PART FOUR OF TEN SPECIAL MAGAZINES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH 1916 AND COLLECTION

Thursday 26 November 2015 www.independent.ie/1916

SEÁN MAC DIARMADA AND THE LEADERS OF THE RISING

12 November 2015 I Irish Independent+ The influence of the Gaelic League and GAA INTRODUCTION Contents Rising art helps 4 BAND OF BROTHERS Brian Murphy on how the seven signatories came together to plan and execute the Rising paint a picture 6 FIELDS OF FIRE The GAA claimed a role in the rebellion which doesn’t quite NORMAN TEELING is tally, writes Paul Rouse painting beside the O’Connell 8 SEAN MAC DIARMADA Monument in Dublin when I speak with him. Donal Fallon profiles the skilled The 71-year-old open air and committed organiser enthusiast works in his 10 LEAGUE OF NATION hometown, as well as Arles in Richard McElligott on the hugely France, Spain and California. influential Gaelic League But it was a visit to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania that inspired 12 REBEL LEGACY his ten-piece painting series Kim Bielenberg talks to author on the Easter Rising. Helen Litton, descendant of two “I had seen these wonderful of the men executed in 1916 paintings representing the American Civil War,” he says. approximately ten years, “historical representational”, 15 THE ELEVENTH HOUR “I thought it looked very according to Mr Teeling, Mr Teeling says the exhibition Colm O’Flaherty on the wild dramatic and wouldn’t it be before they were moved into is his “interpretation” of rumours and atmosphere in great to try it with the Irish storage. He finds it strange what happened during the Dublin on the eve of the Rising rebellion.” they “are too big for the walls Rising, which “should be He had four paintings now” but “seemed to be the commemorated every year”. 16 TIMELINE OF EVENTS on 1916 done when he was right size”. “I think the 1916 Rising A peek beyond the Rising with commissioned by An Post Following queries about is very hush-hush and it the UCD Decade of Centenaries to do six more in 1996. “I the collection, owned by the shouldn’t be,” he says. “We got only had six weeks. I did as GPO, he says: “I thought, why our freedom through what much research as I could,” he not do them again? The new these guys did. This was our explains. variations are better paintings Alamo where they all died for

PART FOUR OF TEN There was no photographic because I have been working a cause but the cause itself was Artist Norman Teeling SPECIAL MAGAZINES reference of what happened on them for the past couple of not a failure.” IN PARTNERSHIP WITH at work on his new inside the GPO so the artist years.” They will be exhibited For details on Teeling’s paintings of the 1916 Rising 1916 AND was led by research. The at the Oriel Gallery in Clare plein air Painting In Oils DVD, leaders (inset above). paintings, each 36in by Street, Dublin next year. see normanteeling.com. COLLECTION MARK CONDREN Thursday 26 November 2015 www.independent.ie/1916 50in, were hanging for Describing his style as Alison Martin

FROM THE UCD ARCHIVES It changed Irish history but controversy over Castle Document still rages on SEÁN MAC DIARMADA AND THE LEADERS OF THE RISING

12 November 2015 I Irish Independent+ The influence of the Gaelic League and GAA FIVE days before the Rising the invented to propel momentum Evening Mail carried a story toward an uprising? And by who? that would have a bearing on Was an existing plan altered Published by Independent Newspapers, the course of events and create or doctored to enhance the 27–32 Talbot Street, Dublin 1, Ireland a controversy which still burns. possibility of a rising, which the Editor: Gerard Siggins Addressing a meeting of Dublin Volunteers had deemed necessary different general order was Smyth, a telegraphist”, who “had [email protected] Corporation, Thomas Kelly of before the First World War drafted by me and accepted the opportunity of obtaining full Design: Joe Coyle Sinn Féin read into the record the ended? by Pearse as satisfactory. It and direct information of the text of a secret document he had Eoin MacNeill, the Volunteers’ ordered the Volunteers to prepare substance of the plans contained For Irish Independent been given. chief of staff, said that the themselves against suppression”. in the document”. Head of Features: Known as the Castle “document served the purpose MacNeill then changed his The letter contained a solemn Fionnuala McCarthy Document, it contained details of creating great excitement and mind about the authenticity of statement from Smyth which Education Editor: of contingency plans for Martial apprehension of the Volunteers the Castle Document: “...a fact included: “I can definitely Law, and the arrest and detention being suppressed — an event came to my knowledge showing confirm the truth of the contents Katherine Donnelly of the leaders of Sinn Féin, the which we were all bound to resist”. me that I had been deceived”. of the document”. In 1951 Smyth For University College Dublin National and Irish Volunteers, He wrote: “There was intense The identity of the official gave a witness statement to the and the Gaelic League. It also tension during these meetings [of who leaked the document was Bureau of Military History: Dr Conor Mulvagh, lecturer included a list of buildings to be the leadership]. At the exec[utive] revealed in 1971 through a letter “The contents of the document in Irish History with special secured by the military. there was some proposal for a in the Irish Press. The writer, were practically identical with responsibility for the Questions remain about its general order which I opposed as Patrick J Little, whose papers are that read out by Alderman Decade of Commemorations. provenance: Did such a plan being dangerous, and ultimately in the UCD archives, revealed Tom Kelly at the meeting of the Eilis O’Brien, Director of exist at all? Was a military plan at the end of the meeting a that it was “the late Eugene Corporation...” FC Communication and Marketing IN MEMORIAM Niamh Boyle, Marketing Manager

Cover by Jon Berkeley, shows The boat that brought the guns ashore... Seán Mac Diarmada, Bulmer Hobson and Ned Daly THE most famous of the boats Mary Spring Rice sailed the ship It was used as a training vessel that ran guns into Ireland ahead laden with 900 rifles and 29,000 until 1974 when it was moved to of the Rising was the Asgard. rounds from Germany to Howth Kilmainham Jail where it was It was named after one of the in July 1914. displayed until 2001. By then in a worlds of Norse mythology, ruled After the Rising the Asgard poor state of repair, a restoration IN PARTNERSHIP WITH over by Odin and Frigg. was put in dry dock in Wales, and project brought it back to life The 16-metre yacht was owned sold in 1928. Thirty years later the and since 2012 it has been on by Erskine Childers, an English- Irish government bought the ship display in the National Museum AND born writer who was executed and brought it back to Howth in Collins Barracks. during the Civil War in 1922. He on 30 July 1961, re-enacting the A plaque in the harbour in and his wife Molly, along with landing with some of the original Howth commemorates the Roger Casement, Alice Green and personnel — and rifles. landings. LS

2 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015 INTRODUCTION

ROYAL COLLECTION HOUSED IN LONDON MUSEUM 1916 ONLINE The banner taken from Countess Markievicz’s home as a 1916 war trophy

IN a corner of the Imperial War Museum’s acclaimed new WWI exhibition in London, there is a small, emerald green banner, with Gaelic script picked out in time-tarnished gold thread. Look closer, under the words, “Na Fianna Eireann” and you will see the motif of a pike piercing a Watch more online at sunburst, over the legend “Glaine independent.ie/1916 ár gcroí, Neart ár ngéag, Agus beart de réir ár mbriathar”. AS part of the Irish And to the right, there is a Independent’s unrivalled card, informing visitors that coverage of the centenary of this artefact was; “Lent By Her the Easter Rising, a dedicated Majesty The Queen”. website is now online. The site The story of how this banner uses words, pictures and video of Na Fianna, the republican to enhance understanding youth movement founded in of a defining moment in our 1909, ended up in a south London nation’s history. museum began in the immediate The ‘Na Fianna Eireann’ Read excerpts from aftermath of the Easter Rising, banner taken from Countess important books, watch when soldiers went to a modest Markievicz’s home as a war Ryan Tubridy talk about his suburban home in Rathmines, trophy by the Royal Irish Rifles. grandfather, and marvel at Dublin. the stunning photos of Dublin A detachment of 3rd Battalion, The banner was a war trophy, in 1916. The site also carries Royal Irish Rifles had been taken by the Royal Irish Rifles, all the articles in our ongoing detailed to search Surrey House, which eventually found its way series ‘My 1916’. home of Constance Markievicz, into the royal collection. The The independent.ie/1916 site who had just commanded the Irish words under the sunburst will continue to build into a rebels fighting in St Stephen’s may have puzzled officers and brilliant resource for students Green. royals alike, it translates loosely in years to come. As the soldiers were searching as: “The purity of our hearts, through her home, Markievicz the strength of our limbs, our was in a cell in Kilmainham. On commitment to our vow”. THE FIELDS OF BATTLE May 6th, when her sister Eva Some, especially in Sligo with Gore-Booth and their friend its strong links to Countess Esther Roper went to Surrey Markievicz, believe this lost House, they found that it had banner should now come home. been ransacked and occupied by For the moment, it hangs in a the Royal Irish. small glass case in the museum’s Amongst the items taken by WWI galleries, a reminder of the the soldiers was a green and time when, as 200,000 Irishmen gold banner of the Republican were fighting in Europe, Turkey youth movement, founded and the Middle East, some of by the countess in 1909 and their fellow countrymen were headquartered out of her home in involved in a different fight at Rathmines. home. Joe O’Shea

A Na Piarsaigh player THE LOST CHILDREN and, above, the Limerick club’s crest. SPORTSFILE Seán Healy, the 15-year-old boy killed in Phibsborough

SEÁN HEALY was the youngest excellent new book Children combatant to die in the Rising of the Rising, Healy’s family on the republican side. believe he was asked to deliver One of a family of ten who a message by MacDonagh shared a home with two warning of an ambush on Rebel names live on through GAA clubs other families, he lived Phibsborough bridge. at 188 Phibsborough On his way back from THERE has been a long tradition There are four Na Piarsaigh clubs named in his honour, in Road, close to the Jacob’s he called into of naming GAA clubs after clubs, in Galway, Louth, Cork and Louth, Antrim, Armagh and Mater Hospital, the his family home for patriotic figures. Most counties Limerick. The Cork version was Monaghan, as has The O’Rahilly, King’s Inns and a short time, then have an Emmets, a Mitchels three times county senior hurling in Fermanagh, Monaghan and Dalymount Park. went out again. or a Sarsfields from earlier champions from 1990-2004 and is Tyrone, as well as the celebrated His family were A few minutes conflicts, and the sacrifice of home of the celebrated Kerins O’Rahilly’s in Kerry, the active republicans later, at the the 1916 leaders has also been Ó hAilpín brothers. club of legends Dan Spring, Paddy and his father crossroads known remembered on playing fields at The Limerick club is even more Kennedy and Dan O’Keeffe. saw action during as Doyle’s Corner, home and abroad. successful, twice being Munster Elsewhere there are also clubs Easter Week with Seán was shot Some of the clubs are obscure, senior hurling champions in 2011 in memory of Roger Casement the smallest and in the head by a others celebrated, but those and 2013 with all-star Shane (Antrim) and Thomas Clarke least known of the British soldier named after the Pearse brothers Dowling to the fore, and won (Dungannon). participants on who was stationed seem to have been both the most their county title again in 2015. In the GAA’s overseas units the the rebel side, the at the bridge. He popular and, arguably, most The only club with one of the men of ’16 are well remembered, Hibernian Rifles. was taken to the successful on the field. signatories’ names to win an with such clubs as Dunedin A member of Mater hospital, a few There are Patrick Pearses clubs All-Ireland club championship Connollys (Edinburgh, Scotland), the Fianna Éireann hundred metres away in Galway, Kerry, Roscommon was Kilruane MacDonaghs from Brothers Pearse (Huddersfield, republican scouts, he but his wounds were too and Antrim, while Pearse Tipperary in 1986. There are England), Roger Casement’s GFC had been sent home from severe. He was just 15 years Brothers play out of Ballybay, Co O’Hanrahans clubs in Wexford (Ontario Canada), Charlotte the Jacob’s Factory by Thomas old. Monaghan. Two Tyrone clubs, and Carlow, the latter winning James Connollys (North Carolina, MacDonagh because he was too A plaque in the pathway at Fintona and Galbally, also attach the Leinster title in 2000. USA), and Padraig Pearses young to fight. Phibsborough marks the spot the Pearse name. Seán McDermott has four (Victoria, Australia). GS According to Joe Duffy’s where Seán Healy died. LS

26 November 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 3 KEYNOTE

THOMAS SEAN PATRICK JAMES CLARKE MAC DIARMADA PEARSE CONNOLLY The story of 1916’s

affectionately congratulated each other, genius was in smoke-filled rooms where Brian Murphy on the WJ Brennan-Whitmore, a general staff secret military plans were hatched, where officer in the rebel forces, observed that the covert Irish Republican Brotherhood the man who had actually done most to infiltration of other organisations was tangled relationships ferment revolution watched contently encouraged and where every clandestine from the side-lines. decision was inspired by a desire to In his memoir written in 1961, Brennan- provoke sedition and to ultimately bring among the seven Whitmore noted that, “Although Patrick about an armed revolt. Pearse and I were intimates, it is my view Clarke was 58 in 1916. He was born that writers and historians in subsequent on the Isle of Wight, the son of a British signatories of the years have, perhaps unconsciously, given soldier, but was raised in Dungannon. He Pearse a position of prominence in the had spent large portions of his adult life 1916 Proclamation movement which rightly belongs to outside of Ireland. For 15 years, he had Clarke… [Clarke’s] quiet and somewhat languished in British prisons, after being shy unobtrusiveness would seem to have convicted of attempting to place bombs AMES CONNOLLY was not by the seminal moment that had just robbed even history of her due. In my in London, and also lived in the United a man prone to displays of occurred. The reading of the Proclamation frank and honest opinion, insofar as it States. emotion, but shortly after was the formal declaration of a Republic was in the power of one man to bring an In November 1907, Clarke sold his farm noon on Easter Monday and it was an act that established the Irish insurrection into forthright activity, in Manorville, Long Island, and returned 1916, the Edinburgh-born Provisional Government. It also signalled the credit for that achievement must go to to Ireland. He opened a tobacconist shop socialist was visibly moved. the first full-scale Irish uprising since the Thomas J Clarke.” in Dublin’s north inner city and immersed JHe had just heard Patrick Fenian rebellion 49 years previously. Clarke’s long commitment to militant himself in IRB activities. His shop soon Pearse read the Easter Pearse and Connolly had been involved republicanism was recognised by his became a hub for nationalist activity and Proclamation outside the GPO and in months of stressful planning, intrigue, fellow leaders of the Rising when they Clarke, with a single-minded focus, sought witnessed the unfurling from the roof cajoling and deceit to arrive at the accorded him the honour of being the to encourage a younger generation to of the tricolour. Gripping Pearse’s hand, point where an armed rebellion against first signatory to the 1916 Proclamation. commit to militant republicanism. Connolly said: ‘Thanks be to God, Pearse, British rule would take place. Both men However, in Irish historiography Clarke Seán Mac Diarmada, who was 25 years we have lived to see this day.’ had been wary, even suspicious of the features less prominently than Pearse Tom Clarke’s junior, became his closest Connolly’s uncharacteristic display of other’s motives, but a genuine respect and Connolly, largely because the very friend and most trusted lieutenant. sentiment was undoubtedly prompted had developed between them. As they nature of his work was furtive. Clarke’s Clarke was influential in Mac Diarmada’s

4 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015 KEYNOTE

THOMAS EAMONN JOSEPH MAC DONAGH CEANNT PLUNKETT band of brothers

appointment in 1908 as the IRB’s national significant resolution. This three-pronged nationalist organisations had been against any pre-emptive rising. MacNeill organiser and the latter toured the resolution mandated the IRB to stage a pursued to surmount such difficulties. had grown increasingly close to Hobson, country on a bicycle building alliances rising if: Germany invaded Ireland; the Unlike the IRB, the Irish Volunteers, who held sincere convictions that the and recruiting young radical nationalists. British Government sought to impose which had been founded in 1913 to protect Volunteers should adopt only a defensive By 1912, control of the IRB was in the conscription on Ireland; the war looked the Home Rule Bill then going through strategy. hands of Clarke and Mac Diarmada. like coming to a conclusion without a Westminster from the threat posed by In the months leading up to the planned Operating on the old Fenian maxim rebellion already having taken place. Edward Carson’s Ulster Volunteer Force, date for the Rising, the IRB element in of ‘England’s difficulty, Ireland’s Trusting no-one but their closest allies, had a decent-sized armed militia at its the Volunteers either worked around opportunity,’ the pair saw World War One to advance plans for an insurrection, disposal. Prior to the Rising, membership or willingly deceived MacNeill, Hobson as a once-in-a-generation chance to secure Clarke and Mac Diarmada established of the Irish Volunteers was estimated at and others, while making surreptitious a sovereign Irish Republic. At the very a highly secret military sub-committee approximately 15,000. From the formation preparations for a rebellion. This level of least, they believed that a rising would (subsequently the Military of the Volunteers, members manipulation reached its zenith in the secure Irish representation at a post-war Council) in May 1915 of the IRB had sought to week prior to Easter 1916 when the IRB peace conference. consisting of themselves establish secret but effective held Hobson under house-arrest and On 4 August 1914, the British prime and Pearse, Éamonn Ceannt The IRB“ element control of the organisation forged the so-called ‘Castle Document’ in minister, Herbert Asquith, declared war and Joseph Mary Plunkett, by placing their own an attempt to convince MacNeill that the on Germany. This event gave impetus to who had a wide knowledge in the Volunteers personnel in key positions of British authorities were going to suppress Clarke and Mac Diarmada’s objective of of military strategy. Senior either worked authority. the Volunteers and that he had nothing to a separatist revolt. As respectively the IRB figures, such as Denis Seán Mac Diarmada had lose in backing a revolt. secretary of the IRB Supreme Council McCullough and Bulmer around or actually been a founder- Tom Clarke spoke little Irish, but and its treasurer, they brought all of their Hobson, were kept in the willingly deceived member of the Irish he instinctively understood that the influence to bear to rapidly commit the dark because Clarke and Volunteers and other leading Gaelic League was an influential mass- small revolutionary organisation to a Mac Diarmada doubted their Eoin MacNeill, IRB planners, including movement. A year out from the Rising, definite policy of insurrection. commitment to a rising. Bulmer Hobson Pearse, Plunkett and Eamon the League had an estimated 50,000 Just over a month later, on 9 September As a tiny, secret oath- and others, while Ceannt, also held prominent members nationwide, many of whom 1914, as British and French troops bound society, the IRB lacked positions on its executive. had advanced nationalist views. The IRB engaged the German army in bloody the military manpower making surreptitious However, Eoin MacNeill, had for a number of years engaged in a hostilities on the banks of the Marne, the and capacity to mount a preparations the Chief-of-Staff of the steady infiltration of the organisation. Supreme Council of the IRB in Rutland genuine rebellion. Clarke’s Volunteers, was not an IRB At the League’s ard-fhéis in July 1915, (now Parnell) Square adopted a hugely policy of infiltration of for a rebellion man and he was strongly CONTINUED ON PAGE 6 >>>

26 November 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 5 KEYNOTE The story of 1916’s band of brothers

>>> CONTINUED FROM PAGE 5 the IRB moved to change its character from a non-political organisation to an avowedly separatist grouping. Clarke was the mastermind of an organisational coup d’etat, which precipitated the resignation of the League’s founder, Douglas Hyde, who wanted to keep the language movement free from politics. In essence, the IRB take-over of the Gaelic League was about further shaping the wider public’s consciousness in support of Independence. A large number of those who would ultimately taken up arms in 1916 had first travelled down the road of militant s the ball republicanism via their membership of Michael Collins throw at Croke the Gaelic League. Its strong Irish-Ireland in at a hurling match ethos convinced many young men and Park in 1921. women that there was a strong intellectual and political basis for a separatist state. Pearse, who had originally been a strong supporter of Home Rule, wrote about the politically radicalising effect of the Gaelic League. In 1914, he noted “the Gaelic League will be recognised in history as the most revolutionary influence that has ever come into Ireland. The GAA The Irish Revolution really began when the seven proto-Gaelic Leaguers met in O’Connell St… The germ of all future Irish history was in that back room.”

HOMAS MACDONAGH, a close associate of Pearse, was co-opted onto the IRB Military Council in T April 1916, just before the Rising. His political journey had begun in the and the early years of the 20th century when he attended a Gaelic League meeting with the intention of sneering at proceedings, but instead he experienced a Pauline conversion. Eamonn Ceannt, another signatory of the Proclamation, had joined the Gaelic League as far back as 1899. He was a talented Irish language teacher and an accomplished uileann piper, who had once performed in private audience for Rising Pope Pius X. James Connolly was ambivalent about the Irish language. He once wrote: “You cannot teach starving men Gaelic.” Connolly’s immersion in Irish politics commenced as a trade union activist The organisation claimed it played and he evolved into a radical socialist hardened by his experiences during the Lockout. Connolly had little sympathy a major role, but the truth is more with Pearse’s notion of a blood sacrifice, but his decision to throw his revolutionary lot in with the IRB amounted to a complex, writes Paul Rouse recognition that the national question had to be resolved before socialism could take root. At Connolly’s insistence, the fusion of his own Irish Citizen Army with the IRB- controlled Irish Volunteers in Easter Week created a new entity known as the Irish Republic Army. This is the origin of the title that a number of organisations have claimed — or still claim — direct historical continuity with. Despite his warm handshake with Pearse on the steps of the GPO, Connolly instinctively recognised that they were strange bedfellows.A week before the Rising, Connolly instructed his most trusted colleagues in the Citizen Army that “in the event of victory, hold on xx. GETTY IMAGES to your rifles, as those with whom we are fighting may stop before our goal is reached. We are out for economic as well as political liberty.” Connolly’s brand of Hiberno-Marxism sat uncomfortably with the more socially conservative separatists and gaelic revivalists of the IRB and this was just one of the many complexities of Easter 1916.

Dr Brian Murphy lectures at the Dublin Institute of Technology. He completed his PhD in Modern Irish History at UCD

6 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015 SPORT IN 1916

N the decades after 1916, the history Dr Paul Rouse photographed on UCD’s of the Easter Rising was rewritten Belfield campus. EL KEEGAN by men and women who wished to claim for themselves — or for the Right: Dick Fitzgerald organisations they loved — a central Ipart in the Rising. In sporting terms, the great example of this is provided by the GAA. The Association — and its historians — claimed that, unique among Irish sporting organisations, the GAA had provided the great bulk of the men who fought in 1916. Like all the best myths, this is rooted in a certain truth: in the aftermath of the Rising, the Official Commission of Inquiry was told by the Chief Secretary, Sir Matthew Nathan, and by the Chief Constable of the Royal Irish Constabulary that the GAA had been an instigating factor in the Rising. This, in turn, led to the internment of numerous GAA members, including the Association’s president, in the ill-conceived, ill-directed round-up undertaken by the British authorities in the months that followed the Rising. But are claims of intimate GAA involvement in 1916 accurate? The truth is, unsurprisingly, much more complex. As William Murphy has written, GAA players were indeed more likely to have participated in the Easter Rising in Dublin Dick Fitzgerald was captain of the Kerry footballers than most other sectors of society. It who won the All-Ireland in 1913 and 1914 and played appears that there were some 302 players Qfor the county from 1903 to 1923. He joined the Irish from 53 clubs. Volunteers in 1915 and after the Rising was arrested and This total of 302 represents a little less detained in the Frongoch prison camp in Wales. than one-fifth of the estimated 1,500 to 1,800 rebels of Easter Week. There can be no denying that it represented a significant contribution. payment of the tax. It speaks volumes for the priorities of the government policy and oversaw a series of Allowing for this, it is also the truth that While awaiting decision on whether it GAA that it should attend a meeting with courts martial leading to the imposition in the immediate aftermath of the Rising should be exempt or otherwise, the Central Maxwell. of death sentences on the leaders of the the GAA behaved in a way that was entirely Council of the GAA took the initiative After all, it was Maxwell who had been Rising. at odds with an organisation apparently in and sent a deputation to General Sir John appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Ultimately, the idea that it was the GAA sympathy with rebellion. Maxwell in an attempt to secure GAA British Army in Ireland during the Rising. alone that provided the foot-soldiers of For example, the response of the GAA exclusion from taxation and to arrange Using extensive martial law powers, he the revolution was rejected by some of the was to flat-out deny any involvement in for the provision of special trains to GAA had crushed the rebellion. In its immediate leading figures of that revolution. 1916. It issued a statement saying that matches. aftermath, he was the chief architect of Ernie O’Malley later recalled there were all allegations ‘that the Gaelic Athletic those ‘who belonged to the Gaelic League Association had been used in furtherance of or who played Gaelic football and hurling the objectives of the Irish Volunteers are as The rebel sportsmen ... [who were] very contemptuous of rugby untrue as they are unjust’. and golf, and soccer. They spoke of the Then, in the second half of 1916, the Several of the of the strongest in English with inherited contempt, attended GAA sought to engage with the British Volunteers were Leinster. public meetings in the streets, approved of authorities to safeguard the organisation’s active in other physical force in talk, but made no attempt sporting operations. sports too... MICHAEL AND to join the Volunteers.’ The first episode concerned the JOHN WALKER More than that, there were also many attempts of the government to enforce an EAMON DE 1912 Olympic Games more GAA men fighting in British army Entertainments tax on sporting and other VALERA cyclists, they acted uniforms in France, than there were in the recreational bodies throughout the United An excellent rugby as couriers in the GPO. Kingdom. As the relevant bill was being player, he won a Rising. Any rounded account of the GAA’s moved through the House of Commons, an trial with Munster involvement in 1916 must acknowledge this amendment was introduced exempting any as a centre. OSCAR basic truth — and accommodate it in any organisation founded ‘with the object of TRAYNOR meaningful history of the Easter Rising. reviving national pastimes’. CATHAL BRUGHA Star goalkeeper Eamon de Valera This amendment was introduced Opened the bowling with Belfast Celtic, won a rugby trial Dr Paul Rouse is a lecturer in Irish History specifically in response to GAA efforts, for Pembroke was president of the with Muns ter and Sports History at the School of History through John O’Connor MP, to avoid cricket club, one FAI in 1948. at University College Dublin (UCD)

26 November 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 7 PROFILE SEÁN MAC DIARMADA Inspiring the next generation

Donal Fallon on the boy from Leitrim who was happy that his martyrdom would reinvigorate a sleeping nation

EÁN MURPHY, an active precluded Catholics from the most member of the Irish Republican prestigious shipyard trades.” Brotherhood who participated Work for Mac Diarmada came in the in the Easter Rising, recalled form of tram conductor, a position he took speaking to a dejected Seán up in November 1905, though by July of SMac Diarmada while a prisoner the following year he had lost the position, in Richmond Barracks. Murphy as a result of “smoking on the platform was taken aback by Mac Diarmada’s words of his tram”. Yet if the lure of Belfast that “the cause is lost if some of us are not was employment for many men, for Mac shot”. Murphy told him that “surely to God Diarmada it seems the political life of the you do not mean that, Seán. Aren’t things city was more intriguing. bad enough?” To this, Mac Diarmada He actively involved himself in the replied that: “They are so bad that if what Ancient Order of Hibernians, a Catholic I say does not come true they will be very fraternal organisation which was closely much worse.” The martyrdom did come, and Donal Fallon. DAMIEN EAGERS aligned to the Irish Parliamentary Party the cause wasn’t lost. Mac Diarmada was in the city, yet quickly moved towards shot by firing squad on 12 May 1916. from the west of Ireland. Many travelled more radical separatist politics, joining Seán Mac Diarmada was born John to the northern city seeking employment, a Dungannon Club in 1905. On paper a McDermott in January 1883, the eighth often following family. In Mac Diarmada’s cultural nationalist society, the clubs have ideology plain and simple for readers: “The child of carpenter Donald McDermott case, he was following in the footsteps of his been described as an “open front” for the Irish attitude to England is war yesterday, and his wife Mary. An obituary published brother Dan, who was working in McGlade’s Irish Republican Brotherhood. Indeed, war today, war tomorrow. Peace after the in 1913 at the time of his father’s passing bar in North Street. the two central figures behind the clubs, final battle.” It was not a voice of moderation in the radical newspaper Irish Freedom Yet Belfast’s draw also lay in the fact it Bulmer Hobson and Denis McCullough, or reformism; on the eve of a Royal Visit in claimed that Donald was not only a veteran was a thriving industrial city, the beating were the driving forces behind the IRB in 1911, Mac Diarmada argued that “Ireland of the Land League, but that he “was one economic heart of the island. Despite Belfast. Hobson remembered that “about wants no concession from England. We of Ireland’s true sons and one of those men this, as Kyle Hughes has noted, it was a the end of 1906 I started a small fund, want what is ours; that is our country, and who, guided by high principles and an city firmly divided on sectarian lines, as mostly subscribed to by men who could by the Lord we mean to have it, come what ardent love of his country, took his place in “Belfast Catholics were significantly under- only afford a few pence per week, and made may.” the ranks of the IRB.” represented in all of the heavy-engineering McDermott the whole-time organiser for the Beyond politics, Mac Diarmada battled Brian Feeney, Mac Diarmada’s trades where a combination of sectarianism Dungannon Club. He established a number with poliomyelitis, which struck him down biographer, has noted that while tantalising, and a restrictive apprenticeship system of Clubs in various parts of Ulster.” in the autumn of 1911, and which left him “there is nothing else to indicate that the The Dungannon Clubs introduced reliant on a walking stick, an obstacle for a McDermott family was involved in agrarian SNAPSHOT Mac Diarmada to the politics of the man who prided himself on his abilities as politics or could have set an example that SEÁN MAC IRB, an organisation into which he a national organiser. He was present at the John McDermott followed.” was sworn in 1906. He rapidly rose establishment of the Irish Volunteers in the While he was born in the west of Ireland, DIARMADA through the ranks of the secretive body, Rotunda Rink in November 1913, and spoke at Corranmore, near to Kiltyclogher in Born: 27 benefiting from the overhaul Hobson on that occasion. Leitrim, his political education came January 1883, and McCullough were embarking upon. Hobson remembered that, “In addition to primarily from time spent in the province of Kiltyclogher, He was co-opted onto the Supreme the 4,000 people inside the hall a crowd of Ulster. Following a brief period working in Co Leitrim Council of the IRB in 1908, and about 3,000 were unable to gain admission. Edinburgh as a young man, Mac Diarmada appointed national organiser. The path from Cavendish Row down to the received an education in Tullynamoyle, Educated: Given his ascent in the IRB, and the entrance of the hall was a steep slope and Cavan from October 1904 to March 1905, Corracloona NS; trust both Hobson and McCullough we were much afraid that the pressure of studying the Irish language and book- Tullinamoyle had in him, it is not surprising he was people would smash in the doors which had keeping under the guidance of Patrick night school, appointed manager of the newspaper been closed.” McGauran, who kept a night school there. Co Cavan Irish Freedom in 1910. Based in Dublin, Mac Diarmada, along with others such In his recollections of the young Mac he became particularly close to Thomas as Hobson and Clarke, believed that the Diarmada, McGauran remembered that he Affiliation: IRB/Irish Volunteers Clarke, the veteran Fenian who had been Volunteer movement could be controlled by was “anything but a book-worm”, but that he Career: Newspaper imprisoned for his involvement in the the IRB. Indeed, Liam Walsh, a member of did keep a greyhound named Kruger, a nod manager, activist dynamite campaign of the 1880s. the Volunteers, remembered Mac Diarmada towards the Boer President Paul Kruger. Irish Freedom sought to advance and telling him that “if it came to a showdown, Mac Diarmada arrived in Belfast in 1905, Died: 12 May 1916, promote the political aspirations of the the backbone of the fighters would come a not uncommon journey for a young man Kilmainham Jail IRB. The first issue of the paper laid out its from the IRB.” When the movement split

8 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015 PROFILE

Richard Mulcahy and Min Ryan, Mac Diarmada’s former partner. Min Ryan, the woman who ‘would have been my wife’

EAN MAC DIARMADA’S they had been burnt out of the last letter to his brothers Post Office, the insults hurled and sisters contains at them by the most ‘civilised’ Sa poignant aside. He of armies when they had laid tells them that if he has any down their arms… more messages for them, he “He preferred to talk of will convey them through all sorts of casual matters, “Miss Ryan, she who in all asking about different people probability, had I lived, would we knew, referring to various have been my wife.” happy events of the past and Mary Josephine (Min) Ryan enjoying little jokes and jests was from a prosperous family almost as naturally as if we had who farmed at Tomcoole, been in Bewley’s.” near Taghmon, Co Wexford. A Mac Diarmada cut buttons founder member of Cumann na from his jacket and scratched mBan, she and several of her his name upon them and some 11 brothers and sisters were coins to pass on to friends as active in the Rising and the keepsakes. in 1914 in the aftermath of John Redmond GPO alive.” According to Tannam, Clarke Above: Tour conflicts that followed. “As one looked at his encouraging Irishmen to enlist in the was adamant that he would stay, and even guide Paul During the Rising Min and beautiful head bent over his British war effort, Mac Diarmada’s rhetoric “go down with the building”. It was Mac Gibson with Phyllis acted as couriers to the work in the dim candlelight, in Irish Freedom only became more hard- Diarmada who convinced him to leave. pupils from GPO garrison. one could scarcely keep one’s line. In the chaos of the evacuation of the GPO, Kiltyclogher In July 1916 Min Ryan wrote feelings from surging over He was central to the organising of a as the rebels attempted to enter a row of National about her last visit to the at the thought that beautiful meeting in the Gaelic League library at houses on Moore Street, Mac Diarmada School, man with whom she had been head would be battered by four Parnell Square in September 1914, where a was present at a moment of great tragedy. visiting the romantically involved for less bullets…” decision to mount a rebellion during the war Unable to open a locked door, a Volunteer the birth than a year. “At 3 o’clock, on the arrival of was reached. To Seán T. O’Kelly, one of those burst a lock by firing upon it. place of It was reproduced in Erins’s the Prison Chaplain, we bade present in the room and later President of When the door opened, a child lay dead Seán Mac Tragic Easter: the Irish Rebellion farewell to Seán and left him to Ireland, this meeting had brought together on the other side. Joe Good, a member of Diarmada in of 1916 and its Martyrs, edited by spend his last three-quarters “all shades of advanced nationalist political the GPO garrison, recalled Mac Diarmada Kiltyclogher, Maurice Joy: of an hour in prayer and in thought in Ireland”. limping into the house demanding to know Co Leitrim. “The last time I saw Seán preparation for a more lovely Despite secretly discussing the prospect who had fired the shot, but that “the woman McDermott was in a prison cell world.” of insurrection, Mac Diarmada remained a of the house herself was insisting that it was PHOTOGRAPH: at Kilmainham Jail at 3 o’clock In 1919 Min married Richard JAMES public voice, and he was imprisoned under an accident and the Volunteers were not to CONNOLLY on the morning of May 12th. Mulcahy, who took command the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) in be blamed”. This incident brought home the He was shot at 3.45 the same of the pro-Treaty forces in the May 1915 following a passionate speech in suffering of the civilian population to Mac Opposite morning… Civil War after the killing of Tuam, Galway, which encouraged Irishmen Diarmada, Pearse and other leaders present. page, inset “The cell was small, black Michael Collins. He was leader to seize upon England’s difficulty as Did Mac Diarmada believe that the Easter top: A portrait and white were the colours... of Fine Gael 1944–48. Ireland’s opportunity. Upon his release from Rising could succeed? From reading his of Mac As he came to the door with Her elder sister Kit — a prison, he became a part of the secretive departing letters, it seems he believed that Diarmada by both hands extended to lecturer in French at UCD Military Council that set about turning the the achievement of the Rising would be in Irish artist welcome us, with a smile on his — married another 1916 Rising into a reality. its inspiring another generation to fight. Brian O’Neill. face that seemed to transcend veteran and future President On Easter Monday 1916, Mac Diarmada, Writing to the veteran Fenian John Daly, this brutal place, one felt of Ireland, Seán T O’Kelly now heavily dependent upon his stick, he outlined his belief that “our blood will fortitude and confidence in who, after her death in 1934, was unable to take part in the combined rebaptise and reinvigorate the old land. oneself once more and a strong wed her sister, Phyllis. Yet march of Volunteer and Citizen Army forces Knowing this it is superfluous to say how desire to show no surprise at another, Agnes, married Denis from Liberty Hall to the GPO. Limping, happy I feel.” this unusual scene. McCullough, President of the he travelled ahead by car and waited with “We sat on the plank bed IRB. Their brother, James was a Tom Clarke on the men to arrive. By Friday, Donal Fallon is an author and historian, beside Seán. We discussed minister for almost 30 years. when the roof of the GPO was ablaze, Liam currently researching republican many of the events of the Min Ryan died, aged 92, in Tannam remembered that: “I heard Tom commemoration and memory at UCD revolution. He told us of what 1977. Clarke declare that he would never leave the School of History had happened to them after Gerard Siggins

26 November 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 9 THE ROLE OF THE GAELIC LEAGUE

THOMAS MacDONAGH PATRICK PEARSE EOIN MacNEILL A League of extraordinary gentlemen

Gaelic League was breeding ground for rebels, writes Richard McElligott

EFLECTING on The Gaelic League was The Gaelic League quickly the rebellion that undoubtedly the formative turned into a powerful mass had given him nationalist organisation in the movement. By revitalising the his first taste of development of the revolutionary Irish language, the League military action, elite of 1916. also began to inspire a deep R Michael Collins With the rapid decline of sense of pride in Irish culture, lamented that the Easter Rising native Irish speakers in the heritage and identity. Its wide was hardly the “appropriate aftermath of the Famine, many and energetic programme of time for memoranda couched sensed the damage would be meetings, dances and festivals in poetic phrases, or actions irreversible unless it was halted injected a new life and colour DOUGLAS HYDE worked out in similar fashion”. immediately. In November 1892, into the often depressing This assessment encapsulates the Gaelic scholar Douglas Hyde monotony of provincial Ireland. the generational gulf between delivered a speech entitled ‘The Another significant factor participation in Gaelic games. cursed their memory”. Pearse the romantic idealism of the Necessity for de-Anglicising for its popularity was its Within 15 years the League had was prominent in the League’s revolutionaries of 1916 and the Ireland’. Hyde pleaded with his cross-gender appeal. The 671 registered branches. successful campaign to get Irish military efficiency of those who fellow countrymen to turn away League actively encouraged Hyde had insisted that the included as a compulsory subject would successfully lead the Irish from the encroaching dominance female participation and one Gaelic League should be strictly in the national school system. independence struggle five years of English culture before they of its attractions lay in the apolitical. But he never fully For IRB men like Thomas later. lost forever their sense of a opportunities it provided for accepted the radical political Clarke and Seán Mac Diarmada, But perhaps the idealism of the separate nationality. romantic and sexual contact. The implications of his warning the League represented the rebels of 1916 is understandable. He observed how “Irish League also developed close ties that Ireland needed to be de- perfect platform to help spread The Rising was precipitated by sentiment sticks in this half- with the GAA and both would Anglicised. Many others would. their republican doctrine. Both a generation who had come of way house — how it continues become the supporting pillars of The League would soon provide became enthusiastic members age amidst the heady optimism to apparently hate the English, the Gaelic Revival. In particular, a valuable breeding ground for of the organisation, using it as of Ireland’s Gaelic Revival — a and at the same time continues the League was instrumental revolutionary republicanism. conduit to recruit its more radical moment when the possibilities to imitate them”. Hyde’s remedy in the early development of In the decade before the Rising, members into the IRB. for fundamentally reshaping was to rediscover as much as camogie and women’s formal British intelligence reports It was through their shared Irish political, social and cultural possible from Ireland’s past — repeatedly noted that the Gaelic membership of the Gaelic League makeup seemed endless. its language, its customs, its A cartoon League had come under the in Dublin that Mac Diarmada Realising that the myriad of traditions. Hyde’s speech offered of influence of men “of extreme indoctrinated Pearse and Éamon cultural organisations emerging the blueprint for the emerging Douglas views”. Ceannt into the Brotherhood. across Ireland could provide cultural nationalism that the Hyde It was Patrick Pearse who would Meanwhile Thomas MacDonagh a valuable stream of potential likes of Arthur Griffith’s Sinn in An personify the direct link between wrote of how his first Gaelic recruits, a newly reenergised IRB Féin would subsequently develop Claidheamh cultural and physical force League meeting became his began to systematically infiltrate into political theory. Soluis nationalism. Having joined the “baptism in nationalism”. them in the years after 1900. Thus In July 1893, Hyde and Eoin Gaelic League as a 17-year-old in Through him, his close friend participation and membership in MacNeill launched the Gaelic 1896, within two years Pearse had Joseph Plunkett also joined. these societies helped bring Irish League, a society which aimed been co-opted onto the League’s In the two years before the men and women into contact to preserve and revive the Ruling Executive Committee. In Great War, the Gaelic League with the revolutionary republican Irish language. 1903 he succeeded MacNeill as the became increasingly associated tradition. Little wonder that More than editor of the society’s newspaper, with the militant developments many would experience what this, the Gaelic An Claideamh Soluis. within Irish nationalism. In one veteran of 1916, Padraig League aimed For Pearse, the language was particular, Eoin MacNeill O’Kelly, described as “a kind to reconstruct seen as the essence of Ireland’s was warming to the political of natural graduation” from a populist rural separate national identity. He expediency of physical force. In cultural nationalism to republican Gaelic civilisation. warned that if the Irish allowed response to the emergence of violence. In the process they their language to die, they “would the Ulster Volunteers, MacNeill Foremost among these new hoped to recover go down to their graves with the used the pages of An Claidheamh cultural associations was the Ireland’s perceived knowledge that their children Soluis to publish his celebrated Gaelic League. Gaelic golden-age. and their children’s children article, ‘The North Began’ in

10 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015 SOCIETY IRELAND IN 1916 Ireland reliant on shipping and stout for employment

H&W and Guinness dominated, writes Fergus Cassidy

N the 30 years up to the outbreak of the First World War, world trade grew by 40pc. Economies I were growing fast, driven by huge changes in railroads, refrigeration and steamships. By 1913, European countries accounted for 80pc of world trade. Forty years earlier, Britain was the sole economic superpower, accounting for almost one-third of global manufacturing output. Even though competition, especially from Germany, France and USA, saw its share of world trade beginning to erode in the early 1900s, it remained an economic giant. Industrial expansion, along with population growth, meant that in 1913 Britain accounted for 17pc of all global imports and remained the largest shipbuilder in the world. The Irish economy was small compared with Britain, with Extract from statement to the a Gross Domestic Product of Bureau of Military History by around 6pc of the British total. Seán T Ó Kelly, President Agriculture was the mainstay, of Ireland 1945-1959, who with output twice that of faciltated the September 1914 industrial manufacture. In Harland & Wolff employed almost 9,500 people between 1907 meeting in the offices of the 1911, 846,000 people worked in and 1912, when the Titanic was completed. GETTY IMAGES Gaelic League in Parnell (then agriculture and food, and 401,000 Rutland) Square in September in industry, with most of that ruins. In the Directories of 60 curing, grain-milling and 1914. output based in the north-eastern and 50 years ago, industries biscuits. There were about six Credit: Irish Military Archives. part of the island, and Dublin. predominated in this area — biscuit factories in the country, Shipping, linen, food, drink, today it is tenements.” where up to 9,500 people were brewing and distilling were the Mechanisation accounts employed. Jacob’s in Dublin was products of industry. for some of the decline but by far the largest, employing Outside Dublin, manufacturing globalisation was also a more than 3,000 in 1907. was directed at the home significant factor. Faster The output from brewing which he argued that Irish ideal of a Gaelic-speaking and market, in areas such as railway transport enabled products like trebled between the 1850s and nationalists needed to similarly free Irish nation, free from all engineering, construction, American and Canadian grain, 1914, of which about 40% went arm to protect their right to subjection to foreign influences.” printing and flour milling. From Argentine beef, Australian abroad. Guinness was the largest secure Home Rule for Ireland. This radical pledge of support around 1850 small, craft-based mutton, and New Zealand butter brewery in the world by 1914 and Once the Irish Volunteers were for Irish sovereignty marked a manufacture lost out, as observed to be sold abroad. accounted for about two-thirds established, local Gaelic League definite break with the non- by Tom Kelly walking around In 1907 Belfast was Ireland’s of all Irish output. The combined branches were instrumental political policy of the League’s the Francis Street area of Dublin major industrial city accounting output of Cork-based Murphy’s, in spreading the movement. In founder Douglas Hyde who in 1909: “Today they are nearly for two-thirds of exports. Its and Beamish and Crawford, was September 1914, Republicans subsequently stepped down as all gone... Boot-making, brogue- population grew from 100,000 in only one-eighth of Guinness. chose the League’s library at 25 president, being succeeded by making, clay pipe-making, 1851 to 400,000 in 1914. More than 20 other breweries Parnell Square, Dublin, as the Eoin MacNeill. tobacco and snuff manufacture, Founded in 1861, the Harland supplied mainly to local markets. venue for their conference which Dozens of Gaelic League the making of hair cloth and and Wolff shipyard — the largest In October 1915, a newspaper agreed that the Great War offered activists were among the 1,500 curled hair, tabinet [a type of in the world — employed almost article headlined: ‘A New an opportunity to mount a rebels who marched into history silk] and poplin weaving, hosiery 9,500 people between 1907 and Industry for Dublin’, announced rebellion against British rule. on Easter Monday. In the and sock weaving, velvet making, 1912, when the Titanic was “a new and important industry Throughout 1915, Pearse and aftermath of the rebellion, the nail-making, soap-boiling, whip- completed. The linen industry for Dublin. Messrs Pigott and Co, the IRB’s Military Council were British authorities were quick making... was also mainly northern-based. of Grafton street… have informed also able to use the nexus of to identity the League as one of “I looked through last year’s From the late 1700s to 1914 it the Gaelic League that their firm control and influence that the four “anti-British bodies” which Directory to see what it had to was Ireland’s premier industry is about to establish a piano- Brotherhood enjoyed among had supplied the rebel’s entire tell, and this is what I found: In and primary industrial export. making industry in Dublin. The nationalist organisations such as leadership. Francis Street 60 of the houses In 1907, it employed 71,761. Food war has stopped the importation the Gaelic League and the GAA to Under the terms of Martial are marked tenements and 14 production included bacon- of pianos from Germany.” plan their insurrection. Law, which was declared across Furthermore by 1915, members Ireland in the aftermath of the MONEY TALK: POUNDS, SHILLINGS, FARTHINGS AND HALF-CROWNS... of a radical group of Irish Rising, the League was officially language activists with strong supressed for several weeks. Yet THE Irish pound was abolished 20 shillings, and each shilling and six”. In slang, a pound IRB connections, known as by then its contribution to the in 1826 and replaced with into 12 pence, making 240 was called a quid, a shilling ‘The Left Wing’, had staged a revolutionary generation had sterling (symbolised by £.s.d, pence to the pound. Coins was called a bob, thrupence coup among the Gaelic League’s clearly been made. pounds, shillings, pence). The in circulation were: farthing or thrupenny bit (3d), and a leadership. The group which £ derived from the first letter (quarter penny); halfpenny; tanner (6d). included O’Rahilly, Ceannt and Dr Richard McElligott lectures of libra, the Latin for pound penny; threepence, sixpence, The Free State government Thomas Ashe managed to take in Modern Irish History in UCD. weight, as 240 coins could be shilling, florin (two shillings), tasked a committee, headed effective control over the League’s He is the co-ordinator of the minted from a pound of silver. half-crown (2s 6d) and ten by WB Yeats, to design ruling Executive Board. Uncovering 1916 and the Irish The s. and d. also have Latin shillings. new coins which featured At its Ard Fheis in August War of Independence courses origins — s from solidus, and They were written as a animals, such as a hare (3d), 1915, they passed a resolution which are being hosted by the d from denarius, both Roman mixed sum, such as 3s.6d, or wolfhound (6d) and horse declaring: “The Gaelic League... National Library of Ireland coins. 3/6 (three shillings and six (half-crown), and were shall devote itself to realising the in the spring of 2016 One pound was divided into pence), and spoken as “three introduced in 1928.

26 November 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 11 PROFILE Daly’s eyes ‘filled with tears’ at the order to surrender

Emma Lyons profiles Edward Daly, who was the commander of 1st Battalion during the Rising

S the body of Ned Daly went limp in death in the high- walled yard of Kilmainham his ‘A execution enshrined his name in Irish history.” So recalled Piaras Béaslaí, vice-commandant of 1st Battalion, after his comrade Daly was executed on 4 May 1916. Although not a signatory of the Proclamation, Edward ‘Ned’ Daly was Commandant of 1st Battalion stationed at the Four Courts during the Rising. At 25, he was the youngest person to be executed for his role in the Rising. The only son and youngest of 10 children, Ned was born in Limerick to Catherine (née O’Mara) and Edward Daly. His father, who died five months before his son’s birth, was a Fenian, having taken part in the 1867 rebellion along with his brother, John, who was imprisoned. Ned was educated by the Presentation Sisters, the Christian Brothers, and at Leamy’s commercial college. Following a brief period as a baker’s apprentice in Glasgow, he returned to Limerick and was employed as a clerk in Spaight’s timber yard. In 1912 Ned moved to Dublin, working in a builders’ providers and a wholesale chemists, May Roberts and Company. He lived in Fairview with his sister, Kathleen, and her husband, Tom Edward ‘Ned’ Daly was the youngest of Clarke, who had been imprisoned with those executed after the 1916 Rising. their uncle. Daly was one of the first to join the Irish at strategic intersections, escorting Volunteers. Kathleen wrote that she “never civilians to the shops and bakery which saw a happier young man than he was the remained open. However, by April 27 night he joined. He told me it was what he the South Staffordshires and Sherwood had always been wishing for”. Ned, who Foresters battalions had surrounded the had an avid interest in military tactics, district, and were supported from one of initially joined the Volunteers as a private the few armoured cars available in Dublin. in B Company, 1st Battalion. By early 1914 Ned’s 1st Battalion resisted defeat and he was captain of B Company, and his the British forces were unable to advance promotion to Commandant of 1st Battalion more than 150 yards between the morning by Patrick Pearse in March 1915 was of April 28 and 2pm on April 29, when he Unearthing F almost certainly a result of his impressive received Pearse’s order to surrender. actions during the Howth Gun-running. According to Piaras Béaslaí, Ned’s “eyes On Easter Monday, Daly was charged filled with tears” when he saw the order. with occupying the area from the Four Notwithstanding his disappointment, Ned Courts to Cabra. However, when he suppressed suggestions Pearse’s orders be Biographer Helen Litton only found out by chance about her family’ mobilised 1st Battalion shortly before disobeyed. noon, Ned was disappointed that only “He impressed the British officers with 150 of the expected 400 men presented. his dignity. They permitted him to march HE biographer Helen Litton One of the most prominent of the 1916 The Battalion’s full plans could not be at the head of his men as they brought us comes from a family that widows, Kathleen Clarke, went on to achieved. Nonetheless, it held a strategic through the empty streets (where the few is steeped in the history of become a TD and Lord Mayor of Dublin. position on the Liffey. Buildings on Church people we saw were those who cursed us) 1916, and the tumultuous Helen Litton has been involved in the Street and North King Street, along with to where the other bodies of prisoners were events that followed. campaign to save the buildings on Moore the Four Courts, were occupied, meaning assembled... And when the British General Her grandfather James Street where some of most dramatic events asked one of his own officers: ‘Who is T that fighting spread out to residential O’Sullivan fought with 1st of the Rising unfolded. streets. in charge of these men?’, Daly proudly Battalion in the Rising, and was there She believes that not enough has been Ned’s men therefore manned barricades answered: ‘I am. At all events I was’, a until its final moments when the rebels done to recognise the contribution of remark which, he must have known, would surrendered on Moore Street. Clarke, seen by some as the central figure SNAPSHOT sign his death-warrant.” James later married Laura Daly, a in the Rising. EDWARD ‘NED’ DALY Ned was arrested and court-martialled. member of a well-known nationalist family “There should be some memorial to Tom Despite pleading innocent, he was found from Limerick. Clarke in the capital. One of the Ballymun Born: 28 February 1891, Limerick guilty. Following a visit from three of She was a sister of the 1st Battalion flats was named after him, but that has Educated: Sexton St convent, his sisters, Ned was executed on 4 May commandant Ned Daly, who was renowned since been demolished.” CBS Roxboro Rd, Leamy’s 1916, having, in the words of Tom Clarke, for his military prowess during the Easter She also believes more should be done to Commercial College. “proved himself a fine soldier and hero”. Rising as his volunteers held crown forces commemorate both Kathleen Clarke and at bay for days on the northside of the Ned Daly. Affiliation: IRB/Irish Volunteers Dr Emma Lyons’ (UCD School of History) Liffey. “The railway station in Bray is named Career: Worked in wholesale research focuses on the experience of Ned was James O’Sullivan’s best friend. after Ned Daly, but he had no connection chemist’s Irishwomen during World War I and Another Daly sister, Kathleen, married with the town.” Catholic landownership and education in Tom Clarke, the Fenian veteran who was Helen says she grew up in a household Died: 4 May 1916, Kilmainham Jail 17th and 18th-century Ireland the first man to sign the Proclamation. where the events of 1916, the War of

12 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015 SOCIETY ‘The Wayfarer’ By Patrick Pearse The beauty of the world hath made me sad, This beauty that will pass; Sometimes my heart hath shaken with great joy To see a leaping squirrel in a tree, Or a red lady-bird upon a stalk, Or little rabbits in a field at evening, Lit by a slanting sun, Or some green hill where shadows drifted by Some quiet hill where mountainy man hath sown And soon would reap; near to the gate of Heaven; Or children with bare feet upon the sands Of some ebbed sea, or playing on the streets Of little towns in Connacht, Things young and happy. And then my heart hath told me: These will pass, Will pass and change, will die and be no more, Left: biographer Things bright and green, things young Helen Litton. and happy; STEVE HUMPHREYS And I have gone upon my way Sorrowful. Above: Kathleen Clarke, Tom’s AN ASSESSMENT widow, in DR LUCY COLLINS mourning clothes, with ‘The Wayfarer’ reflects on the fleeting her sons John beauty of life’s journey at a moment of Daly Clarke, Tom decisive personal and political change. Clarke Jnr and Alternating rhythms capture its shifting Emmet Clarke. moods of sorrow and joy. Right: the letter Yet, as its style and language suggest, Tom (inset this is a nostalgic work — here, a below) wrote timeless ideal is a greater source of to Kathleen on imaginative power than the immediacy the eve of his of lived experience. execution. ‘I’m The ‘green’ and ‘quiet’ hill evokes full of pride, my perfect peace, but also reveals the love,’ he wrote. passage of time through seasonal patterns of planting and harvesting. The biblical resonance of the scene is reinforced by the image of the gates of heaven, which open the poem to a space of redemption often invoked by the poets of 1916. This poem’s air of melancholy does not derive directly from political events, however, but from the life that is slipping from the speaker’s grasp. Written shortly before Pearse’s execution, it shows the poet seeking to come to terms with his impending thing Fenian roots death. Dr Lucy Collins is a lecturer in English at University College Dublin (UCD). She is the curator of ‘Reading 1916’, a ton only found out by chance about her family’s strong links to 1916, writes Kim Bielenberg forthcoming exhibition at UCD Special Collections

Independence and the Civil War a bakery, which became a focus for when he joined the Volunteers, and he were not talked about. republican activity in Limerick. rapidly rose up the ranks to become “We wouldn’t have John Daly and his nephew Commandant. discussed it in the home. Ned did not get on, however, “He was respected as a commander My mother is a pacifist, and the younger man during the Rising, because he was a good and she had no time for eventually moved to work tactician. He altered his plans according to republicanism. She is and live Dublin. Helen says: the circumstances, and pulled back where the sort of person who “It is said in the family that necessary.” switched off the television no two Daly men could Helen describes how Kathleen Clarke when Gerry Adams came ever live in the same house faced an unimaginable ordeal after the on.” happily. surrender, when both her husband Tom It was when Helen went on “John Daly felt his nephew and her brother Ned were sentenced to holidayholiday to Limerick to stay with Ned grew up spoiled rotten, death. her grandparents that she learned surrounded by women. Ned was “On the eve of Tom Clarke’s execution, more about her Fenian roots and the not John’s idea of a man — he was very she visited him in Kilmainham Jail, and strong links with 1916. interested in his appearance and he loved then on the following day she also visited Her great-grandfather Edward was a to sing in a beautiful baritone voice. her brother before he faced a firing Fenian who was jailed for his role in a “Ned’s ultimate ambition was to be squad.” rebellion in 1867. He had nine daughters a soldier — but he did not know where and one son, Ned, but died young. to go with it, because he could not join Helen Litton has written biographies of When Edward died, his brother, a much the British Army. He studied military both Daly and Clarke. She also edited more prominent Fenian, John Daly, became manuals.” Kathleen Clarke’s memoir, ‘Revolutionary the father figure of the household and ran Ned Daly’s ambition was fulfilled Woman’

26 November 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 13 PROFILE BULMER HOBSON Hobson’s choice Kidnapped on the eve of the Rising to prevent him interfering with it, he has been written out of its history, writes Shane Browne

HE kidnapping of Bulmer history”. Desmond Fitzgerald remembered Hobson is a remarkable but how “one could feel he was treading on largely forgotten tale of the dangerous ground”. Easter Rising. The ambitious Hobson’s influence over Eoin MacNeill, Hobson, born in Belfast in Chief of Staff of the Irish Volunteers, was T 1883, had been a rising star in also a major factor in his kidnapping. the Irish Republican Brotherhood but with By the evening of Holy Thursday, with the establishment of the Irish Volunteers “definite information that an insurrection Bulmer Hobson (seated) in 1913, his estrangement from the was to occur in the immediate future”, with Padraig Ó Riain. radical and separatist element within the Hobson rushed to MacNeill’s home to COURTESY OF NATIONAL movement had widened, in particular his ensure that measures were put in place to LIBRARY OF IRELAND relationship with Thomas Clarke and Seán prevent this. Éamonn Ceannt remembered Mac Diarmada. talking with Thomas MacDonagh, who Hobson saw the Irish Volunteers as remarked: “Bulmer Hobson is the evil was a ruse”. Thus, he was unsurprised and when he walked from Cabra Park that purely a defensive force, but the radical genius of the Volunteers and if we could when he was greeted with guns upon his night, he walked from the pages of history. separatists were of a different ilk, separate MacNeill from his influence, all arrival at Conlon’s home in Phibsborough. Hobson’s crucial mistake was not believing it should become “an instrument would be well”. Hobson was “inclined to be obstreperous, that he did not take part in the Rising for insurrection”. Hence, on Good Friday 1916, with the protesting against his arrest”, but would after his release — for he would not be Historian Charles Townshend has Rising days away, Seán Tobin — who later claim that his captors were very driven against his “judgement by being described Hobson as an “unusual kind had succeeded Hobson as chair of the nice to him. Con O’Donovan, who was faced with a fait accompli”— but that he of ‘physical-force man’, but a dedicated Leinster Executive of the IRB— arrived at surprised to be guarding Hobson, assumed failed to court arrest once the Rising was revolutionary for all that”. His 1909 Volunteer headquarters to persuade him the reason for his detention was because quashed. MacNeill expressed a keen sense pamphlet, Defensive Warfare: A Handbook to attend a meeting at the home of fellow he was not trusted, but “possibly there for why such an act would be beneficial, for Irish Nationalists is significant, IRB man, Martin Conlon. was some mistake… which would soon be warning Hobson that they would have no because it was here he firmly asserted, While Hobson was immediately rectified”. Nevertheless, the situation may political future if they were not arrested. “We must not fight to make a display of suspicious, he relented, recalling how he not have been as sanguine as Hobson has Instead Hobson opted to go on the run. heroism, but fight to win.” was curious “as to whether… the meeting made out. Upon his re-emergence, he now found His disillusionment with the 1916 Conlon would later recall that shooting that he was ostracised from his former insurrection was not the repudiation of SNAPSHOT Hobson was an option. Once the Rising colleagues and soon withdrew from public force, but “the futile use of arms”. As a JOHN BULMER HOBSON had commenced, the job of guarding life. Hobson’s biographer Marnie Hay has result, Hobson was not privy to the final him was of little interest to IRB men who surmised: “He disappeared from public arrangements for the Rising. Born: 14 August 1883, Belfast, wanted to join the fighting. If we are to view as if he had been executed along with However, it seems that a speech at a Co Down take Conlon at his word, he countenanced the insurrectionists of 1916, but without Cumann na mBan concert on 16 April was Educated: Friends’ School, “any unauthorised action”. the benefit of their subsequent spin the catalyst that marked him down for Lisburn Subsequently, on the evening of Easter doctors”. arrest by his IRB colleagues. Here Hobson Monday 1916, under the orders of Mac Bulmer Hobson’s name was ultimately unabashedly warned “of the extreme Affiliation: IRB/Irish Volunteers Diarmada, Hobson was eventually excluded from the revolutionary narrative. danger of being drawn in to precipitate Career: Revenue commissioner released. He was no longer considered action”, proclaiming that “no man had a threat, as the Rising was under way. Shane Browne is an MA graduate of a right to risk the fortunes of a country Died: 8 August 1969, Damning accusations of treachery over his the UCD School of History specialising in order to create for himself a niche in Castleconnell, Co Limerick arrest would taint his standing, however, in Modern Irish History

LEARN MORE Gaeilge 1893-1993 by Ireland, 2007 TG4 documentary. READ... Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, www.youtube.com/ Q Seán Mac Diarmada by (Conradh na Gaeilge, 1993) watch?v=xxJNCe2s378 Brian Feeney (O’Brien Press Q A Short History of the ‘DOUGLAS HYDE, 16 Lives series, 2014) Irish Volunteers by PRESIDENT OF IRELAND’ LISTEN... ON YOUTUBE Q Seán Mac Diarmada: Bulmer Hobson (1918) Q Tomorrow We’ll Gather The Mind of the Revolution Q Bulmer Hobson and the the Rushes, 1971 RTÉ radio by Gerard MacAtasney Nationalist Movement in documentary on Padraic Colum (Drumlin Publications, 2006) Twentieth-Century Ireland tinyurl.com/qxml5a5 Q Erins’s Tragic Easter: the Irish by Marnie Hay (2009) Rebellion of 1916 and its Martyrs, VISIT... edited by Maurice Joy WATCH... Q The GAA museum at Croke (New York, 1916) Q Óglaigh na hÉireann — Bulmer Park has several displays Q Sport and Ireland: A Hobson Interview, RTÉ, 1963, dealing with the fight for History by Paul Rouse (RTÉ Archives) www.youtube. independence. Opening times (Oxford, 2015) com/watch?v=d9nnU6VrSjA vary but can be checked at Q Ar son na Gaeilge: Conradh na Q Douglas Hyde, President of www.gaa.ie

14 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015 THE EVE OF THE RISING

Left: Eoin MacNeill and (far left) his hand-written order to cancel the rebellion. UCD ARCHIVES The Right: the The announcement in the Sunday Independent the day before the insurrection took 11th place. Inset below: An unpublished memoir of Eoin MacNeill tells of how he was unaware of the Military Commitee’s activities on the night hour before the Rising. MILITARY ARCHIVES

were rebuffed. Messengers were The events of the weekend The days before the Rising saw hastily dispatched to Volunteer had seen the best laid schemes leaders across the country. of the Council fall almost intense debates around the city Amongst those sent out were Min completely asunder, yet there Ryan, unaware of the full extent was a feeling that this would be of her boyfriend’s activities, their only chance to strike for before Pearse gave the order: and her brother James, who independence. had just returned from Cork, After a four-hour meeting, where he had been issuing they decided to go ahead with ‘We start operations at noon,’ contradictory orders from Mac the Rising, but postponed it until Diarmada containing final Monday at noon. They then set to writes Colm O’Flaherty instructions for the Rising. Most ensuring against any premature significantly of all, MacNeill had outbreaks on Sunday evening, managed to hand in a copy of with Pearse issuing orders OOD Friday had yet News of Casement and the Min Ryan, the woman he intended the countermand to the Sunday echoing MacNeill’s countermand. to dawn on Banna Aud came as a hammer-blow to marry; in Eamonn Ceannt’s Independent, just before it went MacDonagh met with MacNeill, Strand when the for the IRB’s Military Council. house, a tricolour recently pieced to print. assuring his UCD colleague that three men came Not only did it leave Volunteers together by Sarah Mellows was The ability of the Military “everything was off”. G crawling in from the across the country drastically sprinkled with holy water. Council to respond to this blow Dublin Castle seemed waves. Roger Casement, Robert under-supplied, but the promise Meanwhile, there was a was hampered by its dispersal convinced of this too. In Monteith and Daniel Bailey had of German military aid had gathering at the house of Dr throughout the city in safe this sense, despite greatly travelled to Ireland aboard the also been key in ensuring the Séamus O’Kelly on Rathgar houses. By the time James diminishing the numbers U-19 submarine to assist with the support of the Volunteers’ Chief Road. MacNeill had assembled Connolly called a 9am meeting who would participate in the forthcoming Rising, although of Staff, Eoin MacNeill. Up allies, including Seán Fitzgibbon, at Liberty Hall, the countermand Rising, MacNeill bestowed the Casement had strong reservations until Holy Week, MacNeill had Seán T O’Kelly and Arthur had created an atmosphere of conspirators an inadvertent about the undertaking. They had been unaware of plans for an Griffith, in an attempt to address confusion, anger and dismay. favour. Along with the capture failed to rendezvous with the insurrection, and his compliance the crisis. Following hours of of Casement, the countermand Libau, a German ship carrying only came after much persuasion discussion, it was decided to issue helped to persuade the naturally arms, ammunition and explosives from Seán Mac Diarmada. a countermanding order that hesitant Castle administration for the insurrection. When he heard the news called off all actions set for Easter that the threatened insurrection The Libau, masquerading as on Holy Saturday, MacNeill Sunday. was not going to materialise. a Norwegian freighter called became convinced that the After being tipped off, They still intended to arrest the Aud, was later spotted Rising was condemned to Cathal Brugha and Thomas Volunteer leaders, but it was felt by the British Navy, who had failure. He travelled to St Enda’s MacDonagh arrived to make such actions could wait until become aware of the plan College in Rathfarnham, where representations against, but after the Easter holidays. after intercepting German he confronted Patrick Pearse. Unbeknownst to them, communications. They escorted According to Colm O’Loughlin, however, couriers were gathering the ship to Queenstown (now who was also present, Pearse told on Sunday evening at the Cobh), where it was scuttled on MacNeill to “issue what orders you James Connolly“ retired to Gaelic League offices on North Holy Saturday morning by its like, our men won’t follow you”. Frederick Street. There, Pearse captain, Karl Spindler. Pearse and the rest of the Libery Hall, where he slept awaited with signed notes The three men on Banna Military Council were determined under armed guard; Seán carrying a simple message: Strand fared no better; within to forge ahead with the Rising, “We start operations at noon hours of arriving, Casement which was due to commence the Mac Diarmada wrote a today, Monday. Carry out your and Bailey were arrested, while next day at 6.30pm. As Saturday final letter to Min Ryan, instructions.” Monteith was forced to go on evening set in, the members of who he intended to marry; the run. The episode was of the Council prepared themselves Colm O’Flaherty is an MA particular interest to authorities for battle. James Connolly in Eamonn Ceannt’s graduate of the UCD School of in Dublin Castle, who believed it retired to Liberty Hall, where he house, a tricolour was History who has written for the was connected to an uprising that slept under armed guard; Mac UCD Decade of Centenaries was rumoured to be afoot. Diarmada wrote a final letter to sprinkled with holy water website and historyhub.ie

26 November 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 15 TIMELINE OF EVENTS A peek beyond the Rising with UCD timeline...

N this second part of the UCD Decade movements. Guest speakers will include of Centenaries timeline we look beyond some of the international leading the Rising and towards the foundation authorities on the period. I of the Irish Free State in 1922. The UCD Decade of Centenaries timeline Globalising the Rising: 1916 in was compiled to detail the key events of Q context — Conference will be held 1912 to 1923. Many staff, students and in UCD on February 5th and 6th, 2016. graduates of UCD played a pivotal role in Renowned national and international the discourse and actions that took place. speakers will consider the impact and Throughout the timeline we highlight legacy of 1916 on global political systems. events associated with UCD, events of national importance and international Revolution: Results and Reappraisal events that took place during this period. Q is a two-day conference and public All details surrounding the UCD Decade exhibition showcasing Revival material not of Centenaries commemorations events and previously seen by the public. It will be held resources can be found on on February 21st and 22nd in both UCD and centenaries.ucd.ie. Here you will find the Pearse Museum. details on the many projects, lecture series, conferences and events that UCD have Resource library: This section already carried out and have planned for Q showcases some examples from the this significant period in our history. UCD archives of national and international An example of the resources and events significance and a wealth of commentary that you can find on centenaries.ucd.ie are: from our expert faculty in the form of videos and podcasts. 1916 as a global event: Lecture series, Allied officers standing on chairs and tables Q running until January 2016. 1916 is By registering on the centenaries.ucd.ie to see into the Hall of Mirrors where the often seen primarily in a national context, website you will be kept up to date on news Peace Treaty of Versailles is being signed. but it was an event that drew global and information about upcoming events. The Treaty kicks off our second tranche of attention and inspired other decolonisation NB the UCD Decade of Centenaries timeline.

1919-20 25th February 1920 28th June 1919 NATIONAL EVENT INTERNATIONAL EVENT GOVERNMENT TREATY OF OF IRELAND BILL VERSAILLES SIGNED INTRODUCED

After five months of negotiations at the Paris Peace INTO COMMONS Conference, the Treaty of Versailles is signed. The Treaty Postcard depicting an imagined Irish entry at the Paris places harsh conditions on Germany, reducing her This new Bill proposes the establishment of two Peace Conference, where the Treaty ofVersailles was separate Home Rule parliaments in the North and territorial possessions and land mass. It is established negotiated (UCD Archives) South of Ireland. that Germany will have to pay reparations to the Walter Hume Long, head of the British victors of the war, the exact figure is later set at 132 cabinet’s Committee for Ireland, who pushed billion gold marks. for the creation of two separate Home Rule parliaments in Ireland

1920 25th October 1920 16th January 1920 NATIONAL EVENT INTERNATIONAL EVENT TERENCE PROHIBITION MACSWINEY DIES IN AMERICA ON HUNGER-STRIKE

In the USA, the Eighteenth Amendment comes into effect, Terence MacSwiney, the Lord Mayor of Cork and prohibiting the sale and production of alcohol. The measure commandant of the 1st Cork Brigade of the IRA, dies stays in place until 1933, when it is repealed. following a 74 day hunger strike. His death provokes an outpouring of condemnation, both at home and abroad. His predecessor,Tomas MacCurtain, had been killed earlier in the year, allegedly at the hands of the RIC. Liquor is poured down a drain following the introduction of Prohibition Terence MacSwiney

16 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1920 1920 1st November 1920 11th December 1920 UCD EVENT NATIONAL EVENT EXECUTION OF CORK CITY BURNED

KEVIN BARRY The Auxiliaries and the Black and Tans sack Cork city, A portrait of Kevin Barry (UCD Archives) reducing several buildings, such as City Hall and the 20 year-old Kevin Barry, a medical student at UCD, is Corn Exchange, to ruins. Two IRA volunteers are killed executed in Mountjoy Prison following his role in an and damage estimated at £2 ½ million, approximately A burnt-out tram on Patrick Street, Cork City attack on 20th September, in which three British soldiers €150 million in today’s money, is caused to the city. (UCD Archives) were killed. After learning of his death sentence, he writes a letter to a friend, asking him to convey his “said grádh from me to all the girls in UCD”. His execution comes a week after the death of Terence MacSwiney, and both become major rallying points for the republican cause.

A typed copy of a letter he wrote to a college friend (UCD Archives) The ruins of CorkTown Hall (UCD Archives)

2nd November 1920 23rd December 1920 UCD EVENT NATIONAL EVENT RAIDS ON UCD GOVERNMENT OF

Hostilities intensify in the aftermath of Kevin Barry’s execution IRELAND BILL ENACTED and the ensuing events of Bloody Sunday, 21 November, 1920. On the day after Barry’s execution, Auxiliaries carry out The Government of Ireland Bill is enacted, bringing partition to Ireland. 6 Ulster Counties are governed by a Home Rule a search in the College. John Mowbray, a first-year medical Mulcahy in uniform student at the time, recalls seeing fellow students, “whom I parliament at Stormont, while the Sinn Féin representatives regarded as harmless callow youths, produce massive revolvers continue their policy of abstention, leaving the Home Rule and sheafs of papers and hand them to even less guileful parliament in Dublin redundant. The new Irish border waitresses, who were, of course, members of the College Cumann na mBan”. On another occasion, Professor Michael Hayes’ house is raided. Although the authorities seize some classified documents, they narrowly miss out on capturing Richard Mulcahy, who escapes through a skylight.

Professor Michael Hayes in his later years (UCD Archives)

21st November 1920 1921 NATIONAL EVENT 10th February 1921 BLOODY SUNDAY UCD EVENT

Following the assassination of 14 British secret service MULCAHY EVADES agents by a covert unit of the IRA, crown forces open fire at a Dublin-Tipperary football match in Croke Park. CAPTURE AGAIN 12 people lose their lives. A raid on Paul Farrell’s flat on South Frederick Street fails in its goal of capturing Richard Mulcahy. Mulcahy later recalls that he was “quite all right in UCD” on that particular evening. During this period of heightened tension in the conflict, Mulcahy frequently uses his office in Earlsfort Terrace as a base from which to conduct his role as IRA Chief of Staff.

A poster depicting Richard Mulcahy, “Brilliant A member of the Black and Tans in Dublin Strategist of Easter Week” (UCD Archives)

28th November 1920 14th March 1921 NATIONAL EVENT UCD EVENT KILMICHAEL AMBUSH EXECUTION OF

The 3rd Cork brigade of the IRA ambush a patrol of FRANK FLOOD Auxiliaries in Kilmichael, Co. Cork. All 18 members of the patrol are killed. Frank Flood, an engineering student at UCD, is one of six IRA Volunteers to be executed for his part in an attack on the police in January. A “great chum” of Kevin Barry, the pair are the youngest Volunteers to be executed during the A gutted house, which was burned by Auxiliaries as a reprisal for the Kilmichael Ambush War of Independence. (UCD Archives)

A portrait of Frank Flood

26 November 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 17 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1921 1921 9th July 1921 11th October 1921 NATIONAL EVENT UCD EVENT TRUCE CALLED UCD AT TREATY BETWEEN IRA AND NEGOTIATIONS CROWN FORCES Éamon deValera with members of the Irish delegation in London, July 1921 Charles Hubert Oldham, Tom Kettle’s successor as Professor of National Economics at UCD, supplies financial briefings A truce is called between the forces of Britain and Ireland, to the Irish delegation during negotiations of the Anglo- coming into effect as of noon on 11th July. Over 2,000 Irish Treaty. UCD law graduate Hugh Kennedy acts as legal Fionán Lynch at an election rally in the 1920s people have been killed in the conflict, including 550 IRA adviser, while fellow graduates Jeremiah Joseph O’Connell volunteers, 410 RIC members and over 700 civilians. and Fionán Lynch form part of the secretarial staff.

A crowd at the Mansion House, Dublin, ahead of the announcement of a truce on 8th July, 1921

9th July 1921 19th November 1921 UCD EVENT UCD EVENT O’MALLEY RECEIVES DE VALERA MADE NEWS OF TRUCE CHANCELLOR OF NUI

In south Tipperary, Ernie O’Malley, who had abandoned his At a formal reception at Earlsfort Terrace, Éamon de Valera The formal reception of Éamon de Valera as Chancellor is made Chancellor of the National University of Ireland. of the NUI (from UCD, A National Idea: The History of medical studies in UCD during the Easter Rising, receives UniversityCollege Dublin) a message from the IRA Chief of Staff Richard Mulcahy, De Valera spent time as a postgraduate student in UCD which states that, due to the commencement of peace prior to becoming a revolutionary. negotiations, “active operations by our forces will be suspended as from noon, Monday, 11 July.” O’Malley, who had made Tipperary something of an IRA stronghold during the conflict, later wrote that he was “bewildered” by the order, though he nevertheless conveyed the message to the five IRA brigades under his command.

De Valera at his graduation (UCD Archives - courtesy Ernie O’Malley of the UCD-OFM Partnership)

29th July 1921 6th December 1921 INTERNATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT HITLER BECOMES ANGLO-IRISH LEADER OF NAZI PARTY TREATY SIGNED

Having become a full member of the German Workers’ Party After two months of negotiations, the Anglo-Irish in the previous year, Adolf Hitler is elected as the leader Adolf Hitler’s membership card for the Treaty is signed by the British and Irish delegations. The German Workers’ Party (DAP) of what has since been renamed the Nationalist Socialist Treaty grants Ireland the status of a dominion, placing it Workers’ Party. He will later create the title of Führer for alongside countries such as Australia, Canada and New himself, giving him a position of unchallenged authority. Zealand. However, Northern Ireland is given the option of withdrawing itself from the new set of arrangements. The signatures page of the Anglo-Irish Treaty The British administration at Dublin Castle will cease, while crown forces are to withdraw from Ireland, although three ports remain under control of the British Navy. FIND OUT MORE: Although signed, the Treaty must be ratified by the elected • HISTORY HUB representatives of both Britain and Ireland. The ambiguous Professor Michael Laffan, TheIrish Revolution, lecture8,The Anglo-IrishTreaty: status given to the Irish plenipotentiaries in advance of the http://historyhub.ie/anglo-irish-treaty-the-irish- negotiations causes problems in the ensuing Dáil debates. revolution-lecture-8

11th October 1921 14th December 1921 - 6th January 1922 NATIONAL EVENT UCD EVENT NEGOTIATIONS TREATY DEBATES AT

BETWEEN BRITISH Arthur Griffith, leader of the Irish delegation EARLSFORT TERRACE

GOVERNMENT AND At the request of the 2nd Dail, the debates on the Anglo-Irish Treaty are held in the Senate Chamber of UCD at Earlsfort Terrace. Panorama of UCD Earlsfort Terrace DÁIL REPRESENTATIVES showing the arrival of deputies The ruptures that emerge during the debates lead directly to the during the treaty debates, LAUNCHED Civil War and have a lasting impact on Irish politics and society. 3 January 1922 (UCD Archives)

Following talks between Éamon de Valera and David Lloyd George, a delegation of Irish plenipotentiaries led by Arthur Griffith arrive in London to begin talks with representatives of the British Government.

Arthur Griffith, Art O’Brien and Michael Collins walk up the steps of 10 Downing Street, to begin the Treatynegotiations

18 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1922 1922 1st January 1922 16th June 1922 INTERNATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT BRITISH EMPIRE IRISH GENERAL AT ZENITH ELECTION

Countess Markievicz campaigning for anti-Treaty At the beginning of 1922, the British Empire is at the height The Irish general election is won by pro-Treaty Sinn republicans in Cork of its territorial extent, covering one quarter of the globe Féin, who gain 58 seats to defeat anti-Treaty Sinn Féin’s and around 458 million people. 36. In advance of the election, Collins and de Valera had Imperial Federation, Map of theWorld Showing the Extent of the British Empire in 1886, (levelled) by Walter Crane drawn up a pact to ensure that Sinn Féin representatives on both sides of the divide would not run in opposition to each other.

Michael Collins speaking to a crowd at College Green

7th January 1922 22nd June 1922 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT DÁIL RATIFIES TREATY SIR HENRY WILSON

After a month of heated debates, the Dáil accepts the SHOT Anglo-Irish Treaty on a vote of 64 to 57. The debates are marked by several heated exchanges. Those against the Reginald Dunne and Joseph O’Sullivan, both IRA men, Treaty suggest that it falls too far short of the sovereign assassinate Sir Henry Wilson, security advisor to Northern republic that they had fought for; Michael Collins argues Irish Prime Minister James Craig, outside his house in that the Treaty provides Ireland with “freedom, not the Card admitting Dr James Ryan into the Dáil for the first day London. The British Government, believing the killing was ultimate freedom that all nations desire … but the freedom of the Treaty debates (UCD Archives) the work of anti-Treaty republicans, pressures Collins to to achieve it.” Following the result, Éamon de Valera and attack the Four Courts. his supporters, who had spoken against the Treaty, walk FIND OUT MORE: out of the chamber. Two days later, Arthur Griffith is • HISTORY HUB elected the new President of the Dáil. Professor Michael Laffan, TheIrish Revolution, lecture9,Reactiontothe Treaty andleaduptothe IrishCivilWar: Field Marshall Sir Henry HughesWilson http://historyhub.ie/reaction-to-the-treaty-irish-revolution- lecture-9

14th January 1922 26th June 1922 NATIONAL EVENT UCD EVENT PROVISIONAL KIDNAP OF GOVERNMENT OF JJ O’CONNELL

IRELAND FORMED Rory O’Connor JJ (Ginger) O’Connell, former engineering student at UCD and Deputy Chief of Staff of the Free State Army, is captured The pro-Treaty wing of Sinn Féin take power under the by forces under the command of fellow UCD graduate Rory name of the Provisional Government. Michael Collins O’Connor and held at the Four Courts garrison. O’Connell’s serves as both the Chairman and Minister for Finance of kidnap provides Michael Collins with a justification to launch the Provisional Government. Two days later, the British an attack on the Four Courts and begin the fighting phase of administration from Dublin Castle ceases at a formal “handing-over” ceremony. the Irish Civil War. The words“Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann 1922” (Provisional Government of Ireland 1922) printed over a British 2 pence postage stamp

The Four Courts, view across Usher’s Quay and Usher’s Island (UCD Archives)

14th April 1922 28th June 1922 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT THE FOUR COURTS FREE STATE ARMY

SEIZED BY REPUBLICANS AT TACKS THE Soldiers of the Free State Army fire at the Four Courts (UCD Archives) Rory O’Connor and around 200 anti-Treaty republicans FOUR COURTS take the Four Courts and a small number of other buildings, including the Ballast Office and the Freemasons’ Supplied with arms and ammunition by the British Hall on Molesworth Street. The occupation, which lasts for Government, the Free State Army bombards the Four Courts. a period of over two months, fuels tensions between the The Four Courts in 1922 (UCD Archives) Michael Collins uses the kidnapping of JJ O’Connell, the Deputy Sinn Féin factions. Chief of Staff in the Free State Army, as a justification for the attack.The republican garrison holds out until 3 July, when the Four Courts is overwhelmed by flames, forcing Rory O’Connor Smoke billows out of the Four Courts and his men to surrender. During this time hostilities break out (UCD Archives) around the country; clashes occur between pro- and anti- FIND OUT MORE: Treaty forces in Kerry, Donegal and Sligo, amongst other places. • HISTORY HUB Professor Michael Laffan, TheIrish Revolution, This period marks the beginning of the Irish Civil War. lecture10, TheIrish CivilWar: http://historyhub.ie/the-irish-civil-war

26 November 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 19 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1922 1922-23 12th August 1922 17th November 1922 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT DEATH OF REPUBLICANS EXECUTED ARTHUR GRIFFITH BY FREE STATE

Arthur Griffith, whose health had been deteriorating over the James Fisher, Peter Cassidy, Richard Twohig and James Gaffney Erskine Childers, executed 24th November, 1922 course of the Civil War, dies at his home in Dublin, suffering a become the first of 77 republicans to be executed by the brain haemorrhage. He is buried in Glasnevin cemetery. Free State between November 1922 and May 1923. Such Arthur Griffith’s funeral procession prominent figures as Erskine Childers, Liam Mellows and Joe (UCD Archives) McKelvey are amongst those killed.The executions prompt several reprisals from the anti-Treaty IRA, including the killing of Sean Hales,TD and the burning of WT Cosgrave’s house.

Liam Mellows, executed 8th December, 1922

22nd August 1922 6th December 1922 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT DEATH OF IRISH FREE STATE MICHAEL COLLINS ESTABLISHED

While travelling to Bandon, Michael Collins and his convoy The provisions of the Anglo-Irish Treaty are adopted by WT Cosgrave, back row, first on the right, representing are ambushed by republican soldiers at Béal na Bláth. Collins the government and Ireland officially becomes a dominion the Irish Free State at the 1926 Imperial Conference is fatally wounded during the attack. An estimated 500,000 of the British Empire.WT Cosgrave becomes the President in London people attend his funeral in Dublin. of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State. Pallbearers carry Michael Collins’ coffin (UCD Archives)

9th September 1922 8th December 1922 NATIONAL EVENT UCD EVENT WT COSGRAVE THE EXECUTION ELECTED PRESIDENT OF RORY O’CONNOR OF THIRD DÁIL Rory O’Connor is executed in retaliation for the assassination of Seán Hales, a pro-Treaty TD.The execution With the two primary leaders of Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin now warrant for O’Connor, who had controlled the republican dead,WT Cosgrave is chosen as the President of the Third garrison at the Four Courts earlier in the year, is signed by Dáil. He simultaneously holds the role of Chairman of the his former friend and fellow UCD alumnus Kevin O’Higgins. Just a year previously, O’Connor had served as best man Provisional Government. A photograph taken at Kevin O’Higgins and Birdie at O’Higgins’ wedding, making a toast to those who died Cole’s wedding. O’Connor stands to O’Higgins’ left, in the Easter Rising. Under pressure from Richard Mulcahy, Éamon deValera to his right (UCD Archives) O’Higgins is the last member of the cabinet to put his name on the warrant. In retaliation, O’Higgins’ father is murdered FIND OUT MORE: WT Cosgrave and his house burned down, while O’Higgins is himself • HISTORY HUB assassinated by republicans in 1927. Atoast made by Rory O’Connor at Kevin O’Higgins’ wedding: http://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:30877

28th October 1922 1923 INTERNATIONAL EVENT 11th January 1923 MUSSOLINI LEADS INTERNATIONAL EVENT THE MARCH ON ROME FRANCE AND BELGIUM

Benito Mussolini, leader of the Italian Fascist Party, leads OCCUPY RUHR VALLEY 30,000 men in a march on Rome.Although the marchers pose little military threat, King Victor Emmanuel III summons French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré initiates the military Mussolini to become Prime Minister two days later. occupation of the Ruhr Valley, a key location for German Benito Mussolini, accompanied by Emilio De Bono, industry, in an effort to speed up the repayment of Germany’s Italo Balbo and Cesare Maria DeVecchi during the war debt.The move is criticised by Britain and Germany. French troops and a German civilian during the March on Rome. occupation of the RuhrValley

20 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015 TIMELINE OF EVENTS 1923 1923 7th March 1923 27th August 1923 NATIONAL EVENT UCD EVENT BALLYSEEDY MASSACRE IRISH GENERAL ELECTION

Eight republicans are killed by the explosion of a landmine After the tumultuous events of the preceding decade, the in Ballyseedy, Co. Kerry. It is one of several incidents that election of 1923 marks something of a new beginning for the contributed to a high death toll in the last weeks of the Irish state.The majority of the people reaffirm their support Kevin O’Higgins,Vice-President of the Executive Civil War. A memorial for those who died at Ballyseedy, Council of the Irish Free State, 1922-1927 Co. Kerry of the treaty by voting for Cumann na nGaedheal, paving the (UCD Archives) way for a new state in which UCD would continue to play an important role. Professor Eoin MacNeill is the Free State’s first Minister for Education.Alongside him in the cabinet are Minister for Justice and Deputy President Kevin O’Higgins and Minister for Lands and Agriculture Patrick Hogan, both UCD graduates. Fellow graduate Hugh Kennedy, who had already become the State’s first Attorney General, is made the first Chief Justice of the Irish Free State. He is the first of several UCD law graduates to hold a prominent position in the judiciary, including Supreme Court judges James A. Murnaghan Hugh Kennedy, first Attorney General and Chief Justice and Cecil Lavery, and President of the High Court Cahir Davitt. of the Irish Free State

10th April 1923 10th September 1923 NATIONAL EVENT NATIONAL EVENT LIAM LYNCH SHOT IRISH FREE STATE

Liam Lynch, the commanding general of the anti-Treaty ENTERS THE LEAGUE IRA, is shot during a raid by the Free State army on his hideout in the Knockmealdown Mountains. He is succeeded OF NATIONS by Frank Aiken. Liam Lynch, fourth from left, standing with a group WT Cosgrave heads an Irish delegation at Geneva, where of IRA leaders before the outbreak of the Civil War the Free State is admitted into the League of Nations. The (l-r, Sean MacEoin, Sean Moylan, Eoin O’Duffy, The Irish League of Nations delegation, Geneva, Liam Lynch, Gearoid O’Sullivan and Liam Mellows) admission confirms international recognition of the Free State’s status. 1923 (UCD Archives)

24th May 1923 8th - 10th December 1923 NATIONAL EVENT INTERNATIONAL EVENT REPUBLICAN MILITARY BEER HALL CAMPAIGN ENDS PUTSCH, MUNICH

Frank Aiken issues orders to cease-fire and dump-arms, Hitler’s Nazi party launch an attempted coup against ending the Civil War. However, deaths such as those of Noel Frank Aiken in later years (UCD Archives) the Weimar republic in Germany. The revolt is quickly Participants in the Beer Hall Putsch Lemass in 1924 and Kevin O’Higgins in 1927 demonstrate suppressed, resulting in 16 Nazi deaths and the 8-month that political violence had not fully ended. The War has cost imprisonment of Hitler. an estimated 1,000-4,000 lives and leaves an indelible mark on the Irish political landscape.

Free State soldiers carry the coffin of a comrade (UCD Archives)

27th August 1923 15th December 1923 NATIONAL EVENT INTERNATIONAL EVENT CUMANN NA HYPER-INFLATION NGAEDHEAL IN GERMANY

WIN VICTORY IN Inflation reaches its highest point at 4,200,000,000,000 Papiermark to the dollar. GENERAL ELECTION A 50 million mark bank note, printed in September, 1923 A wall in Ennis, Co. Clare, adorned with posters for Cumann na nGaedheal, the party formed from Sinn Féin’s the 1923 general election pro-Treaty wing, wins the first general election of the Irish Free State.WT Cosgrave’s party wins 63 seats, with Éamon de Valera’s Sinn Féin claiming 44. Sinn Féin’s representatives abstain from taking their seats until 1927.

26 November 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 21 PROFILES

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NINE 4 9 LIVES Grainne Coyne on the artists, footballers and poets who were the celebrities of the ’10s decade 5 6 7 8

BORN in Dublin in 1880, wrote and directed. At Metro raised in an orphanage where TS Eliot was born in St Louis, *** Kathleen Fox studied Studios he worked on many box she was taught to sew. After a Missouri, on September 1888 and drawing and painting at office hits including Hearts are brief singing career where she attended Harvard. At 22, he left 8 Val Harris was captain 1 the Metropolitan School Trumps and The Four Horsemen gained the nickname of ‘Coco’, for Paris and in 1914 moved to of the first Irish soccer team to of Art under William Orpen, of the Apocalypse. He died in she opened her first shop in England where he came under beat England, in 1913, and the also working as his assistant. In Hollywood in 1950. 1910, selling hats. In the 1920s, the influence of Ezra Pound. following year played on the 1908, she won a gold medal for she launched her most famous Eliot’s first collection Prufrock Home Championship winning her enamelled cup Going to the *** perfume Chanel No. 5 and later and Other Observations (1917) side. Born in Ringsend, Dublin Feast. Fox received accolades for introduced the Chanel suit and established him as a poet. He in 1884, Harris won an All- her stained-glass work including 3 Born in 1887, Patrick the Little Black Dress, with an received the Nobel Prize for Ireland senior medal with Isles her St Tobias in St Joseph’s O’Connell grew up in Dublin emphasis on comfort for women. Literature in 1948. Eliot had of the Sea in 1901, before joining Church, Glenageary. While where he played junior soccer She closed her house in World various Irish connections during Shelbourne. A hard but versatile studying in Paris in 1911, she before gaining a professional War II and did not return until his life from discussing poetry player, he was sold for £350 to submitted the first of many works contract with Belfast Celtic 1954. She died in 1971, aged 87. with WB Yeats to a friendship Everton, with whom he twice to the Royal Hibernian Academy. in 1909. His performances with James Joyce. finished second in the league. He Upon returning to Dublin, in Ireland’s 1914 Home *** returned to play with Shelbourne, Fox created her most famous Championship triumph attracted *** who he managed in the 1930s. work The Arrest, depicting the attention and eventually led to 5 A dancer and choreographer, surrender of Countess Markievicz him joining Manchester United. Isadora Duncan’s emphasis on 7 Born in Liverpool in *** at the College of Surgeons during In 1922 O’Connell moved to freer forms of movement was a 1876, Jim Larkin grew up in Co the Easter Rising. Fox died in Spain where he managed Racing huge influence on modern dance. Down. He helped form the Irish 9 Born in London in 1871, Milltown, Dublin in 1963. Santander, Real Oviedo and Real Born in 1877 in San Francisco, Transport and General Workers Jack Butler Yeats was the Betis. His most famous role was her family later moved to Union in Dublin and was later youngest son of Irish portraitist *** as manager of Barcelona who he Europe where she gained much elected president of the Irish John, and brother to future Nobel famously saved from bankruptcy success. This led to sell-out tours Trades Union Congress. With laureate, William. He studied at 2 Born Reginald Ingram thanks to exhibition matches in throughout Europe. She went on James Connolly he founded the the Westminster School of Art, Montgomery Hitchcock in Dublin north America. ‘Don Patricio’ to found dance schools in the US, Irish Independent Labour Party before work as a graphic artist in 1893, he took the name Rex died in London in 1959. Germany and Russia, with her in 1912. He was the major figure and illustrator. Yeats preferred Ingram in honour of his late students dubbed the ‘Isadorables’. on the side of the workers in the watercolours and did not work mother. In 1911 he left for the *** Duncan died in Nice in 1927 when Lockout of 1913 and afterwards in oils until about 1905. He came US where he later enrolled at her scarf became entangled in the left for the US where he was active to live permanently in Ireland Yale School of Art. Rex never 4 French fashion designer wheel of her car. with the Industrial Workers of the with his wife, Mary Cottenham completed his studies, but began Coco Chanel has created World, known as the Wobblies. He White, in 1910. Sympathetic to an acting career, starring in timeless designs that are still *** was expelled from the ITGWU in republicanism, in 1924, he won The Witness to the Will. His popular. Born Gabrielle Bonheur 1924 and founded the Workers an Olympic silver medal for his breakthrough occurred with The Chanel in 1883 in Saumur, after 6 A poet and one of the Union, and was elected three painting The Liffey Swim. He Great Problem (1916), which he her mother’s death she was great figures in modernism, times as a Labour TD. died in Dublin in 1957.

22 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015 26 November 2015 I Irish Independent Irish Independent 1916 Collection | 23 JOHN COSTELLO LAURENCE MULLIGAN PERCIVALHAVELOCKACHESON CHRISTOPHER JORDAN WILLIAM MULRANEY l JAMES ARTHUR MULVEY JAMESFRANCISADAMS JANE COSTELLO l THOMAS COUGHLAN THOMAS MORAN JOZÉ l JANE KANE MICHEAL MULVIHILL l EDWARD MURPHY l RICHARD MURPHY CLEMENT COURTNEY l THOMAS KEARSE COWLEY ERNEST KAVANAGH l CHARLES KAVANAGH JOHN MURPHY l GEORGINA MURPHY l CATHERINE MURPHY HENRYTHOMASWARDALLATTlTHOMASALLEN JOHN MURRAY l JOSEPHY MURRAY l DANIEL JOSEPH MURRAY l ANNIE MYERS RICHARD COXON l HENRY COYLE l JOHN COYLE l JULIA CRAWFORD MICHAEL KAVANAGH l ALEXANDER KEANE l JOHANNA KEARNS BRIDGETALLENlJOSEPHCHRISTOPHERANDREWS JOHN CREAVEN l JOHN CRENIGAN l CHARLES LOVE CROCKETT CORNELIUS KEATING l FRANCIS KEEGAN l JOHN KEELY l ALBERT KEEP MARGARET NAYLOR l JOHN NEAL l PATRICK NEALAN l JAMES CRAWFORD NEIL JOHN HERBERT ARMSTRONG l JOHN BALLANTYNE MARGARET KEHOE l LAURENCE KELLY l JAMES KELLY l DENIS KELLY GERALD ALOYSIUS NEILAN l MARY NEILL l ALBERT NEWLAND l JAMES NOLAN l MARGARET NOLAN JOHN CROMIEN l JOSEPH CULLEN l JAMES CUNNINGHAM MICHAEL NUNAN l ROBERT F. O’BEIRNE l JAMES O’BRIEN l JOHN O’CALLAGHAN l RICHARD O’CARROLL PATRICK KELLY l MARY KELLY l MARY KENNY l RICHARD KENT ALICE BAMBRICK l ARTHUR BANKS MARY CUNNINGHAM l ANDREW CHRISTOPHER CUNNINGHAM l FRANCIS CURLEY JOHN O’CONNOR l MICHAEL O’CONNOR l PATRICK O’CONNOR l ELLEN O’CONNOR l JOHN O’DONOGHUE THOMAS KENT l THOMAS KENYON l MICHAEL KEOGH l GERALD KEOGH FREDERICKCHARLESBANTINGlGEORGEWILLIAMBARKS HAROLD CHARLES DAFFEN l MARGARET DALY l EDWARD DALY l CHARLES DARCY JOHN O’DUFFY l RICHARD O’FLAHERTY l JOSEPH O’FLAHERTY l PATRICK JOSEPH O’FLANAGAN ERNEST DAVENPORT l CATHERINE DAVIS l JOHN DAWSON l PATRICK DERRICK JOHN KIRWAN l ALBERT JAMES KITCHEN CHARLES O’GORMAN l PATRICK O’GRADY l JOHN O’GRADY l EDWARD O’GRADY GEORGE WILLIAM BARNETT l HAROLD BARRATT HENRY KNOWLES l FRANCIS WILLIAM WHITE KNOX HARRY DICKINSON l THOMAS DICKSON l FREDERICK CHRISTIAN DIETRICHSEN MICHAEL O’HANRAHAN l MARTIN O’LEARY l WILLIAM O’NEILL l JOHN O’REILLY JOHN BARRATT l BRIDGET BARRY l WILLIAM BARTER MICHAEL LAHIFF l WILLIAM LANG RICHARD O’REILLY l THOMAS JOSEPH O’REILLY PATRICK BEALIN l JOHN BEIRNES l OSCAR BENTLEY PATRICK DIGNAM l ROBERT DILLON l HENRY CHARLES DIXEY PETER JOSEPH LAWLESS l CHRISTOPHER LAWLOR l MICHAEL LEAHY JAMES BLAYNEY l JOHN SAMUEL BLISSETT l JAMES BLUNDELL PATRICKLEENlMARYLENNONlKATELENNONlWILFREDLLEWELLYN O’TOOLE l MICHAEL JOSEPH O’RAHILLY l CLARENCE OSBORNE l JOHN OWENS HENRY BOND l HAROLD BOURNE l JOHN REGINALD BOWCOTT CHARLIE THOMAS DIXON STEPHEN PATRICK DOYLE SAMUEL LONG l FRANCIS LUCAS l ALGERNON LUCAS JAMESHORACEBRADFORDl JAMESBRADYl JOHNBRENNAN CECIL EUSTACE DOCKERAY THOMAS DOYLEl JOHN DOYLE FRANCIS A BRENNAN l MALACHY BRENNAN l JOHN BRENNAN BRENDAN DONLAN l JOHN DONNELLY DANIEL DOYLE l JAMES DUFFY PATRICK LYNCH l JOHN HENRY MACNAMARA PADRAIG HAROLD BRINDLEY l PATRICK BROSNAN CORNELIUS DUGGAN l RICHARD DUNLEA GEORGE BROWN l MONTAGUE BERNARD BROWNE THOMAS DONNELLY FRANCIS HENRY BROWNING DOMINICK THOMAS DONOHOE MOSES DUNNE l EDWARD DUNNE JOHN DUNPHY l JOHN DWAN PEARSE PERCY VIVIAN CLAUDE PERRY JULIA BRUNELL l MARY BRUNSWICK JOSEPH DONOHOE SEAN LUCY BUCKLEY l WILLIAM FRANCIS BURKE MARY DWYER l ALFRED GODDARD ELLIOTT HARRY PHILLIPS l GEORGE PIERCE JAMES DOOLEY l DENIS DORGAN WILLIAM PEARSE FREDERICK WILLIAM ROBERT BURKE ALFRED ELLIS l PETER ENNIS MACDIARMADA GUY VICKERY PINFIELD RICHARD BUTLER l LOUIS BYRNE MOSES DOYLE l JOHN DOYLE GEORGE ENNIS l EDWARD ENNIS THOMAS PENTONY GEORGE ALEXANDER PLAYFAIR JOHN BYRNE l PATRICK BYRNE PATRICK DOYLE l JOHN DOYLE PETER FAHEY l ERNEST FARNSWORTH EDWARD BYRNE l JAMES BYRNE JEREMIAH FARRELL l PATRICK FARRELL l JOHN FARRELLY l PAUL FEENEY l JOHN JOSEPH FENNELL ANDREW JAMES BYRNE l JAMES BYRNE THOMAS JOSEPH MARY PLUNKETT PATRICK FENNELL l ARTHUR FERRIS l PATRICK FETHERSTON l FRANCIS FINLAY CHRISTINA CAFFREY l GEORGE WILLIAM CAHILL JAMES POWER l CHRISTINA PURCELL l PHILIP ADDISON PURSER l JAMES QUINN ANNE JANE CALDWELL l JAMES HOWARD CALVERT JAMES FINNEGAN l WILLIAM FINNEGAN l JOHN HENRY FLETCHER ELIZABETH QUIRK l THOMAS RAFFERTY l ALAN LIVINGSTONE RAMSAY l MARY REDMOND MICHAEL CARR l WILLIAM CARRICK JOHN FLYNN l MICHAEL FLYNN l THOMAS FORAN l JOHN ROBERT FORTH l JOHN FRANCIS FOSTER MACDONAGH CHARLES CARRIGAN l JAMES JOSEPH CARROLL WILLIAM FOX l JAMES FOX l ERNEST FOX l JAMES FRAZER l PATRICK FRIEL FRANCIS MACKEN l PETER (PAUL) MACKEN CHRISTOPHER REDMOND l REILLY l JOHN REILLY l THOMAS REILLY l GEORGE REYNOLDS ROBERTANDERSONMACKENZIE PATRICK REYNOLDS l WILLIAM JOHN RICE TIMOTHY SPELLMAN l PATRICK STEPHENSON ROGER CASEMENT WILLIAM FRITH l NEVILLE NICHOLAS FRYDAY l ROBERT GAMBLE HAROLD RODGERS l THOMAS F. ROURKE BRIDGET STEWART l JOHN STILLMAN JOSEPH CASEY l JAMES CASHMAN JOHN HENRY GIBBS l JOHN GIBNEY WILLIAMMAGUIREl MICHAELMALLIN JOHN MALLON l MICHAEL MALONE WILLIAM NELSON ROWE l PATRICK RYAN HOLDEN STODART l GEORGE SYNNOT CHRISTOPHER CATHCART l JAMES CAVANAGH GEORGE GEOGHEGAN ROBERT GLAISTER l DAVID GLENNON FREDERICK RYAN l GEORGE PERCY SAINSBURY PETER PAUL MANNING l PATRICK MARTIN ROSANNA TAAFFE l DAVID PERCIVAL TEMPEST EAMONN CEANNT PATRICK JOSEPH GERAGHTY MICHAEL GLYNN l JAMES GORMLEY FRANCIS SALMON l CHARLES SAUNDERS JOHN A THOMPSON l MARY TIMMONS JOHN MCBRIDE l HARRIET MCCABE ARTHUR JAMES SCARLETT l ABSLONE SCHERZINGER THOMAS HENRY CHAPMAN l JAMES CHICK JOSEPH GERAGHTY JOSEPH GOSS l ANDREW GOULDING JOHN JOSEPH TRAYNOR l THOMAS TREACY MICHAEL MCCABE l JOHN MCCARTHY WALTER ERIC SCOTT l JOHN SHANAGHER JOSEPH CLARKE l PHILIP CLARKE l RICHARD CLARKE GEORGE GRAY l ALEXANDER GRAY PATRICK TREVOR l WALTER ASTLE TUNNICLIFFE JAMES MCCARTNEY l ALEXANDER MCCLELLAND JOSEPH SHARGINE l DANIEL SHEEHAN ALFRED TYLER l PRUDENCE VANTREEN PATRICK GREEN l WILLIAM GREGG JAMES MCCORMACK l JAMES MCCORMACK FRANCIS JOSEPH CHRISTOPHER SHEEHY-SKEFFINGTON THOMAS J CLARKE EDWARD CARDEN VARNALS JAMES CLEARY l REGINALD FRANCIS CLERY ROBERT CANTEBURY HALL FLORENCE SHEILS l HENRY SHEPHERD HENRY HARE JAMES MCCULLOUGH JOHN HENRY SHERWOOD l PATRICK SHORTIS MARGARET MARY VEALE l WILLIAM WALKER JAMES JOSEPH COADE l ARTHUR ELIAS COBBOLD ABRAHAM HARRIS WILLIAM JAMES HALLIDAY l JOHN HANNA CORNELIUS COLBERT l MARY ANNE COLE ANDREW MCDONNELL ALFRED SIBLEY l VINCENT PAUL SIMPSON KATE WALSH l PHILIP WALSH l EDWARD WALSH PATRICK HARRIS ELIZABETH HANRATTY l THOMAS HARBORNE THOMASALBERTCOLLINSlJULIACONDRON WILLIAM MCDOWELL l JOHN MCELVERY ARTHUR CHARLES SMITH l HENRY SMYTH JOHN WALSH l PHILIP WALSH JOHN CONNOLLY l WILLIAM CONNOLLY THOMAS HARRISON l WILLIAM VICTOR HAWKEN l MORGAN HAYES EDWARD MCGALEY l CHARLES MCGEE ELIZABETH SMYTH l BERT SPEED JAMES JOSEPH WALSH l AUSTIN JOSEPH WALTON PETER CONNOLLY CHARLES HAYTER l JAMES DAVID ARTHUR HEADLAND l JOHN HEALY MARGARETMCGUINESSlRICHARDMCHALE ELEANOR WARBROOK l ALFRED ERNEST WARMINGTON l ARTHUR WARNER l ABRAHAM WATCHORN JAMES PATRICK HEALY l WILLIAM HEAVEY l ROBERT PATRICK HEENEY PATRICK MCINTYRE l BRIDGET MCKANE RICHARD WATERS l WILLIAM WATSON l FELIX JOSEPH WATTRES MICHAEL MCKILLOP l JAMES MCLOUGHLIN THOMAS JOSEPH WEAFER l WILLIAM WEST l PATRICK WHELAN l PATRICK WHELAN SEAN HEUSTON l HENRY MEYRICK HEWETT l JAMES HICKEY l THOMAS HICKEY RAPHAEL MCLOUGHLIN l PATRICK MCMANUS JAMES CHRISTOPHER HICKEY l CHRISTOPHER HEGGINS l PATRICK HOEY l JOHN HOEY JOHN MEAGHER l JOHN MEEGAN CHRISTOPHER WHELAN l DANIEL WHELAN l SARAH WHELAN JEREMIAH HOGAN l JAMES HOGAN l ARTHUR HOLBROOK l LUKE HOLLAND THOMAS MELEADY l JULIA MERON JOHN WHELAN l MYLES WHITE l ELIZABETH WILKINSON CONNOLLY JOSEPH HOSFORD l JOHN BERNARD HOWARD l CHARLES HOYLE THOMAS HENRY MILLER DAVID WILSON l PETER WILSON l ALBERT EDWARD WOOD FREDERICK JOHN HUGHES l MICHAEL HUGHES l JOHN WILLIAM HUMFREY HUMPHREYS CHRISTOPHER MILLER l CHARLES MONAHAN MARY CONNOLLY l CHRISTOPHER CONNOR RICHARD WOODCOCK l BASIL HENRY WORSLEY-WORSWICK WILLIAM HENRY HUMPHRIES l GODFREY JACKSON HUNTER l JOHN HURLEY CHRISTOPHER MOORE l WILLIAM MOORE JOHN COOKE l CORBIN l JAMES CORCORAN SÉAN HURLEY l CHARLES HACHETTE HYLAND l PATRICK IVORS WILLIAM THOMAS PERCY WRIGHT l GEORGE WYLD HERBERTJOHN CORDWELL l JAMES HAMLET CORNWELL JAMES MOORE l ELIZABETH MORAN MARYANNECORRIGANlEDWARDCOSGRAVE WILLIAM EDGAR MOY JAMES l PERCY JEFFS MARY MORRIS l NATHANIEL MORTON SIDNEY LEONARD YOUNG EDWARD JOSEPH COSTELLO l JOHN COSTELLO JAMES JESSOP l FRANK JOBBER JOHN MULHERN l WILLIAM MULLEN JOHN YOUNG ROBERT JOHNSTON

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A ANDAND 1 IN MACNEILL EAMONN&babies CEANNT AND EO mothers AND PLANNING THE RISING ERUPTS 1 &babies THE REBELLION mothersSEÁN MACDIARMADMACDIARMAD Roger Casement I Irish Independent + vember 2015 and the recruiting THE LEADERSLEADERS OF OF THE THE12 No RISING RISING trips to Germany I Irish Independent vember 2015 12 No

I Irish Independent 2015 vember 12 No From the assembling of the armies to the trials and executions, the momentous events of the 1916 Rising remain part of our lives, a century later. Now, in an exclusive 10-part collection we commemorate the individuals whose actions changed our history forever — the revolutionaries, the politicians, the women and the unsung heroes. A unique collection of supplements dedicated to recalling the legacy of the events of 1916. Continue your collection, fortnightly on Thursdays, free only in the Irish Independent. 1916 In partnership with COLLECTION

24 | Irish Independent 1916 Collection Irish Independent I 26 November 2015