Period 6 Review
1865-1898 1889 “The Gospel 1865 1876 Battle of 1886 1898 Spanish- of Wealth” written 1894 Pullman Little Big Horn American War Reconstruction AFL founded Strike Era
Period 6
1869 Transcontinental RR 1882 Chinese 1887 1892 Populist 1896 McKinley completed Exclusion Act passed Dawes Act Party formed elected president 1862- Pacific Railway Act passed Big Ideas of Period 6
Growth in the West Causes and Effects Railroads Free Land, Natural Resources Native Americans culture destroyed Rise of Big Business Causes and Effects Industrialization & advancements in technology Labor movement Arguments for and Against Social Darwinism Gospel of Wealth The New South: Myth or Reality Immigration New Immigration from S/E Europe Internal Migration from rural to urban areas Growth of the West
Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to L. Sanderson, 1871 POV CCOT?
POV – encouraging migration to the west after the Civil War CCOT – continuity of the 1840s migration with Manifest Destiny o Cut travel time to 1 week vs. 6 months o Created an integrated national market for raw materials and manufactured goods o Led to the creation of 4 standardized time zones o Sped up settlement of the west TREND in the graph CCOT? MINING o Between 1860 and 1890, $2 billion in gold and silver was mined in the west o Boom Towns – Ghost Towns o Diverse population in mining towns: whites, blacks, Mexicans & Chinese o Lead to new states and increased conflict with Native Americans CATTLE FRONTIER o Growing cities in east led to increased demand for meat o Cattle trails replaced by railroads o Cattle drives replaced by ranching in 1890 o Refrigerated cars (1877) led to meatpacking industry in Chicago by Gustavus Swift FARMING o 160 acres of free land – Homestead Act (1862) o 2/3 of all homesteads failed due to weather, low prices and high cost of machinery o Reverse migration back to east (late 1880s) o 500,000 African Americans lived west of the Mississippi by 1890 – Exodusters & Buffalo Soldiers POV
CCOT
POV: Agreement with Indians & US Govt; stick to land being granted; not interfere with white settlements
CCOT: Continuity depriving Natives of their land; Andrew Jackson- Trail of Tears Native American Conflict DAWES ACT CENTURY OF DISHONOR (1881) oDissolved the tribes as legal entities Helen Hunt Jackson ◦ Detailed long history of mistreatment and oDistributed tribal lands broken promises o 160 acres to Natives with promise of citizenship after 25 yrs. ◦ Created sympathy for Indians o “Excess” Indian lands were sold to railroad and white ◦ Supported policy to bring Native Americans settlers into mainstream white culture o 90 million acres lost Rise of Big Business Robber Barons or Captains of Industry
12 The Gilded Age
1870 TO 1900 REGIONAL RESPONSES TO GILDED AGE NORTH – Growth of industry and industrial Era of Industrialization cities (Pittsburg, Chicago); flood of immigrants and migrants for work Railroads, steel and oil industry dominate economy and politics WEST – Farmers are struggling as mechanization creates overproduction and Era of political corruption with government falling prices; increased prices for freight; policy favoring big business over labor Populism SOUTH – Some industrialization (textiles, cigarette, and iron/steel mills); 2/3 still farming; 40% of north’s ave. income. Henry Grady’s vision of “New South” is unrealized 2nd Industrial Revolution
Age of Innovation o Steel – railroads & skyscrapers o Communication – Telegraph to telephone o Electricity & lightbulb U.S. went from a nation of farmers to a nation of factory workers o More people were working for wages living in cities than ever before o Unskilled labor of factory worker = poor conditions, low wages, dangerous conditions, poverty Shift in nature of work as companies implemented techniques to increase efficiency and profit o Mass production Gap between rich and poor increased Captains of Industry or Robber Barons
ARGUMENTS FOR ARGUMENTS AGAINST
HERBERT SPENCER SOCIALISTS o Social Darwinism – concentration of wealth in hands of the “fittest” o Argued the “captains of industry” were greedy benefitted society; no aid to poor because it help preserve the “unfit” “robber barons” who exploited labor, drove down wages, ignored hazardous working conditions to WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER rake in the money o Considered poverty the natural result of natural inferiorities and argued o Also denounced close links between gov’t and big poor were a burden on society. business HORATIO ALGER WASHINGTON GLADDEN o Improvement came through hard work; opportunity not govt’ handouts o Competition and selfishness is unchristian o Rags to riches – honesty, hard work & a little luck o Labor is human, not a commodity o Need govt. regulation to reverse the trend ANDREW CARNEGIE & JOHN ROCKEFELLER o SOCIAL GOSPEL movement – religion compels us o Wealth was a result of the “law of competition” and hard work/talent; to respond to poverty and poor conditions poverty was punishment for laziness/bad judgement o CCOT…? o “The Gospel of Wealth” – Carnegie argued that with great wealth came great responsibility to provide “ladders upon which the aspiring can rise” Industrial Workers o Workforce expanded due to immigration and migration o New Immigrants (S/E Europe, Asia) o Mostly settle in northeast cities o “Melting pot vs salad bowl” o Tenements o Reactions: NATIVISM: Immigration Restriction League & American Protective Association formed; Settlement House (Jane Addams) to provide social services; Jacob Riis; Progressive Era o While wages increased, the gap between rich & poor widened for many people o Attempt to organize labor unions o KNIGHTS OF LABOR (1869) - Open membership: women, racial minorities, unskilled workers o AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (1886) - Catered to the skilled worker; focused on bread & butter demands LABOR STRIKES o Workers are fighting for better conditions, better wages or end wage cuts o Govt steps in to stop strike, take side of the owners Politics of Gilded Age
POLITICAL MACHINES o Boss Tweed provided immigrants with help in exchange for their vote
PATRONAGE o “Spoils system”: Giving government jobs to people who helped get a candidate elected
IMPACT OF BIG BUSINESS ON GOVT POLICIES o Laissez-faire or “hands off” policy of govt toward corporations o Favoring corporations over labor and farmers Rise of Populism
Key Complaints of Farmers: Low prices, insufficient credit, high interest rates, high rates by RR and grain storage, and high prices paid for manufactured goods . EARLY VICTORIES: Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. vs. IL (1886): ruled Granger laws unconstitutional b/c it infringed on Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce; Interstate Commerce Commission est’ed to regulate RR . SUPPORTED FREE SILVER: Easier to pay debts; more money in circulation; US goes off bi-mentalism Populist Party formed (1892) o Free coinage of silver; graduated income tax; secret ballot; direct election of Senators; initiative & referendum; restriction on immigration; 8-hr day for laborers; govt ownership of RR, telephones, and telegraph o William Jennings Bryant – presidential candidate in 1896 & 1900 The Conservative Victory - 1896 . Birth of modern campaigning . End of the People’s Party “…we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall . End of the Forgettable Presidents of Gilded Age not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." —William Jennings Bryan . Grant, Hayes Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland Period 7 Review
1898-1945 1913 th 1898 17 Amendment 1924 National 1939 Hitler – direct election Spanish- Origins Act passed invades Poland 1945 End WWII P American War of Senators e 1919-1920 1942 Battle of 1932 Bonus 1906 Meat 18th & 19th Midway Army march; FDR Inspection Act Amendments r elected i o d
1944 D-Day 1912 Wilson 1920 Red Scare 1933-38 New 7 invasion elected president & Palmer Raids Deal legislation
1899 1914-17 1929 Stock 1941 Pearl Open Door note WWI Market Crash; Great Harbor attacked Depression begins Big Ideas for Period 7
America grew as a world power International competition to establish/maintain colonies & empires Increasing industrialization and need to develop markets/resources Closing of the frontier in 1890 Spanish-American War Progressive Era Role of government to control business & protect consumers Demonstrated ability of gov’t and people to address problems resulting from urbanization and industrialization WWI & Return to Isolationism Events that drew America into the war America mobilizes for the war Post-war Isolationism – myth & reality Roaring 20s American culture Great Depression & New Deal WWII Causes of the Great Depression FDR’s New Deal programs: Impact on various groups of Americans From Storm Cellar diplomacy to the Defender of Democracy
23 America’s growth as a world power
Cause 2: Close of the Frontier • Need for new economic opportunities • Recognition that American resources were finite • Expansion had always provided a safety- valve for Americans Cause 4: American Nationalism • Alfred T. Mahan – “Influence of Sea Power Upon History” • Control of the sea shaped the destiny of great empires • Strategic acquisition of coaling stations around the world for commercial and military fleets
Spanish-American War
CAUSES EFFECTS
Cuban Revolution against Spain US acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, and ◦ Spanish commander Weyler “The Butcher” Philippines rounding up Cubans into reconcentration camps ◦ Leads to Filipino insurrection ◦ US involvement through Roosevelt Corollary Yellow journalism (1904) ◦ Exaggerated reporting of New York papers Cuba becomes independent but U.S. maintains Sinking of the Maine right to interfere to prevent involvement of ◦ Feb 1898 – Caused by internal explosion but foreign country (Teller Amendment) yellow press quickly blamed the Spanish Open Door Policy (1899) IMPERALIST Point of View ANTI-IMPERALIST Point of View
US needs colonies to compete economically Supporting an empire would be a financial burden
To be a true world power, US needs colonies & naval US should concentrate its energies on solving problems bases at home
It is America’s destiny to expand & its duty to care for Nonwhite people cannot be assimilated into American the poor, weak peoples society
To abandon territories makes the US appear cowardly in An empire would involve the US in more wars the eyes of the world
It is only honorable to keep land that Americans lost It is a violation of democratic principles to annex land & their lives to obtain not offer its people the same rights as those of US citizens
WHO: Teddy Roosevelt, President McKinley, Republican party, WHO: Former president Grover Cleveland, Mark Twain, Andrew businessmen, Josiah Strong, Alfred T. Mahan Carnegie, William Jennings Bryan, Anti-Imperialist League
Progressive Era
KEY IDEAS KEY PEOPLE Government was need to play an active role in Muckraker journalists political corruption, social injustice and economic Upton Sinclair equality caused during the Gilded Age Ida Tarbell Rejection of laissez-faire govt policies Jacob Riis Rejection of Social Darwinism Lincoln Steffens
Efforts were to build a more democratic and just Middle & upper-middle class urban reformers society including women ◦ Reduce poverty Jane Addams – Hull House ◦ Regulate corporations African Americans ◦ Protect the environment W.E.B. Dubois ◦ Elect honest leaders Ida B. Wells Presidents: T Roosevelt, W Wilson ACHIEVEMENTS
- Trust Busting Democratic reforms ◦ Standard Oil ◦ 19th Amendment ◦ Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) enforced ◦ Initiative, Referendum, and Recall ◦ TR “trust buster” reputation ◦ Clayton Antitrust Act (Wilson) Social Reforms - Consumer Protections ◦ Prohibition (18th Amendment) ◦ Pure Food & Drug Act ◦ Keating-Owen Act prohibited child labor ◦ Meat Inspection Act CCOT: - Conservation Movement Change: govt now involved ◦ National Forest Service ◦ Preservationist – national parks, monuments and Continuity: demands of Populist party, New historic sites Deal programs, and later LBJ’s Great Society WWI
EVENTS THAT LED US TO JOIN THE WAR MOBILIZING FOR THE WAR 1. Violation of U.S. Neutrality War Industries Board ◦ Wilson declared US neutral in 1914 ◦ Set production priorities ◦ US continued to trade with Europe, despite blockades and attacks on US merchant ships Food Administration
2. German Unrestricted Submarine warfare Great Migration ◦ Sinking of the Lusitania – 128 Americans ◦ ½ million African Americans move North to work in war industries 3. Zimmerman Telegram Committee on Public Information ◦ Selling the war to the public ◦ Schenck v. U.S. – “clear & present danger” ◦ Espionage & Sedition Acts Post-War Isolationism
Treaty of Versailles Washington Naval Conference (1921) ◦ Negotiated by Wilson ◦ Limit battleship and aircraft carrier production for 10 years ◦ France & Britain rejected Fourteen Points Dawes Plan (1924) ◦ Reparation payments placed on German ◦ Loans to Germany and a new schedule for German reparation payments ◦ Self-determination of former colonies Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) League of Nations • Renounced war as a instrument of national policy ◦ Rejected by the U.S. Senate ◦ Weak and ineffective against Nazi Germany or Japanese aggression Roaring 20’s
1) America was exhausted & disillusioned 3) Societal Impacts after WW1; became distrustful of ◦ More leisure time “outsiders” ◦ Radio, Movie & sports stars ◦ Rising spirit of Nativism ◦ Flappers, Speakeasies & the Mafia ◦ Resurgence of KKK ◦ Harlem Renaissance ◦ Stricter immigration laws (quotas) ◦ Lost Generation critics ◦ Red Scare & Palmer Raids ◦ Return of fundamentalism ◦ Scopes Trial 2) Wave Consumerism hits America ◦ New consumer goods with mass production 4) Get rich quick ◦ Installment payments ◦ Investing in the Stock Market Great Depression
CAUSES EFFECTS
1) Overproduction 1) Unemployment
2) Underconsumption 2) Business failures
3) Speculation in the Stock Market 3) Bank failures
4) Easy credit 4) GNP dropped
5) Uneven distribution of income/spending 5) Increased foreclosures Government Reactions
HOOVER FDR
Rejected calls for government help Promised the American people a NEW DEAL Federal relief would undermine America’s values of “rugged individualism” 3Rs: Relief, Recovery, and Reform Local charities should help Skillful use of the radio – “Fireside Chats” – Emergency Loans to Businesses Would “trickle down” to people to communicate his programs; generate trust with the American people Despair Bonus Marchers Farmers destroying crops Hoovervilles New Deal Philosophy
•Glass-Steagall Banking Act •FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation •SEC – Security & Exchange Commission •SSA – Social Security Administration Reform •NLRB – National Labor Relations Board •Fair Labor Standards Act
•FERA – Federal Emergency Relief Administration •PWA- Public Works Administration •CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps Relief •TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority •WPA – Works Progress Administration
•AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Act •NIRA/NRA – National Industrial Recovery Act/National Recovery Administration •HOLC – Home Owners Loan Corporation Recovery •FHA- Federal Housing Administration Critics of the New Deal o Push for more change to the system o Huey Long – “Share the Wealth o Francis Townsend – monthly pension to older Americans o Sought to limit change o Supreme Court – declared AAA & NIRA unconstitutional o Liberty League founded in 1934 to fight the New Deal as unconstitutional
Court Packing Scheme – replace justices over the age of 70; met with resistance even from Democrats controlling Congress REALIGNMENT OF POLITICS
African Americans, minority groups and working class, especially labor unions, came to support the Democratic party ◦ Wagner Act (1935) - Guaranteed right to organize and bargain collectively; now govt is guaranteeing right to exist and resolve issues through negotiations. ◦ Creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations formed in 1936 From Storm Cellar Diplomacy to Defender of Democracy
In the 1930s, Americans opposed fascism but also opposed taking military action until the attack on Pearl Harbor (1941).
Public debate focused on pro-British support to stave off Nazi supremacy and isolationists (Charles Lindberg) who said helping Britain was useless as the Nazis had already won. FDR MOVES TO SUPPORT ALLIES
Cash & Carry (1939) “Four Freedoms” speech Jan 1941 o “In future days, which we seek to make Destroyer for Bases (1940) secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human Lend-Lease (1941) freedoms…freedom of speech & expression…freedom to worship…freedom from want…freedom from fear…”
Atlantic Charter – August 1941 o Joint statement with Churchill for a post-war world in which all people have a right to choose their own govt; no territorial changes; a new “League of Nations” [United Nations} U.S. Mobilization for War
Changes in fighting WWII Continued effort by govt as in WWI to mobilize o Mobilization of women all aspects of the economy & ppl to fight WWII o 6 million working outside the home o War bonds o Over 200,000 in non-combat auxiliary units to free up men for combat o War Production Board o Japanese Americans o Selective Service o Exec. Order 9066 eventually placed over 112,000 Japanese- Americans in internment camps o Native Americans o Navajo Code Talkers o African Americans o Exec. Order 8802 banned discrimination in defense industry o Double V campaign o Over 1 million served in segregated units; Tuskegee Airmen o Mexican- 200,000 farm workers allowed to enter US; many also worked in industries & railroads; Zoot Suit riots in LA (1943) Why U.S. won the war
1) Cooperation between US and Allies 5) Industrial Output ◦ 6,000 merchant ships 2) Technological advancements, including Over 1500 naval vessels the Atomic Bomb ◦ ◦ 634,569 jeeps 3) Contributions of men and women on the ◦ 88,410 tanks frontlines as well as on the homefront ◦ 6.5 million rifles and 40 billion bullets ◦ Kaiser Shipyards, Ford and General Motors 4) Military Strategy ◦ Round-the-clock shifts + assembly line production ◦ D-Day – June 1944 ◦ Island Hopping ◦ Atomic weapons – August 1945 United States emerged from WWII as the world’s most powerful and prosperous country, and leading industrial power.
WWII was a turning point in many ways for the US– migration patterns, groups of people, foundation for the civil rights movement, changes in the military.
American leaders focused on building a peaceful, prosperous world order. However, it would no longer be able to retreat into its historic isolationism after WWII. It became the leading defender of democracy and freedom in the world.
As the Soviets tightened its grip in Eastern Europe, America found itself fighting a new type of war. DBQ Review – 10 pt. rubric
Thesis + Contextualization (2 pts) Sourcing (2 pts) Makes a claim that responds to the prompt, rather than restating prompt Historical situation Relate the topic of the prompt to the broader historical events; tell the story Intended (Unintended)Audience Point of View Analyzing 5 documents (3 pts) Purpose Describe – do not quote – the contents of the document + explain how/why it supports your argument Use content from 2 documents to support argument = 2 pts. Explain how/why the document’s sourcing is relevant to your argument Use content from 4 documents to support argument = 1 pt. Only have to do one type of sourcing for ea. document Outside evidence (2 pts) 1 document = 1 pt. 1 piece of specific historical evidence relevant to argument = 1 pt 1 more pt. for 1 more document = 2 points 1 more piece of specific historical evidence relevant to argument = 1 pt. Complexity (1 pt) Use evidence to corroborate, qualify or modify an argument that addresses the question Explain similarities & differences; continuity & change; cause & effect Relevant connects within & across time periods Modify an argument by looking at diverse or alternative views or evidence Describe the extent of social change in America from 1939 to 1945.
“When [women] sink dog-tired into bed these evenings, often as not a lively jive party is just starting in the adjoining room. Getting eight hours’ sleep a night to bolster aching arms and feet for another eight hours’ stand on the Glenn Martin aircraft-assembly line is practically impossible when four girls, sharing the same cramped one-bedroom apartment on Baltimore’s sweltering Mt. Royal Avenue, keep working hours that stretch right around the clock. . . .
“You’ll do a man’s job and you’ll get a man’s pay check,” Glenn L. Martin tells his 4000 women employees, “but you’ll be treated as the men are treated”. . . . ◦ Source: Ruth Matthews and Betty Hannah, “This Changing World for Women,” Ladies Home Journal, August 1942 “Americans all, are involved in a gigantic war effort to assure victory for the cause of freedom – the four freedoms that have been so nobly expressed by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Church. We, as colored Americans, are determined to protect our country, our form of government and the freedoms which we cherish for ourselves and for the rest of the world, therefore we have adopted the. . .war cry – victory over our enemies at home and victory over our enemies on the battlefields abroad. Thus in our fight for freedom we wage a two-pronged attack against our enslavers at home and those abroad who would enslave us. WE HAVE A STAKE IN THIS FIGHT . . . . WE ARE AMERICANS, TOO!” ◦ Source: Editorial, Pittsburgh Courier, an African American newspaper, 1942.