Handbook of Dialogical Self Theory and Psychotherapy Bridging Psychotherapeutic and Cultural Traditions Agnieszka Konopka, Hubert J

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Handbook of Dialogical Self Theory and Psychotherapy Bridging Psychotherapeutic and Cultural Traditions Agnieszka Konopka, Hubert J. M. Hermans, Miguel M. Gonçalves

Gestalt therapy, Dialogical Self Theory, and the “empty chair”

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315145693-3 Frank-M. Staemmler Published online on: 20 Nov 2018

How to cite :- Frank-M. Staemmler. 20 Nov 2018, Gestalt therapy, Dialogical Self Theory, and the “empty chair” from: Handbook of Dialogical Self Theory and Psychotherapy, Bridging Psychotherapeutic and Cultural Traditions Routledge Accessed on: 24 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315145693-3

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 ffrcasclpyhaayi h oc a h usadn ybl the symbol, outstanding the was couch the psychoanalysis classical for If Self Dialogical therapy, Gestalt 3 oda 91 h w fte a u owr da htdf any defy that ideas like reads forward ones put salient had and basic them most of the of this: two one the interpretation; individualistic 1951) Goodman & chair observations: relationships interpersonal person early idiosyncratic such of an out 1992): created as Loon, DST van oneself as & as recognizing abbreviated well Kempen, (subsequently as Hermans, therapy Theory 2010; Gestalt “ Self of Hermans-Konopka, Dialogical tradition & the of Hermans in one found be the can in that similarities the of in life: his of years last the in theoretical relapsed (1969) much Perls “ which without into place bias, individualistic frequent took the purposes hand, other technical hand, the one for on I the and, grounding. on furniture work, was, chair of established, origin. empty became use psychodramatical with therapy their equated Gestalt acknowledge much which even very in not way did the they So degree, large a to background. theoretical particular Moreno any base on to not from them techniques did chair linking however, these a without Perls, had of of 1965). Perls use Moreno, application S. the Zerka his also by Frederick see implemented 1970s. (1964; he early Moreno that and Jacob techniques 1960s various the the in borrowed infamous and famous both euiu.I o,i can it not, If beautiful. alGomn oilcii n nrhs hlspe.I h book the Personality In Human philosopher. the anarchist in with and Growth collaboration and critic in Excitement developed social previously Therapy: a had he Goodman, notions Paul the from much pretty oilrelations Social thing your do you thing, my do I fl usqetgnrtoso etl hrpssiiae Perls imitated therapists gestalt of generations Subsequent hssaeetcnesl etae akt n fMead of one to back traced be easily can statement This which quote, Another h irgr fMoreno of disregard The ec ereHretMa a nPu oda n lodmntae one demonstrates also and Goodman Paul on had Mead Herbert George uence ” “ ti h otc hti h ipetand simplest the is that contact the is It a h rmnn cnfrcasclGsatteay ywihi became it which by therapy, Gestalt classical for icon prominent the was rn-.Staemmler Frank-M. hoy n the and Theory, fi dbt set regrettable. aspects both nd ... ’ ehelped be t r rgnli n human any in original are – vnmr lal hnteoeabove one the than clearly more even ’ oilyoine ocpsmse elwt the with well meshed concepts oriented socially s ” ... p ) ihti is oee,Prsdeviated Perls however, bias, this With 4). (p. “ n fb hnewe chance by if And mt chair empty fi s reality rst ’ hoy ewre ihthem with worked he theory; s ... ” fi Prse l,15,p 320). p. 1951, al., et (Perls esnlt sastructure a is Personality l,ln ro oone to prior long eld, ” p 227). (p. ’ fi ehia approach; technical Prs Hefferline, (Perls, ’ otperceptive most s dec te,it other, each nd ” – lutae the illustrates “ Gestalt empty – see ’ ’ s s 1 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 is,tejitatvt ossso hrdatnieesadge ln ihthe with along goes and attentiveness shared a of of consists kind activity joint the First, (1978, Vygotsky in Lev characterize that to processes called helpful psychological 1981) be developmental may the it detail connections more relevant the understand better To contact appropriation: Participatory rl ilgclwe h te esni ena o ueyotie u simulta- but outside, it purely of constitutive not even as and seen that self the is asserted of person part he other neously when the when others, Michail dialogical among and truly (1890) 1986), James William (1984, also by (who instance Bakhtin Hermans Mead for Hubert writings, on did compatible drew as to theory, they referred together, basic worked their formulated Goodman they and when Perls insights when that obvious is It develops aei osbefrm owr with work to me and for 2015) Staemmler, possible (see thoroughly me it to I clear made social-psychologi- became after anthropological, realms therapeutic Only the practical fashion. between and connections individualistic cal, the ef an DST, the in into of delved understanding used propositions my Perls fundamental with linked that Mead that techniques by me one for the bridge as such a as functioned has theorizing rnfre nosmtigpyhcwtotmodi without psychic something has into that transformed something which eainlmne.I htflosIwl r n xli ycretpito view. of point current my explain and try will I follows what In manner. relational 95 .12 rgnlitalics), original 142, of p. process 1995, a with dealing priation are we Rather, speak. lhuhm er et o etl hrp,Ihv oamtta Hermans that admit to have I therapy, Gestalt for beats heart my Although it,btaie ntepoeso oileprec n ciiy htis, as that process process. activity, that that to and within relations individuals his experience at other of there, social to result initially and a of not as whole process individual a is given the it the development; in in develops a arises has but which birth, something is self The nesadn snttesm swa a osrce onl;i san is it jointly; constructed was what of as standing same the functions of the individual appropriation already not The individual is understanding. the understanding activity, shared social the in with participation of process Bene involve level. not individual does the beyond in process participating individual An “ ... inter-subjectivity fi dterproa form: personal their nd ta]i rcs fbcmn,rte hnacquisition than rather becoming, of process a is [that] “ interiorization. ... h activity. the taking shared ... ” fi oehn rma xenlmdl nta,i the in Instead, model. external an from something hrb nat ei omnfs oaaeesof co-awareness manifest to begin infants whereby s ae lc usd ftepro sthen is person the of outside place taken rst hstr does term This 3 etl hrp,DT n the and DST, therapy, Gestalt activity sarsl fwihtepoete h child the properties the which of result a as ... omncto sarayivle na in involved already is communication “ ... mt chairs empty Rgf,19,p 9,oiia italics) original 195, p. 1990, (Rogoff, fi rst htre that not fi ” igfo hrdtikn thus thinking shared from ting creative Hras 01 .654). p. 2011, (Hermans, fi eciea describe fl cation ’ csteindividual the ects ae s fti shared this of use later s Ma,13/93 .135) p. 1934/1963, (Mead, ” nanon-individualistic, a in fi , ayo h therapeutic the of cacy –“ “ “ atcptr appro- participatory h efcnol be only can self the “ linear one-to-one, mt chair empty activity, ” ’ (Rogoff, under- s ” ” oto so 2 25 by ’ s 4 ’ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 26 eitco aenee hnfcial oOhri rsn-thn or present-at-hand is Other no factically when even the Dasein in perceived self of the of Being-with teristic maintain: constitutive by can is constituted it essentially (1962) constituted, Heidegger is it Therefore once self, calls the Slife what of relationality relation tlc added) that communicate. acknowledge italics to they ( have exist messages we also to level the of the course, fundamental others, the of of process on individual do, contents But these the of ment). the like behavior that internalization to the of decisive or Processes to features, is refer personal it primarily their here, not of does propose view the appropriation to I respect with With psychology attention appropriated: essentially joint developmental is what of question, the bouts to systematic comes in engaging environment, others the in things rgnliais,adta sntol h aewt usd rexternal or outside with case calls 111ff.) the pp. only (1985, one Stern with not which also is of but latter that the and positions, italics), original dialogical a processes with provided psychological all, individual for of and once sorts is, all self lifespan, the “ quality; the dialogical of a rest carry the for and by the systematically) is and ness temporally (both preceded roiyms eatiue.Cneunl,both Consequently, attributed. be must priority n usd)adwt tef(nenlpstos.Ti swyi etl hrp we therapy Gestalt in (external why is others This with positions). dialogues (internal “ in itself engaged with hence and permanently other; outside) and each and to relational relate is positions self outside and the positions internal which by others positions internal and external plane internal the on reconstructed actively later one “ them with interaction tions, relationality today, say to prefer self of duality the 345): p. rcs fitraiaino xenlactivity “ external of internalization of process of speaks shared format althe call is individuals between shared or distributed initially is which activity Mental ec,priiaini teftepoeso appropriation of process the itself is participation Hence, nohrwords, other In as manifest that activities shared appropriated its of sum the is then, self, A hsosraini rca ic tudrie that underlines it since crucial is observation This neatv experience interactive rn-.Staemmler Frank-M. ” ” o htblnst h niiulohrol.TeeoeBraaRogoff Barbara Therefore only. other individual the to belongs what not , ” Rca,21,p 7) neatosaeas h rtcldmnin hnit when dimension, critical the also are Interactions 177). p. 2010, (Rochat, ste r eerdt nDST, in to referred are they as odvlpasl st aeterltdeswt tesadthe and others with relatedness the make to is self a develop To : oohrpersons other to ‘ ” self “ odtosn u non qua sine conditio h rcs faporainfo hrdatvt,i otatt the to contrast in activity, shared from appropriation of process the p 156). (p. ”– ’ 5 ti h prpito fa of appropriation the is it ; h ytmo otcsa n moment any at contacts of system the u loa also but ’ nenlpstos ua en sntol a only not is being human A positions. internal s “ “ obe to strong hti nenlzd not internalized, is that – ’ “ w rjc n,teey ocnttt oneself. constitute to thereby, and, project own s and means ointa rn lf 20)hsnamed has (2004) Slife Brent that notion a eainlbeing relational relationality. – lsisogigpriiaini neatoswith interactions in participation ongoing its plus te.Wa esondi what is owned gets What other. fidvdaiy ec rmtevr beginning very the from Hence individuality. of – stepiayraiy owihtehighest the which to reality, primary the is ocommunicate to ... ” 6 en-ihi neitnilcharac- existential an is Being-with eaens sntol in only not is Relatedness are ” “ ” dual 19,p 9) n h concludes: she And 195). p. (1990, “ seGre,20)i h sense the in 2009) Gergen, (see Dasein ” secondary ‘ “ Fryog,20,p 228). p. 2008, (Fernyhough, objects being external shared ” ” Prse l,15,p 235). p. 1951, al., et (Perls ’ contact Bktn 94 .287, p. 1984, (Bakhtin, en-ntewrdis Being-in-the-world s ” ” ’” MreuPny 1962, (Merleau-Ponty, 19,p 151). p. (1995, ” ciiis orelated- So activities. hnmn htare that phenomena Sen 00 .144, p. 2010, (Stern, and “ – later evoked fi r sw may we as or, “ fi s fall of rst nenlposi- internal s a been has rst ndevelop- in fi s place. rst fl ” uencing others, efin self “ weak “ tis it Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 h usqettano huh ulso htIhv adaoeadbegins and above said have signi I very what both is on that builds statement thought a of with train self subsequent the of The plurality the and relatedness Multiple ia rcse yasmn htHrasclsa (outside) an calls Hermans what assuming by processes gical ettoso neatosta aebe eeaie (RIGs), Generalized been have that Interactions of sentations plural the is condition human the other of and Moreover, fathers etc. their relatives, with further attachment grandparents, of also siblings, number but with with the mothers as interact their well not as with do caregivers contacts beings in human engage on only birth with from but only, thumb, person of rule a As esn h hrps nrdcsthe introduces therapist the person, tion nawrdof world a in eftl hti aigpaebtento(rmr)o e rhsinternal him his or or her her having by of chair), more) respective (or a two to assigned between them clearly place of taking (each positions is that self-talk “ an Isaeatvtd h natr-xeine ifrn om rwy fbeing of ways or forms different different when other re-experiences And self-regulating infant of RIG. a distinctive development the with own the activated, its for have are all) will RIGs person at same trivial the not with hence ships that (and self relevant dialogical is the it life of months oaete ndfeetpae eg his ntero,adthen and room, the in chairs) them (e.g. places have different in them locate oeo escncos nadto,i a esprmoe,tasomd or transformed, superimposed, be be course, or may of (one it can, to addition, reference reference in this without one conscious; though of self less memory even a or implicit impossible, principle, less more is or In more other(s) person(s). a several) with other connected several) is (or self the of experience the many. called with are then experience there is interact the who And to with person, way another like this of is in memory connected it is what situation, given of a in might the itself actualizes to one the reference self-experience, as implicit a denote an in includes itself always ifests it exactly person, with other interaction certain a with tion ehiu fsoliloquy of technique h etl hrps uprstecin oepoeadcaiyteepsycholo- these clarify and explore to client the supports therapist Gestalt The sDne tr 18,p 7 a eosrtdwt i ocp of concept his with demonstrated has 97) p. (1985, Stern Daniel As hsbig bu ubro osqecs mn hmtefc htany that fact the them among consequences, of number a about brings This interac- an from originated has RIG respective any Since state: also may One I ” psto n netra oiin.I iia en o hrpui nsthe ends therapeutic for vein, similar a In position). external an and -position o h let ftecin at owr nhsrltosi oanother to relationship his on work to wants client the If client. the for identify respond one “ admyenm)hro i eeatpositions, relevant his or her name) maybe (and self-that-I-am-in-dialogue-with- te ua en,bti h ol fhuman of world the in but being, human other oec te nturn. in other each to several “ ” aho h aydfeetsl-euaigohrrelation- other self-regulating different many the of each this a eue ohl letetraieadeata enact and externalize client a help to used be may fi ” ue nrae scide e older: get children as increases gures sal,ti trswt h atta nat onot do infants that fact the with starts this Usually, . p 110f.). (p. esn h atclritrcieeprec man- experience interactive particular The person. etl hrp,DT n the and DST, therapy, Gestalt this ” “ ats ovraintechnique conversation fantasy Shi,20,p 6 rgnlitalics). original 86, p. 2002, (Schmid, fi esn n I,teeoe nldsa includes therefore, RIG, Any person. atadmyse rva at trivial seem may and cant – this ditdyaltl laboriously little a admittedly “ -person. vkdcompanion evoked ” ” hstesl,a it as self, the Thus “ led nthe in already mt chair empty “ “ enact externalize rmtrposi- promoter beings ed o live not do We ” ” fi (including one hmand them yStern. by s sight: rst “ ... Repre- ” other Part fi and rst 27 – Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 bcrdb usqetpyhcpoess sarsl,teclari the result, a As processes. psychic subsequent by obscured nadto,signi addition, psychotherapy.In of only forms is all self-experiences in element common a as count can references 28 niesituations unlike nofamnso h n xrm rbigsbetdt con to subjected being or extreme one the on fragments to into have that contradictions and 2012a). tions, Staemmler, of (see mind instead themselves be of by to differences, also desire their but beings others, of Human other. by spite each only ignore in not or understood, other marginalize, each dominate, to with trying exchange ( part-selves dialogical or a selves various the which to 1999). Cooper, & Rowan also see 3; p. 2004, Dimaggio, a that means This possible in upr,adhroy otaitos nossece,adincongruences supplementa- and mutual inconsistencies, of are relationships Contradictions, and only harmony. abound not and are support, there self, tion, plural a self of dialogue dialogical functioning healthy a of side pathological the be am I of words whether the on In depending Paula. with self, dialogue different controversial a a (1934/1963): in am Mead or Herbert I loving George and a in Paula, engaged or Peter beings. to with plural lead are must necessarily inescapably beings relationality strong Relational that self: course the of of matter self-experience. plurality a of the as ways seen diverse be form can beings it human So others, same the with interactions am, usually I you as me with by certain occur not a I and with me, as dealing by me affected already by is but me affect you when are ious the of .25.AdPrsadhscwresimdaeyadded: immediately coworkers his various and Perls And 235). p. as principle mentioned h atta neatoswith interactions that fact The eahrclysekn,oecncnev ftedaoia efa a as self dialogical the of conceive can one speaking, Metaphorically or positions many the between However, opti ipy madfeetsl,we mpriiaigi dialogue a in participating am I when self, different a am I simply: it put To sqoe eoe etl hrp hoyde theory therapy Gestalt before, quoted As ftesl;i sntteea efaatfo hstp fexperience. of type this from apart self appearance a the as for there responsible not is is social that different it itself of self; process sorts the people all social of different to the answering to is selves relationships It different different reactions. of of sorts all series are whole There a on carry We rn-.Staemmler Frank-M. om fsl-xeinewl mre h efbecomes self the emerge; will self-experience of forms ” “ ” self-that-I-am-in-contact-with-this-person-in- ii..Wti hi neatoswt aiu tesa ela ihndifferent within as well as others various with interactions their Within (ibid.). I pstos edt atclrRGad ec,t pca experience special a to hence, and, RIG particular a to lead -positions, seHras 02 05 ihdvreadvrospstos coali- positions, various and diverse with 2005) 2002, Hermans, (see – uigwihteprnrataie a actualizes partner the which during , fi oidvdal ifrn degrees differing individually to atydvreitrcieeprecswt the with experiences interactive diverse cantly “ utpeproaiy sa bomlpeoeo,sesto seems phenomenon, abnormal an as personality, multiple I “ psto htfrsi atclrjitsituation. joint particular a in forms that -position h ytmo otcsa n moment any at contacts of system the one oselto htrslsi h lrlt fteself. the of plurality the in results that constellation ” different Gnln 97 .3) nDTtrsw are we terms DST in 30); p. 1997, (Gendlin, fi dawyo iigtgte ihu falling without together living of way a nd “ tescnrbt ovrigknsof kinds varying to contribute others nenlpositions internal fi e h efacrigt h above- the to according self the ned “ voices – this ut oeal oteextent the to tolerable quite “ ssc,tesl is self the such, As ” -situation. certain httk ati the in part take that fl ” ” ec rtotalitarian or uence nDT naein engage DST) in plural Prse l,1951, al., et (Perls fi n fhsmany his of one aino blurry of cation same ” ” nsum, In Hras& (Hermans : “ partner o you How “ p 142) (p. fl society exibly var- ... in Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 ihcranquali certain clients with his therapist respect the or with for her (1993) serve with Habermas also by can outlined communication, been societal have to they as ethics, discourse The other each with dialogue open into essential 2007; brought Hermans, and an & con Cooper is often different, 1965; chology, Therefore, differences 1957, 1999). Buber, and 1969, (see Lévinas, otherness, attitude this alterity, for prerequisite cherishing and Accepting htPrse l 15)syaottecnatbtendfeetpol sequally is of people different different ethics between between the contact contact the following the about is for they say which true (1951) that al. discourse, so et participation, psychic Perls dialogical a What and in existence if engage mastered of can be rights can equal task with This provided extreme. other the on egalitarianism individual. often psyche the therapist of voices the various of the part to, is responded be It to support. and need heard be to order In harmony or consensus, unity, of establishment positions; the various primarily the among not is process this of osekr[no speaker No [any Anyone [any Anyone h icus rmmkn s fhshrrgt salse n[h previous [the in established rights his/her of use sentences]. making from discourse the I noe[any Anyone to again forth and so to, and responded response, more understood, the heard, nothing to be is respond to there wants being) word The human relation. a for a consequently, than terrible (and, word the for growth. and Con excitement disagreements. for of contact stagnation, airing and the routine and with for animation come the welcome that actively excitement but responsibilities, them and tastes, con opinions, distinguish in that not contact, otherness or difference con them, are between another boundary and person One psto]myrne n seto b n other any [by assertion any render may -position] – aeaddsm rcee xesost h usqetquote: subsequent the to extensions bracketed some added have I fi I I I psto]myepeshshroiin,wse n needs and wishes opinions, his/her express may -position] cations ako response of lack psto]myitoueayasrinit h discourse the into assertion any introduce may -position] -position] I psto]myb rvne ycntan ihno outside or within constraint by prevented be may -position] ’ fl various ec,te o nyrsetteronadteother the and own their respect only not they uence, – fl cig ocsaeecuae ob pknlsee to spoken/listened be to encouraged are voices icting, a lob ple otepyhcpoesso the of processes psychic the to applied be also can fi ... s falteami h ilgeisl,since itself, dialogue the is aim the all of rst hnteei odsrmnto ftepit of points the of discrimination no is there when etl hrp,DT n the and DST, therapy, Gestalt I pstos ic thsdvlpdciei that criteria developed has it since -positions, “ a aepr ndiscourse in part take may nteaetcapiain fdaoia psy- dialogical of applications therapeutic in ... fl I ’ -positions: akt rvd h letwt hshelp. this with client the provide to task s etwe hr sn prcaino a of appreciation no is there when uent en er ssc sarayadialogic a already is such as heard Being din ad Bktn 96 .17 rgnlitalics) original 127, p. 1986, (Bakhtin, ” fi nitum Aas 00 .33.Teaim The 343). p. 2010, (Adams, ... p.18f,oiia italics) original 118ff., (pp. . I psto]problematic -position] Aey 90 p 166f.) pp. 1990, (Alexy, ’ retto ndealing in orientation s hnprosaein are persons When “ mt chair empty ... all fl noe[any Anyone ec makes uence oiin are positions inclusion ” ...... 29 ’ . – s 7 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 tls anr lit,20;p 7;seas opr 2003). Cooper, also see 178; p. 2004; Elliott, & Warner, Stiles, tisi h a nwihtecinscnes ihthemselves: with converse has openness someone and clients relationship that dialogical the promote positions a different to which continuous about the psychotherapists be in between a of to seems task way in plurality the the psychological engage of in to part is ethics ready it be view, clients my their must in moreover, So and, dialogue. rights respective oehrwl,dvretpstosne oacp ahothers each accept to need positions divergent world well, outside together the in communications iefo the from time ge ree ieec te,dfeetpstosi h oit fmn onot do mind places. their of have society can frictions the an and in on discrepancies positions harmony; What perfect different well. in other, live as each to mind have like even of or society agree the in good health as is up shows society, level in interpersonal good is What h efcno eatigsc sacmue racricpcmkr some pacemaker, cardiac a be: or to computer has a consequence as the such plural, thing and a dialogical be as “ cannot self self the of The conceive we If process as Self 30 hc ol xs oehr nteso-called the in somewhere exist would which “ rcs,nta not process, oi aeil otnal hnigcntlaino oetaiis o a not potentialities, of traits constellation of changing quantity continually a material; solid ef h self: the reify gists oae nasnl n icmcie ato h ri.I ae osense no any makes prohibits self It exists the it of brain. character like procedural the and nothing the of as knowledge that rei Just part suggests 190). full p. evidence circumscribed 1999, with available (Damasio, and the endowed single All knower, physiologically. a homunculus-like in a located of skeptical neuroscienti “ oiatrl nsl-omto,ohrcnat uha h n ihgravity, with one the as such relevant. pre- also contacts a are other etc. play food, self-formation, contacts oxygen, in interpersonal role fantasized) have the point or I dominant vantage As remembered, therapy and Gestalt background. (actual, a dynamic the although from a in before, 235) remain is p. others self (1951, al. all et whereas Perls time, quoted of conditions period psychological longer unusual very otherwise or fanatic, paranoid, for n single one hs ntemachine the in ghost atsa theater Cartesian true “ lhuhtesl is self the Although fi An ain t lrlt edr tdif it renders plurality its cation, rn-.Staemmler Frank-M. ” – ef h lrlt ftesl ae tms nieythat unlikely most it makes self the of plurality The self. nteidvda ee.Js spltclgop nasceyd o edto need not do society a in groups political as Just level. individual the on rqetytn oiaiepoessa hns twudb roeu to erroneous be would it things, as processes imagine to tend frequently ‘ ne oit fvoices of society inner I psto atrsteetr oerudo person a of foreground entire the captures -position ’ fi eerhcnee hspitt him: to point this concedes research c eoeyado rwhb uprigtesadrso discourse of standards the supporting by growth and/or recovery I “ pstosta tataie,btti osntma hti a obe to has it that mean not does this but actualizes, it that -positions fi hr r ohomunculi, no are There e n ttcett;a entity; static and xed ” ” Rgr,16,p 2) vni people if Even 122). p. 1961, (Rogers, n ol ultesrnsfo there. from strings the pull would and ) fl ” i,i lohscniut.I con It continuity. has also it uid, fl cutn atr fiscnat taygvnmoment; given any at contacts its of pattern uctuating Rl,14,p.1f) rsm ido homunculus, of kind some or 15f.), pp. 1949, (Ryle, ethics ’ 8 ... a ese ssadrsfrpsychological for standards as seen be can , fi ” utt pa fahmgnoso even or homogeneous a of speak to cult ” osnt nesne ifrfo the from differ essence, in not, does fl Hras 03 4.I re olive to order In 94). 2003, (Hermans, wn ie fcag,ntabokof block a not change, of river owing alRgr 15,p 9)sae,and stated, 196) p. (1959, Rogers Carl ” Coe,i opr Mearns, Cooper, in (Cooper, “ inside fi “ ue tefa n on in point any at itself gures n hud ned be indeed, should, One ” – “ nldn psycholo- including fapro i a (in person a of esni a is person A ’ wrns o a for awareness s ’ – xsec and existence ab except maybe “‘ – Good fi fl only xed uid ” ’ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 culyyuafc me affect you actually Freud in instance, for (as, other some some Accordingly, still next. also the to are situation there one changes, from situation maintained the are as that contacts ones new respective fearfully with replaced self-concept their plural with self always the and almost along of understanding are procedural limited there a that a on means based of is fear critics This assume. some as fragmented, etrdo h a h re ocp ihteeconditions. these therapy with the cope strong self- follows, to what [a felt tried many in she disease described from and way session the herself the the her excluded about on of she liked centered time shame which the of her I At because chronic activities. for although client], social the and the for time, of suffered both position long she position] critical promoter which a external from for an disease as call with will therapist work I [the who compassion to and herself me therapist a for was who client, My vignette clinical A an or dominance general a attribute that would implies that mind of society situational a form therapy and Gestalt that before: ambiguity said have I for what 2004). can tolerance Greenberg, person & personal certain Whelton 1949; the a Frenkel-Brunswik, which on (see a to conditions not depending however, is high degree, coherence other, less The Their each among variable. other. support side inconsistencies each also by and tolerate sabotage is side complement or exist it can can challenge, must; they They question, other, ways. can different each they in to other referring and each invent without to newly relate can I situation were. that it response as personal myself, surprise a I position, which new with a create sometimes eapsto a unit nordinary an into turn can positionsmeta-position experience, therapeutic other my the to toward according distance others; all over them of any one any to 123) p. be to only waiting contacts. us, in and already were situations traits relationships novel possible or our all entirely, of of if disappear as each conditions time, that the said with commonly under change can newly They emerge essence. lasting necessarily 25ff.). pp. 2015, Staemmler, (see degree from large differ less Thereby they or situation. if more even new a time, the over to other to other each response each to in connected the useful are selves in also situational stay the are may they others case whereas awareness, in of foreground, background the into recede positions atbtntlat ol iet on u nte mlcto htrslsfrom results that implication another out point to like would I least, not but Last given a at self respective a constitute that positions various the implication, By Moreover, oiinhsteptnilt eoeamt-oiinthat meta-position a become to potential the has position I pstosms o erei be not must -positions ” Gnln 97 .3) n ne hsipeso I impression this under and 30), p. 1997, (Gendlin, I ’ pstos hra oecnat aihadare and vanish contacts some Whereas -positions. tutrlmdl nor model) structural s I etl hrp,DT n the and DST, therapy, Gestalt pstosadstainlsle,cnb oeor more be can selves, situational and -positions ” several ii. o eti muto ie n any and time, of amount certain a for (ibid.) ’ nprinciple in I gltra nesadn ftepositions the of understanding egalitarian s psto again. -position fi d o;te r ete lblagencies global neither are they too; ed, otcsatvtdi ie situation given a in activated contacts “ vrrhn view overarching ‘ rnsout brings hr sn pre no is there “ sub-personalities ’ “ Eileen, ifrn risi us, in traits different “ ‘ mt chair empty ” ’ ruh out brought “ lrlt,which plurality, s fi rae certain a creates Hras 2003, (Hermans, ue hierarchy gured ” a dif was ” ” ’ “ fi But . tis It with cult 31 I - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 rtczdayfebc aehra none roftre hrself-critical [her and interac- target identi our made off projective understanding of at I or form attempts suggestions unfounded a My as world]. as any tion outside her the to at gave directed objected she I position helpless fate, feedback hand, dependent, and any other terrible living her criticized the her of of on way blamed how versions withdrawn help, constantly me her [two needed for to experience she responsibility conveyed shameful urgently any hauntingly acknowledge how Eileen not and would hand, felt one she the desperate on Although, sessions: fteifriepteni u rvosssin aself-re [a sessions previous our in pattern infertile the morti of of signs any ing 32 iuto ihhrmte n e iuto ihm:I otatt o she how to contrast In me: with situation her and obviously. mother very her up brightened with posi- face situation her self-critical this, the her in say towards, belief me stance her heard submissive shatter she to her When self-re intended tion. and I her client of, words, of my character drastic support of called veridical choice in I my position words, With promoter my position]. friendly-critical with a careful very took be to have h adsehdeprecdorcnestosa oekn of kind some as conversations our experienced had she [her said me She with conversation clarifying and next constructive our very of a cooperative beginning in the engaged at and position]. her promoter with internal my pattern mobilized general I [i.e. this without session and discuss awkward to remained decided conversation [my our resonance experience, any without my left In was activated]. self- I a manner, establish friendly to some and/or 2012b). Staemmler, in soliloquy (see engage self-depreciative position to promoter her proposals internal my explore compassionate, rejected to also work She comprehension. chair of lack a with fundamentally helpless the of doing self-critical of even her sense a and to had referred time had she also the position she all efforts, my things opposing wrong of aware been had she e ihasaigaddngaigvoice. denigrating and outside originally shaming the a so external with mother; an her her into with turned interactions had the mother-position of result a as generated an had mother never her had satisfy but to her, do with should connection she the exactly maintain promised what to repeatedly idea order had in She position]. improve external to critical to her seemed [a to never way she right whom the for mother in her things towards do adolescent an and child a as again htIfuddmnigwsabhvo h ipae gi n gi nour in again and again displayed she behavior a was demanding found I What lotl e htIswbt oeprlesadsm ifrne ewe her between differences some and parallels some both saw I that her told also I om ra upie ienimdaeyapae neetdi yre my in interested appeared immediately Eileen surprise, great my To a in experience frustrating my about her told I though even and thwarted, felt I ugse htti efiaewsntafc,btan but fact, a not was self-image this that suggested I and again experience to used she feeling a resembled this that her to occurred It fl rn-.Staemmler Frank-M. w fe aigcnutdm uevsr[netra rmtrpsto] I position], promoter external [an supervisor my consulted having After ow. I psto] sarsl h a omdtepreeigsl-mg fbeing of self-image persevering the formed had she result a As -position]. I psto] h losrosycniee yrmrswtotshow- without remarks my considered seriously also she -position]; “ dif fi cult fi ” aino hm.Mroe,secon she Moreover, shame. or cation and “ wrong fi ain(e teme,19)wr e yher by met were 1993) Staemmler, (see cation ” hrself-critical [her I -position]. being 9 I ie h mrsinta i not did I that impression the Given psto htfrequently that -position aial rn fo h meta- the [from wrong basically ’ xettos[e dependent, [her expectations s I I psto safiuewas failure a as -position -position]. fl fi xv meta-position]. exive ’ mdm impression my rmed introject s introject I psto] she -position]; “ fl fi xv meta- exive ght. “ talked “ fl h had she ” crap ections While ” ” to [I Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 esetv ycoc ftcnqersmldaciia oiinada such as and her position from critical mother, a other the resembled In of promoter technique struggle. position external of external internal an choice the her [as with my with therapist resonance perspective [helpless] the her alone given me, left words, feeling of confronted and sight was position], she losing which thereby in self-critical scene position], a [her getting suggested herself had without they position]. with her external working to distant since you and experience, cold watch a had as just me she experienced will had solitude; I she myself position of and person a yourself, her: feeling as told involved by a had I work into if left your as distance felt her her, had a for to taken nevertheless palpable at how she had how me suggestions described suggestions however, experienced precise and she, unin- agreed My that made her She her] had alone. towards up. left position picked but not promoter not do, external had had an could I as position], she [acting proceed external what critical about [a formed mother her remembered ewe s thdbe a been had it us; between position. promoter a as failed oc ihm [her me these with were, touch they as unpleasant e viacs h a h mrsinta was I that impression the had she avoidances, her once rlf ln?Hrrsos a nqioa:cnetd[her connected unequivocal: was response Her alone? position other. left each succeeded or to contributions related connected tightly respective were in our contents stayed their since we perspective, and other, closely, her from other each So each with her]. to exchange relating of close position the in therapist frltn ohradspotn]s htsehdasneo h w fus of two the of sense a had she that so supporting] and active her being to relating of talked sbigpr faWe a of part being as o ea hrps hseioewsms auay ttuh ei an in relationality me strong of taught notion the It As salutary. myself. and most clients clients my my was between between relationship relationship episode the on this work therapeutic different therapist the that a way impressive as me For ncnrs,drn h hsso our of phases the during contrast, In this enhanced had work two-chair of proposals my that out turned it So se e o u urn ovrainfl o e:Ddsefeel she Did her: for felt conversation current our how her asked I h etdyEle etm letter: a me sent Eileen day next The u att hr t eln o bu t ep eeprecn tagain. it experiencing me helps It it, was before. about this you connection Telling like it. happy and of share felt to feeling easiness never want This have I of but I session. sense guess a our I not after a is before. felt me from I to emerges unknown how about that surprised happiness been have I with “ I sbigconnected being as I pstosnest esplmne ihteprle oko the on work parallel the with supplemented be to needs -positions e iety hwdm omtet[e hrps nteposition the in therapist [her commitment my showed directly, her “ together loud ” I eln;Id o edt xrs tepaial.I smine, is It emphatically. it express to need not do I feeling; -position ” hrposition, [her ]. ” fo h esetv fhrdpnet helpless dependent, her of perspective the [from “ I fi sbigconnected being as I psto swl shrdpnet helpless dependent, her as well as -position etl hrp,DT n the and DST, therapy, Gestalt fi h ewe esl and herself between ght ” – hspoie e ihtefeigo en in being of feeling the with her provided ghts .Sesi htfrhrti a o ic I since so, was this her for that said She ]. iighravc ihu en personally being without advice her giving “ “ sbigconnected being as I ic ti orpolm o edt do to need you problem, your is it Since “ fi ghts, directly ” ” :Weee epne to responded I Whenever ]: h a eta felt had she epnigt e [her her to responding another ” “ xadn into expanding mt chair empty esn As person. connection ” 33 “ I I I - - - I ’ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 epcieasessuh,te r nomdb h rviigclueand culture the prevailing and put the are by questions informed such are whenever they And zeitgeist too. sought, soliloquy, of them, answers sort of this respective in one to engaged hard was are trying Rogers and people questions many myself? these that become themselves in asking I right can certainly How was He behavior? surface my all I, am Who asking, remarked: once (1961) Rogers Carl other. the a from of separated note be relatedness Concluding never dialogical can the one the to life step adult developmental In herself. second to a person in leads means, which relatedness human highlights, 34 hsi biul o ipepoeso comdto ntesneo Piaget. of sense the in Stern accommodation to of return process will simple I phenomenon a Below this not describe obviously 5 to is term theory This the therapy with Gestalt 4 denoted traditional development. sometimes in theory used is of term sense terms similar this in The in role process marginal 3 linear a A played only 2 Hefferline Ralph 1 Notes ilgclt ftesl,m questions my self, the of dialogicality n i ie h rsmto htteewudb oehn iea like something be would there that presumption The time. his and lnclram nldn h ehiusta s his hc nytgte can together only which practically psychotherapy. chairs, and to use approach psychological, holistic that a anthropological, techniques order form the the in including DST between of realms concepts links clinical differentiated the the with clarify infused to be an can fair therapy a with Gestalt of with as mastered well be as one inclusion only inconsistencies to of as can and idea beings that uncertainties the task for for demanding open-mindedness tolerance a of is amount This selves. or own more the some with from along certainty get any for hope de to less not support need conditions depth modern of notions today. the me vein, to not similar obsolete does a a oneself, In of become “ anymore. conceived have me would that for one psychology validity all for much and have once because anymore, self, under gis h akrpo ycneto fsrn eainlt n the and relationality strong of conception my of backdrop the Against ti yhp htIhv enal oepan o h o-niiulsi tenets non-individualistic the how explain, to able been have I that hope my is It post- current the under living people contemporary that impression my is It “ is vkdcompanion. evoked ” “ rn-.Staemmler Frank-M. raieadjustment creative htoecould one that fi ” . ietuh bu h ol n bu hmevs u olo o asto ways for look to but themselves, about and world the about truths nite h ufc yecvtn ti nacaooia anr appear manner, archaeological an in it excavating by surface the ’ w oit fmind. of society own s fl really wo h xenlwrda ela ihthe with as well as world external the of ow ” ” fi Prse l,1951). al., et (Perls dadfo hno ol o aet erhfor search to have not would on then from and nd o a e ntuhwt hsra ef underlying self, real this with touch in get I can How ? ’ 18,p.10f)rltdcnet,the concepts, related 110ff.) pp. (1985, s “ true “ tsest eta tbto ahpro is person each bottom at that me to seems It ” fi n nwr r ifrn rmRogers from different are answers and s fal eaens ewe people, between relatedness all, of rst efta a ob on somewhere found be to was that self – ohwt epc oohrhuman other to respect with both fi ” dterases Probably answers. their nd p 0,oiia italics). original 108, (p. “ introjection. fl “ iiyo their of uidity RIGs ” n the and ” “ real ’ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 03:35 24 Sep 2021; For: 9781315145693, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315145693-3 egn .J (2009). perceptual J. and K. emotional Gergen, an (1997). 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