Period 6 Review 1865-1898 1889 “The Gospel 1865 1876 Battle of 1886 1898 Spanish- of Wealth” written 1894 Pullman Little Big Horn American War Reconstruction AFL founded Strike Era Period 6 1869 Transcontinental RR 1882 Chinese 1887 1892 Populist 1896 McKinley completed Exclusion Act passed Dawes Act Party formed elected president 1862- Pacific Railway Act passed Big Ideas of Period 6 Growth in the West Causes and Effects Railroads Free Land, Natural Resources Native Americans culture destroyed Rise of Big Business Causes and Effects Industrialization & advancements in technology Labor movement Arguments for and Against Social Darwinism Gospel of Wealth The New South: Myth or Reality Immigration New Immigration from S/E Europe Internal Migration from rural to urban areas Growth of the West Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to L. Sanderson, 1871 POV CCOT? POV – encouraging migration to the west after the Civil War CCOT – continuity of the 1840s migration with Manifest Destiny o Cut travel time to 1 week vs. 6 months o Created an integrated national market for raw materials and manufactured goods o Led to the creation of 4 standardized time zones o Sped up settlement of the west TREND in the graph CCOT? MINING o Between 1860 and 1890, $2 billion in gold and silver was mined in the west o Boom Towns – Ghost Towns o Diverse population in mining towns: whites, blacks, Mexicans & Chinese o Lead to new states and increased conflict with Native Americans CATTLE FRONTIER o Growing cities in east led to increased demand for meat o Cattle trails replaced by railroads o Cattle drives replaced by ranching in 1890 o Refrigerated cars (1877) led to meatpacking industry in Chicago by Gustavus Swift FARMING o 160 acres of free land – Homestead Act (1862) o 2/3 of all homesteads failed due to weather, low prices and high cost of machinery o Reverse migration back to east (late 1880s) o 500,000 African Americans lived west of the Mississippi by 1890 – Exodusters & Buffalo Soldiers POV CCOT POV: Agreement with Indians & US Govt; stick to land being granted; not interfere with white settlements CCOT: Continuity depriving Natives of their land; Andrew Jackson- Trail of Tears Native American Conflict DAWES ACT CENTURY OF DISHONOR (1881) oDissolved the tribes as legal entities Helen Hunt Jackson ◦ Detailed long history of mistreatment and oDistributed tribal lands broken promises o 160 acres to Natives with promise of citizenship after 25 yrs. ◦ Created sympathy for Indians o “Excess” Indian lands were sold to railroad and white ◦ Supported policy to bring Native Americans settlers into mainstream white culture o 90 million acres lost Rise of Big Business Robber Barons or Captains of Industry 12 The Gilded Age 1870 TO 1900 REGIONAL RESPONSES TO GILDED AGE NORTH – Growth of industry and industrial Era of Industrialization cities (Pittsburg, Chicago); flood of immigrants and migrants for work Railroads, steel and oil industry dominate economy and politics WEST – Farmers are struggling as mechanization creates overproduction and Era of political corruption with government falling prices; increased prices for freight; policy favoring big business over labor Populism SOUTH – Some industrialization (textiles, cigarette, and iron/steel mills); 2/3 still farming; 40% of north’s ave. income. Henry Grady’s vision of “New South” is unrealized 2nd Industrial Revolution Age of Innovation o Steel – railroads & skyscrapers o Communication – Telegraph to telephone o Electricity & lightbulb U.S. went from a nation of farmers to a nation of factory workers o More people were working for wages living in cities than ever before o Unskilled labor of factory worker = poor conditions, low wages, dangerous conditions, poverty Shift in nature of work as companies implemented techniques to increase efficiency and profit o Mass production Gap between rich and poor increased Captains of Industry or Robber Barons ARGUMENTS FOR ARGUMENTS AGAINST HERBERT SPENCER SOCIALISTS o Social Darwinism – concentration of wealth in hands of the “fittest” o Argued the “captains of industry” were greedy benefitted society; no aid to poor because it help preserve the “unfit” “robber barons” who exploited labor, drove down wages, ignored hazardous working conditions to WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER rake in the money o Considered poverty the natural result of natural inferiorities and argued o Also denounced close links between gov’t and big poor were a burden on society. business HORATIO ALGER WASHINGTON GLADDEN o Improvement came through hard work; opportunity not govt’ handouts o Competition and selfishness is unchristian o Rags to riches – honesty, hard work & a little luck o Labor is human, not a commodity o Need govt. regulation to reverse the trend ANDREW CARNEGIE & JOHN ROCKEFELLER o SOCIAL GOSPEL movement – religion compels us o Wealth was a result of the “law of competition” and hard work/talent; to respond to poverty and poor conditions poverty was punishment for laziness/bad judgement o CCOT…? o “The Gospel of Wealth” – Carnegie argued that with great wealth came great responsibility to provide “ladders upon which the aspiring can rise” Industrial Workers o Workforce expanded due to immigration and migration o New Immigrants (S/E Europe, Asia) o Mostly settle in northeast cities o “Melting pot vs salad bowl” o Tenements o Reactions: NATIVISM: Immigration Restriction League & American Protective Association formed; Settlement House (Jane Addams) to provide social services; Jacob Riis; Progressive Era o While wages increased, the gap between rich & poor widened for many people o Attempt to organize labor unions o KNIGHTS OF LABOR (1869) - Open membership: women, racial minorities, unskilled workers o AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (1886) - Catered to the skilled worker; focused on bread & butter demands LABOR STRIKES o Workers are fighting for better conditions, better wages or end wage cuts o Govt steps in to stop strike, take side of the owners Politics of Gilded Age POLITICAL MACHINES o Boss Tweed provided immigrants with help in exchange for their vote PATRONAGE o “Spoils system”: Giving government jobs to people who helped get a candidate elected IMPACT OF BIG BUSINESS ON GOVT POLICIES o Laissez-faire or “hands off” policy of govt toward corporations o Favoring corporations over labor and farmers Rise of Populism Key Complaints of Farmers: Low prices, insufficient credit, high interest rates, high rates by RR and grain storage, and high prices paid for manufactured goods . EARLY VICTORIES: Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. vs. IL (1886): ruled Granger laws unconstitutional b/c it infringed on Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce; Interstate Commerce Commission est’ed to regulate RR . SUPPORTED FREE SILVER: Easier to pay debts; more money in circulation; US goes off bi-mentalism Populist Party formed (1892) o Free coinage of silver; graduated income tax; secret ballot; direct election of Senators; initiative & referendum; restriction on immigration; 8-hr day for laborers; govt ownership of RR, telephones, and telegraph o William Jennings Bryant – presidential candidate in 1896 & 1900 The Conservative Victory - 1896 . Birth of modern campaigning . End of the People’s Party “…we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall . End of the Forgettable Presidents of Gilded Age not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." —William Jennings Bryan . Grant, Hayes Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland Period 7 Review 1898-1945 1913 th 1898 17 Amendment 1924 National 1939 Hitler – direct election Spanish- Origins Act passed invades Poland 1945 End WWII P American War of Senators e 1919-1920 1942 Battle of 1932 Bonus 1906 Meat 18th & 19th Midway Army march; FDR Inspection Act Amendments r elected i o d 1944 D-Day 1912 Wilson 1920 Red Scare 1933-38 New 7 invasion elected president & Palmer Raids Deal legislation 1899 1914-17 1929 Stock 1941 Pearl Open Door note WWI Market Crash; Great Harbor attacked Depression begins Big Ideas for Period 7 America grew as a world power International competition to establish/maintain colonies & empires Increasing industrialization and need to develop markets/resources Closing of the frontier in 1890 Spanish-American War Progressive Era Role of government to control business & protect consumers Demonstrated ability of gov’t and people to address problems resulting from urbanization and industrialization WWI & Return to Isolationism Events that drew America into the war America mobilizes for the war Post-war Isolationism – myth & reality Roaring 20s American culture Great Depression & New Deal WWII Causes of the Great Depression FDR’s New Deal programs: Impact on various groups of Americans From Storm Cellar diplomacy to the Defender of Democracy 23 America’s growth as a world power Cause 2: Close of the Frontier • Need for new economic opportunities • Recognition that American resources were finite • Expansion had always provided a safety- valve for Americans Cause 4: American Nationalism • Alfred T. Mahan – “Influence of Sea Power Upon History” • Control of the sea shaped the destiny of great empires • Strategic acquisition of coaling stations around the world for commercial and military fleets Spanish-American War CAUSES EFFECTS Cuban Revolution against Spain US acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, and ◦ Spanish commander Weyler “The Butcher” Philippines rounding up Cubans into reconcentration camps