DOCSLIB.ORG

Protists and Fungi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Protists and Fungi Protists and Fungi Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. Jean Brainard, Ph.D. Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) AUTHORS Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other Jean Brainard, Ph.D. interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2014 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Com- mons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/terms. Printed: September 26, 2014 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Protists and Fungi CHAPTER 1 Protists and Fungi CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 Protist Kingdom 1.2 Protist Evolution 1.3 Protist Characteristics 1.4 Protozoa 1.5 Algae 1.6 Molds 1.7 Protists and Human Disease 1.8 Fungi 1.9 Fungi Structure 1.10 How Fungi Eat 1.11 Fungi Reproduction 1.12 Fungi Evolution 1.13 Fungi Classification 1.14 Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi 1.15 Human Uses of Fungi 1.16 Fungi and Human Disease 1.17 References Introduction 1 www.ck12.org Would you eat this mushroom? Now that’s an interesting mushroom! In fact, fungi can be some of the most colorful species. And protists can be some of the most interesting. These two kingdoms which have some of the most diverse members are the first two eukaryotic kingdoms we discuss in the Protists and Fungi chapter. This quintessential toadstool, the fly agaric or fly Amanita, is a poisonous and psychoactive fungus. It has a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, and it is one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. You should not eat it. 2 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Protists and Fungi 1.1 Protist Kingdom • Describe the protist kingdom. Prokaryote or eukaryote? This organism consists of a single cell with several flagella. Is it a prokaryote, such as a bacterium? Actually, it’s larger than a prokaryotic cell, and it also has a nucleus. Therefore, this organism belongs to the domain Eukarya, the domain that includes humans. This particular eukaryote is one of the smallest, simplest organisms in the domain, called a protist. It’s scientific name is Giardia lamblia. As a human parasite, it can make us sick. Kingdom Protista Protists are a group of all the eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants. As a result, it is a very diverse group of organisms. The eukaryotes that make up this kingdom, Kingdom Protista, do not have much in common besides a relatively simple organization. Protists can look very different from each other. Some are tiny and unicellular, like an amoeba, and some are large and multicellular, like seaweed. However, multicellular protists do not have highly specialized tissues or organs. This simple cellular-level organization distinguishes protists from other eukaryotes, such as fungi, animals, and plants. There are thought to be between 60,000 and 200,000 protist species, and many have yet to be identified. Protists live in almost any environment that contains liquid water. Many protists, such as the algae, are photosynthetic and are vital primary producers in ecosystems. Other protists are responsible for a range of serious human diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness. The term protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Protists were traditionally placed into one of several groups based on similarities to a plant, animal, or fungus: the animal-like protozoa, the plant-like protophyta (mostly algae), and the fungus-like slime molds and water molds. These traditional subdivisions, which were 3 1.1. Protist Kingdom www.ck12.org largely based on non-scientific characteristics, have been replaced by classifications based on phylogenetics (evo- lutionary relatedness among organisms). However, the older terms are still used as informal names to describe the general characteristics of various protists. FIGURE 1.1 Protists range from single-celled amoe- bas to multicellular seaweed. Protists may be similar to animals, plants, or fungi. Summary • Kingdom Protista includes all eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi. • Kingdom Protista is very diverse. It consists of both single-celled and multicellular organisms. Explore More Use this resource to answer the questions that follow. • Kingdom Protista at http://www.biologycorner.com/lesson-plans/phyla/kingdom-protista/. 1. List three characteristics of protists. 2. How are protists classified? 3. What is another name for animal-like protists and plant-like protists? 4. Complete this statement: Any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal or fungus is a __________. Explore More Answers 1. All protists are eukaryotic. Most are unicellular, but not all. Most live in water. 2. Protists are classified by how they obtain nutrition and how they move. 3. Animal-like Protists are also called protozoa. Plant-like Protists are also called alga. 4. Any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal or fungus is a protist. 4 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Protists and Fungi Review 1. What are protists? 2. How are unicellular protists and multicellular protists similar? 3. How are protists classified? What are the main categories of protists? Review Answers 1. Protists are a group of all the eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants. 2. All protists, including multicellular protists, have a simple cellular-level organization. 3. Protists are classified by phylogenetics. The main categories of protists are the animal-like protozoa, the plant-like protophyta (mostly algae), and the fungus-like slime molds and water molds. 5 1.2. Protist Evolution www.ck12.org 1.2 Protist Evolution • Outline the evolution of protists. • Explain the formation of the first eukaryotic cells. • Site evidence for the endosymbiotic theory. What’s the difference between a bacterium and a simple protist? Were simple protists the first eukaryotic organisms to evolve? Probably. A protist is a eukaryote, so each cell has a nucleus. Otherwise, simple protists, like the Paramecium and amoeba, can be fairly similar to bacteria. Evolution of Protists Scientists think that protists are the oldest eukaryotes. If so, they must have evolved from prokaryotic cells. How did this happen? The endosymbiotic theory provides the most widely-accepted explanation. That’s because it is well supported by evidence. The First Eukaryotic Cells According to the endosymbiotic theory, the first eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiotic relationship between two or more prokaryotic cells. Smaller prokaryotic cells were engulfed by (or invaded) larger prokaryotic cells. The small cells (now called endosymbionts) benefited from the relationship by getting a safe home and nutrients. The large cells (now called hosts) benefited by getting some of the organic molecules or energy released by the endosymbionts. Eventually, the endosymbionts evolved into organelles of the host cells. After that, neither could live without the other. 6 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Protists and Fungi As shown in Figure 1.2, some of the endosymbionts were aerobic bacteria. They were specialized to break down chemicals and release energy. They evolved into the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Some of the small cells were cyanobacteria. They were specialized for photosynthesis. They evolved into the chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells. FIGURE 1.2 Endosymbiotic theory explains how eukaryotic cells arose. Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory Many pieces of evidence support the endosymbiotic theory. For example: • Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA that is different from the DNA found in the cell nucleus. Instead, it is similar to the circular DNA of bacteria. • Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by their own plasma membranes, which are similar to bacterial membranes. • New mitochondria and chloroplasts are produced through a process similar to binary fission. Bacteria also reproduce through binary fission. • The internal structure and biochemistry of chloroplasts is very similar to that of cyanobacteria. Summary • Scientists think that protists are the oldest eukaryotes. • Protists most likely evolved from prokaryotic cells, as explained by the endosymbiotic theory. This theory is well-supported by evidence. Explore More Use this resource to answer the questions that follow. 7 1.2. Protist Evolution www.ck12.org • It Takes Teamwork: How Endosymbiosis Changed Life on Earth at http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolib rary/article/endosymbiosis_01. 1. What were the predecessors of eukaryotic cells? 2. What is endosymbiosis? 3. What may have been the first internal symbiotic relationship? Explain this relationship. 4. Why is DNA considered evidence for endosymbiosis? Explore More Answers 1. Eukaryotic cells are actually the descendents of separate prokaryotic cells that joined together in a symbiotic union.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Castanedospora, a New Genus to Accommodate Sporidesmium
    Cryptogamie, Mycologie, 2018, 39 (1): 109-127 © 2018 Adac. Tous droits réservés South Florida microfungi: Castanedospora,anew genus to accommodate Sporidesmium pachyanthicola (Capnodiales, Ascomycota) Gregorio DELGADO a,b*, Andrew N. MILLER c & Meike PIEPENBRING b aEMLab P&K Houston, 10900 BrittmoorePark Drive Suite G, Houston, TX 77041, USA bDepartment of Mycology,Institute of Ecology,Evolution and Diversity, Goethe UniversitätFrankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str.13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany cIllinois Natural History Survey,University of Illinois, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA Abstract – The taxonomic status and phylogenetic placement of Sporidesmium pachyanthicola in Capnodiales(Dothideomycetes) are revisited based on aspecimen collected on the petiole of adead leaf of Sabal palmetto in south Florida, U.S.A. New evidence inferred from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data together with abroad taxon sampling at family level suggest that the fungus is amember of Extremaceaeand therefore its previous placement within the broadly defined Teratosphaeriaceae was not supported. Anew genus Castanedospora is introduced to accommodate this species on the basis of its distinct morphology and phylogenetic position distant from Sporidesmiaceae sensu stricto in Sordariomycetes. The holotype material from Cuba was found to be exhausted and the Florida specimen, which agrees well with the original description, is selected as epitype. The fungus produced considerably long cylindrical to narrowly obclavate conidia
    [Show full text]
  • Environment and the Distribution of Microfungi in a Hawaiian Mangrove Swampl BENNY K
    Environment and the Distribution of Microfungi in a Hawaiian Mangrove Swampl BENNY K. H. LEE2 AND GLADYS E. BAKER2 EXTENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS of the ecological effect of temperature and salinity on the growth relationships of soil microfungi with soil types, rate of these fungi. Further study concerned pH, moisture, horizon, temperature, and macro­ the effects of mangrove root extract and man· vegetation have been published (Parkinson and grove swamp soil extract on fungal growth. Waid, 1960; Alexander, 1961; and Burges and Raw, 1967). It is a well-established principle MATERIALS AND METHODS that soil fungi are influenced by specific soil environments. Mangroves occupy a littoral hab­ Test Organisms itat, characterized almost invariably by salt or Five fungi were selected from different brackish water and coastal silt. The microfungi salinity levels in the Heeia mangrove swamp. in the mangrove swamp must be able to tolerate All were used in the salinity tolerance tests; the the conditions characteristic of this special first three were used to determine the inter­ ecosystem: Their distribution in particular may action of salinity and temperature. be affected by the salinity of the mangrove ISOLATES FROM HIGH SALINITY SITES: Robil­ swamp (Swart, 1958; and Kohlmeyer, 1969). larda rhizophorae Kohlm. was isolated from Tolerance to different salinity levels may cor­ submerged dead prop roots of Rhizophora relate with temperature levels as demonstrated mangle 1. at the seaward side of Heeia swamp by Ritchie (1957, 1959) in a series of in vitro near the fishpond. The Idcation corresponds experiments. For those microfungi occurring in to station 5 of Walsh (1967). Salinity readings association with the mangrove roots, it is also obtained monthly between August 1961 and necessary to consider the influence of the root November 1962 varied from 0.73 to 29.34 itself and the rhizosphere effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboulbeniomycetes, Eni... Historyâ
    Laboulbeniomycetes, Enigmatic Fungi With a Turbulent Taxonomic History☆ Danny Haelewaters, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Universidad Autónoma ̌ de Chiriquí, David, Panama; and University of South Bohemia, Ceské Budejovice,̌ Czech Republic Michał Gorczak, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland Patricia Kaishian, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States and State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, United States André De Kesel, Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium Meredith Blackwell, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States and University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States r 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. From Roland Thaxter to the Present: Synergy Among Mycologists, Entomologists, Parasitologists Laboulbeniales were discovered in the middle of the 19th century, rather late in mycological history (Anonymous, 1849; Rouget, 1850; Robin, 1852, 1853; Mayr, 1853). After their discovery and eventually their recognition as fungi, occasional reports increased species numbers and broadened host ranges and geographical distributions; however, it was not until the fundamental work of Thaxter (1896, 1908, 1924, 1926, 1931), who made numerous collections but also acquired infected insects from correspondents, that the Laboulbeniales became better known among mycologists and entomologists. Thaxter set the stage for progress by describing a remarkable number of taxa: 103 genera and 1260 species. Fewer than 25 species of Pyxidiophora in the Pyxidiophorales are known. Many have been collected rarely, often described from single collections and never encountered again. They probably are more common and diverse than known collections indicate, but their rapid development in hidden habitats and difficulty of cultivation make species of Pyxidiophora easily overlooked and, thus, underreported (Blackwell and Malloch, 1989a,b; Malloch and Blackwell, 1993; Jacobs et al., 2005; Gams and Arnold, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • A Field Guide to Biological Soil Crusts of Western U.S. Drylands Common Lichens and Bryophytes
    A Field Guide to Biological Soil Crusts of Western U.S. Drylands Common Lichens and Bryophytes Roger Rosentreter Matthew Bowker Jayne Belnap Photographs by Stephen Sharnoff Roger Rosentreter, Ph.D. Bureau of Land Management Idaho State Office 1387 S. Vinnell Way Boise, ID 83709 Matthew Bowker, Ph.D. Center for Environmental Science and Education Northern Arizona University Box 5694 Flagstaff, AZ 86011 Jayne Belnap, Ph.D. U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Canyonlands Research Station 2290 S. West Resource Blvd. Moab, UT 84532 Design and layout by Tina M. Kister, U.S. Geological Survey, Canyonlands Research Station, 2290 S. West Resource Blvd., Moab, UT 84532 All photos, unless otherwise indicated, copyright © 2007 Stephen Sharnoff, Ste- phen Sharnoff Photography, 2709 10th St., Unit E, Berkeley, CA 94710-2608, www.sharnoffphotos.com/. Rosentreter, R., M. Bowker, and J. Belnap. 2007. A Field Guide to Biological Soil Crusts of Western U.S. Drylands. U.S. Government Printing Office, Denver, Colorado. Cover photos: Biological soil crust in Canyonlands National Park, Utah, cour- tesy of the U.S. Geological Survey. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 4 How to use this guide .................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................... 4 Crust composition ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Allergy and Pathogenicity 20130415 112934.Pdf
    Fungal Allergy and Pathogenicity Chemical Immunology Vol. 81 Series Editors Luciano Adorini, Milan Ken-ichi Arai, Tokyo Claudia Berek, Berlin Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst, Marseille Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York · New Delhi · Bangkok · Singapore · Tokyo · Sydney Fungal Allergy and Pathogenicity Volume Editors Michael Breitenbach, Salzburg Reto Crameri, Davos Samuel B. Lehrer, New Orleans, La. 48 figures, 11 in color and 22 tables, 2002 Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York · New Delhi · Bangkok · Singapore · Tokyo · Sydney Chemical Immunology Formerly published as ‘Progress in Allergy’ (Founded 1939) Edited by Paul Kallos 1939–1988, Byron H. Waksman 1962–2002 Michael Breitenbach Professor, Department of Genetics and General Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg Reto Crameri Professor, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos Samuel B. Lehrer Professor, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and Index Medicus. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopy- ing, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of Non-Obligate Microfungi Inside Lichen Thalli
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sydowia Jahr/Year: 2005 Band/Volume: 57 Autor(en)/Author(s): Suryanarayanan Trichur Subramanian, Thirunavukkarasu N., Hariharan G. N., Balaji P. Artikel/Article: Occurrence of non-obligate microfungi inside lichen thalli. 120-130 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Occurrence of non-obligate microfungi inside lichen thalli T. S. Suryanarayanan1, N. Thirunavukkarasu1, G. N. Hariharan2 and P. Balajr 1 Vivekananda Institute of Tropical Mycology, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Chennai 600 004, India; 2 M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India. Suryanarayanan, T. S., N. Thirunavukkarasu, G. N. Hariharan & P. Balaji (2005): Occurrence of non-obligate microfungi inside lichen thalli. - Sydowia 57 (1): 120-130. Five corticolous lichen species (four foliose and one fruticose) and the leaf and bark tissues of their host trees were screened for the presence of asympto- matic, culturable microfungi. Four isolation procedures were evaluated to identify the most suitable one for isolating the internal mycobiota of lichens. A total of 242 isolates of 21 fungal genera were recovered from 500 thallus segments of the lichens. Different fungi dominated the fungal assemblages of the lichen thalli and the host tissues. An ordination analysis showed that there was little overlap between the fungi of the lichens and those of the host tissues even though, con- sidering their close proximity, they must have been exposed to the same fungal inoculum. This is the first study that compares the microfungal assemblage asso- ciated with lichens with those occurring in their substrates.
    [Show full text]
  • November 2014
    MushRumors The Newsletter of the Northwest Mushroomers Association Volume 25, Issue 4 December 2014 After Arid Start, 2014 Mushroom Season Flourishes It All Came Together By Chuck Nafziger It all came together for the 2014 Wild Mushroom Show; an October with the perfect amount of rain for abundant mushrooms, an enthusiastic volunteer base, a Photo by Vince Biciunas great show publicity team, a warm sunny show day, and an increased public interest in foraging. Nadine Lihach, who took care of the admissions, reports that we blew away last year's record attendance by about 140 people. Add to that all the volunteers who put the show together, and we had well over 900 people involved. That's a huge event for our club. Nadine said, "... this was a record year at the entry gate: 862 attendees (includes children). Our previous high was in 2013: 723 attendees. Success is more measured in the happiness index of those attending, and many people stopped by on their way out to thank us for the wonderful show. Kids—and there were many—were especially delighted, and I'm sure there were some future mycophiles and mycologists in Sunday's crowd. The mushroom display A stunning entry display greets visitors arriving at the show. by the door was effective, as always, at luring people in. You could actually see the kids' eyes getting bigger as they surveyed the weird mushrooms, and twice during the day kids ran back to our table to tell us that they had spotted the mushroom fairy. There were many repeat adult visitors, too, often bearing mushrooms for identification.
    [Show full text]
  • 2006 Summer Workshop in Fungal Biology for High School Teachers Hibbett Lab, Biology Department, Clark University
    2006 Summer Workshop in Fungal Biology for High School Teachers Hibbett lab, Biology Department, Clark University Introduction to Fungal Biology—Morphology, Phylogeny, and Ecology General features of Fungi Fungi are very diverse. It is hard to define what a fungus is using only morphological criteria. Features shared by all fungi: • Eukaryotic cell structure (but some have highly reduced mitochondria) • Heterotrophic nutritional mode—meaning that they must ingest organic compounds for their carbon nutrition (but some live in close symbioses with photosynthetic algae—these are lichens) • Absorptive nutrition—meaning that they digest organic compounds with enzymes that are secreted extracellularly, and take up relatively simple, small molecules (e.g., sugars). • Cell walls composed of chitin—a polymer of nitrogen-containing sugars that is also found in the exoskeletons of arthropods. • Typically reproduce and disperse via spores Variable features of fungi: • Unicellular or multicellular—unicellular forms are called yeasts, multicellular forms are composed of filaments called hyphae. • With or without complex, multicellular fruiting bodies (reproductive structures) • Sexual or asexual reproduction • With or without flagella—if they have flagella, then these are the same as all other eukaryotic flagellae (i.e., with the “9+2” arrangement of microtubules, ensheathed by the plasma membrane) • Occur on land (including deserts) or in aquatic habitats (including deep-sea thermal vent communities) • Function as decomposers of dead organic matter or as symbionts of other living organisms—the latter include mutualists, pathogens, parasites, and commensals (examples to be given later) Familiar examples of fungi include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, lichens, puffballs, bracket fungi, and others. There are about 70,000 described species of fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Fungi: Some Factors Influencing Biodiversity
    Fungal Diversity Marine fungi: some factors influencing biodiversity E.B. Gareth Jones I Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and BIOTEC, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 73/1 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; e-mail: [email protected] Jones, E.B.G. (2000). Marine fungi: some factors influencing biodiversity. Fungal Diversity 4: 53-73. This paper reviews some of the factors that affect fungal diversity in the marine milieu. Although total biodiversity is not affected by the available habitats, species composition is. For example, members of the Halosphaeriales commonly occur on submerged timber, while intertidal mangrove wood supports a wide range of Loculoascomycetes. The availability of substrata for colonization greatly affects species diversity. Mature mangroves yield a rich species diversity while exposed shores or depauperate habitats support few fungi. The availability of fungal propagules in the sea on substratum colonization is poorly researched. However, Halophytophthora species and thraustochytrids in mangroves rapidly colonize leaf material. Fungal diversity is greatly affected by the nature of the substratum. Lignocellulosic materials yield the greatest diversity, in contrast to a few species colonizing calcareous materials or sand grains. The nature of the substratum can have a major effect on the fungi colonizing it, even from one timber species to the next. Competition between fungi can markedly affect fungal diversity, and species composition. Temperature plays a major role in the geographical distribution of marine fungi with species that are typically tropical (e.g. Antennospora quadricornuta and Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis), temperate (e.g. Ceriosporopsis trullifera and Ondiniella torquata), arctic (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Mycotoxins and Microfungi in Spices in the Light of the Last Five Years
    toxins Review A Review on Mycotoxins and Microfungi in Spices in the Light of the Last Five Years Darina Pickova 1,* , Vladimir Ostry 1,2 , Jan Malir 3, Jakub Toman 1 and Frantisek Malir 1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; [email protected] (V.O.); [email protected] (J.T.); [email protected] (F.M.) 2 Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic 3 Department of Public Law, Institute of State and Law, Czech Academy of Sciences, Narodni 18, CZ-11600 Prague, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-722-049-025 Received: 11 November 2020; Accepted: 9 December 2020; Published: 11 December 2020 Abstract: Spices are imported worldwide mainly from developing countries with tropical and/or subtropical climate. Local conditions, such as high temperature, heavy rainfall, and humidity, promote fungal growth leading to increased occurrence of mycotoxins in spices. Moreover, the lack of good agricultural practice (GAP), good manufacturing practice (GMP), and good hygienic practice (GHP) in developing countries are of great concern. This review summarizes recent data from a total of 56 original papers dealing with mycotoxins and microfungi in various spices in the last five years. A total of 38 kinds of spices, 17 mycotoxins, and 14 microfungi are discussed in the review. Worldwide, spices are rather overlooked in terms of mycotoxin regulations, which usually only cover aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA).
    [Show full text]
  • Suomen Helttasienten Ja Tattien Ekologia, Levinneisyys Ja Uhanalaisuus
    Suomen ympäristö 769 LUONTO JA LUONNONVARAT Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo ja Esteri Ohenoja (toim.) Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus .......................... SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUS Suomen ympäristö 769 Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo ja Esteri Ohenoja (toim.) Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUS Viittausohje Viitatessa tämän raportin lukuihin, käytetään lukujen otsikoita ja lukujen kirjoittajien nimiä: Esim. luku 5.2: Kytövuori, I., Nummela-Salo, U., Ohenoja, E., Salo, P. & Vauras, J. 2005: Helttasienten ja tattien levinneisyystaulukko. Julk.: Salo, P., Niemelä, T., Nummela-Salo, U. & Ohenoja, E. (toim.). Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levin- neisyys ja uhanalaisuus. Suomen ympäristökeskus, Helsinki. Suomen ympäristö 769. Ss. 109-224. Recommended citation E.g. chapter 5.2: Kytövuori, I., Nummela-Salo, U., Ohenoja, E., Salo, P. & Vauras, J. 2005: Helttasienten ja tattien levinneisyystaulukko. Distribution table of agarics and boletes in Finland. Publ.: Salo, P., Niemelä, T., Nummela- Salo, U. & Ohenoja, E. (eds.). Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus. Suomen ympäristökeskus, Helsinki. Suomen ympäristö 769. Pp. 109-224. Julkaisu on saatavana myös Internetistä: www.ymparisto.fi/julkaisut ISBN 952-11-1996-9 (nid.) ISBN 952-11-1997-7 (PDF) ISSN 1238-7312 Kannen kuvat / Cover pictures Vasen ylä / Top left: Paljakkaa. Utsjoki. Treeless alpine tundra zone. Utsjoki. Kuva / Photo: Esteri Ohenoja Vasen ala / Down left: Jalopuulehtoa. Parainen, Lenholm. Quercus robur forest. Parainen, Lenholm. Kuva / Photo: Tuomo Niemelä Oikea ylä / Top right: Lehtolohisieni (Laccaria amethystina). Amethyst Deceiver (Laccaria amethystina). Kuva / Photo: Pertti Salo Oikea ala / Down right: Vanhaa metsää. Sodankylä, Luosto. Old virgin forest. Sodankylä, Luosto. Kuva / Photo: Tuomo Niemelä Takakansi / Back cover: Ukonsieni (Macrolepiota procera).
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Integrated Phylogenetic Classification of the Tremellomycetes
    http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in Studies in mycology. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Liu, X., Wang, Q., Göker, M., Groenewald, M., Kachalkin, A. et al. (2016) Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes. Studies in mycology, 81: 85 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-1703 available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 81: 85–147. Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes X.-Z. Liu1,2, Q.-M. Wang1,2, M. Göker3, M. Groenewald2, A.V. Kachalkin4, H.T. Lumbsch5, A.M. Millanes6, M. Wedin7, A.M. Yurkov3, T. Boekhout1,2,8*, and F.-Y. Bai1,2* 1State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; 2CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 3Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig 38124, Germany; 4Faculty of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; 5Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA; 6Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorganica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933 Mostoles, Spain; 7Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden; 8Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China *Correspondence: F.-Y.
    [Show full text]