model ՂԿ DISTAFF 訓練指示担当管理官 Ղեկավար կազմ Directing Staff ԿՍԿ EEC 地震工学センター ՍՊԱԾ կառուցվածքների Earthquake Engineering Center of NSSP (NSSP) սեյսմակայունության կենտրոն EERI EERI Ինժեներական սեյսմալոգիայի Earthquake Engineering Research 地震工学会（米国） հետազոտական ինստիտուտ Institute EMS EMS ヨーロッパ震度階級 Եվրոպական մակրոսեյսմիկ սանդղակ European Macroseismic Scale ԱԻ ES 非常事態 Արտակարգ իրավիճակներ Emergency Situations ՀՓՋ FRD 消防救難部隊 Հրշեջ փրկարարական ջոկատ Firefighting Rescue Detachment ՄՄ FU 消防部隊 Մարտական միավոր Fighting Unit ԳԽ GF ガルニ断層 Գառնիի խզվածք Garni Fault GIS GIS Աշխարհագրական տեղեկատվական Geographic Information System 地理情報システム համակարգ ԵԳԻ IGS Երկրաբանական գիտությունների Institute of Geological Science, National 地質学研究所 ինստիտուտ, ՀՀ գիտությունների Academy of Science ազգային ակադեմիա ՃՄՀԳ JICA Ճապոնիայի միջազգային Japan International Cooperation Agency 国際協力機構 համագործակցության գործակալություն ՃՕԳ JMA Ճապոնիայի օդերևութաբանության Japan Meteorological Agency 気象庁（日本） գործակալություն ՃՀԽ JST JICA 調査団 ՃՄՀԳ հետազոտական խումբ JICA Study Team ԵԲՎ LTSP 長期避難場所 Երկարատև բնակության վայր Long Term Settlement Place

vi Abbereviations

ԱԻՆ MES/MoES Արտակարգ իրավիճակների Ministry of Emergency Situations 非常事態省 նախարարություն MSK սանդղակ MSK scale Մեդվեդև-Սպոնհեուրեր‒Կարնիկի Medvedev Sponheuer Karnik Seismic MSK 震度階級 սեյսմիկ ինտենսիվության սանդղակ Intensity Scale ԼՓՋ MRD 山岳救助部隊 Լեռնափրկարարական ջոկատ Mountain Rescue Detachment NGA NGA 新世代地震動減衰モ Գրունտի շարժման մարման մոդելների Next Generation of Ground-Motion デル հաջորդ սերունդ Attenuation Models ՀԿ NGO 非政府組織 Հասարակական կազմակերպություն Non-Governmental Organization ՍՊՀԾ NorSSP Սեյսմիկ պաշտպանության հյուսիսային Northern Department of NSSP NSSP 北部支部 ծառայություն ԱՎԾ NSS Ազգային վիճակագրական ծառայություն National Statistical Service 国家統計局

ՍՊԱԾ NSSP Սեյսմիկ պաշտպանության ազգային Armenian National Survey for Seismic 国家地震防災調査所 ծառայություն Protection ԲԲԸ OJSC 公開型株式会社 Բաց բաժնետիրական ընկերություն Open Joint Stock Company ԳՄԱ PGA 最大加速度 Գրունտի մաքսիմալ արագացում Peak Ground Acceleration ԲՊ PP 住民保護 Բնակչության պաշտպանություն Population Protection

ՓՍՍԽ PSSF パンバック・セバン・ Փամբակ-Սևան-Սյունիք խզվածք Pambak-Sevan-Sunik Fault チュニック断層 ԲՏՊՎ PTPD Բնակչության և տարածքների Population and Territories Protection 市民／国土保護部 պաշտպանության վարչություն Department ՀՀ RA アルメニア共和国 Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Republic of Armenia ՀՀՇՆ RABC アルメニア国建築基 Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Republic of Armenia Building Code 準 շինարարական նորմեր ԵԲ RC 鉄筋コンクリート Երկաթբետոն Reinforced Concrete ՓՈՒՎ RFD 救助隊部 Փրկարար ուժերի վարչություն Rescue Forces Department ԸԿ RP 受付場所 Ընդունման կետ Reception Point

vii Final Report Vol.1 Summary

ՄՓՎ RRD Marzes（地方政府）の Մարզային փրկարարական վարչություն Regional Rescue Department レスキュー部隊

ՓԾ RS レスキューサービス փրկարար ծառայություն Rescue Service ՈՓ SAR 捜索救難 Որոնողափրկարարություն Search and Rescue ՀՀՋ SFD 特殊消防部隊 Հատուկ հրշեջ ջոկատ Special Firefighting Detachment ՊՈԱԿ SNCO Պետական ոչ-առևտրային State Non-commercial Organization 国家非営利組織 կազմակերպություն ՀՓՋ SRD 特殊救助部隊 Հատուկ փրկարարական ջոկատ Special Rescue Detachment ԺՏԿ TDP 一時避難場所 Ժամանակավոր տեղաբաշխման կետ Temporally Distribution Point ՄԱԶԾ UNDP 国連開発計画 Միացյալ Ազգերի Զարգացման Ծրագիր United Nations Development Program ՄՆԵՀ USGS Միացյալ Նահանգների երկրաբանական United States Geological Survey 米国地質調査所 հետազոտություն ՄՈՒԼ պրոյեկցիա UTM projection ユニバーサル横メル Մերկատորի ունիվերսալ լայնական Universal Transverse Mercator projection カトル投影法 պրոյեկցիա ԱԽ WG ワーキンググループ Աշխատանքային խումբ Working Group ԶՈԶ WMD 大量破壊兵器 Զանգվածային ոչնչացման զենքեր Weapons of Mass Destruction ՋՓՋ WRD 水難救助部隊 Ջրափրկարարական ջոկատ Water Rescue Detachment ՍՊԱրմԾ WSSP Սեյսմիկ պաշտպանության արևմտյան Western Department of NSSP NSSP 西部支部 ծառայություն ԵԽ YF エレバン断層 Երևանի խզվածք Yerevan Fault ԵՓՎ YRD RS エレバン支部 Երևանի փրկարարական վարչություն Yerevan Rescue Department

viii

Part 1 Seismic Risk Assessment

Chapter 1 Background

1.1 Background of the Project

(1) Outline of Yerevan City Armenia as an independent country existed with interruptions from BC 9-6th centuries till AD 11th century. The Republic of Armenia was established in 1918 and was in the structure of the Soviet Union during 1920-1991. Therefore, Armenia is similar to other CIS countries that it still remains the educational and social environments of the Soviet Union. As the capital of Republic of Armenia, Yerevan city has its population of one third of the country. Urban area of Yerevan city has not yet been catching up the development and shows heavy traffic jams every day. In the central part of the city, middle to high rise buildings and apartments are concentrated, and in the suburbs multi storied residential buildings and low rise individual house are the main. (2) Earthquake Disasters in Yerevan City The two historical earthquakes are known as mentioned below. For Armenia, the famous 1988 Spitak Earthquake and others have happened. However, in Yerevan city, in these 300 years, no disastrous earthquakes which provided deaths happened. - 1679 June 4th, Garni Earthquake (M=7.0): Maximum estimated seismic intensity is ‘X’ in MSK-64 scale. It is said that 1,228 people were killed at northern part of the current Yerevan city. - 1937 January 7th: It is estimated as a local earthquake near Yerevan city. The estimated MSK-64 seismic intensity scale is ‘VII’ in the city. No casualties are told. (3) Vulnerability of Yerevan City against Earthquake Disasters The grounds in the northern part of Yerevan are relatively stiff, but in its lowland of the southern part a certain thick soft soil layers deposited. Some information said that an active fault exists below the Yerevan City, but the confirmation is necessary by an investigation by experts. The populations are concentrating in the central area and the hilly developing region of the city with multi storied residential building. Numerous multi storied residential buildings are structurally vulnerable and getting older. If large earthquake may happen, miserable situation might occur in Yerevan. The road blockage is also worried during disaster. Further, since Yerevan city is the center of governmental, economic and social functions of Armenian country, when it is hit a destructive damage, socio-economical functions will be stand still and all the development will be suspended, and it is alarmed to become a country wide disaster. (4) Problems to be solved in Yerevan City for Earthquake Disaster Management Following problems will be pointed. (A) Insufficient in scientific evaluation of seismic hazard, risk and earthquake scenario (B) Deficiency of Preparedness measures in Earthquake Disaster Management Plan of Yerevan city (C) Insufficient in disaster reduction measures due to evaluation, inspection and conduction of measures for seismic resistant buildings

1 Final Report Vol. I Summary

1.2 Purpose of the Project

1.3 Execution Structure of the Project

The project is executed by relating organization of counterpart of Armenian side, JICA Team. The JICA Team is consisted of OYO International Corporation, Nippon Koei Co. Ltd., and Kokusai Kogyo Co. Ltd. The counterpart organization of Armenian side is RS (Rescue Service, Ministry of Emergency Situations). Following Figure 1.3-1 shows the operation system of this project.

Steering Committee Japanese Government of Government Republic of Seismic Risk Disaster Armenia Evaluation Management Japanese Working Group Planning Assisting Working Group JICA Committee

Project Execution Team

RS (Rescue Service, JICA Team Ministry of Emergency Situations)

Figure 1.3-1 Operation System of the Project

The duration of the project is around 29 months from August 2010 to December 2012. Phase 1 is by September 2011 and mainly for seismic hazard and risk assessment. Phase 2 is after then and mainly on

2 Chapter 1 Background earthquake disaster management planning. The schedule and the contents of work of the project are shown in Table 1.3-1 and Figure 1.3-2 respectively.

Table 1.3-1 Working Schedule of the Project

Phase Phase 1 Phase 2 Working Year First Working Year Second Working Year Year 2010 2011 2012 Items Month 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3456789101112123456789101112

First Working Year: Aug. 2010 to Jun. 2011

Phase 1: Basic Survey and Seismic Hazard Assessment

Work in Japan 1

【1】： Review on Existing Information

【2】： Preparation of ICR

Armenian Field Survey 1

【3】： Explanation of IC/R

【4】： Basic Investigation

【5】： Site Soil Investigation

【6】： Generation of Subsurface geology Map

【7】： Soil Ground Modeling

【8】： Setting Scenaro Earthquakes Design Database for Earthquake Disaster Management 【9】： Information 【10】： Seismic Hazard Assessment

【11】： Building Inventory Survey

【12】： Transportation Infrastructure and Lifeline Inventory Survey

【13】： Seismic Risk Assessment Preparation of Introduction on Realtime Presentation System of 【14】： Seismic Intensity Distribution 【16】： Preparation and Submission of P/R

Second Working Year: Jul. 2011 to Dec. 2012

Armenian Field Survey (continued)

【10】： Seismic Hazard Assessment

【13】： Seismic Risk Assessment Preparation of Earthquake Disaster Management Planning for 【18-1】： Yerevan City 【18-2】： Capacity Development Assisting Planning

Work in Japan 2

【19】： Preparation of IT/R (plan)

【20】： Explanation and Discussion on IT/R (plan)

【15】： Training in Japan

Phase 2: Establishment of Earthquake Disaster Management Plan of Yerevan City

Armenian Filed Survey 2

【21】： Explanation of IT/R

【17】： Production of Earthquake Disaster Scenarios Drafting Preliminary Version of Earthquake Disaster 【22】： Management Plan for Yerevan City 【23-1】： Desk Top Simulation Training Establishment of Realtime Presentation System of Seismic 【23-2】： Intensity Distribution 【24】： Execution of Capacity Development Assisting Activities Completion of Earthquake Disaster Management Plan for 【25】： Yerevan City Investigation of Cost, Priority and Schedule of Enterprises in 【26】： Earthquake Disaster Management Plan of Yerevan City 【27】： Environmental and Social Consideration Summarization of Recommendations for Earthquake Disaster 【28】： Reduction for Armenia Work in Japan 3

【29】： Preapration of DF/R

Armenian Filed Survey 3

【30】： Explanation of DF/R

Work in Japan 4

【31】： Preparation of F/R Legend: Armenian Field Survey Work in Japan Reporting etc.

3 Final Report Vol. I Summary

t ec j ure 1.3-2 Flowchartof the Pro g Fi

4 Chapter 2 Data Collection and Evaluation

Chapter 2 Data Collection and Evaluation

2.1 Regulation, Organization, and Plan

2.1.1 Regulation The following four laws are major laws concerning disasters, including earthquake disasters, and major accidents. 1) Law on Population Protection, being in force in 1998 2) Law on Civil Protection in 2002 3) Law on Seismic Protection in 2002 4) Law on Fire Security in 2001 The Law on Population Protection and the Law on Civil Defense ordain matters responding in emergency situations to major accidents and disasters as well as armed attack, and these laws are base for responding earthquake disasters. These laws cover issues on emergency response and its preparation, but do not include much provision on mitigation. The Law on Seismic Protection is a comprehensive law ordaining matters on earthquake disaster management, including provision on over-all disaster management cycle including mitigation, and provision on the right and obligation of all-level actors including public bodies, organizations, and population. Yerevan City also defines the framework of disaster management on the following Mayor’s decision, based on regulations and plans ordained by the Republic. 1) Establishing evacuation committee in Yerevan City (Mayor’s decision 397A, 2007) Ditto modification (Mayor’s decision N1832, 2003 and Mayor’s decision 397A, 2007) 2) Establishment of committee of emergency situations in Yerevan City (Mayor’s decision N920, 2000) Ditto modification (Mayor’s decision1830, 2003, Mayor’s decision N747, 2007, and Mayor’s decision, 2010) 3) Changes in the structure of civil defense system of Yerevan City (Mayor’s decision 1418A, 2003) Ditto modification (Mayor’s decision 398A, 2007) 4) Approval of the charter of urban development of Yerevan (Mayor’s decision A2228A, 2006)

2.1.2 Organization The head of civil defense in the Republic is the Government of Armenia, the deputy is the Minister of Emergency Situations, and responsible governmental body is Ministry of Emergency Situations. Ministry of Emergency Situations; MES governs the following subsidiary organizations relating to earthquake disaster management. “Rescue Service; RS”, “National Survey for Seismic Protection； NSSP”, “National Reserves Agency”, “State Crisis Management Academy”, “State Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Service”, and “Technical Security Services”.

5 Final Report Vol. I Summary

At the time of emergency situations, the management of the situation should be done with national-level committee of emergency situations, headed by Prime Minister as well as local committee of emergency situations, headed by Mayor of Yerevan or the head of marzes (prefectures) as shown in Figure 2.1-1.

Ra Prime-Minister

State committee of emergency situation of RA

Minister of Emergency Situation of RA Permanently functioning RA state governing committees of emergency Republican republican bodies situations of marz administrations, committee of Yerevan municipality population evacuation during Heads of sites carrying emergency out rescue operations situations and martial law Operative groups

Community committees of emergency situations

Committees of emergency situations of organizations

International Public rescue Evacuation rescuers forces committees of marz and Yerevan city

Figure 2.1-1 Chart of management bodies for civil protection in emergency situations

2.1.3 Plan In 2010, “The Concept of Development of Seismic Security System of the Republic of Armenia (“Concept”)”, which aims at comprehensive earthquake disaster management, was officially announced as Presidential order NH140N. The “Concept” sets similar target in comprehensive earthquake disaster management to what sets in this study. In 2010, “Plan of Organization of Protection of Population of the Republic of Armenia in Case of a Severe Earthquake (Organization Plan)” was in force as Decision N919. The “Organization Plan”, ordains and explains on the following matters. ・ Tasks and functions of government bodies, including all ministries, and related organizations ・ The summary of natural and seismic conditions, evaluation result of human and physical damages by an earthquake (human loss in Yerevan City is evaluated to be 162,243), and required number of several kinds of rescue forces and their activities for the response ・ Stipulation on organizations and activities for management, medical care, information transmission, damage reconnaissance, and evacuation ・ Stipulation on organizations and implementation for rescue, medical care, social security, logistics, foods, transportation, and information dissemination ・ Stipulation on method and order of reception, acceptance, and distribution of international assistance

6 Chapter 2 Data Collection and Evaluation

2.2 Maps and GIS data

2.2.1 Maps The base maps to get inventory for seismic risk assessment or conduct several kinds of survey are the existing topographic maps from Cadastro. As one of the free online map services of Arc GIS, ESRI which is selected for this project, Bing Maps, aero photo image maps offered by Microsoft is available in Armenia. Therefore, the Bing Maps were used to make inventory data or confirming the location of survey locations.

2.2.2 GIS (Geographic Information System) GIS (Geographic Information System) is the important tool for constructing the database from collected or surveyed data. As RS has already introduced the ESRI’s GIS, that is one of the worldwide standard GIS, we introduced ESRI’s Arc GIS Desktop 9.3.1.

2.3 Earthquake Related Data

2.3.1 Earthquake Catalogue The distribution of the earthquakes based on the earthquake catalogue of NSSP is shown in Figure 2.3-1. This figure shows that the 1988 Spitak Earthquake is the only one event larger than magnitude 6 in Armenia during recent 75 years that occurred in Armenia. The seismicity is active in northern part of Armenia including Lori State to Georgia across the border, but the earthquakes larger than magnitude 5 is less around Yerevan. However, several historical earthquakes of magnitude 7 or larger have occurred in southern and eastern area in Armenia, therefore it is known that seismic active area is not limited to the northern area in Armenia. Near Yerevan City, magnitude 7 class Garni Earthquake has occurred in 1679 in the east, and magnitude 6 class earthquake has occurred in 9th century in the south near Dvin.

Figure 2.3-1 Seismicity from 1932 to 2008 by NSSP Earthquake Catalogue

7 Final Report Vol. I Summary

2.3.2 Strong Motion Records NSSP started the strong motion observation after 1988 Spitak Earthquake using the digital strong motion seismometer under the assistance of Swiss. NSSP also collaborates with Georgia in the data exchange and using the observed data in Georgia for their analysis. No events larger than magnitude 5 have been occurred in Armenia since 1988, while some earthquakes of magnitude 7 or larger occurred in Georgia and the observed records of these events are utilized in their analysis

2.3.3 Data of Earthquake Damage The 1679 Garni Earthquake and Dvin Earthquake in 9th century are known for the earthquakes that have affected to Yerevan. 893. 3. 27 (M=6.5) “Dvin Earthquake” An earthquake occurred near Artashat in the Ararat valley, south of Yerevan. The estimated maximum MSK intensity is 9. More than 70,000 people may have died by this earthquake. As for Dvin Earthquake, many researchers offer several opinions and even the year of the occurrence has not been fixed. Some researchers mention that not only the 893 year but large earthquake occurred in 863 year and affected damage to Dvin. There is a source mentioning 12,000 victims by 863 year events. 1679. 6. 4 (M=7.0) “Garni Earthquake” An earthquake occurred at Garni, where is 20km east of Yerevan. The estimated maximum MSK-64 intensity is 10. The fort in Yerevan collapsed and mosques and minarets came down. In Kanaker village (currently north of Kanaker-Zeytun in Yerevan), 1,228 people died and 7,600 people in total.

2.4 Tectonics, Active Faults, Landforms, Geology and Ground Conditions

2.4.1 Tectonics and Active Faults Armenia is situated on the north of the collision boundary between the Arabian plate and the Eurasian plate. The Arabian plate is moving northward at the rate of 20-30 mm/year and collides with the Eurasian plate. Consequently the Caucasian region is compressed and uplifted. The main active fault map is shown in Figure 2.4-1. The about 200km long Garni Fault (GF) passes from Nakhigevan, Azerbaijan, via the east of Yerevan City, and merges into the Pambak-Sevan-Sunik Fault. Four large to moderate historic earthquakes have occurred along the GF, viz. the 906 earthquake (M7.0), the 1679 Garni earthquake (M7.0), the 1828 earthquake (M7.0), and the 1988 Spitak earthquake (Ms 6.9). The Yerevan Fault (YF) is a blind fault which is inferred on the south of Yerevan City based on the gravity anomaly data. However, a low-angle reverse fault was confirmed by the pilot trench at Nor Ughi that was performed for this project. The part of the YF may reach to the surface. The 893 Dvin earthquake is well-known as Dvin of the ancient capital in Armenia has suffered severe damages.

8 Chapter 2 Data Collection and Evaluation

Dvin is located near the YF. However, the detailed epicenter of the 893 earthquake is not clarified. There is another opinion that the GF generated this earthquake.

Figure 2.4-1 Active fault map (by Georisk, with NSSP catalogue)

2.4.2 Landforms The territory of Yerevan city is situated at elevation ranging from 830 to 1550m above sea level. The north-east mountainous/hilly area is the highest and sloping down to Ararat plain in south-west. The territory of Yerevan city consists of four landform divisions, which are; 1) Northern volcanic plateau (Yeghvard, Kotayk, and Jrvezh-Nork volcanic plateau) 2) South-east sloping plain (Shorakhpiur-Nubarashen sloping plain and Erebuni mountain range) 3) Central and Southern Fluvial plain (Hrazdan river, Getar river and Shorakhpiur river plain) 4) Reclaimed land

Figure 2.4-2 Relief map of Yerevan city, created from DEM（Georisk,2011）

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2.4.3 Geology Oldest geological unit in the territory of Yerevan city is the Shorakhpiur suite of Lower to Middle Oligocene. The Tertiary to Lower Pleistocene lava and Tuff widely cover the northern area. Also, the flood plain deposits are found along the river bed and Ararat plain in the urban area. The defined 2 kind of rocks in Yerevan is studied as follows based on the existing borehole database. a) Volcanic rocks (Basalt, Slag, welded Tuff, Clinker) The welded Tuff is a sedimentary rock in exact meaning but included in this category from petrogenetic view. b) Sedimentary rocks (Marl, Limestone, Sandstone, Conglomerate) The altitude of rock surface is high in the north to south east and low in the center to south west.

2.5 Population, Land-use and Urban Development

2.5.1 Population The area, population and population density by district are indicated in Table 2.5-1. The population density is relative high at the northern to the central part of the city. The housing estate development at the north-western to the south-western part of the city has become active recently, and future population will be expected to slightly increase in these areas. Since the population of Yerevan city is slightly increasing from 1,102,000 people in 2003 to 1,119,000 people in 2010 over a long time period, an increase in population is not expected in the future. Regarding age structure of Yerevan city in 2010, 141,737 people of over 63 years old occupy 12.7% of total, 769,319 people of 16 to 62 years old as employed population occupy 68.9%, and 205,592 people of 0 to 15 years old occupy 18.4%, respectively.

Table 2.5-1 Population and Population Density by District

Area1) Population2) Population Density District ( ha）（×1,000）（Pop./ha） Ajapnyak 2,600 108.2 42 Avan 820 51,0 62 Arabkir 1,320 130.8 99 Davtashen 650 41.1 63 Erebuni 4,940 121.9 25 Kentron 1,340 130.6 97 Malatia-Sebastia 2,530 141.8 56 Nor-Nork 1,450 147.0 101 Nork-Marash 470 11.3 24 Nubarashen 1,720 9.7 6 Shengavit 4,060 146.5 36 Kanaker-Zeytun 760 79.3 104 Total 22,660 1,119.2 49 Source：1) Yerevan city Master Plan（2005) 2) National Statistical Service(2010)： Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures

10 Chapter 2 Data Collection and Evaluation

2.5.2 Land-use The Master Plan of urban development for Yerevan city was elaborated in 2005 with 2020 year as the design period. At the present time, the Master Plan has been re-examined by Yerevan municipality and the Yerevan Project. According to the recent statistic data, land-use of Yerevan city is composed of ; Agricultural land: 42.55km2 (18.7%), Available agricultural land: 14.435km2 (6.4%), Settlements' lands including public buildings: 67.02km2 (29.5%), Industrial lands: 27.66 km2 (12.2%), Green space, including parks: 11.13km2 (4.9%), Groves: 12.39km2 (5.5%).

2.6 Buildings

2.6.1 Building inventory data Content of collected data of multi-story residential buildings, individual houses, and schools and hospitals by GIS or CAD is shown in Table 2.6-1. After the investigation of existing data, it was concluded to use CAD data of Cadastro and convert to GIS data. There was no data of inventory for structural type of buildings. The number of stone and RC multi-story residential buildings by National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia in 2009 is referred also. Location information of schools and hospitals shown in the Atlas by Cadastro was utilized. The number of multi-story residential buildings, total floor areas and population for multi-story residential buildings in Master plan were utilized.

Table 2.6-1 Content of collected building data by GIS and CAD

Institution Type Content/ evaluation of data Utilization of data

Cadastro CAD (as of Classification of buildings as residential and Existing CAD data was converted to year 2005) non-residential is included as an attribute. There was GIS data, and was utilized incorporating no data for structural type. attributes of multi-story residential Polygons include small structures such as small buildings through the building inventory warehouse, garages etc. survey. RS GIS (as of Data based on Census 2001. There are data of Data of constructed year for individual year 2001) number of stories for multi-story residential buildings, houses (approximately 40% of existing but some error was observed. There was no data for houses) was utilized. structural type. There are data of approximately 40% of exiting individual houses with respect to number of stories and constructed year. NSSP GIS There are data of attributes for Multi-story residential Data of constructed year for individual buildings with 3-story and above. Data of structural houses for the area not covered by data type has not been classified properly. There was of RS was utilized. some distortion on GIS map for some areas.

11 Final Report Vol. I Summary

2.7 Infrastructure, Lifeline

2.7.1 Main Arterial Road, Bridge and Flyover of the Yerevan City The main route, has been extending radially from the periphery road of the Kentron district, towards the national highway M-1, M-2, M-4, M-5, M-15 and the state highway H-4, H-8 are connected. The structure list was collected from Yerevan city, but structure passport including length, width, etc. has been lost about half in the list. Therefore, inventory survey was conducted primarily.

2.7.2 Data survey for Lifelines The lifeline companies in Yerevan City are as follows. a) Water and Sewage: Transferred from Government of Armenia to Yerevan City in 2009. “Yerevan Djur”, a private company, is in charge of technical and facility maintenance work. b) Electricity: “Electric Network of Armenia”, which is the 100% Russian capital, is the only one supplier of electricity in Armenia. c) Gas: “ARMRUSGASPROM”, which is the 80% Russian capital, is the only one supplier of gas in Armenia. d) Telephone: There are 3 companies in Armenia, namely Armentel (Beeline), Viva-Cell and Orange. Only Armentel operates both of fixed-phone and cellular. Others operate only cellphone. The detailed network diagram (GIS data) was requested to each company, however such data were not provided because they were confident, unprepared or under preparation. Therefore, the inventory data of lifeline facilities was prepared based on the available information from Cadastro, Institute of Geological Science and Yerevan Project.

12 Chapter 3 Ground Survey

Chapter 3 Ground Survey

3.1 Drilling, Laboratory Tests

The outline of the lithologic structure in Yerevan can be understood by the geological maps and the collected drilling database, which contains 5,094 logs; however, the data concerning the S wave velocity for the amplification analysis and the soil properties for the liquefaction analysis are not enough. To collect these data, 10 drillings were newly conducted in Yerevan and several tests were conducted using these boreholes. The drilling points (Figure 3.1-1) are mainly set to the area where the Quaternary deposits cover.

Figure 3.1-1 Location of site investigation sites

3.2 Geophysical Survey

3.2.1 PS Logging PS logging is carried out at the 10 newly conducted drilling points using the borehole. PS logging is the geophysical survey method to get the S wave velocity of the soil layers receiving the surface generated waves in the borehole using the borehole receiver. 3.2.2 Surface Wave Exploration Surface wave exploration is carried out at the 60 points in Yerevan city (Figure 3.1-1). Surface wave exploration is the geophysical survey method to get the S wave velocity structure of the soil layers using the artificially generated surface wave or the natural microtremor. The surface wave is observed by the several geophones at ground surface simultaneously and analysed. In this study, 24 geophones are placed in L-shape in 2m interval and observed the microtremor. This method is the in-direct method using the observed waves at ground surface. The S wave structure in the ground is obtained after processing and analysis. Therefore the accuracy is lower than the PS logging, which is the direct

13 Final Report Vol. I Summary method using the observed S wave in the ground; however it has the advantage in the cost and readiness because this method don’t needs borehole. 3.2.3 Microtremor Survey Microtremor survey is carried out at the same places to the surface wave exploration points (Figure 3.1-1). The mircrotremor survey is the method to analyse the ground condition by observing the very small vibration which can be observed anywhere on or below of the ground surface. The 3 component seismometer was used and the H/V (Horizontal/Vertical) spectral ratio was calculated and used to confirm the S wave velocity structure by surface wave exploration method in this study.

3.3 Surface Geology Mapping

The subsurface geological map of this project is utilized for ground type modeling, so vertical geological structure was emphasized. The 1:25,000 and 1:10,000 subsurface geological maps were generated by compilation of existing data and new borehole data done by this project (Figure 3.3-1). For understanding detail geological structure, two kinds of geological cross sections are generated with the report. One is 8 cross sections with horizontal scale 1:10,000 and vertical scale 1:4,000 for whole city area, and the other is 6 cross sections with horizontal scale 1:10,000 and vertical scale 1:1,000 for low land area.

Figure 3.3-1 Geological map of the Yerevan City area

14 Chapter 3 Ground Survey

3.4 Landslide Survey

The landslide area was identified by satellite photo interpretation. The landslide micro landforms, such as, main scarps, cracks, steps, depressions and mounds were studied by the field study and their results were compiled to the landslide distribution map. The damage to the houses, buildings and infrastructures were observed in the field and “Landslide Hazard and Risk Map” was compiled.

3.5 Active Fault Survey

3.5.1 Satellite Photo Interpretation The Garni Fault (GF) goes through east of Yerevan in NNW-SSE direction. It is assumed that the GF comprises a 0.5-1 km wide fault zone composed of short intermittent faults rather than a single long fault. The Yerevan Fault (YF) was inferred from the gravity anomaly data as the blind fault. The intermittent fault topography was found in Nor Ughi and Jurashen by satellite photo interpretation. Also the outcrop of the active fault was identified in north of Nor Ughi Village. As the YF may partly outcrop to the ground surface instead of the blind fault, further precise investigation is recommended for confirmation.

3.5.2 Trench Investigation The trench investigation was carried out at 5 sites across GF and confirmed the active fault at 2 sites (North Garni site and Yelpin site in Figure 3.5-1). The fault mechanism was normal with right lateral component. A pilot trench investigation was carried out to confirm the existence of YF and found the reverse fault (Nor Ughi site in Figure 3.5-1).

Figure 3.5-1 Active fault map around Yerevan City (fault by Georisk, catalogue by NSSP)

15 Final Report Vol. I Summary

3.5.3 Radio Carbon Age Dating The samples are collected at the trench wall and age of the soil layers are studied by the radio carbon age dating method. As the result, the time of seismic event of the active fault which was confirmed at the trench of North Garni site was supposed around BC1000.

3.5.4 Additional Trench Survey across Yerevan Fault As an outcrop of fault was found at Nor Ughi site (Nor Ughi 1-1), following additional trench survey was carried out to confirm the Yerevan Fault. (1) Trench Survey at Yerevan Fault Trench survey was carried out at 2 points in Metsamor, and at 1 point in Nor Ughi 2, however no fault was confirmed. (2) Trench Survey at Nor Ughi 1-2 Point Since the fault found at North Garni 1-1 point coincide the trace of the Vedi Fault, it is pointed out that Vedi Fault may be activated secondary with the YF movement. The trench survey at Nor Ughi 1-2 site across Vedi Fault was conducted for the purpose of sampling the materials for dating (Figure 3.5-2). The ages of the samples show the activity of the fault is between AD70 to 1450 and will have a possibility of the 893 Dvin Earthquake. The fact that a portion of Vedi Fault is active and it might generate an earthquake will be estimated by either the next two; a) Vedi Fault is not geology fault, but active fault b) Vedi Fault is geology fault and move as a secondary

Figure 3.5-2 A photo of west wall at trench of Nor Ughi 1-2 point. A Tertiary layer overlies unconsolidated gravel layers of B1 to B4 and C. F1 fault moved after AD 70-980 (NUW-2) or after AD1400-1450 (NUW-4).

16 Chapter 4 Seismic Hazard Assessment

Chapter 4 Seismic Hazard Assessment

4.1 Modeling of Ground Conditions

4.1.1 Outline of Shallow Ground Condition a) The Tertiary sedimentary rocks widely distribute in Yerevan. They outcrop in the south area. b) The volcanic rocks cover the Tertiary sedimentary rocks in the north area. c) The Terrace deposits cover the Tertiary sedimentary rocks in the west area. d) Along the liver, basaltic lava from recent activity or liver deposit cover the above mentioned rocks partly.

North South Terrace deposits Quaternary volcanic rocks

Tertiary sedimentary rocks East West Strongly weathered layer

Quaternary Terrace deposits Weathered layer

Tertiary sedimentary rocks Fresh rocks

Figure 4.1-1 Schematic geological cross section in Yerevan city

4.1.2 Analysis of the S wave velocity structure of rocks The depth of rock layers, where Vs ≥ 360m/sec, Vs ≥ 500m/sec or Vs ≥ 760m/sec are modeled based on the results of surface wave exploration, PS logging and microtremor survey.

Vs ≥ 360m/sec Vs ≥ 500m/sec Vs ≥ 760m/sec Figure 4.1-2 Depth of rock layers

17 Final Report Vol. I Summary

4.1.3 Analysis of the S wave velocity structure of shallow soils Based on the collected existing over 5,000 boring logs and new 10 borings, it is found that the S wave velocity layers from ground surface to Vs=360m/sec layer is composed by two and the S wave velocity of these two layers can be estimated from surface geology. The S wave velocities of these layers are decided based on the statistical analysis of observed S wave velocities by surface wave exploration and PS logging.

4.1.4 Ground modeling for hazard assessment based on the geological structure As the result, the surface ground of Yerevan City is classified by 3 as shown if Table 4.1-1. The distribution of ground type is shown in Figure 4.1-3. The ground model for amplification analysis is created for each 250m x 250m square grid. Total number of the grid is 3,831.

Table 4.1-1 Summary of S wave velocity structure in Yerevan Type Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Age, Quaternary Volcanic The Tertiary sedimentary Quaternary Terrace properties and rocks including welded rocks including the rocks sediments conditions Tuff before Tertiary South and south-east Area North hill area Western area

area Deep /Shallow Age Quaternary Quaternary Before Tertiary st 1 layer 220 m/sec 220 m/sec Shallow nd 360 m/sec 2 layer 290 m/sec 290 m/sec layer rd 3 layer 360 m/sec th Deep 4 layer 500 m/sec th layer 5 layer 760m/sec

Figure 4.1-3 Type of ground; Vs360,Vs500, Vs760 means outcrop of corresponding rock layer

18 Chapter 4 Seismic Hazard Assessment

4.2 Scenario Earthquakes

Two scenario earthquakes are established for Yerevan City as shown in Figure 4.2-1 and Table 4.2-1. It is estimated that Garni Fault (GF) is an active fault with about 200 km length and Garni Earthquake occurred at this fault in 1679. The possibility of the earthquake occurrence due to the movement of GF in near future is small reviewing that the standard recurrence interval of the earthquakes by the movement of inland active fault is longer than 1000 years. However, the possibility of the earthquake in near future cannot be fully denied considering the uncertainty of the earthquake generated source segment of the 1679 Garni Earthquake. Therefore, GF2 and GF3 segments of GF are selected as the scenario earthquakes.

Figure 4.2-1 Fault Models of Scenario Earthquakes

Table 4.2-1 Fault Parameters of Scenario Earthquakes Garni Fault (GF2) Garni Fault (GF3) Moment Magnitude (Mw) 7.0 7.0 Normal Fault with Normal Fault with Fault Type Right Lateral component Right Lateral component Length (km) 57 50 Dip (degree) 90 90 Depth(Upper - Lower) (km) 3 - 12 3 - 12 Width (km) 9 9

4.3 Earthquake Motion, Liquefaction Potential and Slope Stability

4.3.1 Analysis of Baserock Motion At first, the seismic motion at engineering seismic baserock (Vs=760m/sec or larger) was calculated by the empirical attenuation equations, and the subsurface amplification was evaluated at the next. The suitable attenuation equations are selected from the existing equations made for Caucasia and newest ones reflecting the state-of-the-art technology by comparing the calculated value by the formula with the observed strong motion records in Armenia and Georgia. The used equations are Akker and Bommer

19 Final Report Vol. I Summary

(2010), Boore and Atkinson (2008) and Chiou and Youngs (2008). The calculated accelerations by 3 attenuation equations are averaged by the weight of 0.5, 0.25 and 0.25.

4.3.2 Analysis of Surface Ground Motion The subsurface amplification characteristic is evaluated by the 1D equivalent linear response analyses using SHAKE91 at every grid. The used ground models for the analysis are shown in Section 4.1. The typically characteristic curves in Japan are used for non-linearity of soils. The used input waves are; a) 1988 Spitak Earthquake (Mw=6.9) wave observed at Gukasyan (Δ=20km), and b) 3 wave forms of the magnitude 7 class earthquake with same fault type, which was observed in the world at comparative distance for the scenario earthquake model. The calculated accelerations are averaged by the weight of 0.5 for wave a) and 0.5/3 for b). The results are shown in Figure 4.3-1.

GF2 Scenario GF3 Scenario Figure 4.3-1 Acceleration distribution at ground surface

4.3.3 Analysis of Liquefaction Potential

The FL method (Japan Road Association, 2002) and PL method (Iwasaki et al. (1982)) were adopted to estimate the liquefaction potential. These methods are popularly used in Japan. The ground water level in rainy season was estimated by the relation between the observed data in the existing boring database and the altitude. The analysed liquefaction potential in Yerevan City is low for scenario earthquakes.

4.3.4 Slope Stability Landslide hazard is assessed by the factors of geomorphologic and geological observation, land deformation, hydrological features, and the state of damage. Landslide risk was evaluated by landslide hazard and influence to the risk objects, for example, houses and buildings, infrastructures and their locations.

20 Chapter 4 Seismic Hazard Assessment

At the earthquake, collapse of slope, rock fall and re-activation of the existing landslide may occur. Especially, landslides in the south-east hilly area of Yerevan are unstable even in the non-earthquake situation and they will become more unstable at the earthquake. The steep slopes can be found along the Hrazdan liver valley and Getar liver valley. The unstable lava rocks may collapse in these sites at the earthquake.

4 44

3 3 4 4

3 3 4

3 3 4 2 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 12 21 1 4 4 1 4 433 2 1 4 2 1 4 43 4 44 2 1 4 1 1 12 4 1 2 2 4 1 2 4 2 2

Meters 0500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Legend

Landslide Hazard Risk Zones of Slope Hazards River Rank Slope Failure and Rock Fall for Buildings and Houses Lake A High Hazard Slope Failure and Rock Fall for Main Roads Major Road B Middle Hazard Potential Hazard Areas of Slope Hazards City border C Low Hazard Type Landslide Slope Failure and Rock Fall

Numbers on the landslides indicate the landslide risk for buildings, houses and infrastructures. 1: Extremely High Risk 2: High Risk 3: Middle Risk 4: Relatively Low Risk Figure 4.3-2 Landslide hazard and risk map

4.4 Earthquake Motion by Yerevan Fault

If Yerevan Fault ruptures, Yerevan city might be affected seriously. The nature of the Yerevan Fault is discussed from 1950s, but not only the seismic activity, length, depth, dip, segmentation etc. are clarified only a few even now. As the northern of the part of Yerevan Fault near Yerevan City may be a blind fault; it is difficult to study. Since the nature of Yerevan Fault as the earthquake source model is not well understood scientifically, the Yerevan Fault is not adopted as the source of scenario earthquake in this project. It can be one of the earthquakes to be referenced. Therefore, it is valuable to know the investigated results especially estimated earthquake motion by Yerevan Fault activity for the risk management of Yerevan city. In this section, the earthquake motion by Yerevan Fault is estimated. As the length of Yerevan Fault is not clarified, and also considering the case of movement of only small part of the fault, four

21 Final Report Vol. I Summary magnitudes are adopted and the corresponding fault models are made as shown in Table 4.4-1 and Figure 4.4-1. The analysis method is almost same to the scenario earthquakes which are shown in Section 4.3 except the input wave for the amplification analysis. Only Gukasyan wave by Spitak earthquake was used for this analysis. The calculated surface ground acceleration is shown in Figure 4.4-2.

Table 4.4-1 Fault Parameters of Yerevan Fault Yerevan Fault Moment Magnitude (Mw) 6.8 6.2 5.6 5.0 Fault Type Reverse Fault Length (km) 40 15 6.7 3.0 Dip (degree) 55（to north-east） Depth(Upper - Lower) (km) 5 - 12 5 - 11 5 - 8 5 - 6 Width (km) 8.6 7.5 3.3 1.5

Figure 4.4-1 Source Fault Models of Yerevan Fault

Figure 4.4-2 Acceleration distribution at ground surface by Yerevan Fault

22 Chapter 5 Inventory Survey of Structure

Chapter 5 Inventory Survey of Structure

5.1 Building Sampling Survey

A building sampling survey was conducted for randomly selected 150 buildings to get necessary information for structural types and vulnerability assessment. Structural types and brief description of multi-story residential buildings are shown in Table 5.1-1. Almost all individual houses are stone houses. Structural category based on type of material for stone joints of wall is shown in Figure 5.1-1.

Table 5.1-1 Structural types and brief description of multi-story residential buildings Structural type/ Number of Constructed No. Brief description of structure/construction Popular name stories year 1 Stone, Mainly 4, Till 1958. Mydis type wall (cut stones are provided at both side and mortar/ individual design 3~6 3-story by crushed stones are filled at center). Lime mortar is used. Wall 1940. thickness is 60cm. Wooden floor and concrete stairs. 2 Stone, 4~5 1958~ till the Mydis type wall is used. Thickness is 50cm with cement mortar. series1-451 beginning of Precast concrete void slab. Anti-seismic belts are provided around 1970s floor slabs. 3 Stone, series 4~5 Beginning of Mydis type wall. Thickness is 50cm with cement mortar. Precast 1A-450 1970s ~1988 concrete void slab. Anti-seismic belts are provided around floor slabs. Vertical reinforcement of RC members were provided for walls. 4 Frame panel, 9 1975~1988 RC resisting frame for longitudinal direction. Column and structural series 111, panel (wall) for transverse direction. Column sizes are 40cmx40cm. Precast RC frame Precast void slab. 5 Lift slab 12 and 16 1970~1988 Cat-in-situ core wall and precast columns with cast-in-situ flat slabs. Flat slabs are lifted to the right position utilizing columns. 6 Frame and frame, 12 (10) and 1960s ~1988. Precast RC frames for both directions. Column size is 50cmx50cm. It Badalyan type and 14 (18) for is evaluated that the ductility is better than that of ‘frame panel’, Maroukyan type Badalyan. 9~12 considering the position of re-bar joints. Column size of Maroukyan is for Maroukyan. 40cmx40cm. No construction in Spitak area. 7 Large panel (series 9 and 5. 1970~ until Wall type precast RC structure. 1-451LP, others) Includes 4, 8 now. 8 Monolithic Cast-in Midium to After Spitak Cast-in-situ RC resisting frame including frame with RC wall. Design -situ RC resisting high-rise. and after based on new seismic code of 1994. Non-structural wall is light frame. 1994 . weight concrete blocks.

Type 2-A: Type 2-B: Low strength Lime mortar Type 3: cement mortar General Area Cement mortar Type 4: Confined by RC members Type 1: Type 2-B: Clay mortar Low strength Type 3: Limited Area cement Cement mortar Type 4: Confined by RC members

1940 50 60 70 80 90 2000 10 Figure 5.1-1 Proposed structural category and supposed constructed year

23 Final Report Vol. I Summary

5.2 Building Inventory Survey

Building inventory survey for almost all the multi-story residential buildings by visual inspection of external view was conducted. The total number is 4,371 and the ratio of each structural type is shown in Figure 5.2-1. As the stone buildings by individual design which are mainly located in urban area are sometimes connected together, the number of buildings may have some error. As the structural type of individual houses can be categorized by information of constructed year, the inventory was made based on the CAD data by Cadastro with the information of constructed year by RS. The estimated total number of individual house is about 43,000.

Monolithic Lift Slab

Stone, Series1A-450, Large Panel including Composite

Frame Panel,

series 111

Frame and Frame Stone, series 1-451

Stone, Individual

Design

Figure 5.2-1 A ratio of each structural type

5.3 Vulnerability Function of Buildings

5.3.1 General The vulnerability function which shows the relation between damage ratio and seismic intensity of buildings was developed for damage grade 4 plus 5 of EMS-98, namely total collapse and heavily damage. If the buildings suffer this damage, they can’t be repaired nor used as the temporal shelter. The vulnerability function was developed considering; a) Damage data at the Spitak earthquake in 1988, b) Natural period of buildings and soil category, and c) Strength and ductility of structures (Seismic design and construction quality control). Proposed vulnerability function for multi-story residential buildings and individual houses are shown in Figure 5.3-1 and Figure 5.3-2 respectively.

24 Chapter 5 Inventory Survey of Structure

1.0 e

0.8

0.6

4+5) 0.4

0.2 Heavily Damaged Ratio (Grad Ratio Damaged Heavily 0.0 67891062.5 125 250 500 1000 2 Peak Ground Acceleration (gal, cm/sec )

1 Stone, Indi.Design, soil I&II 2 FrameP&LS, soil III&IV 3 Stone, Indi. Design, soil III&IV 4 Stone, 451&450A, soil I&II 5 Stone, 451&450A, soil III&IV 6 Frame&Frame, soil III&IV 7 FrameP&LS, soil I&II 8 Frame&Frame, soil I&II 9 Large Panel 10 Monolithic Figure 5.3-1 Proposed damage function for multi-story residential buildings

1.0

0.8

0.6 Clay Mortar Lime Mortar Cement Mortar 4+5) 0.4 Cement Mortar 0.2 with RC members

Heavily Damaged Ratio (Grade Ratio Damaged Heavily 0.0 67891062.5 125 250 500 1000 Peak Ground Acceleration (gal, cm/sec2)

1 Clay Mortar, soil I&II 2 Clay Mortar, soil III&IV 3 Lime Mortar, soil I&II 4 Lime Mortar, soil III&IV 5 Cement Mortar, soil I&II 6 Cement Mortar, soil III&IV 7 Confined by RC Clay, damaged at Gyumri Lime, damaged at Gyumri Lime Lime Cement, damaged at Gyumri Figure 5.3-2 Proposed vulnerability function for individual houses

5.4 Inventory Survey of Infrastructure

Among the 48 infrastructures in and around Yerevan City, 40 major bridges and flyovers excluding small structures such as pedestrian are investigated. Inventory survey was carried out about the items in Table 5.4-1 considering the practical measures for improvement.

Table 5.4-1 Focus Point in Investigation Item Assumption Measure Main Point Continuous connection between girders, Bridge/Span Length, Girder Structure Replacement of superstructure, Replacement of bridge Bridge Width Support Unseating Prevention System Seating and Girder End Scale Seating Length Seating Extension System Seating Length, Span Length Quality Repair and Reinforcement of the Bridge, Replace the Bridge Degradation degree

25 Final Report Vol. I Summary

5.5 Vulnerability Function of infrastructure

"Katayama’s method" which is a method with relatively simple evaluation used in several studies similar to this study, was applied in this study. Deterioration of structures such as the segregation of calcium from concrete, corrosion of reinforcing bar/steel, structural cracks on concrete was found during the site inspection. These are remarkable compared to the structure in Japan. The deterioration seems to be due to shoddy workmanship, such as lack of cement in concrete and insufficient vibration at the time of concrete placing, and aging deterioration. The deterioration was considered to affect seriously to the stability of bridges at the time of an earthquake. Thus, the entry should include an evaluation of the quality of the decision, because Katayama's method was developed based from the Japanese earthquake damages.

5.6 Inventory of Lifelines

The length of lifelines by materials and diameters in 250m grids are estimated based on the collected materials as shown in Table 5.6-1 Summary of lifeline length. Since the network information in Kentron and Shengavit district are not available, the distribution of pipelines or cables in two districts are estimated based on the empirical relation between the length of pipelines or cables and the number of buildings.

Table 5.6-1 Summary of lifeline length Sewage Electricity Gas Water Area Waste Rain Under On the Under Telephone Supply Aerial No. District Population Water Water Ground Ground Ground 2 km km km km km km km km km 1 Ajapnyak 108,200 26.0 132.3 62.4 12.4 185.8 51.1 95.3 11.7 27.3 2 Avan 51,000 8.2 48.7 28.5 12.7 59.6 40.2 44.3 1.6 14.3 3 Arabkir 130,800 13.2 114.0 70.8 24.2 154.7 69.9 103.4 9.6 30.2 4 Davtashen 41,100 6.5 37.2 22.6 1.9 68.4 25.3 13.8 1.6 7.2 5 Erebuni 121,900 49.4 218.7 164.8 30.5 355.9 71.3 173.2 5.2 35.7 6 Kentron 130,600 13.4 153.3 104.6 31.4 237.2 67.7 130.5 2.6 62.9 7 Malatia-Sebastia 141,800 25.3 131.2 109.3 23.5 232.6 53.9 97.5 10.4 31.6 8 Nor Nork 147,000 14.5 63.5 42.0 15.4 133.1 70.1 50.8 0.6 25.7 9 Nork-Marash 11,300 4.7 33.5 24.6 1.4 48.7 9.5 37.1 0.9 7.8 10 Nubarashen 9,700 17.2 57.7 14.2 0.0 80.2 0.4 22.0 5.8 3.8 11 Shengavit 146,500 40.6 217.4 161.4 18.7 275.1 74.2 162.8 9.0 36.8 12 Kanaker-Zeytun 79,300 7.6 85.6 60.0 10.6 118.1 94.4 96.3 8.5 18.2 Total 1,119,200 226.6 1,293.1865.2 182.7 1,949.4 628.0 1,027.0 67.5 301.5

5.7 Damage Function of Lifeline Facilities

It is necessary to set a damage function representing the relationship between the intensity of the seismic ground motion and the extent of damage to predict damage that may occur to lifeline facilities.

26 Chapter 5 Inventory Survey of Structure

The damage function based on the past earthquake damage that have occurred in the study area is usually used in the damage and risk analysis. The Spitak Earthquake hit Armenia in 1988 but the lifeline damages are reported very little and almost no information is kept. Also the method to assume the damage on lifelines described in “Seismic Risk (Assessment and Management)”, which is a manual used by the RS and NSSP, is not suitable for making the damage function. Therefore, the damage function of lifelines for Armenia was made referring to the existing literatures from the U.S. and Japan. (1) Water supply In referring to the currently used existing damage functions, the standard damage rate of HAZUS, which is based on the actual record of damage in the U.S. and Mexico, is used to calculate the maximum damage and the standard damage rate proposed by the Central Disaster Prevention Council, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (2005), which is based on the actual record of damage of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake is used to calculate the average damage. (2) Sewerage (Waste water, Rain water) Same damage functions of water supply pipes are used. (3) Electricity For aerial cable, the damage functions of HAZUS and Saitama Prefecture (1998) are used to calculate the maximum and average damages, respectively, referring to the existing damage functions (Tokyo Metropolitan Government (1997), Federal Emergency Management Agency (1999) and Saitama Prefecture (1998). The damage of underground cable is determined using the damage function of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (1997). (4) Gas For underground gas pipes, the maximum and average damages are calculated by referring to the existing damage functions (Tokyo Metropolitan Government (1997), Federal Emergency Management Agency (1999)), as is the case with water supply pipes. Since on the ground pipes are drawn into the buildings through the building walls, it is assumed that they will be damaged as part of the buildings. Therefore, with respect to the pipes on the ground, the length of damage is calculated by multiplying the pipeline length by the building damage rate. (5) Telephone line Similar to the electricity lines, communication lines consist of aerial and underground cables. Therefore, the damage functions of the telephone lines are the same as that of the electricity lines.

27 Final Report Vol. I Summary

Chapter 6 Risk Assessment

6.1 Damage of Buildings

The building damage functions are made mainly based on the damage by Spitak earthquake in 1988. Considering the aging effect for over 20 years and the poor maintenance after the independence, the damage functions are multiplied by 1.2 to calculate the damage of buildings. The number of damaged multi-story residential buildings and individual houses per 250m grid for 2 scenario earthquakes are shown in Figure 6.1-1. The damage number and damage ratio in each district are shown in Table 6.1-1.

Multi-story Multi-story

Individual Individual

GF2 Scenario GF3 Scenario Figure 6.1-1 Number of heavily damaged residential buildings per 250m grid

28 Chapter 6 Risk Assessment

Table 6.1-1 Damage of buildings

Inventory GF2 GF3

No. District Multi-story Individual Housing Multi-story Individual Housing Multi-story Individual Housing Apartment House Unit Apartment House Unit Apartment House Unit (x100) (x100) (x100) (x100) (x100) (x100) (x100) (x100) (x100) 1 Ajapnyak 3.9 30.6 267 0.5 12% 10.9 36% 36 14% 0.1 4% 4.9 16% 12 5% 2 Avan 2.3 12.2 127 0.6 27% 6.7 55% 40 32% 0.2 7% 2.4 20% 11 9% 3 Arabkir 5.8 33.2 347 1.2 21% 11.7 35% 74 21% 0.4 6% 4.7 14% 24 7% 4 Davtashen 1.7 7.8 98 0.0 2% 3.2 41% 5 5% 0.0 0% 1.3 17% 2 2% 5 Erebuni 2.2 106.4 228 0.5 23% 38.4 36% 69 30% 0.2 11% 21.3 20% 36 16% 6 Kentron 7.1 55.1 364 2.5 35% 15.5 28% 103 28% 1.2 16% 7.6 14% 47 13% 7 Malatia-Sebastia 5.7 45.3 346 0.3 6% 10.3 23% 27 8% 0.1 2% 4.8 11% 11 3% 8 Nor Nork 6.4 1.8 369 1.0 16% 0.5 31% 71 19% 0.3 5% 0.2 11% 23 6% 9 Nork-Marash 0.0 24.0 24 0.0 23% 8.3 35% 8 34% 0.0 7% 3.6 15% 4 15% 10 Nubarashen 0.3 5.5 16 0.1 26% 1.4 26% 4 26% 0.0 15% 0.9 16% 3 15% 11 Shengavit 5.5 72.0 298 1.4 26% 16.4 23% 73 25% 0.8 15% 9.4 13% 41 14% 12 Kanaker-Zeytun 2.9 32.4 163 0.5 16% 15.3 47% 37 23% 0.1 5% 5.7 18% 12 7% Total 43.7 426.3 2,649 8.6 20% 138.7 33% 548 21% 3.5 8% 66.6 16% 225 8%

6.2 Infrastructure Risk Assessment

In GF2 and GF3 cases, all 40 bridges and flyovers are estimated to be Rank C, namely the possibility of collapse is judged as low.

6.3 Damage to Lifeline

(1) Water supply damage Following damages (average - maximum) are estimated to 1,300km long pipelines. GF2 Scenario: 0.2 - 27.4 points GF3 Scenario: 0.0 - 12.2 points (2) Sewerage (Waste water, Rain water) damage Following damages (average - maximum) are estimated to 870km long waste water pipelines and 180km long rain water pipelines. The damage is larger than water supply pipe lines because of the fragile ceramic pipes. GF2 Scenario: Waste water 0.0 - 71.4 points, Rain water 0.0 - 9.5 points GF3 Scenario: Waste water 0.0 - 32.4 points, Rain water 0.0 - 3.8 points (3) Electricity damage Following damages (average - maximum) are estimated to 1,950km long aerial cable. No damages are estimated for underground cables. GF2 Scenario: 0.9 - 22.4 km GF3 Scenario: 0.2 - 4.5 km (4) Gas damage Following damages (average - maximum) are estimated to 70km long underground pipelines and 1,030km long on-the-ground pipelines. GF2 Scenario: Underground 0.0 - 2.9 points, On-the-ground 265.4 km GF3 Scenario: Underground 0.0 - 1.3 points, On-the-ground 121.2 km

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(5) Telephone line (main line) damage No damages are estimated for scenario earthquakes. One reason is that the main telephone lines are buried underground, and its seismic stability is higher than pipelines because of the flexibility.

6.4 Assessment of Fire and Casualty Damage

6.4.1 Assessment of Fire During the 1988 Spitak Earthquake, 531 ignition points of fire are reported in Leninakan, Kirovakan and Spitak city (Krimgold (1944)). If large earthquake occur during day time in winter, this is the same condition to Spitak Earthquake, about 1500 fire may break out in Yerevan City considering the difference of the population. However, there are very little wooden houses in Yerevan; therefore the possibility of large scale spreading fire is negligible even if many fires may occur. The casualty due to the fire may be small compared to the casualty related to the building damage.

6.4.2 Assessment of Casualty Damage As many people are living in multi-story buildings in Yerevan, the damage function to estimate the number of death used the number of damaged “dwelling units” instead of number of damaged “buildings” as the parameter. The damage function is made based on the damage by 1988 Spitak earthquake, which occurred in daytime, therefore the casualties for night time are multiplied by 1.43 (1.0/0.7) to the calculated damage by the damage function following the methodology by Russian MES. The number of injured is estimated from number of dead people based on the relation between number of death and number of injured by the earthquake in Caucasus and surrounding area. The damage of schools and commercial buildings are not considered and casualty is not also considered by the collapse of these facilities. Human casualties at night time are calculated for each district and the summary of the results is shown in Table 6.4-1. For GF2 and GF3 Scenario, death toll is 31,800 and 11,200 respectively.

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Table 6.4-1 Casualty Damage (Night time) GF2 Scenario GF3 Scenario No. District Population Death Injured Death Injured (x1000) (x1000) (x1000) (x1000) 1 Ajapnyak 108,200 1.9 1.8% 5.1 4.7% 0.5 0.5% 1.7 1.6% 2 Avan 51,000 2.2 4.3% 5.6 11.0% 0.5 0.9% 1.5 3.0% 3 Arabkir 130,800 4.5 3.4% 10.3 7.9% 1.2 0.9% 3.3 2.5% 4 Davtashen 41,100 0.2 0.5% 0.7 1.7% 0.0 0.1% 0.2 0.5% 5 Erebuni 121,900 4.1 3.3% 9.6 7.9% 1.9 1.5% 5.0 4.1% 6 Kentron 130,600 6.5 5.0% 14.3 11.0% 2.6 2.0% 6.6 5.0% 7 Malatia-Sebastia 141,800 1.3 0.9% 3.7 2.6% 0.5 0.3% 1.5 1.1% 8 Nor Nork 147,000 4.3 2.9% 10.0 6.8% 1.1 0.8% 3.2 2.2% 9 Nork-Marash 11,300 0.3 3.1% 1.2 10.5% 0.1 1.1% 0.5 4.4% 10 Nubarashen 9,700 0.2 1.6% 0.6 6.1% 0.1 0.8% 0.3 3.6% 11 Shengavit 146,500 4.4 3.0% 10.2 7.0% 2.2 1.5% 5.6 3.8% 12 Kanaker-Zeytun 79,300 2.0 2.5% 5.2 6.5% 0.5 0.6% 1.6 2.0% Total 1,119,200 31.8 2.8% 76.5 6.8% 11.2 1.0% 31.1 2.8%

6.5 Creation of Earthquake Disaster Information Database

The “Earthquake Disaster Information Database” for this project is largely classified by five themes; “Base Map”, “Built Environment”, “Natural Environment”, “Hazard Risk”, and “Disaster Prevention Plan”. These classes are prepared as folder, and in the folders the middle classes are prepared as personal Geodatabase which is the same format as Microsoft Access. Furthermore, in the middle classes, GIS layers are stored.

6.6 Worst Case Candidate for Planning

Besides the scenario earthquake, to estimate the worst case damage is effective for risk management planning. Study team discussed with Armenian researchers about the worst case and agreed that the situation of all Yerevan experience MSK9 intensity is studied. This is the analogy of Gyumri during Spitak earthquake. The calculated results are shown in Table 6.6-1. About 2,000 multi-story residential buildings may be collapsed or heavily damaged and the number of death may be 85,400.

Table 6.6-1 Summary of Damaqge for Worst Case Candidate for Planning Number of Totally and Heavily Number of Totally and MSK-64 Number of Case Damaged Multi-story Residential Heavily Damaged Intensity Death Buildings Individual Houses All Yerevan is IX 2,000 29,000 85,400 MSK 9

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Chapter 7 Related Study on Earthquake Disaster Management Plan

7.1 Urban Planning

7.1.1 Vulnerability in terms of Urban Infrastructure (Urban Area and Parks) As Yerevan is a planned city developed in the Soviet era, vulnerability on urban planning to the earthquake is not so high. However many buildings have become deteriorate, vulnerability may be increasing. Considering to deal with a massive earthquake, and to promote an earthquake-resistant urban development, following vulnerable aspects were identified.

・ Planned new construction or renovation work of the highways radiating out from the city center across ring roads is needed to execute as soon as possible. Narrow roads (width of less than 6 m) are distinctive in Avan district and the Nork-Marash district, so it might be difficult to perform the rescue work after the disaster in this area.

・ The green space per citizen is enough but they are unevenly distributed depending on the district. There are a few parks and green spaces available to access on disaster due to many slopes in the northeastern part of the city in particular. The open space in the vicinity of the multi-story residential buildings in the densely built-up area is mostly occupied by private warehouse or garage, its buffering function for emergency evacuation and fire protection is lacking.

・ The individual residential houses located along the Hrazdan valley and Nork valley, where steep slopes are notable, need countermeasures against slope failure when an earthquake occur.

・ The landslide prevention areas are specified in Erebuni district and the southeast of Nubarachen district, where countermeasures should be taken against landslide in time of an earthquake. Since only a few individual houses are found, no damage is estimated, but the vulnerability is relative high because residents may be isolated by the landslide triggered by earthquake.

7.1.2 Current Status and Issues in Terms of Urban Planning System (1) Legal Framework in Terms of Urban Planning Urbanized areas of the City were systematically developed but privatization of lands and buildings that have moved ahead in the 1990s could be a factor interfering with earthquake-resistant of the housing. In case of the multi-story residential buildings in particular, burden of expenses for reconstruction including earthquake-resistant construction and consensus of residents are difficult due to the income gap between residents. In order to promote earthquake-resistant urban development requiring the earthquake-resistant housing, improvement of legal framework for urban development will be the priority issue. (2) Master Plan The Master Plan with a design period of the 2020 has been fully revised in 2005. The revision of the Master Plan has started to work from the beginning of 2012. Some reference and recommendations on earthquake disaster mitigation (earthquake-resistant urban development including reconstruction of buildings and earthquake-resistant housing) needs to be added in this revised Master Plan.

32 Chapter 7 Related Study on Earthquake Disaster Management Plan

(3) Issues and New Framework in Terms of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Armenian government is now preparing a complex project with respect to earthquake risk mitigation measures to the buildings based on risk assessment by the earthquake, and various projects is going to be started toward reconstruction of deteriorated buildings that was built prior to 1989. Ensuring compatibility and consistency between various measures (projects), legal system, and concept and strategy of the Master Plan will become an issue in the future.

7.1.3 Issues in Terms of Urban Redevelopment Projects of Yerevan City The redevelopment projects with focusing on the reconstruction of buildings are undertaken entirely by a private developing company (so-called "developer") through competitive bidding. In that case, the City makes an examination of procedures on documents of application elaborated by the developer, and plays a role of supervision to whole the project (not only the construction work itself). In terms of mechanism for implementation of redevelopment projects, followings are memorable;

・ Most of redevelopment areas designated by the Master Plan have some topographical and geological restrictions, so these redevelopment projects need not only reconstruction of buildings but also the land reclamation work with countermeasures to the sloping lands and subsidence lands. In addition, redevelopment projects also require a harmonization with its surroundings area by an integrated development that combines improvement of roads (as an infrastructure) and reconstruction of buildings.

・ Progress of reconstruction work in the central part of the City may be a cause of excessive population concentration especially in Kentron district and its vicinity in the future. In order to avoid this situation, it would be expected to create a long-term plan so as to provide housing in the western part of the City (e.g. Adjapnyak district, Malatia Sebastia district and Shengavit district), where a housing land development is going to became popular.

・ When implementing a redevelopment project, it is necessary not only to promote a reconstruction of buildings by leadership of the developer, but also to introduce public-works (such as parks, open spaces and widening roads, etc.) by a subsidy of the City. An integrated project like this may be of a great advantage to urban environment and disaster mitigation.

7.1.4 Recommendation in Terms of Earthquake-resistant Urban Development In order to promote an earthquake-resistant urban development, followings are to be recommended;

・ To promote earthquake-resistant urban infrastructure which was built during the Soviet era (in particular, to promote the network of lifeline facilities such as water and sewerage, electric power, gas, which are effective in preventing secondary disasters).

・ Mitigation of damage to the citizens and prevention of road closure by increasing the earthquake-resistant buildings (in particular, to promote ongoing projects for earthquake-resistant buildings such as hospitals and schools).

・ Securing of open space that can be available for use as evacuation place in the event of a disaster (utilize elementary school ground of earthquake-resistant school building, large-scale factory site, and open space in the urbanized area).

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・ Development of wide area network of roads (including elimination of through traffic from the city center), and development of outer ring road surrounding the city center.

・ Increase earthquake-resistant houses in the landslide protection area in the southeastern part of the City, and in the sloping land along the Hrazdan gorge and Nork valley.

7.2 Environment and Social Conditions

7.2.1 Disposal of Debris The estimated amount of combustible debris due to the GF2 scenario earthquake is 859x103 ton. It will take about 5 years to dispose whole combustible disaster waste to the Nubarashen Disposal site, maintaining daily municipal waste management. The amount of non-combustible debris due to GF2 scenario is 7,066x103 ton. The area of 20 ha and about 17 years are needed to dispose whole non-combustible disaster waste. The existing construction waste disposal site is a vacant lot of rock quarry in Ajapnyak and the area is 10 ha. It is said that it will be used more than 10 years from now. The site of disaster debris disposal site should be selected from candidate sites of vacant lot of rock quarry.

7.2.2 Disposal of Hazardous Waste (Asbestos) There is no hazardous waste disposal site in Yerevan City. Although Ministry of Nature Protection already provided the regulation for treatment of hazardous waste, municipality cannot follow it because of short of budget. In Armenia utilization of asbestos has not been prohibited until now. The licensed company for demolition of buildings disposes asbestos separately from other wastes when they find it. Therefore, the person involved in disposal of disaster debris for rehabilitation should wear anti-asbestos mask, make the debris wet by watering, pack the asbestos in the bag and store in certain place with a caution board.

7.2.3 Human Waste Management and Sanitary Condition The human waste discharged from toilets in Yerevan City is collected mixed with living sewage into Charbark Wastewater Treatment Facility in Shengavit through pipeline network. At present the wastewater is discharged directly into the river after only two steps of process, removing solid waste by screen and settling down the sand. It is necessary to prepare a large plastic grocery bag or a large plastic garbage bag to use as a no-water toilet when water supply stops and flush toilet at home cannot be used. Manholes along sewage pipeline may be used as toilets also.

7.2.4 ESCs at Temporary Distribution Points The number of Temporary Distribution Points (TDPs) in Draft Population Evacuation Plan (2012) prepared by Yerevan Rescue Department is 238 and assumed evacuees are 203,164. Most of all points

34 Chapter 7 Related Study on Earthquake Disaster Management Plan are existing schools and kindergartens in Yerevan City. From the view point of environmental and social considerations, 1) Registration of evacuees, 2) Organization of management involving women, 3) Maintenance of sanitary condition, 4) Prevention of epidemic, 5) Safety management of drinking water, and 6) Safety management of food, should be considered regarding operation and management of TDPs. The number of Long-term Settlement Points (LTSPs) is only 4 and assumed evacuees are 1,050. All of them are existing hotels in Yerevan City. Naturally more points should be prepared for evacuees and Yerevan Rescue Department has been negotiating with hotel owners, however, they have not reached mutual agreement. From the view point of environmental and social considerations, 1) Protection of privacy, 2) Establishment of consultation system, 3) Health care, 4) Support of eating habitats and 5) Elimination and consolidation in a phased manner, should be considered regarding operation and management of the LTSPs.

7.2.5 Chemical and Explosive Materials The action plan for evacuation in case of an accident of chemically hazardous facility and in case of explosion and fire of a factory is formulated in the “Plan of Action of Yerevan City in Emergency Situation 2007”. Chemically hazardous facilities are listed up in the annex and detailed rescue activities are planned by the minute. It is expected that the plan should be implemented faithfully at the time of second disaster immediately after a severe earthquake.

7.2.6 Radioactive Pollution The detail of evacuation plan is provided clearly in case of accident of nuclear power plant in “The Republic of Armenia Government Decision On the Approval of the National Plan for the Protection of Population in case of a Nuclear and (or) Radiological Accident at the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant (External Emergency Plan for the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant)”. In the plan the action which Armenian Rescue Service and Regional Rescue Department should take is shown clearly. The area around ANPP is divided into two areas within the radius of 5 km and 5-10km respectively and the evacuation plan is prepared in response to risks of each area. However, the accident envisaged in this plan is independent case, not due to severe seismic disaster. In case of seismic disaster, first of all, evacuation route should be secured. Which organization secures an evacuation route and how it should be informed to police who is managing evacuation of local people have to be considered in the plan. According to this plan of independent accident of ANPP, people should stay on the first floor or cellars of dwelling houses for sheltering. However, it is too risky to stay inside building in case of a severe earthquake because the building may be collapsed due to aftershocks. Therefore, the evacuation plan for accident of ANPP due to a severe earthquake should be formulated besides this plan.

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7.2.7 Air Pollution (Dust) Huge amount of dust is generated due to destruction of buildings by a severe earthquake. The people who want to remove and dispose debris should do watering the debris to reduce occurrence of dust and wear a mask. Especially considering mixture of hazardous waste like asbestos, it is important to prepare the mask suitable for the kind of work. If the hazardous material is found, it is necessary not to treat it easily and notify the relevant organization of it. In Armenia it is planned that masks should be delivered to all citizens evacuating from risky zone due to accident of ANPP to prevent radioactive contamination and the Governor of the Region concerned has to submit a financial proposal of necessary quantity of masks to Sate Reserve Agency of MES. It is possible to reserve masks for removal of debris and waste after earthquake in the same manner.

7.3 Social Condition Survey

7.3.1 Results of Questionnaire Survey to Local Inhabitants Most inhabitants own their dwellings but generally feel that the government is responsible for their safety. Most of the dwellers understand the needs of increasing the level of seismic resistance but the reconstructions of the dwellings are very rare. For most of the households, an earthquake is a possible but not an actual risk. 58.8% of respondents believe they would experience a violent earthquake and 38.7% believe their house will ruin in case of an earthquake. Half of the respondents prefer to stay in Yerevan in case of a violent earthquake. EMS is viewed as the most trusted organization in case of disaster. The main basic needs in case of an earthquake are lodging, food and water, medication.

7.3.2 Results of Interview to the Experts The pointed main goals of earthquake reduction by the experts from Yerevan state institute are; 1) Modernization of seismic monitoring network, 2) Increase organizational opportunity, 3) Increasing information level of population about earthquake protection and reduction, 4) Increase professional level of personnel and attract new staff, 5) Increase seismic resistance of government buildings, schools and hospitals, 6) Increase the control of reconstruction of dwellings, 7) Insert culture of voluntary civil and non-governmental rescuers squads.

7.4 Disaster Education and Community Based Disaster Risk Management

7.4.1 The Current Status of School Disaster Education School disaster education in Armenia is to teach the contents related to disaster management in ongoing subjects and to conduct training for evacuation and others. The main contents of the education in the ongoing subjects mentioned above are natural and man-made disasters, appropriate measures and actions before, during, and after disasters, and past disasters. Appropriate measures and actions after disasters mean emergency response activities and do not include the contents of recovery and

36 Chapter 7 Related Study on Earthquake Disaster Management Plan reconstruction stages. Appropriate measures and actions are mainly individual level and few contents in community level are seen. School teachers have the roles to provide disaster education in Armenia. School teachers are trained in Crisis Management State Academy (CMSA). The teacher’s guidebooks are also prepared. One of the problems is lack of interactive and participatory learning. It is considered that improvement of teacher’s awareness is necessary through introduction of interactive/participatory learning and other type of disaster education. School has the role of not only education facility but also evacuation place for the citizen around school in disaster situation. Students can transfer information to their family members and neighbors. It is necessary that school disaster education is provided to students with involvement of their parents and community people.

7.4.2 The Current Status of Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) NSSP and other government organizations have conducted disaster education for the citizens and business agencies. The main contents are hazard, actions and measures before, during, after disasters, and past disasters. Emergency Channel also has published booklets, brochure, and other materials and is transferring information at the website. Education for citizen provided by government organizations focuses on enhancing disaster management capacity of each citizen and CBDRM are not covered. At present, CBDRM activities or programs are done by NGOs and international organizations. The government system to transfer knowledge and information has been developed. In addition, they are making efforts to enhance quality of knowledge and information with cooperation of international organization and NGOs. Activities by NGOs are expected to contribute to development community capacity for coping emergency situations because activities by NGOs are directly related to community. But it is necessary that community has initiative and conducts activities (education, training, and awareness raising) to achieve CBDRM. For this purpose, supporting community by Marz and other local government is necessary. As for CBDRM, identification of roles of related to organizations and development of concept of CBDRM are issues to be considered.

7.4.3 Suggestions and Feasible Actions to Improve Current Status (1) Suggestions on school disaster education and CBDRM ・ Platform or opportunities to exchange among schools and among community is prepared. ・ Limitation of government should be included as disaster education contents. ・ Student council, parents council, and other school governance system should be utilized. ・ School disaster management and CBDRM should be integrated.

(2) Suggestions on school disaster education ・ Interactive/ participatory learning is conducted as well as lecture based education. ・ Teachers learn disaster education and disaster management in order to be facilitators. ・ Students-Parents-Community linkage is emphasized. ・ Support after the teacher training should be prepared. ・ Provision of information of past disasters, especially recovery and reconstruction should be emphasized.

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・ Local government staffs should be involved actively.

(3) Suggestions on CBDRM ・ Information exchanged between communities should be promoted. ・ Condominium level should be utilized for CBDRM. ・ Community facilitator should be trained. ・ Youth group should be motivated. ・ Female group should be differentiated. ・ Long term support by government and other agencies are necessary.

38 Chapter 8 Establish of the System for Earthquake Disaaster Management

Chapter 8 Establish of the System for Earthquake Disaster Management

8.1 Realtime Seismic Intensity Distribution Information System

8.1.1 Overview of the System The function of “realtime seismic intensity distribution information system” (here in after referred to as “System”) is to collect the data from strong motion seismometer when the earthquake occur and automatically calculate and display the seismic intensity distribution in Yerevan city within short time. The strong motion seismometer was installed at five points in Yerevan city. The System is composed by four parts; 1) Observation, 2) Data collection and calculation, 3) Display and 4) Information delivery. The “Observation” parts observe the earthquake wave by strong motion seismometer, store to the memory inside and transmit the PGA value to the server if it is larger than the preset threshold value. The “Data collection and calculation” part judge the occurrence of the earthquake if more than two PGAs are transmitted from strong motion seismometer, and calculate the distribution of the intensity of whole Yerevan city. The wave forms are collected and added to the database also. The “Display” part displays the intensity distribution of Yerevan city on the screen. “Information delivery” part transmits the observed seismic intensity to the citizen through the short mail service (SMS) of mobile phone. The server is placed in the crisis management center (CMC) of MES. The seismic intensity distribution map will be shown on the screen in CMC about 3 minutes after the earthquake occurrence. The short mail will be sent about 10 minutes after.

8.1.2 Display of the System and Information Delivery 1) Display of the seismic intensity distribution The example of the seismic intensity display screen is shown in Figure 8.1-1. The observed seismic intensity is shown in the left and estimated seismic intensity distribution of whole Yerevan city based on the amplification factor derived from hazard analysis is shown in the right.

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Figure 8.1-1 Example of seismic intensity display

2) Delivery of seismic intensity information Basically, one of the following texts will be sent to all the mobile phones, which are registered by Yerevan citizens, in case of the observed MSK intensity equal 4 or larger. If the observed MSK intensity is 3, RS will decide to deliver or not. The texts are not only Armenian language but written in Russian and English also for the foreign people.

- “A weak intensity 3-4 earthquake was registered in Yerevan at hh/mm on dd/mm/yyyy.” - “A weak-noticeable intensity 5-6 earthquake was registered in Yerevan at hh/mm on dd/mm/yyyy.” - “A severe intensity 7 or more earthquake was registered in Yerevan at hh/mm on dd/mm/yyyy.

8.2 Earthquake Disaster Estimation System

8.2.1 Circumstances of the System Development The hazard assessment including earthquake motion estimation and the risk assessment including building damage and human casualties are conducted in Phase 1 of this Project. The used methodologies in the analysis are modified from the popular ones in Japan or US based on the data availability in Armenia. On the other hand, RS possesses the earthquake hazard and damage estimation system for all regions in Armenia, however the used methodologies of the system are based on the Russian simplified one and RS is not satisfied with it. So RS asked the Study Team to develop and donate new hazard and damage estimation system based on the precise methodologies used in this project.

40 Chapter 8 Establish of the System for Earthquake Disaaster Management

The Study Team proposed the joint work of RS and Study Team and offered to give the methodology and the necessary data for the system as well as the technical instruction to RS. Both sides agreed the joint project and launched on July, 2011 and completed on April, 2012.

8.2.2 Function of the System The function of this system is to estimate the earthquake motion distribution by the arbitrary scenario earthquake and the damage due to the natural hazard in quantitative manner. As the main users of this system are the members of RS or the Yerevan branch of RS, this system is designed that can be used without professional knowledge of the earthquake hazard and damage analysis. The system was written in Visual BASIC language as the application of Arc GIS. The necessary inputs and the available outputs of the system are as follows; 1) Inputs ・ Hypocenter of the scenario earthquake (Latitude, Longitude, Depth), Magnitude ・ Time of occurrence

2) Outputs ・ Earthquake motion at ground surface (Acceleration, Intensity in MSK scale) ・ Building damage (Multi-story residential building, Individual house) ・ Human casualty (Death, Injured) ・ Lifeline damage (Water, Sewage, Gas, Electricity, Telephone) ・ Necessary material and staff for rescue operation

3) Optional setting for estimation ・ Reconstruction of the vulnerable buildings to earthquake-resistant buildings partly ・ Retrofitting of the vulnerable buildings partly

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Part 2 Earthquake Disaster Management Plan of Erevan City

Chapter 9 Formulation of Earthquake Disaster Management Plan of Yerevan City

Chapter 9 Formulation of Earthquake Disaster Risk Management Plan of Yerevan City

In consideration of evaluation of earthquake hazards and risks in Yerevan City and result of preparation of earthquake disaster scenario, the earthquake disaster risk management plan of Yerevan City was developed, together with Rescue Service, Ministry of Emergency Situations; a counterpart of this project. For the formulation of the plan, disaster consequence scenario on 19 matters of emergency response was developed (see Attachment 1 of Volume III), and then, issues and measures for improvement of the present situations were picked up. Concerning mitigation, direction and outline of the measures for improvement were identified through clarification of the present situations and important issues (see Attachment 2 of Volume III). Selection of priority measures was done by means of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) (see Attachment 5 of Volume III), and implementation plans for the priority projects were developed (see Attachment 6 of Volume III). The highest-priority measure “Development of evacuation plan and approval by Mayor for dissemination of the contents” has been implemented in this project (see Attachment 3 of Volume III). Business Continuity Plan (BCP) of Rescue Service was also prepared in the course of the preparation of the Earthquake Disaster Risk Management Plan (see Attachment 4 of Volume III). The Earthquake Disaster Risk Management Plan is on process for approval of Mayor of Yerevan City. The Earthquake Disaster Risk Management Plan of Yerevan City consists of six parts, which altogether have 41 chapters (see Table 9-1); Part 1: Basic Considerations (Chapter 1 to Chapter 3) explains policies, results of damage estimation, and basic responsibilities of disaster risk management entities. Part 2: Mitigation Plan (Chapter 4 to Chapter 9) explains prior mitigation activities as part of quake-resistant human / community / urban development as major challenges. Part 3: Preparedness Plan (Chapter 10 to Chapter 21) explains issues including initial response, communication, fire/hazardous materials, rescue/evacuation, transportation, medical care, missing persons, drinking water/food, lifelines etc. and waste materials. Part 4: Emergency Response Plan (Chapter 22 to Chapter 35) explains actual emergency response activities in time of earthquake. Part 5: Rehabilitation/Reconstruction Plan (Chapter 36 to Chapter 40) explains a framework of a reconstruction plan formulated for ever-more comfortable, livelier community building, following the emergency response. Part 6: Assistance Plan (Chapter 41) explains a plan for assistance activities conducted for large earthquake disasters in other areas. .

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Table 9-1 Structures and contents of the Plan Structures Contents

Basic Chapter 1 Basic considerations Part 1 Chapter 2 Overview and damage estimation of the city Considerations Chapter 3 Basic responsibilities of risk management entities Chapter 4 The city’governance related to implementation of mitigation measures Chapter 5 Quake-resistant human development Chapter 6 Quake-resistant community development Part 2 Mitigation Plan Chapter 7 Quake-resistant Urban Development Chapter 8 Enhancing quake resistance of facility structures Chapter 9 Seismic Study / research Chapter 10 Process for preparedness and assistance by the city Chapter 11 Preparedness by the residents and communities Chapter 12 Preparedness related to initial response Chapter 13 Preparedness related to communication Chapter 14 Preparedness for fire and hazardous materials Chapter 15 Preparedness for rescue and evacuation Part 3 Preparedness Plan Chapter 16 Preparedness for emergency transportation Chapter 17 Preparedness for emergency medical care Chapter 18 Preparedness for missing person search / body recovery Chapter 19 Drinking water and food procurement / supply process Chapter 20 Preparedness for rehabilitation of lifeline / communication / mudslide prevention facilities Chapter 21 Preparedness for handling of garbage, human waste, and debris Chapter 22 Basics of emergency response Chapter 23 Establishing and managing the Crisis Management Center Chapter 24 Collection and offering of information Chapter 25 Security, traffic control, emergency transport Chapter 26 Mutual coordination with disaster risk management bodies Chapter 27 Evacuation and rescue Emergency Chapter 28 Emergency medical care, sanitation Part 4 Chapter 29 Search and rescue of missing persons, handling of remains Response Plan Chapter 30 Fire-fighting, countermeasures against hazardous materials Chapter 31 School measures Chapter 32 Supply of drinking water and food Chapter 33 Emergency rehabilitation of lifelines, telecommunications, traffic, and debris flow protection facilities Chapter 34 Handling of garbage, human waste, and debris Chapter 35 Emergency response to housing and livelihood Chapter 36 Basic ideas for reconstruction Rehabilitation / Chapter 37 Reconstruction Headquarters Part 5 Chapter 38 Formulating reconstruction plans Reconstruction Plan Chapter 39 Stability of civilian life Chapter 40 City reconstruction Part 6 Assistance Plan Chapter 41 Assistance plan

44 Chapter 9 Formulation of Earthquake Disaster Management Plan of Yerevan City

9.1 Basic considerations (Part1 of Volume III)

9.1.1 Goal of the plan Under “promotion of comprehensive disaster management” as goal of earthquake disaster risk management, earthquake disaster management activities are promoted from the following perspectives.

(1) Long-sighted disaster management (setting ultimate goals) To mitigate risks related to earthquake disaster, promotion of earthquake disaster management activities is recommended upon definition of ultimate goals, which are 1) Saving human lives, 2) Securing the livelihood of residents, 3) Maintaining social/ economic systems and 4) Maintaining the governance of the City and the nation.

Formulation of Policy and Plan

Armenian government President Central government Ministry of Other ministries Emergency Specialized and agencies Situations institutions etc.

Report and Request Measures and Assitance Yerevan City Mayor Regional government Operation Other depts. Commission Public of Emergency organizations Report and Request Measures and Assitance

Residents Resident /community Leaders in residents groups, level Families Classes Offices

Raising awaereness Individual disaster management Blue arrow: Vertical collaboration Purple arrow: Horizontal collaboration Figure 9.1-1 Collaboration of organizations in vertical and horizontal schemes

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(3) Systematic disaster management (Sequencing activities within the disaster management cycle) In order to reduce earthquake disaster risks, it is important that activities on mitigation and preparedness for emergency response activities are initiated ahead of the occurrence. Emergency response immediately after the occurrence should be followed by subsequent rehabilitation/reconstruction activities. Furthermore, the rehabilitation/reconstruction should take a consistent approach for quake-resistant development by not only recovering to the pre-earthquake state but also linking with disaster mitigation and preparedness for future earthquakes (See Figures 9.1.2 and 9.1.3).

Earthquake occured

Before ea rthquake Immediately after Disaster mitigation / Emergency response preparedness After earthquake Rehabilitation / reconstruction Figure 9.1-2 Concept disaster management cycle

Earthquake

Time 72 hrs later 10 yrs later Disaster management cycle 100 days later 100 yrs?later Pre Emergency response Prioritizing lifesaving and reaching a somewhat bearable state

Imm. Rehabilitation Reaching an acceptable state after Reconstruction Recovering to the normal pre-quake state Reaching a state better than the

After Mitigation/Preparedness pre-quakestate

Figure 9.1-3 Activities under the disaster management cycle in chronological order

(5) Precise and feasible disaster management (activities aligned with one’s capacity and accumulation of activities) Concerning earthquake, it is difficult to exactly forecast when, where, and how big the hazard/damage will occur, even though using advanced technology. It is also avoid all uncertainness from hazard and risk assessment results. It is thereby recommendable to implement feasible measures, considering needs of residents and financial conditions, and then, to realize a

46 Chapter 9 Formulation of Earthquake Disaster Management Plan of Yerevan City

quake-resident city with the accumulation of the feasible measures. Together with the implementation of measures, it is required to update the result of risk assessment and revise the Plan, based on the updating of assessment.

9.1.2 Policies for planning The following policies for formulating this plan were defined in conjunction with the issues identified through the study. a) Utilizing scientific risk assessment and earthquake disaster scenarios b) Focusing on mitigation for efficient activities c) Lowering vulnerability by enhancing prior measures such as building reinforcement, considering the feasibility d) Enhancing disaster management awareness of all citizens ranging from administrative officers to residents e) Formulating a sustainable plan that emphasizes system/budget/governance enhancement through coordination with related organizations and the communities (groups of residents) f) Promoting disaster management activities through disaster education and dissemination of disaster information, utilizing real-time seismic intensity display system

9.1.3 Priorities for the plan The following policies for formulating the Plan were defined in conjunction with the issues identified through the study. a) Raising awareness/ dissemination of information on disaster management b) Promotion of urban redevelopment and securing open space in urban areas c) Improvement of road network d) Seismic strengthening of buildings e) Research and study for damage estimation f) Collaboration and co-working with volunteers g) Prevention of fire outbreak and explosion and increasing safety of dangerous materials

9.1.4 Detailed plans The following related organizations need to formulate detailed plans in order to deliver detailed assistance in consideration of conditions of each and the regional characteristics, and to facilitate fulfillment of roles and activities of these organizations through coordination with one another. Related subdivisions of central government bodies, departments of the Yerevan City office, all districts of Yerevan City, disaster management institutions, and communities (residents’ groups, enterprises, and schools) 9.1.5 Familiarizing with and modifying the plan Through annual review, necessary modifications should be made every year to the Plan as well as detailed plans.

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The departments and other disaster management organizations make necessary changes by examining consistency between their detailed plans/measures and the Plan. In addition, educational/training activities including ones for informing members of their organizations of their roles will be provided in order to familiarize them with the Plan and improve their skills related to earthquake disaster management.

9.1.6 Overview and damage estimation of the city (Chapter 2 of Volume III) Chapter 2 of Volume III summarizes natural / social conditions and results of damage estimation, which were used as assumptions for the plan.

9.1.7 Basic responsibilities of risk management entities (Chapter 3 of Volume III) Mitigation of earthquake damage is based on the following basic concepts; a) Individual residents shall engage in self-help activities under the concept of “You should be responsible for protecting your own safety and property” b) The communities (residents’ groups, schools and enterprises) shall engage in mutual-help activities under the awareness of “You should be responsible for protecting your community”. c) The city and risk management organizations shall engage in public-help activities that assist self-help / mutual-help activities in order “to build quake-resistant Yerevan City.” Based on the above basic concepts, the disaster management organizations/ communities/ residents shall fulfill respective responsibilities.

9.2 Mitigation Plan (Part 2 of Volume III)

9.2.1 The city’s governance related to implementation of mitigation measures (Chapter 4 of Volume III) (1) Roles of the city a) The government of Yerevan City carries out activities mentioned in the Plan and fulfills functions and provides assistance for solution of tasks mentioned in the Plan. For that purpose, relevant governing bodies carry out activities for the creation of favorable conditions for the implementation of those works, such as work out a detailed annual project, receive necessary financial means, appoint officials etc. b) The government of Yerevan City observes the implementation of separate parts of the plans and secures their smooth implementation by clarifying the activities of subdivisions and provides necessary assistance. c) The government of Yerevan City carries out the assessment of the implementation of activities of the plan or separate parts of it at the end of the reporting year and reflects them in the plans of next year.

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(2) The city’s governance for execution/ assistance This Plan is put into action after being approved by the Mayor of Yerevan City. Yerevan Rescue Department of the RS of MES is responsible for the implementation of certain parts of the Plan. For steady implementation of measures, the organizations in charge are classified into three categories as shown in Table 9.2-1.

Table 9.2-1 Classification of organizations and divisions relating to mitigation plan The departments of Yerevan City which are responsible for the realization of Supervising divisions detailed plans and carry out relevant supervision and coordination Main implementing Division/ organizations direct implement detailed plans. The implementation divisions/organizations should be carried out based on clear sharing of roles and cooperation. Cooperating divisions and bodies providing assistance to divisions/organizations Supporting divisions and bodies which are the main implementation of plans.

9.2.2 Quake-resistant human development（Chapter 5 of Volume III） Yerevan City promotes “quake-resistant human development” by repeating /continuing disaster drills to raise awareness of city officials and residents. (1) Roles of residents All of the residents are expected to have accurate understanding of earthquakes and to act calmly in time of earthquake in order “to be responsible for protecting their own safety and property” from the disaster. To this end, as shown in Table 9.2-2, the residents shall incorporate disaster mitigation activities and preparedness activities for emergency response into their daily lives.

Table 9.2-2 Mitigation activities by residents 1. Creating associations of residents’ in collective houses 2. Securing earthquake-resistance and fire security in houses 3. Fire preventions 4. Fixation of furniture, shelves, wardrobes, protection of glasses of windows 5. Prophylactic inspection and fixation of walls, securing security of facing of buildings 6. Participation in works of creation of systems of mutual assistance by schools, condominiums and other organizations in the frames of local administrative areas 7. Acquisition of knowledge and information on disaster management

(2) Promotion of autonomous disaster management activities of residents Measures on activation of mitigation activities at individual level are separately stated of this Plan. It is necessary to note that the “local community” conception is limited in administrative areas, economic entities, and general educational institutions, except the unions of residents.

(3) Raising awareness of disaster management and dissemination of disaster information Educational guidelines on the contents shown in Table 9.2-3 are carried out by the Crisis Management Academy of MES.

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Table 9.2-3 The contents of disaster education for officials 1. Basic knowledge of occurrence mechanisms and movement of earthquakes. 2. Knowledge of earthquake measures currently implemented 3. Daily preparations for earthquakes 4. Notification of evacuation shelters and evacuation methods in time of earthquake 5. Rescue / first aid methods

9.2.3 Quake-resistant community development (Chapter6 of Volume III) (1) Roles of the community Communities (Resident’s associations, companies, and schools) should establish organizational framework for preparation against disasters, collaborating each other, under the concept of “You should be responsible for protecting your community.” In order to enhance awareness and capacity on disaster management in the community as well as individual community members, all member should carry out activities for mitigation and preparedness against earthquake disasters, mentioned in Table 9.2-4.

Table 9.2-4 Mitigation/ preparedness activities by communities 1. Creation and enhancement of autonomous groups on disaster management 2. Formulation of a disaster management plan for each community 3. Promotion of aseismic reinforcement of buildings and facilities (retrofitting and renewal) Mitigation Mitigation 4. Promotion of measures, preventing turn-down of furniture, fall-down of window glass, etc. 5. Preparation of disaster education materials and promotion of disaster management education 6. Fire protection and safety for hazardous materials

(2) Creation and enhancement of autonomous groups on disaster management It is recommendable to create an autonomous group on disaster management in each community. In a group, sub-group should be established to share important tasks such as fire-fighting, rescue, first aid, information transfer, disaster education, support of daily life, sanitation, support of vulnerable people, safety inspection, security, repairing of facilities.

(3) Formulation of a disaster management plan of community Each community should prepare own disaster management by itself, aiming at reinforcing their capacity on disaster management, considering particular situation of each community. In the plan, organizational framework and financial sources should be clarified, in order to secure continual implementation of the measures mentioned in the plan. Contents to be covered in the plan are shown in Table 9.2-5.

50 Chapter 9 Formulation of Earthquake Disaster Management Plan of Yerevan City

Table 9.2-5 Contents to be covered in a disaster management plan for residents’ associations 1. Purpose of the plan 2. Basic concept 3. Outline of the association (population, number of buildings, structures of buildings, land use in surrounding areas, etc.) 4. Characteristics of the result of damage estimation 5. Internal organizational framework and tasks of the internal organizations 6. List of equipment/ materials to be prepared for disaster management and location of the storehouse 7. Disaste management map, including list of evacuation points, particular risks in the community, disaster management resources 8. Characteristics of buildings, issues on disaster management, and evacuation route 9. Preparation for disaster management by community members 10. Action plan and financial plan 11. Contact addresses of local organizations related to disaster management

(4) Promotion of aseismic reinforcement of buildings and facilities The most important measure on earthquake disaster management is aseismic reinforcement of buildings. Communities should take following actions or measures. - Promotion of aseismic reinforcement of collective houses by residents’ groups - Promotion of aseismic reinforcement of buildings and facilities in companies - Promotion of aseismic reinforcement of buildings and facilities in schools

(5) Promotion of measures, preventing turn-down of furniture, fall-down of window glass, etc. Residents’ associations, companies, and schools should promote major measures for preventing turn-down of furniture, fall-down of window glass, etc..

(6) Development of disaster education materials and promotion of disaster education Crisis Management Academy, RS prepares disaster education materials. Communities should proactively participate the preparation works, and carry out disaster education to the community members, using the prepared education materials. The purpose of the disaster education is mentioned in Table 9.2-6.

Table 9.2-6 Purpose of disaster education in communities 1. Understanding basic points on earthquake disaster and its management 2. Raising awareness on disaster management 3. Developing ability for proper judgment and action against earthquake disasters 4. Developing ability to contribute assisting other affected areas

(7) Prevention of fire outbreak Communities should take measures for preventing fire outbreak, such as reinforcement of buildings which may cause fire outbreak, introducing less fiery facilities, preparing/ preventive materials as shown in Table 9.2-7.

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Table 9.2-7 Materials to be prepared by communities for prevention of fire For individuals 1. Helmet 2. Wear and shoes for fire-fighting 3. Portable lighting tool 4. Warning and signal transmission tool such as a whistle For communities 5. Fire extinguishers 6. Tools of dismantling 7. Loudspeakers 8. Rescue equipment and First Aid Kits 9. Communication devices 10. Dust masks

(8) Safety measures on dangerous materials In facilities which store/ transport/ use dangerous materials, damage to storage tanks, pipelines, distribution facilities is foreseeable. Due to the damage, leakage/ contamination/ spreading of poisonous or pollution materials occur, and serious influence in wide areas is foreseen. Companies, dealing with dangerous materials, should promote measures for increasing aseismic capacity and safety of the facilities.

(9) Measures for assisting vulnerable people in disaster Vulnerable people requiring assistance during disaster includes residents in social welfare facilities/ hospitals, persons in need of regular nursing care, disability persons, aged persons, expectant mothers, small babies, foreigners, and travelers. The vulnerable people are in difficulty in quick evacuation as well as living after disasters. Measures should be taken for untroubled living of the vulnerable people and their families.

(10) Assistance for promotion of community-based disaster management activities For the promotion of community-based disaster management activities, assistance by city and republican governments is indispensable as shown in Table 9.2-8.

52 Chapter 9 Formulation of Earthquake Disaster Management Plan of Yerevan City

Table 9.2-8 Assistance to communities done by governments Item of action Major assistanting organization Creation and enhancement of autonomous groups on Ministry of Emergency Situations (RS) and city disaster management government Formulation of a disaster management plan for each Ministry of Emergency Situations (RS) community Promotion of aseismic reinforcement of buildings and Ministry of Emergency Situations and city facilities (retrofitting and renewal) government Promotion of measures, preventing turn-down of Ministry of Emergency Situations (RS) and city

Mitigation Mitigation furniture, fall-down of window glass, etc. government Preparation of disaster education materials and promotion Ministry of Emergency Situations (Crisis of disaster management education Management Academy) and city government Fire protection and safety for hazardous materials Ministry of Emergency Situations and city government

(11) Collaboration between governments and communities One of important issues in earthquake disaster management is to promote collaboration between governments and communities. By promoting regular intercommunication, the governments and communities should deepen their collaboration.

9.2.4 Quake-resistant Urban Development (Chapter 7 of Volume III) In order to promote to create quake-resistant city, the following considerations is required. a) To promote quake-resistant urban infrastructure which was built during the Soviet era b) To mitigate damage to the residents and prevention of road closure by increasing the quake-resistant buildings (in particular, reinforcement of hospitals and schools is important) c) To promote redevelopment at densely built-up areas of old individual buildings, where evacuation and rescue will be in difficulty d) To secure open space that can be available for use as evacuation place in the event of a disaster (utilizing elementary school ground with quake-resistant school, large-scale factory site, and open space in the urbanized area) e) To develop wide area network of roads (including elimination of through traffic from the city center), and development of outer ring road surrounding the city center f) To increase quake-resistant houses in the landslide protection area in the southeastern part of the city, and in the sloping land along the Hrazdan gorge and Nork valley

(1) Basic ideas for urban planning In case of development and construction activities in the city, it needs to confirm to the law on “Urban Development (1998-05-05)” and building standards (building norms and rules, the Republic of Armenia II-6.02-2006, seismic-stable construction, norms in draft).

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(2) Promoting redevelopment projects Redevelopment projects complied with the Yerevan Master Plan should be implemented step by step and strategically. It should be considered a supply of public housing and rental housing based on the initiative of the city, so that residents with annual income can continue to live in the same place of redevelopment area without confliction. For strengthening of individual buildings, following tasks will be proposed.

(3) Securing open spaces When a disaster occurs, it is necessary to secure the primary evaluation place specified by the city such as a school ground (with primary schools and secondary schools), hospitals and governmental buildings (facilities). An existing park in the urban area and an open space on the outskirts of the city will be used for the secondary evacuation place. Because a lack of open space in the highly dense residential area composed of individual residential houses, considering prevention of the spread of fire prevention, additional work such as a buffer tree planting in a private land and a setback at the time of reconstruction should be promoted.

(4) Road improvement Development of a highway should take a step-by-step approach according to the Yerevan Master Plan. For ensuring a smooth evacuation and rescue and relief at the time of earthquake disaster, construction work of some undeveloped sections of the outer ring roads should be launched promptly so as to access to the destinations by the shortest route from center of the city.

(5) Land use in time of disaster For parks and green space, assuming the aggressive use of refuge in times of disaster, it is recommended to introduce guide sign (for notifying the specified evacuation place), emergency toilet, emergency light, and stockpiling base.

9.2.5 Enhancing quake resistance of facility structures (Chapter 8 of Volume III) (1) Clarification of seismic stability and aseismic reconstruction of existing buildings and constructions Since the design earthquake-resistance of all the buildings and constructions in Yerevan City constructed before 1988 was intended for intensity 7-8 by MSK scale and the territory of Yerevan City is located in the third seismic zone by seismic zoning map of the Republic of Armenia with the expected maximum acceleration of 0,4g (Amax=0,4g) (9 and more intensity by MSK scale), it is necessary to direct the tendencies in urban development projects to the implementation of works aimed at assessment of seismic vulnerability of facilities of special importance and assessment of seismic risk and risk of infrastructures from the point of view of seismic protection in Yerevan through implementation of the measures.

54 Chapter 9 Formulation of Earthquake Disaster Management Plan of Yerevan City

(2) Enhancement of earthquake-resistance of lifeline facilities and infrastructures Enhancement of earthquake-resistance of lifeline infrastructures of Yerevan City is very important for ensuring efficient implementation of life-support of population, provision of assistance to affected population, receipt of correct and timely information on current situation, warning of population, implementation of rescue and urgent accident-recovery works and other vitally important tasks in case of possible destructive earthquake.

(3) Enhancement of earthquake-resistance of transport infrastructures For the implementation of rescue works and in the procedures of evacuation and damage identification the provision of normal operation of transport is an important condition. The damage and collapse of buildings will lead to irreversible consequences of transports, therefore reinforcement of bridges is of special importance. At the time of construction of new bridges and repair of existing bridges, it is necessary to reduce the seismic risk taking into account the conclusions given by the experts for each bridge. It is necessary to carry out detailed survey and comparative analysis of technical solutions aiming reinforcement of bridges. “South-Caucasian railroads” CJSC, which manages the railway of the Republic of Armenia, including Yerevan, should ensure the earthquake-resistance of office buildings, stations and other constructions, as well as lines, electric contact lines and auxiliary structures under its supervision. It is necessary to carry out the checking of seismic stability phase by phase starting from important structures with a high level of exhaustion taking into account the period of their exploitation and, in case of necessity, carry out reinforcement activities.

(4) Reinforcement of hydro-technical structures Due to a severe earthquake, it is possible that the dam of Yerevan Lake will collapse, and accordingly Yerevan-Echmiadzin highway will be closed, and part of Shengavit district will be covered with water. To reduce such a risk it is necessary to check the reliability of water discharge and drainage systems of the dam of water reservoir and seismic stability and, in case of necessity, carry out works of their strengthening and recovery.

(5) Prevention of collapse of walls Concerned organizations should carry out inspection of walls under their supervision for identifying cracks and other shortcomings, compile a catalog of walls, and check their earthquake-resistance.

(6) Reinforcement of cultural values It is necessary to carry out reinforcement of cultural values according to the Law of Armenia about “Principles of cultural legislation”.

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(7) Prevention of landslides and mudslides The steep slopes widely developed around Yerevan, creating foreseeable conditions for occurrence of hazardous geological phenomena. The landslide-hazardous parts of the city are in Erebuni and Kentron districts. These risky zones of the city will be much unstable due to earthquakes. City and district authorities should carry out permanent monitoring and implement-technical measures.

9.2.6 Seismic Study / research (Chapter 9 of Volume III) Further study should be conducted on scenario earthquakes, set up in this project, and in parallel, study on possibility of other scenario earthquakes to be considered.

9.3 Preparedness Plan（Part 3 of Volume III）

9.3.1 Process for preparedness and assistance by the city（Chapter 10 of Volume III） (1) Roles of the city The city prepares emergency response, along with its mitigation measures, to minimize damage and confusion immediately after an earthquake disaster. The followings are overall roles of the city; a) The city will manage its implementation of each of the planned items shown from Chapters 11 to 22of Volume III. It will assign departments and organizations to implementation of the plan. Then, the assigned departments and organizations will formulate detailed annual plans, secure budget and assign personnel. b) The city will appoint its staff as emergency response managers, who will monitor the progress of each of the detailed plans and provide instructions and assistance for smooth implementation. Also, it will make necessary coordination / directions based on reports from the managers. c) Upon receiving reports on the progress of the detailed plans from the emergency response managers, the city will assess the results, and incorporate them into planning and target setting for the next fiscal year.

(2) Framework of promotion/ support and activities of the city The city carries out measures on preparedness within the process, which is similar to the one devised for emergency response. However, CMC and others that are convened after an earthquake are included in the preparedness process. Disaster management of Yerevan city is realized by Emergency Situstions Committee, the structure of which is equal to the city management structure: city mayor, deputies of city mayor, heads of all departments and sections of Yerevan, heads of districts of Yerevan city. In case of huge disasters, Emergency Situations committees of Yerevan City are included in Republican disaster management system.

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It is very difficult to manage all quick response services, thus taking into consideration that all activities should be controlled during mitigation and response to seismic disaster consequences. For the management of quick response services and control of input of management and control system mentioned in Figure 9.3-1 is recommended. As it is shown on the picture the system consists of levels and groups, and for different sections of detailed plan responsible sections (organizations) are determined.

Mayor

Rescue Service

Emergency Response Service

Life-related manager Lifeline-related manager Administration-related manager

Rescue Service Service Engineering Service Public Order Protection

Medical Service Fuel Supply Service Warning and Fire-Fighting Service Energy Service Animal and Plant Protection Sanitation and Epidemic Gas Supply Service Motor Transport, Roads, Mortician Service Service Water Supply and Sewage Trade and Food Supply Technical Maintenance

Figure 9.3-1 System of preparatory activities implemented by emergency response services

9.3.2 Preparedness by the residents and communities（Chapter 11 of Volume III） (1) Roles of the residents Table 9.3-1 summarizes the residents’ roles for preparedness.

Table 9.3-1 Preparedness by residents 1. Preparing fire extinguishers and extinguishing tools. 2. Preparing food and water needed for a minimum of three days, mobile radios, torches, emergency belongings including drugs. 3. Confirming role sharing among family members, evacuation routes / places / methods and a method for communication among family members 4. Active participation in disaster drills organized by the city and the communities. 5. Prior notification to community organizations about family members needing assistance in time of disaster.

(2) Activities on preparedness by residents Residents prepare fire extinguishers and fire extinguishing sheets (against fire during cooking). With the half of Yerevan Rescue Department of RS,and fire-fighting detachment of RS , residents alleviate foreseeable difficulty and anxiety through prior confirmation of the issues mentioned in Table 9.3-2).

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Table 9.3-2 Matters to be confirmed in family beforehand 1. Evacuation route What evacuation route to be used? Where is the evacuation points? 2. Evacuation point Where is gathering point of family? How to evacuate? 3. Process of evacuation Who gives care to elder persons and infants? 4. Way of communication What is communication way with missing family? Who maintain the materials? 5. Emergency survival materials Who take out the materials? 6. Confirmation of fire safety How and who should do safety confirmation? Who close the valves? 7. Closing main valves of gas, electricity, water, etc. Who confirm the closure? 8. Notification and assistance to neighbors Who and how notify and assist?

(3) Roles of communities Table 9.3-3 summarizes the communities’ roles for preparedness

Table 9.3-3 Preparedness activities by communities 1. Stockpile of water/ food/ commodities and stockpile/ maintenance/ regular inspection of disaster management equipment/ materials 2. Preparation of a list of community members (residents, employees, teachers / pupils), a list of people needing assistance, a contact list of disaster management organizations. 3. Creation of a disaster management map, preparation and notification of assistance facilities such as evacuation shelters 4. Preparation for protection/ assistance of community members and residents 5. Improving the response capacity and giving advice on what to do in time of earthquake disaster by disaster drills and seminars

(4) Framework of implementation of activities in communities By separating areas by the size of 1 to 2 sq. km as a unit, Yerevan Rescue Department creates a disaster management coordination community consisting of several communities within a unit. In the areas, communities including residents’ association, enterprises, and schools work together to formulate a disaster management plan, and conduct joint exercises. Yerevan Rescue Department provides guidance for the formulation of the disaster management plan, such as utilization of heavy equipment of enterprises in residents’ associations and schools at the time of emergency. The entities in the areas work with one another to effectively utilize disaster management resources, and establish a comprehensive secure community-creating system within the areas (see Figure 9.3-2).

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Enterprise事業所連携 Collaboration Providing資機材提供 equipment 学校連携 School Collaboration 連携 Collaboration Residents’KSK association

Disaster防災コミュニティユニット management community unit

Figure 9.3-2 Concept of disaster management community unit

(5) Assistance for community preparedness activities Basically, community has responsibility on stockpile of water/ food and stockpile/ maintenance of equipment/ materials for disaster management. In order to promote the community activities, Yerevan Rescue Department provides assistance as shown in Table 9.3-4.

Table 9.3-4 Assistance by official organizations for stockpiling of community Preparing official documents such as Mayor's decision for promoting stockpile Providing a list of stockpile materials, together with rough standard of quantities per day per person for promoting stockpile of water/ food/ commodities Yerevan Rescue Department Providing a list of stockpile equipment/ materials, together with rough standard of RS quantities per member for promoting stockpile of equipment/ materials Clarifying situation of stockpile in community and instructing overall issues on promotion of stockpile Ministry of Education and Supervision on stockpile and maintenance in schools Science Financial support for purchasing stockpile materials in school

(6) Collaboration/ co-working with volunteers Yerevan City initiates collaboration and co-working with volunteers and NGOs for realizing efficient rescue operation for victims in time of earthquake disaster. A disaster volunteer is an individual person or a group, providing its capacity or time autonomously after disaster for assisting life and self-sustainability of victims and for assisting emergency response done by official organizations and related organizations..

9.3.3 Preparedness related to initial response (Chapter 12 of Volume III) (1) Maintenance of functioning official buildings CMC, to be established in Yerevan City Emergency Situations Committee by Mayor’s decision N 747-A, dated on April 13, 2007, operates in the management center of emergency situations of Yerevan City. Based on the situation, alternative facilities can be used for the leading staff and forces of liquidation of consequences as bases for smooth implementation of urgent measures immediately after the earthquake.

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(2) Formation of the Crisis Management Center Emergency Situations Committee, which is the base of CMC, consist of the following members and managed by the head; Mayor of Yerevan City. a) The head of the committee is Mayor of Yerevan City b) The deputy heads are deputy mayor of Yerevan City and the head of Yerevan Rescue Department of RS. c) The heads of departments of the city office, the heads of districts, heads of republican government organizations, and the head of anti-epidemiological monitoring and delivering special services are the members of the committee.

(3) Enhancing the initial response process If a member of the committee feels an earthquake of the intensity of 4 or more in MSK-64 or be aware of damages caused by the earthquake, the member should use the operative communication to clarify the situation and confirm the task. Considering cases that the members of the headquarters cannot communicate or cannot fulfill their obligations due to injuries or other reasons, substituting staffs should be assigned and the order of their replacement should be determined beforehand.

(4) Plan of deployment of supporting staffs A plan of deployment of supporting staffs is prepared with the following principle. a) All the staffs of City office and emergency response services should be deployed, basically. b) Deployed staffs are classified into staffs for the headquarters, staffs in ordinary working places, staffs dispatched to operation bases, and staffs for the nearest working places. c) The plan of deployment of the staffs should be updated every year and submitted to the head of Yerevan Rescue Department of RS. Yerevan Rescue Department makes necessary adjustment and submits the plan to Mayor for approval.

(5) Improving the collaboration among disaster management organizations During severe earthquake, the immediate measures should be organized in such a way as to be able to use human resources and unaffected material means as efficiently as possible. Particularly, it is necessary to cooperate with surrounding areas and enterprises which have human resources and material means. In case a severe earthquake occurs in Yerevan City, all marzes of the country send assistance to Yerevan City.

9.3.4 Preparedness related to communication (Chapter 13 of Volume III) In order to reduce consequences of disaster, it is necessary to clarify damage situations and inform the damage situations and instruction for response to related organizations, communities, and residents. To do so, it is necessary to create a confident communication and automated information transfer systems.

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(1) Improving the communication network for disaster management One of the most important functions of official organizations in population protection and civil defense field in case of ES is the warning to management bodies and population. It is obvious that for effective and flexible management and warning it is necessary to have a modern unitary communication system. The subdivisions of Ministry of Emergency Situations should use radio communication for organization of communication during realization of rescuing works. Gh-Telecom CJSC for rehabilitation of communication in such cases uses mobile communication stations, which are developed as soon as reached the place and a three hour connection is organized.

(2) Enhancing the communication / information gathering process Ministry of Emergency Situations has lists of contact telephone numbers in order to organize warning of republican government organizations, local government organizations and other organizations. To organize warning quickly and clearly in case of an earthquake, it is necessary to realize organizational measures for strengthening communication and information systems. For this purpose, it is necessary to check and update warning lists periodically, realize verification of contact numbers etc., as well as: a. development of 911 service b. improvement of databases, including information attracted on the maps c. development of crisis response procedures d. investment of computerized systems for situation evaluation in real time

(3) Public relations and public hearing activities during normalcy The following measures are implemented, in order to enhance understanding of residents about aproaches and mitigation/preparedness measures taken by republican government and Yerevan City, as well as of contents of this plan and other plans. a) Promotion for raising awareness of communities and residents and autonomous disaster management activities b) Base for increase of official assistance c) Promoting mutual cooperation among related organizations d) Enhancing a sense of safety and trust

9.3.5 Preparedness for fire and hazardous materials (Chapter 14 of Volume III) (1) Enhancing the initial fire-fighting process Fire-fighting Service instructs residents and enterprises to set up fire safety facilities properly against an earthquake, so that the facilities function properly in time of earthquake disaster for initial fire fighting.

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(2) Prevention of fire spread Fire-fighting Service prepares fire-fighting plan in time of earthquake disaster available for several cases of disasters, referring the estimation results of fire outbreak, for utilizing capacity of fire fighting in ordinary time and establishes framework of fire fighting. In order to respond fire outbreak with earthquake which occurs many places at a time in wide area, special vehicles and equipment effective for fire-fighting and rescue activities are improved, and capacity of fire fighting is enhanced and strengthened to meet urban structures and change of disaster situations. (3) Improving the fire-fighting process For the promotion of disaster management activities in community, creation and reinforcement of fire fighting groups in autonomous disaster management groups are required. In addition, the framework for promotion of disaster management activities is established in small areas of 1 km to 2 km square, in cooperation among community (residents’ group, enterprises, and schools).

9.3.6 Preparedness for rescue and evacuation (Chapter 15 of Volume III) (1) Enhancing evacuation plan At present Yerevan Rescue Department of RS has developed evacuation plan of Yerevan City together with Evacuation Committee and other related organizations and districts provide assistance during evacuation. “The evacuation plan of the city during severe earthquake” explains functional responsibilities of officials, assisting organizations, processure of evacuation, issues, maps, charts, etc. For smooth implementation of evacuation the following preparatory measures are implemented with the initiative of Evacuation Committee. a) Elaboration of evacuation plan and related documents as shown in Attachment 4, b) Registration of evacuees and definition of evacuation routes from hazardous zones in case of occurrence of emergency situations, c) Planning and clarification of comprehensive life provision issues of population in case of occurrence of emergency situations, d) Establishment of stable communication among Evacuation Points, Temporary Distribution Points, Long-Term Settlement Points, and assisting organizations e) Conduct of real exercises to detect the shortcoming and its eliminate

(2) Designation of evacuation points Evacuation can be carried out by 3 stages as shown in Table 9.3-5. The directions of approval or rejection of distribution and distribution points should be given based on the corresponding checking and survey results.

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Table 9.3-5 Evacuation stages

Time-period for the use of the Process Territorial point Types settlement

st 1 stage Evacuation point Temporary distribution points Starting from several hours till 1 day

nd Long-term settlement places, Provided with permanent place of 2 stage Distribution points Shelters residence (up to 1 year) Permanent place of Main place of (multi-storey residential

residence residence buildings, private houses)

(3) Conduct of exercises and lectures on evacuation For eliminating disaster damages, Yerevan Rescue Department of RS conducts evacuation exercises with Yerevan City Evacuation Committee and transportation organizations as well as at least once a year. The exercise should contain the followings. a) Staff exercises by maps b) Campaigns conducted all over the City c) Evacuation d) Provision of first aid e) Distribution of ready food f) Deployment of tent towns g) Provision of population with information by means of panels, etc. h) Firefighting and keeping the rules of fire security, etc.

9.3.7 Preparedness for emergency transportation (Chapter 16 of Volume III) (1) Designating and improving emergency transport networks RS, in cooperation with Transportation Department of Yerevan City, Ministry of Transport and Communication, and Yerevan Department of Armenia Police, designates strategic roads in order to secure traffic in a time of emergency as shown in Table 9.3-6.

Table 9.3-6 Category of strategic roads Category Purpose

Strategic road #1 Connecting between command sites inside Yerevan City and outside the city.

Strategic road #2 Connecting between rescue/ medical/ firefighting sites and the strategic roads #1.

Strategic road #3 Connecting between emergency resource transport sites and the strategic roads #1 and #2.

(2) Designating and developing emergency logistic base Emergency transportation from outside to Yerevan City will be done with land transportation by vehicles and railway as well as air transportation by airplanes. Regional locistic bases of land transportation are located along radial road to the West and North form Yerevan City. The regional logistic bases are formulated for loading/unloading, temporary storage, feeding fuel, etc., and most

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of those facilities are operated by private sectors. RS should promote to secure areas and to improve facilities, which are needed for emergency transportation, in cooperation with the operators of the facilities.

(3) Processes for obstacle removal and traffic control on the strategic roads RS, in cooperation with Transportation Department of Yerevan City and Ministry of Transport and Communication, should formulate a plan for quick removal of obstacles on the strategic roads. For efficient removal works, the plan should mention about framework of collaboration with Transportation Department of Yerevan City and Ministry of Transport and Communication as well as cooperation with companies which have heavy equipment, procedure to collect information on impassable roads, etc.

(4) Prior legislation of emergency vehicles and procurement of emergency transport vehicles Vehicles which can pass through the strategic roads should be vehicles for fire fighting, police, rescue, military, and lifeline facilities. In addition, emergency vehicles allowed to pass through the strategic roads should have traffic permit. Vehicles subject to emergency vehicles are shown in Table 9.3-7.

Table 9.3-7 Vehicles subject to emergency vehicles Vehicles needed during emergency for fire-fighting, police, gas, rescue (including PR) and military purposes, in addition to ones used during normalcy.

Vehicles needed for inspection and rapid recovery of lifelines including electricity/ hot water/ sewage and other public facilities

Vehicles needed for health/ sanitation such as cleaning and epidemic control

Vehicles needed for emergency transportation

Vehicles needed for other purposes that prevent spread of a disaster

9.3.8 Preparedness for emergency medical care (Chapter 17 of Volume III) Medical Service sets up processes on collection/ delivery of medical information, initial medical care, transportation of the injured, and medical logistics support for swift and proper emergency medical activities in time of disaster.

(1) Collecting and delivering emergency medical information For swift and proper collection/ delivery of medical information, it is necessary to collect information of the injured, damage to medical institutes, reception/ response of injured in available medical institutes, etc. and properly deliver the information to related organization such as medical institutes, Emergency Situation Committee as well as residents.

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a) Set up a process within the Information Management Center for Emergency Medical Care to centrally manage information on human damage as well as status of damage and activities by medical institutions. b) Prepare communication devices to enable disaster site hospitals and first-aid stations to quickly contact related organizations. c) Designate disaster site hospitals and first-aid stations beforehand to notify the residents. d) Conduct daily maintenance of announcement cars in case of an earthquake disaster.

(2) Initial medical care In order to prepare a process of providing emergency medical care in time of an earthquake disaster, it is important to establish emergency medical process immediately after the disaster. Medical Service will make preparations shown in Table 9.3-8. Specific measures for the respective items are also explained in this clause.

Table 9.3-8 Items to be prepared under the initial medical care process Item Overview Role clarification/ designation and maintenance of first-aid stations and Emergency medical facilities disaster site hospitals Emergency medical functions Role sharing and coordination/ enhancement of the mobile medical unit Enhancement of emergency medical equipment/ stockpile and procurement of Medical equipement medical supplies Human resource recruitment / Recruitment and development of doctors / nurses, volunteers and cooperating development individuals

(3) Casualty transport process In case the number of seriously injured is beyond the capacity of emergency medical institutes in the city, the injured should be transported to other hospitals outside the city. Medical Service makes agreement for the transportation with other hospitals and secures the route of the transportation beforehand. Seriously injured and patients of chronic disease who require continuous care for life maintenance should be transported to emergency medical institutes which sufficient and stable medical care is available.

(4) Medical logistics support process Medical Service establishes medical logistics support to receive support in wide-area network through discussion for acceptance of seriously injured whom emergency medical institutes in the city can treat. In case of many people are injured due to large-scale disaster, it is possible that number of medical staffs, medical devices, and medicine is not sufficient. Considering such situation, Medical Service establishes wide-area network for medical assistance through discussion with related organizations.

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(5) Prevention of infectious diseases It is foreseeable that sanitary situation is worsening due to earthquake disaster, and secondary damage caused by infectious diseases spreads. To prevent such diseases, several measures are taken such as treatment of human waste, securing toilets, food provision to avoid nutrient shortage, securing heating system to evacuation points and accommodation, and anti-infection measures such as preparation of preventive materials and protective vaccination.

(6) Enhancing psychological care measures Psychological care to victims is required, since victims are under big stress due to shock of earthquake and long-term evacuation. Medical Service, in cooperation with related organizations, takes following measures for psychological care of victims.

9.3.9 Preparedness for missing person search / body recovery (Chapter 18 of Volume III) (1) Searching process of missing people Rescue Service, in cooperation with related organizations, clarifies process for smooth and proper implementation of information collection, search, and rescue of missing persons in time of earthquake disaster, including logistic support.

(2) Searching and dealing process of dead bodies The Rescue Service Module and the Mortician Service Module will work together to set up a process for rapid and appropriate discovery, notification, attendance, examination, coffin sealing, identification and delivery, and to reserve and train material / equipment/ human resources.

(3) Burial / cremation process Taking into consideration results of damage estimation and its capacity required in time of disaster, the Mortician Service Module will sign agreements with related enterprises for cooperation in time of disaster.

9.3.10 Drinking water and food procurement / supply process (Chapter 19 of Volume III) (1) Basic principles for supply of drinking water a) Water supply to population is secured from water sources of Aparan in case of damage of water supply facilities. b) If the management centers, medical and evacuation points are located 2 km far from water distribution points, then water supply of those facilities should be secured by means of tank trucks. c) It is necessary to deploy temporary points of water distribution in the areas with relatively less destructions, where water supply is terminated as a result of damage of water-pipes.

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d) It is necessary that secure water supply with minimal quantity of 3 liters per person (may be 10 liters per person in the plan). e) Water supply service secures temporary water supply points for management centers, medical points, TDPs and HTSs, responsibility of water supply of which is taken by corresponding governing body.

(2) Deployment of water supply bases Water supply service is offered to install water reservoirs 2km far from management center, medical point, TDPs and HTSs, together with corresponding services of municipality. The reservoirs should be enough earthquake-resistant, should have strong valves to avoid leakage of eater in case of damage of water pipes.

(3) Water supply process Additional generators and pumping devices are necessary for pumping drinking water into tank trucks, and also for discharging (water supply) water especially to disaster zone. Water supply service is offered to form an emergency water supply termination time, cooperating generally with corresponding services of municipality, to prepare necessary quantity of water pumps and generators and installing them in water distribution points and reservoirs.

(4) Basic principles for supply of food and commodities a) Food and staple goods are provided to those people, who can’t provide food and staple goods to themselves, and to those people, who will be involved in assistance work. b) The provision of assistance of food and staple goods for first 3 days after the ES is done without necessity of food processing. In case of consumption of food, envisaged for the first 3 days, a food is released from special separated points, which have necessary utensil and goods for preparation of food. c) It is necessary to consider the needs of old persons and children during distribution of food and other staples. d) The prices must be cheap for the part of population, who is able to pay and obtain food and staple goods. e) Food and trade service is responsible for delivery and provision of food and stale goods to management centers, medical and evacuation points.

(5) Process for procurement and supply of food and commodities Food and trade service is engaged in provision of reserves and distribution of food and staple goods, which is supervising the issues of production, transportation, purchase and selling of goods. Food and trade service develops plans of collection and distribution of goods. Plans must envisage sizes of reserve of product types, its distribution system and sellers, which may be directly used in

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provision of humanitarian aid, and also measures for increase of those reserves must be envisaged within allowable limits in case of necessity.

9.3.11 Preparedness for rehabilitation of lifeline / communication / mudslide prevention facilities (Chapter 20 of Volume III) In case when all of the communication facilities including network facilities are damaged, preparations shall be made for emergency response to swiftly rehabilitate these facilities.

(1) Preparation for formation of Crisis Management Center and its affiliates The recovery of activity of each facility will be handed over to corresponding specialized services in case of damage of electric utility, telecommunication and transport communication lines by severe earthquake. Those services are formed according to Table 9.3-9 (General headquarter (GH) of emergency response and its subdivisions). As a rule, specialized GHs are formed in case of earthquake stronger than intensity 5 or in case of large destructions. However, the specialized service have right to make corresponding decisions in case of shakes of earth’s crust higher than intensity 4.

Table 9.3-9 Specialized GHs and their subdivisions for recovery of electric utility, communication and transport communication lines Organization, participated Field of Corresponding Service, which forms GH Name of headquarter in formation activity formations GH subdivisions of GH subdivisions Water Water Supply GH for securing Yerevan-Djur - YWSS supply, Service water supply and branch sewerage discharge Power Energy Electric and ENA CJSC Power supply ENA CJSC supply Service communal utility Sanitary cleaning subdivision branch GH Staff of Power APPA, Administrative Generation TPP, region of subdivision HPP municipality Heat supply Boiler house subdivision Gas supply Gas Supply Gas supply GH ARMRUSGASPR Subdivisions, YEREVAN Service (subdivisions of OM existing in the GAS facilities of gas main points of distribution system) gas distribution Communic Communicatio GH of facilities of BEELINE - - ation n and Warning securing VIVA CELL Service communication ORANGE Transport Transport Transport Transport Transport International communic Service communication GH department of department airport ation (bridges and (involving municipality, Communication roads) vehicle-road Corresponding and transport formation department of the department communication) ministry of State committee communication and department

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transportation, State Public order revenue committee, service public order Cargo maintenance transportation service. service Transportation of loads Protection “Agrprotect” GH of agricultural “Agrprotect” - - of Service facilities service of agricultura agricultural plants l plants

(2) Securing bases for rehabilitation Specialized services establish main rehabilitation bases in the area of important infrastructure facilities or around them as shown in Table 9.3-10.

Table 9.3-10 Rehabilitation bases for major facilities Field Specialized services Facilities Water supply, Water supply service Water protection, water cleaning Sewerage Power Plant and Heat Plant Energy service Electricity substations, heat utility Gas supply Gas supply service Gas regulating blocks, gas storages Communication Communication and warning Retranslation, commutation stations service Transport communication Transport service (road and Bridges, railroad stations, airports bridge) Agricultural technique “Agrprotect” service Hydrotechnical facilities (dikes, river regulating stations)

(3) Setting up an inspection/ damage assessment process Professional examination and presentation of sizes of accidents during ES will be implemented by technical staff of corresponding subdivisions by control of professional services, which are usually implementing similar control.

(4) Setting up an information gathering / communication process On-time and proper provision of accident-recovery works in each direction requires provision of distinct instructions from specialized GHs and their subdivisions on the basis of accurate operative information on process of works of elimination of consequences of collapses and disaster to groups, which are implementing repair works on-site. Exchange of information among specialized GH and central headquarter of ES is also important for organization of accident-recovery works and coordination of actions of all acting bodies and organizations.

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(5) Procurement of rehabilitation materials In case when the amount of equipment/ materials needed for rehabilitation cannot be met by stockpiled materials, each of the modules will formulate a detailed plan for procurement of necessary materials they receive through related organizations across the country.

(6) Priority of rehabilitation The efficiency of recovery works is secured by decision of order of primary implementation of primary fields of lifeline of the city and measures of each field.

(7) Confirmation/ agreement on assistance It is necessary to immediately secure foreign aid in case of emergency situations, under the condition of having previously agreement of corresponding regional services on issues of providing human, material and technical aid and concluding work contracts, mentioning nominations, staff and quantitative characteristics of forces and means.

9.3.12 Preparedness for handling of garbage, human waste, and debris (Chapter 21 of Volume III) Responsible organization for debris management is Department of Architecture and Urban Construction and Department of Urban Development and Land Inspection of Yerevan City. Transportation of debris to disposal sites is done by construction companies instructed and contracted by a licensed company. Responsible organization for waste management is Department of Communal Service of Yerevan City. Collection and transportation of waste to a final disposal site in Nubarashen district is done by companies, sublet by each of 12 districts through tendering. The management of the final disposal site in Nubarashen district is done by a waste management company of Erebuni district. In Yerevan City, vacant lots of quarry sites of basalt stone materials are used as debris disposal. A disposal site in Ajapnyak district (10 ha, A1 in Table 9.3-11) can be used as a debris disposal site in a time of earthquake disaster. Furthermore, disposal sites in another disposal site in Ajapnyak district (1 ha, A2), disposal sites in Nor Nork district (15 ha, N1), and one in Erebuni district (6 ha, E1) can be used as shown in Table 9.3-11 and Figure 9.3-3. Total capacity of those disposal sites is 7,750,000 m3.

Table 9.3-11 Candidates of debris disposal sites Tentative Capacity No District Area (ha) Depth (m) Name (1,000 m3)

1 A1 Ajapnyak 10 40 4,000

2 A2 Ajapnyak 1 60 600

3 N1 Nor Nork 15 15 2,250

4 E1 Erebuni 6 15 900

Total 7,750

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Figure 9.3-3 Candidates of debris disposal sites

9.4 Emergency Response Plan (Part 4 of Volume III)

9.4.1 Basics of emergency response (Chapter 22 of Volume III) (1) Basics of emergency response activities In case of registration of destructive earthquake it is necessary to carry out appropriate measures by coordinated and phased principle during 3 days or at the latest during 7 days to avoid occurrence of damages by consequences, and to start accident-recovery process as soon as possible. The basics of activity of operative response are described below. a) Save human life first b) Establish the structure and the foundation for the activities c) Start the activities as early as possible d) Shift to the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase

(2) Comprehensive emergency response Emergency response activities must be carried out intensively in a limited period of time to address needs that far exceed the normal response capacities of individual response organizations. Therefore, a structure where organizations concerned with disaster management can collaborate mutually with each other as well as with residents and enterprises must be put in place, so that the emergency measures will be implemented in mutual cooperation. In the event of an earthquake disaster, although everyone is expected to act in accordance with the Plan in principle, the situation may not develop as described therein. Each one involved in emergency response must acquire an ability to take action, which is an integral part of risk

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management, through repeated training. In an actual case, they need to act based on a recognition that "to be creative in peacetime" and "to be flexible in an emergency" are imperative.

9.4.2 Establishing and managing Crisis Management Center (Chapter 23 of Volume III) (1) Establishing Crisis Management Center of Yerevan City The Mayor or acting mayor makes a decision on formation of Crisis Management Center (CMC) in the following cases: a) When an official message is received from NSSP about possible or occurred earthquake with intensity 5 or higher. b) In case of mass destruction/damage in the territory of the city as a result of earthquake.. The mayor notifies about establishment of the CMC in the following cases: a) A command on gathering is released to heads of administrative areas and heads of structural subdivisions through CMC according to defined order. b) CMC informs the population on formation of CMC by the use of warning systems,through fixed and mobile connection. c) The head of CMC (mayor or acting mayor) provides appropriate information to mass media.

(2) Liquidation of Crisis Management Center The head of CMC may reduce number of members of headquarters or liquidate it in case of absence of damages in the given area or in case of completion of operative response measures.

(3) Emergency Headquarters at the district level Heads of administrative areas establish emergency management regional headquarters. Emergency management regional headquarters implement measures for elimination of consequences of emergency situations and coordinate impetuous activities in the region according to instructions of emergency management central headquarters of Yerevan City and secure bilateral mechanism of cooperation and support. Emergency management regional headquarters are also liquidated in case of liquidation of emergency management central headquarters.

(4) Organization and management CMC is formed in accordance with the special order, corresponding to the emergency situations warning system. CMC is divided to 2 groups: a) The group under the control of the Head b) The group, which is included in the main structure of the headquarters The law of RA “about protection of population during emergency situations” defines management level in case of disaster according to disaster scales as shown in Table 9.4-1Table 9.4.1.

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Table 9.4-1 Classification of natural emergency situations

Management Number of victims Scales of spreading of level Dead, injured Affected consequences Local 10-50 300-500 Settlement, region, Marz Regional 50-5000 500-1000 Several Marzes Global More than 500 More than 1000 The territory of RA and neighboring countries

(5) Mobilization of staff members The heads of disaster risk management organizations, also serving as the members of CMC, order their staff members to carry out emergency response activities. If a lack of staff is suspected, they call on the director of CMC for a dispatch of staff members of another organization. The head of the organization that received a request of dispatch shall dispatch necessary personnel to an extent that does not affect the emergency response activities of its own.

(6) Points to be noted in assembling When called on to assemble in off-hours, the staff shall take the following points, given in Table 9.4-2, into consideration.

Table 9.4-2 Points to be noted in assembling 1. Secure one's own safety and confirm the safety of one's family, house, and neighborhood. 2. Wear appropriate clothing, gloves, and other necessary items to take emergency response. 3. Give hands in human life relief and fire-fighting efforts 4. Gather information on the consequences and the hazards and report on these matters upon arrival.

9.4.3 Collection and offering of information (Chapter 24 of Volume III) (1) Principles on collection and transmission of information a) Systematization of information, received from ES services, other organizations, population and other sources, clarification of the scale of damage and conditions should be created for implementation of measures, necessary for operative response. b) Quick provision of precise information regarding the response during emergency situations. c) Active provision of information to population during disaster, because such information is very important for calmness, implementation of efficient response and organized and coordinated activity. d) Provision of information provision means: application of mass information means, publication of information books.

(2) Collection, reporting, and recording of disaster information ES services provide information (epicenter, scale, aftershocks, etc.), received from SSP, to interested bodies. The staffs of ES services for assessment of damage, received by the city, collect and

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generalize the information, received from SSP on scales of damage by efficient use of various communication means. An information management sector is created in the structure of CMC, where whole the input information is collected. This sector systematizes and analyses the collected information according to instructions of the Head of CMC.

(3) Public relations in disasters Public relations in case of a disaster are designed to a) Prevent social confusion resulting from anxieties in the mind of the people caused by speculations and false information. b) Stabilize the livelihood of residents by providing information on emergency and relief activities. c) Encourage the reconstruction of lives of the victims. Immediately after CMC is set up, the head of CMC holds a press conference to announce the items listed in Table 9.4-3 and call on residents to behave carefully and considerately.

Table 9.4-3 Items to be included in an announcement by CMC 1. Call for preventing fires and extinguishing small fires. 2. Call for refraining from panick and being careful about false information 3. Call for cooperation in protecting persons in need of assistance and relieving human life 4. Outline of the consequences from the disaster 5. Declaration of the establishment of the city's Crisis Management Center and the status of its activities 6. Advisories/instructions on evacuation.

(4) Media in disasters The head of CMC or the press secretary makes an announcement, depending on degree of importance of the information. The information is provided in-situ and in accordance with the order, defined by CMC in order to avoid confusion. Temporary journalist points are created near the office of CMC for journalists of newspapers, radio and TV.

(5) Public hearing activities The Secretariat of the CMC strives to resolve the anxieties of the victims, reconstruct their livelihood, and encourage their self-help reconstruction efforts. (6) Prevention of information disorders In order to prevent panics and other major disorders at public facilities and spaces where the general public gathers, such as department stores, movie theatres, downtowns, and shopping streets, the CMC takes precautions against information disorders by means of PR activities.

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9.4.4 Security, traffic control, emergency transport (Chapter 25 of Volume III) Public Order Service establishes security and emergency transport mechanisms as quickly as possible, in time of a disaster. The service will take charge of security, traffic control, and emergency transport, as their commitment matter, in a proper and prompt manner to: a) protect life, body, and property of residents, b) prevent and control crimes, c) maintain traffic order, and d) secure public order.

(1) Security In the event of an earthquake disaster, Public Order Servicel sets up a Security Headquarters, build a structure for implementing emergency response activities as well as collaborative and cooperative relationships with related parties, and carry out the activities listed in Table 9.4-4.

Table 9.4-4 Security activities in earthquake disasters 1. Collection and communication of information 2. Dispatch of security corps and coordination on security scopes 3. Guidance in evacuation, etc. 4. Prevention of succeeding disasters 5. Maintaining social order 6. Supporting voluntary security activities 7. Transfer of information related to security to the affected people and residents

(2) Traffic control The Security Headquarters will put the measures listed in Table 9.4-5 in place at an early stage of emergency response immediately after the occurrence of an earthquake, in order to carry out relief, assistance, fire-fighting, and medical activities in a prompt manner. The purpose of these activities is to secure smooth traffic of emergency vehicles and safe evacuation routes for residents.

Table 9.4-5 Measures concerning traffic in earthquake disasters 1. Prohibit general vehicles from entering emergency roads depending on the range and degree of damage 2. Control traffic, as necessary, on general roads 3. Indicate dangerous locations and detours 4. Collect and provide traffic information 5. Publicly call for refraining from the use of vehicles

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(3) Emergency transport In the event of an earthquake disaster, the Motor Transport, Roads, and Bridges Module, in charge of transporting personnel, and the Public Order Protection Service, in charge of transporting goods and materials, will set up a Transport Headquarters. The Transport Headquarters shall engage in transport activities with consideration given to the safety of human life, a top priority, followed by prevention of damage spread and smooth implementation of other emergency measures. More concretely, they secure transport vehicles and fuels and control access by vehicles other than certified emergency vehicles.

9.4.5 Mutual coordination with disaster risk management bodies (Chapter 26 of Volume III) (1) Request for a dispatch to the central government According to situations and necessity, Yerevan City Emergency Situations Committee applies to Republican Emergency Situations Committee for the following assistance Table 9.4-6.

Table 9.4-6 Items of request for assistance 1. Clarification of damage situations 2. Evacuation 3. Search and rescue 4. Fire-fighting 5. Clearance of roads and other acess 6. First aid and anti-epideic measures 7. Urgent transportation of cargo and staffs 8. Supply of water and food 9. Liquidation and maintenance of hazardous materials

(2) Request for assistance to neighboring regions The head of Yerevan City Emergency Situations Committee, if it is deemed difficult to implement emergency disaster relief or disaster rehabilitation activities with the personnel, equipment and materials, stocks, and other resources of the Headquarters’ alone, requests the emergency task force established by Republican Emergency Situations Committee to command other regions and disaster risk management organizations to provide assistance.

(3) Accepting assistance from overseas According to the actual damage situation, Republican Emergency Situations Committee applies to international community (UN OCHA, International Red Cross Federation, Internation Council of Emergency Situations of CIS, International Civil Defense Organization, etc.) for assistance.

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(4) Accepting volunteers Emergency Situations Committee sets up two organs; "Information Center for Disaster Volunteers" and "On-site Center for Assisting Volunteers." to ensure an effective acceptance and allocation of volunteers. The "Information Center for Disaster Volunteers" is responsible for communicating and coordinating with nationwide assistance organizations and volunteer groups and requesting them to dispatch volunteers. The Center will construct functions to serve as a base for consolidating, sending, and receiving information related to volunteers. The "On-site Center for Assisting Volunteers" will communicate with the district-level Emergency Headquarters to secure footholds for volunteer activities and necessary equipment and materials depending on the damage situation. The center will also request and secure administrative staff.

9.4.6 Evacuation and rescue (Chapter 27 of Volume III) In case of earthquake hazard threatening population of Yerevan City or in case of Emergency Situations, meeting of Yerevan City Evacuation Committees is immediately held and evacuation measures and rescue works are organized, as it is shown in Figure 9.4-1.

Occurrence of disaster 1 hour 24 hours 72 hours Organization Initial response Emergency response phase Rehabilitation/reconstruction phase phase ○ Establishment of HQ, summoning of staff members ○ Selection and establishment of evacuation centers (additional) Evacuation HQ ○ Management o f evacuation centers, designation of alert areas ○ Directing in evacuation, acceptance of victims ○ Assisting the livelihood of evacuees ○ Establishment of HQ, summoning of staff members Rescue HQ ○Relief and rescue activities Figure 9.4-1 Outline of evacuation and rescue activities

(1) Organization and implementation of evacuation It is necessary to implement evacuation for protection of life and properties as well as prevention of secondary damages. The director of CMC relevant organizations order agencies in charge of evacuation advisories and instructions to ensure a safe and prompt evacuation by clearly showing the reason, target areas, destinations, and routes of evacuation together with cautions to be taken. The order (command) of evacuation includes items mentioned in Table 9.4-7 for quick and safe evacuation.

Table 9.4-7 Items of the order on evacuation 1. Reason which requires evacuation, 2. Territory from which the evacuation is realized, 3. Evacuation site and allocation, 4. Evacuation route, 5. Other important notes.

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(2) Development of evacuation points and their management After receiving an order on evacuation, 165 Temporary Distribution Points are prepared in Yerevan City. If a Temporary Distribution Point is in dangerous condition, the head of Emergency Situations Committee decides to close the point and allocate the evacuees in other reception points. When a strong earthquake of MSK 4 or more occurs, Evacuation Committee announces for preparation and implementation of evacuation and dispatches responsible persons to districts. The responsible persons check safety of reception points and report about it to the head of Evacuation Committee. Radio-communication means, water, food and other means are sent to reception points. Evacuation Committee allocates works for assistance of evacuees and keeps order in evacuation places in accordance with management commands. Main responsibilities of the committee on vital activities are as shown in Table 9.4-8.

Table 9.4-8 Vital activity during evacuation 1. Collection of information on damages and social-living situation 2. Distribution of water and food, staff/other things of aid 3. Provision of assistance to elder people, invalids and other persons who need that help 4. Traffic control for evacuated people, work distribution in accordance with commands 5. Installation of mobile lavatories, water filters, fire-fighting and other sanitary means 6. Provision of first aid to injured people, sending them to medical institutions 7. Realization of rescue and recovery/reconstruction works using accident-rescuing means 8. Other necessary activity

(3) Evacuation and rescue of persons in need of care It is imperative to accurately and promptly ascertain the consequence of the vulnerable people in disasters and persons in need of assistance, such as the elderly and the disabled, and to implement measures needed, including evacuation direction, rescue and aid, and provision of necessary welfare and medical care services. In order to protect people in need of special care, residents and volunteers’ organizations should provide necessary aid with the support of Emergency Situations Committee of districts, based on mutual assistance principles.

(4) Rescue activities It is foreseen that there are huge losses in the same time, such as fire, collapse of buildings, falling of objects, car accidents, contamination of dangerous poisonous materials etc. Emergency Situations Committee in cooperation with RS should secure population safety using the forces and means in rescue works. The forces and means used in rescue works, in cooperation with Police and other bodies, should guarantee maximal effectiveness of works by shift distribution.

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9.4.7 Emergency medical care, sanitation (Chapter 28 of Volume III) Medical Service and Sanitary-epidemiology Service create an emergency response headquarters in the structure of Medical Service. The activities to be managed by the headquarters are shown in Figure 9.4-2.

Occurrence of disaster 1 hour 24 hours 72 hours Organization Initial response Emergency response phase Rehabilitation/reconstruction phase phase ○ Gathering information on the injured ○ Setting u p of emergency medical care facilities ○ Transport of medical staff ○ Transport of the in jured ○ Implementation of emergency medical care activities Medical Care HQ ○ Provision of medical supplies ○ Implementation of mental care ○ Requestin g assistance from other areas ○ Implmentation of environmental health ○Acceptance of assistance Figure 9.4-2 Outline of emergency medical care activities

(1) Objectives of emergency medical care Medical Care HQ implements collection of information about injured persons, damage of medical facilities, and acceptance of injured persons by those facilities. The subject areas are defined on the basis of received information. Medical Care HQ submits information to CMC about the state of the situations and its activities.

(2) Medical care activities Medical Care HQ organizes transportation of injured persons and medical staffs in the following way: a) Medical Care HQ organizes transportation of mobile medical detachments in cooperation with Transport Service. b) Transport vehicles, which are registered at Public Order Protection Service, are used for their transportation. c) Medical Care HQ requests CMC to allocate transpoer vehicles from other regions in case of insufficiency of number of the vehicles. The Headquarters will, upon receiving reports from the staff dispatched to prepare for opening emergency medical facilities on the safety and the like, will immediately take necessary actions to accept casualties at the facilities. Medicines and medical supplies and devices stockpiled at the Medical Module shall first be used at the facilities in case of an earthquake disaster. If they are not sufficient, the Headquarters will utilize the backup medical system, put in place beforehand, to ensure the supply.

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Sanitary-epidemiology Service promptly clarifies damageto related facilities and implements necessary sanitary treatment.

(3) Psychological care Medical Care Headquarters will strives for mental care of victims by dispatching trained and educated mental-care experts, and requesting Rescue Service and the like to dispatch experts. In order to allay the stress of disaster sufferers and prevent the development of mental diseases, the Medical Care Headquarters will set up mental care hotlines whereby the sufferers can freely call to consult with and be advised by professionals and nurses on their problems.

(4) Sanitary control at evacuation points Medical Care Headquarters implements measures to prevent infectious diseases and food poisoning among citizens and to attain the safety of civil life in the affected areas and evacuation centers. These measures include public relations on environmental health, securement of drinking water and food, and sanitary control at evacuation centers.

9.4.8 Search and rescue of missing persons, handling of bodies (Chapter 29 of Volume III) For the search and rescue of missing people, RS establishes Rescue headquarters (HQ). The outlines of the activities to be taken by Rescue HQ as well as handling of dead bodies by the Police and Funeral Services are shown in Figure 9.4-3.

Occurrence of disaster 1 hour 24 hours 72 hours Organization Initial response Emergency response phase Rehabilitation/reconstruction phase phase ○ Establishment of HQ, summoning of staff members Rescue HQ ○ Search for the missing ○ Rescue of the missing, logistical support ○ Setting up of mortuaries ○ Disposal of human bodies (initial evaluation, postmortem, placing in coffin, identity check, handover) Police and Funeral Service ○ Temporary burial ○ Burial Figure 9.4-3 Outline of activities of search and rescue of missing persons and handle bodies

(1) Search and rescue of missing persons In case of emergency situations due to earthquakes, the head of Yerevan City Emergency Situations Committee, based on the situation, establishes Rescue HQ to carry out search and rescue of the missing persons in cooperation with the Police, Army, and other related organizations. Rescue Headquarters sets up a counter for reporting missing persons to be rescued. The personnel at the counter will hear out and record the name, address, age, sex, height, clothing, and other

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necessary items for searching the missing. The Headquarters will strive to collect and offer accurate information in close cooperation with other relevant organizations. After the search and rescue operations by Rescue HQ, Medical Care HQ coordinates related services and districts for the implementation of first aid.

(2) Handling of human bodies After consultation with district administrations, evacuation points, Police and district Emergency Situations Committee, Funeral Service dispatches a responsible staff for handling bodies and opening mortuaries in each district. People who have found bodies immediately informs to Police and/or staffs of the district. Police dispatches its staffs to the site of finding of corpse, who examine the corpse on-site and register the death. The professional examination of bodies is implemented by forensic medical expert, doctor-specialist and doctor of forensic medicine in cooperation with police and/or doctors. In cooperation with the Police, district Emergency Situations Committee takes measures to human body, such as placing the body in a coffin searching bereaved family or relatives, handing over the body to them. As for an anonymous death, the bodies and belongings will be photographed and the characteristics of the face, belongings, and other necessary information recorded. Funeral Service clarifies capacity of places in city cemeteries and funeral ceremony of bodies is done in city cemeteries.

9.4.9 Fire-fighting, countermeasures against hazardous materials (Chapter 30 of Volume III) (1) Structure for initial response Responsible staff for firefighting rescue operations in Fire-fighting Service immediately establishes Firefighting Headquarters in case of fire due to earthquake. The headquarters issues orders on implementation of fire-fighting measures in accordance with existing plans for fire-fighting. The Fire-fighting Headquarters collects information on the items listed in Table 9.4-9, which are necessary for initial response, and summarize it according to the area, extent, scale, and type. The Headquarters also gathers information essential for disaster rescue activities, including information on the human resources within the fire departments, and information needed for securing the safety of civil life.

Table 9.4-9 Information to be collected for initial response of fire-fighting 1. Location and objects where a fire occured 2. Scale of damage 3. Risk of spread of damage and necessity for additional corps 4. Incidence and the number of casualties by sex and age

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(2) Fire-fighting activities The pattern and number of fires arising out of an earthquake greatly vary with the seismic intensity, season and time of the occurrence, and other conditions; in fire-fighting activities, it is necessary to take flexible actions depending on the actual situation of the fire. At the initial response stage, the Headquarters will take on fire-fighting activities by leveraging their maximum organizational power, and enhance the effects of their activities by sharing roles and coordinating with residents and voluntary disaster management groups.

(3) Emergency measures at hazardous materials facilities The Fire-fighting Headquarters instructs the operators and administrators of storages or handling facilities for oil and other hazardous materials, explosions, and chemicals to implement emergency inspections, preventive measures against fires and leak of the substances, and safety measures to protect their employees and residents in the vicinity, depending on the damage situation.

9.4.10 School measures (Chapter 31 of Volume III) This chapter describes security of students, emergency education, and resumption of school, from the perspective that school is an education environment.

(1) Security of students If students are at school in time of a disaster, the headmaster instructs teachers and school staff to direct students in the evacuation to the playground, confirm the safety of each student, and report on the results to Department of Education of Yerevan City and Yerevan Rescue Department of RS. When it is deemed safe to send students home, the teachers and school staff will give directions and turn students over to their parents or guardians. If deciding to close of the school while students are at home, the headmaster so reports to Department of Education. At the same time, the headmaster notifies the students of the closure through the information arms of voluntary disaster management groups.

(2) Emergency education If the damage to the facilities is minor, the headmaster immediately implements emergency measures and conduct classes. If the facilities are completely unusable, the school will restart teaching at a nearby school or public institution in a safe condition, in cooperation with Department of Education of Yerevan City. The headmaster provides students, who lost educational materials in the disaster, with necessary supplies in order to prevent any hindrance to learning, in cooperation with Department of Education of Yerevan City.

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(3) Restarting school Department of Education of Yerevan City promptly ascertains the need for repair, renovation, and reconstruction of educational facilities and the construction period and cost required, to formulate school reconstruction plans. Based on the plan, the Department will implement measures associated with educational facilities, such as construction of temporary schoolhouses, use of alternative buildings, and repair and renovation of the facilities. The teachers and school staff will, under the supervision of the headmaster, strive to ascertain the consequences to the students and secure classrooms. Prior to restarting lessons, they will ensure the safety of the rooms and set up rooms as necessary.

9.4.11 Supply of drinking water and food (Chapter 32 of Volume III) Drinking water and food are provided, as official support, to residents who cannot have drinking water and food because of damage of water lines and absence of reserved stocks. Rapid Response Staff is established under the Water Supply Service (hereinafter referred to as RRS of WSS) for water supply and sewerage as well as under Food and Commodity Service (RRS of FCS) for supply of food and commodity (See Figure 9.4-4).

Occurrence of disaster 1 hour 24 hours 72 hours Organization Initial response Emergency response phase Rehabilitation/reconstruction phase phase ○ Setting up of the Headquarters, summoning of staff members ○ Inspection and investigation on damage to water supply centers and water tanks Rapid Response Staff ○ Installation of pumps to water supply centers and water tanks under Water Supply ○ Water supply from the water supply centers and water tanks Service (RRS of WSS) ○ Requestin g assistance from other areas ○ Acceptance of assistance from other areas, water supply ○ Setting up of the Headquarters, summoning of staff members ○ Ascertainment of the consequences to warehouses of food providers in the jurisdiction ○ Requesting procurement of food to food providers in the jurisdiction ○ Provision of read y food by food providers in the jurisdication Rapid Response Staff ○ Requesting assistance from other areas under Food and ○ Setting up of food bases at wide-area transport Commodity Service (RRS bases of FCS) ○ Acceptance of assistance from other areas and supply of the provided food ○ Supply of uncooked food and daily commodities by vendors

Figure 9.4-4 Outline of activities to provide drinking water, food and commodities

(1) Water supply activities RRS of WSS manages water supply activities. The outline of the water supply activities is as described in this clause. The details on the activities will be determined by the head of RRS of WSS or responsible staffs at the sites, according to the actual situations.

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Technical inspection of damage level of water supply objects and water reservoirs is realized by urgent reconstruction and technical inspection group. Inspection of water tanks allocated in different places of the city is realized by serving staff of correspondent branches of “Yerevan water supply and sewerage” CJSC (WSW CJSC). If as a result of inspection by serving staff of WSW CJSC comes out that works of technical service are needed for damage recovery, the situation should be reported to RSS of WSS. If there are not sufficient pumps and water wagons for supplying water, RSS of WSS requests assistance of other regions through Ministry of Emergency Situations.

(2) Supply of food and daily commodities RSS of FCS manages supply activities of food and commodities. The outline of the water supply activities is as described in this clause. The details on the activities will be determined by the head of RSS of FCS or responsible staffs at the sites, according to the actual situations. RSS of FCS acts as a unified window for gathering, analyzing and managing information, as shown in Table 9.4-10, in order to ensure prompt and appropriate food supply in an emergency.

Table 9.4-10 Information relating to supply of food and commodities 1. Request for food and daily commodities from command, evacuation, and medical centers, other emergency response bodies, and residents 2. Consequences to the warehouses and sales stores of vendors engaged in production, distribution, and retailing of food and daily commodities; and the quantities available 3. Status of supply of food and daily commodities 4. Status of inputs of assistance of food and daily commodities from other areas

9.4.12 Emergency rehabilitation of lifelines, telecommunications, traffic, and mudslide prevention facilities (Chapter 33 of the Plan) Lifeline, telecommunication, and traffic facilities, damaged with an earthquake, should be rehabilitated at an early date, in order to clear away the obstacles for emergency activities such as command, rescue, evacuation, medical care, etc. as well as stabilization of civil life and social economy. Organizations having jurisdiction over those facilities manages the urgent rehabilitation work such as setting up the relevant response headquarters as shown in Figure 9.4-5.

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Occurrence of disaster 1 hour 24 hours 72 hours Organization Initial response Emergency response phase Rehabilitation/reconstruction phase phase

・ Water Supply and ○ Setting up of the Headquarters, summoning of staff members Wastewater HQ ○ Inspection and investigation on damage to the facilities ・ Power and Hot Water ○ Information collection and offering Supply HQ ・ Gas Supply Facilities ○ Emergency rehabilitation activities HQ ○ Media and PR activities ・ Telecommunication ○ Requesting assistance from other areas Facilities HQ ・ Transport HQ ○ Setting up storages for equipment and materials ・ Mudslide Facilities HQ ○ Acceptance of assistance from other areas Figure 9.4-5 Outline of activities for emergency rehabilitation of lifelines, etc.

(1) Emergency rehabilitation activities The establishment of response headquarters and branch posts, summoning of personnel of the headquarters and inspectors and investigators, inspection of facilities and investigation on the consequences, and information gathering and offering are promptly carried out in accordance with the matters determined and familiarized at the preparedness stage. Incidentally, the emergency rehabilitation activities must be carried out with consideration given to the following matters. a) Give top priority to damage concerning human life in fixing an order of facilities to be rehabilitated. b) Then, set priorities according to the degree of damage to the facility, difficulty of rehabilitation work, impact on command, evacuation, and medical centers, and the scale of effects, such as impact on civil life. c) While emergency rehabilitation work must be carried out as immediately as possible, make sure to prevent any succeeding disasters from happening and a repetition and redoing of the same work in permanent rehabilitation work.

(2) Media and PR activities To ensure that residents will restore their lives with their self-help and to mitigate confusion and anxiety among residents, individual response headquarters will publicly release information related to the consequence of the disaster and the facility rehabilitation status through the CMC. They will also raise awareness on necessary cautions, through PR activities, in order to prevent any succeeding disasters in conjunction with the resumption of power and gas supply, and so forth.

(3) Requesting and accepting assistance from other areas When personnel or equipment and materials needed for rehabilitating facilities are predicted or ascertained as insufficient, individual response headquarters seeks assistance from related parties in

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the other parts of the country, through the director of the CMC, in accordance with the assistance-related details confirmed and agreed in advance. To accept assistance of personnel or equipment and materials from other parties in the countries, individual response headquarters will secure space for storing the equipment and materials and for dispatched personnel to stay at wide-range transport bases arranged in advance. When an assistance unit arrives, they give due instructions on the details and targets of work to be carried out, in consideration of the situation in the affected area, the progress of rehabilitation work, the priority of rehabilitation, and other important matters.

9.4.13 Handling of garbage, human waste, and debris (Chapter 34 of Volume III) Garbage, human waste, debris, and the like must immediately be handled of in order to eliminate adverse effects on the sanitary environment in the affected area after the occurrence of an earthquake, and to ensure a smooth implementation of post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts.

(1) Basic considerations The following defines the basic philosophy for handling of garbage, human waste, and debris. a) Prompt response and handling b) Planned response and handling c) Sorting out and reuse of debris d) Handling in consideration of sanitation and environment e) Security of safety of work

(2) Organizational structure For the handling of garbage, human waste, and debris, Waste Disposal Headquarters is established as a subordinate unit of the CMC. Waste Disposal Headquarters, as a working organization of the parties concerned, establishes a waste collection group and a waste handling group in each district and implement handling work in a phased manner after the occurrence of the disaster.

(3) Requesting assistance In order to make sure prompt and effective handling of wastes in large quantity, it is necessary to request assistance to related companies and surrounding areas. The Waste Disposal Headquarters will request cooperation of companies and neighboring marzes with whom the city have signed mutual agreements.

(4) Handling of garbage Just after an earthquake disaster, huge amount of garbage is generated and handling of the garbage is getting so difficult. Prompt handling of the garbage is required for preventing rot and bad smell as

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well as securing public sanitation. Waste Disposal Headquarters will start handling of garbage at least within two weeks after the disaster, according to the actual situations.

(5) In-disposable waste In-disposable wastes include liquids, such as paints and oil, thick metal products, equipment with a content of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), and any waste containing hazardous substances, such as asbestos. The discharger of in-disposable waste shall be responsible for disposing of the waste with due consideration given to the environment and the safety and sanitation in the working environment, by bringing in to an adequate and available disposer or other means.

9.4.14 Emergency response to housing and livelihood (Chapter 35 of Volume III) In addition to evacuation and rescue efforts and assistance in supplying medical services, water, and food, the activities shown in Figure 9.4-6 are carried out in order to secure housing and livelihood of the victims.

Occurrence of disaster 1 hour 24 hours 72 hours Subject Initial response Emergency response phase Rehabilitation/reconstruction phase phase ○ Investigation on the consequence to buildings ○ Emergency repair of affected houses Securing housing ○ Provision of temporary housing ○ Procurement of construction materials ○ Consultation concerning daily life ○ Employment services Securing livelihood ○ Extension, reduction, and exemption of taxes and duties ○ Other welfare public assistance ○ Stable supply of paper currency Emergency financing ○ Securement of salesforces of financial institutions ○ Initiation of assistance systems Securement of labor ○ Accepting assistance from overseas ○ Employment of temporary workers Request for and ○ Procedure for requesting and distributing distribution of international assistance ○ Simplification of customs clearance and visa procedures international assistance Figure 9.4-6 Outline of activities associated with emergency response to housing and livelihood

(1) Uegent investigation on damage to buildings The owner of a damaged building shall bear the utmost responsibility for securing the safety of the building. A damaged building, if used or uncontrolled, may expose residents to threats of succeeding disasters, such as collapse due to aftershocks. To avoid such a danger, the CMC and the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning play a central role in conducting urgent investigations on damage to buildings by experts.

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Urgent investigation of damaged buildings is carried out by those organizations, having qualification of engineer or by means of those persons, who have certificates, given by appropriate organizations. The owners and/or administrators of damaged buildings apply to Department of Architect and Urban Development of Yerevan City for investigation. Department of Architect and Urban Development sum up the submitted applications and request to the Ministry of Urban Development through Emergency Situations Committee for dispatching qualified experts. The signboards of the investigation result are designated for informing users, residents, passersby and other persons. The classification of damage degree of buildings coincides with classification by MSK-64 scale; «dangerous» - grade IV and V, «caution» - grade III, «inspected» - grade I and II. The investigation should desirably be completed in some parts of the damaged area within seven days and in all parts within 14 days from the occurrence.

(2) Emergency repair of damaged houses Decision of urgent repair of damaged houses is made by the Government with separate documents for particular cases. For emergency repair of damaged houses, the Department of Architecture and Urban Development prepares a list of damage incurred, based on the applications from the owners or administrators of the damaged buildings, mentioning damage situations as well as financial situation of the application. In the list, the scales of disaster mentioned in «Report of urgent check of buildings and constructions after the earthquake disaster» is shown. The houses which the Government has approved will be repaired in the following manner. a) The Department of Architecture and Urban Development shall entrust subcontractors with repair work on essential parts for daily life, such as the roof, living room, kitchen, and toilet. b) The Department of Architecture and Urban Development shall determine the expenses per household and the number of houses to be repaired and refer to these in actual repair work. c) The repair work is expected to be completed within one month from the approval.

(3) Provision of temporary housing Persons, who lost their houses due to an earthquake disaster, apply to Department of Architect and Urban Development in one week and they receive temporary houses (temporary houses – vacant residential buildings which are not affected by the earthquake and where inhabitation is possible). Department of Architect and Urban Development will clarify availability of housing stock for temporary houses immediately after an earthquake.

(4) Procurement of construction equipment and materials Emergency Situations Committee applies to the Government for the provision of material and technical means for urgent construction of temporary houses and urgent repair of damaged houses. Emergency Situations Committee distributes the material and technical means, received from the Government, according to plan, submitted by Department of Architect and Urban Development.

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(5) Security of livelihood In addition to the measures on housing, response activities is done concerning the livelihood of residents: daily life consultations, employment services, extension, reduction and exemption of taxes and duties, and other measures necessary for securing the livelihood of residents.

(6) Emergency financing It is foreseen that big amount of paper money will lose due to collapse and fire of buildings, etc. Many victims may need to withdraw money from their bank account. For stable money supply, CMC will request the National Bank to supply paper money as a makeshift measure.

(7) Securement of labor In a case where an earthquake hits Yerevan City, police forces, human resources, and vehicles needed for rehabilitation/ reconstruction are mobilized and dispatched from all over the country to the twelve districts. If the rehabilitation/ reconstruction work is prolonged, the Department of Communal Economy of Yerevan City will hire unemployed residents for the work as provisional city staff.

(8) Distribution of relief money and goods On the basis of “information on material damage”, the secretary of CMC composes a plan of distribution of material and financial aid, received from the Republic and abroad, and submits to the Government. The Government investigates and approves the draft plan. After that, CMC distributes the money in cooperation with related organizations, according to approved plan.

9.5 Rehabilitation / reconstruction plan (Part 5 of Volume III)

9.5.1 Basic ideas for rehabilitation/ reconstruction (Chapter 36 of Volume III) When a large earthquake occurs in Yerevan City, rapid and appropriate emergency response activities are implemented, and, in parallel, rehabilitation/ reconstruction policies are formulated to devise measures. Rehabilitation measures aim for rapid recovery and resumption of functions/ activities as the capital of Republic of Armenia, including core functions of policies, economy, and banking systems as well as international urban functions. Reconstruction measures are implemented comprehensively and systematically to develop Yerevan City as much resilient and favorable city, including measures on employment, health/ medical care, welfare for creating a more comfortable environment for all of the residents, in addition to measures on housing and lifelines. Disaster reconstruction of Yerevan City will incorporate life reconstruction and urban reconstruction under its basic goal of “ever-more comfortable, livelier community building” through role sharing and coordination.

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9.5.2 Rehabilitation/ reconstruction Headquarters (Chapter 37 of Volume III) Rehabilitation/ Reconstruction Headquarters is established as a temporary organization differentiated from other administrative organizations operating during normalcy, in order to implement rehabilitation/ reconstruction projects comprehensively and systematically, from a long-term standpoint.

(1) Formation and roles of the Rehabilitation/ Reconstruction Headquarters Rehabilitation/ Reconstruction Headquarters is set up at rather early stage (e.g. one week after a disaster) in case that the damage widespread throughout Yerevan City and considerable amount of time is foreseen for the rehabilitation/ reconstruction.

(2) Organizations related to reconstruction and their roles Members of Rehabilitation/ Reconstruction Headquarters consist of the Mayor as Director of the headquarters and their staff. The staff consists of heads of city departments shown in the existing organization diagram as administrative organizations of Yerevan City as well as heads of state organizations / companies, which are based in the city as head offices or branch offices and are designated by the Director as important organizations. Since emergency response measures and rehabilitation/ reconstruction measures should be essentially implemented in sequence. Urgent measures under the control of the CMC related/ continued to rehabilitation/ reconstruction measures are implemented through close coordination between the both headquarters at the transitional period, and then, the measures will be managed by Rehabilitation/ Reconstruction Headquarters.

9.5.3 Formulating reconstruction plans（Chapter 38 of Volume III） Director of Rehabilitation /Reconstruction Headquarters is responsible for formulation of basic policies related to rehabilitation/ reconstruction, formulation/ implementation of rehabilitation/ reconstruction plan primarily indicating measures, which are implemented intensively within one year from formulation of the plan, and formulation/ implementation of spectral rehabilitation/ reconstruction plans with relatively long-term targets in specific fields.

(1) Formulation of reconstruction policies Director of Rehabilitation /Reconstruction Headquarters publishes basic policies of rehabilitation /reconstruction, after deliberating among the members of rehabilitation /reconstruction headquarters, in order to clarify ideal future on civil lives and urban area to be formulated after the reconstruction as well as directionality to realize the future. The policies are formulated, in consideration with the following matters. a) Swift implementation of reconstruction and recovery to normal life b) Creation of a safer and more comfortable living environment c) Job security, resumption of business and creation of industries that correspond to the new era

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d) Rapid recovery of the state’s core financial and economic functions and solid foundation for their further growth

(2) Formulation of a reconstruction plan The procedure of the formulation of rehabilitation/ reconstruction plan is as follows. a) Director of Rehabilitation/ Reconstruction Headquarters convokes rehabilitation /reconstruction council for deliberation on concept of the plan and orders the council to compile the proposals. b) Based on the proposals of the council, and through discussion among the members of the headquarters, Director of Rehabilitation/ Reconstruction Headquarters formulates and publishes the rehabilitation/ reconstruction plan, within six months after the disaster. c) Concerning related sectors, which require concrete project master plans, such as urban reconstruction, housing reconstruction, etc., detailed rehabilitation/ reconstruction plans on particular sectors are formulated individually, in accordance with the rehabilitation/ reconstruction plan.

9.5.4 Stability of civilian life (Chapter 39 of Volume III) After an earthquake disaster, Yerevan City shall aim to build an environment where its residents can actively engage in reconstruction efforts as a main player of reconstruction without worries about their immediate lives. To this end, measures on the following items need to be implemented sufficiently. a) Welfare for disaster victims (activities needed for life, such as health, medical care, job, education, consumption etc.) b) Benefits/ loans for livelihood support (for living expenses, home purchase, home rebuilding etc.) c) Housing (securing a living space, technical assistance for repair, renovation and rebuilding) d) Detailed investigation and restoration of damaged residential buildings e) Waste treatment

9.5.5 City reconstruction (Chapter 40 of Volume III) Reconstruction of Yerevan City is based on the followings. a) Swiftly formulate a rehabilitation/ reconstruction plan including city planning and ensure steady implementation of the plan. b) Based on the plan, land use and construction activities should be controlled properly. c) Propose a financial plan that integrates foreign assistance and rehabilitation/ reconstruction budget of Republic of Armenia. d) Draw a city reconstruction scenario to identify priorities. e) Assess progress of the rehabilitation/ reconstruction plan (effects, population and income of the residents,) and make corrections and changes to the plan with flexibility.

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9.6 Assistance plan (Part 6, Chapter 41 of Volume III)

In case of large-scale damage due to earthquake disaster in other cities or regions of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan City Emergency Situations Committee and organizations of the city for liquidation of earthquake disaster provide assistance to the affected areas, in accordance with existing plans.

(1) Basics for disaster assistance Yerevan City Emergency Situations Committee is convoked in the following situations, based on the order of the Government and/or a request by the city/ region affected, according to Mayor’s decision “about establishment of emergency situations committee of Yerevan city” dated on 3rd March 2010. a) When a disaster occurring outside of the city due to an earthquake with MSK intensity of 5 or above, b) When there is a risk of a large earthquake disaster outside of the city, Formation of the Yerevan City Emergency Situations Committee is based on the following principles. a) Mayor is the head of Yerevan City Emergency Situations Committee b) Deputies of the Mayor and the head of Yerevan Rescue Department of RS are the deputies of the head of the committee c) Heads of the departments of Yerevan City, heads of districts, heads of the territorial subdivisions in Yerevan City of republican government, hygiene-anti-epidemiological and communal services are members of the committee d) Heads of other bodies and organizations can also be included in the members of the committee, based on the situation e) The committee is activated by the decision of Mayor or within 1.5 hours after receiving the decision of the President by the duty officer of the management crisis management center of Yerevan City f) The decisions of the committee are subjected to obligatory fulfillment for all the organizations functioning in the city irrespective of the organizational-legal type g) The decisions of the committee are transferred to all related organizations and also to population

(2) Mutual assistance agreement Yerevan City has plans to provide assistance to other region, affected with earthquake disasters, under the direction of the Government. According to the plans, Yerevan City starts providing urgent assistance based on the actual damage information, without waiting for corresponding request from the affected regions. Prior agreements are concluded with related organizations, companies and residents for emergency response. Yerevan City holds periodic consultations with these partners to expand the cooperation for providing assistance to other regions.

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(3) Earthquake disaster assistance activities The activities for assistance by the city are mentioned below. a) Collection of information on earthquake disaster b) Preparation for earthquake disaster assistance activities c) Dispatch of fire brigade d) Dispatch of medical units e) Delivery of assistance materials f) Provision of information on disaster and assistance g) Collection of donations h) Dispatch of its staff