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Samuel Pallache and the Fluidity of Early-Modern Jewish Identity

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Samuel Pallache and the Fluidity of Early-Modern Jewish Identity Mercedes GarcÖa-Arenal, Gerard Wiegers. A Man of Three Worlds: Samuel Pallache, a Moroccan Jew in Catholic and Protestant Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. xxiv + 173 pp. $40.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-8018-7225-9. Reviewed by Matt Goldish Published on H-Judaic (December, 2003) Samuel Pallache and the Fluidity of Early- family background, and their life in Fez, Morocco. Modern Jewish Identity The authors discuss some adulatory legends sur‐ Most of us, including scholars, tend to think of rounding Samuel Pallache, and then use archival people's religious, national, and personal identi‐ documents to begin piecing together a more accu‐ ties as being fairly static and distinct. The com‐ rate picture. Samuel, and his brother Joseph, mon modern phenomenon of religious and na‐ show up in Spanish records at the very beginning tional inter-marriage could be seen to blur some of the seventeenth century as representatives of boundaries, but we often imagine this to be a nov‐ the Moroccan crown sent to buy jewels on behalf elty not usually found before the twentieth centu‐ of the potentate Muley Zaydan. This is interesting ry. Samuel Pallache, whose activities and identi‐ in itself, because it is an example of practicing ties are painstakingly reconstructed by Garcia- Jews being allowed to live for a period in Spain af‐ Arenal and Wiegers in this volume, offers a jar‐ ter the Expulsion. The brothers were, however, ring corrective to this picture. Pallache (d. 1616) refused permission to go to Lisbon for further led an exceedingly adventurous life, during which trade, because it was feared that they would en‐ he variously identified himself as a Moroccan Jew, courage the conversos there to practice Judaism. a Spanish Catholic, an English prisoner, a right‐ Rather than returning to Morocco when their eous Amsterdam Sepharadi, and possibly a business was concluded, the Pallache brothers Protestant. He was a diplomat, a pirate, a mer‐ seemed to want to stay in Spain as servants of the chant, a spy, a smuggler, and an arms dealer. king. They offered to convey intelligence on the Moroccan political situation, which was quite Pallache migrated through these diverse iden‐ volatile, and the council of state accepted. Samuel tities and professions with apparent effortless‐ and Joseph encouraged their new patron, the ness, always putting forward the face that would count of Puñonrrostro, to invade the Moroccan preserve his life and make him a profit. The au‐ port of Larrache with a Spanish army. Unfortu‐ thors begin by describing Pallache's Sephardic nately for them, King Philip III of Spain and his H-Net Reviews highest advisors were not impressed with their bargain, and was sued by some Dutch business‐ qualifications and refused to support the propos‐ men. It is not clear whether Samuel ever became al. a real member of the Amsterdam Portuguese For many years, the Pallaches went back and community, though he was shown respect as a forth between war-torn Morocco and Spain, try‐ Hakham there. Samuel's brother, Isaac, was ing unsuccessfully to sell their services as infor‐ meanwhile involved in complex denunciations mants. They then tried to interest French and Ital‐ and negotiations of his own, which are described ian potentates in their idea to invade Larrache, at length. but with no more success. In desperate fnancial Between 1609 and 1614 Samuel was involved straits, it appears the brothers hinted to the Span‐ in many diplomatic and fnancial deals on behalf ish authorities that they and their sons were pre‐ of Muley Zaydan in the Netherlands. He also be‐ paring to convert to Catholicism, and they were came head of the Moroccan diplomatic mission in thrown a few ducats to cover their needs. Around England. He accompanied Dutch privateers on a 1607 the Pallaches, despite their connections in voyage to capture Spanish and Dutch ships that high places, were forced to fee from Spain to was partially successful. He continued to lead southern France following threats from the Inqui‐ semi-piratic missions on behalf of the Moroccan sition. and Dutch interests against the Spanish, but At this point the authors pause to give us around 1614 he was accused of having sold out more background on the Pallaches' families and and played the spy on behalf of Spain. As it turns the fate of other Fez Jews who were tried by the out, this was probably correct. Inquisition. The Pallaches, it seems, were by no Pallache fell out of favor with both the Dutch means unique in their negotiations of Spanish and Muley Zaydan, He went off on a piracy expe‐ and Moroccan nationalities, and Jewish, Christian, dition on his own, capturing several ships (includ‐ and Muslim identities. We are given further use‐ ing an English merchant vessel), but was blown ful background about Jews in Morocco and Spain off course and forced to land in Plymouth before in this period that explains the brothers' despera‐ he could arrive in Morocco and sell the booty. tion to leave Morocco. While Iberian conversos Having played double-agent between Spain, Eng‐ were busy escaping Spain and Portugal in the six‐ land, the Netherlands, and Morocco, and having teenth century, we discover a whole movement of captured an English ship, Pallache was immedi‐ their Moroccan descendants escaping back to ately arrested. Amazingly, his connections man‐ Spain and often converting to Catholicism in the aged to get him acquitted of criminal charges and early seventeenth century. The story of the Pal‐ released on bail, though civil charges and enor‐ laches picks up again with their arrival in Amster‐ mous debts remained. Even more amazingly, Pal‐ dam around 1608. It seems the brothers had been lache went to Holland and from there picked right there previously; it was another location to which back up in his career as diplomat, spy, and mer‐ they thought to move their families and resettle. chant, opening up new negotiations with Spain, Their plans had been destroyed when pirates took the Ottomans, and the Dutch for various schemes. their ships with all their goods and left them des‐ Samuel died in 1616 and his body was accompa‐ titute. As usual, the occasion for their presence in nied by Prince Maurice and members of the Es‐ the Netherlands was a diplomatic mission on be‐ tates General to its fnal resting place in the Jew‐ half of Muley Zaydan, pretender to the Moroccan ish cemetery outside Amsterdam. After all these throne. Samuel negotiated some military assis‐ adventures, Samuel died a poor man. tance for his master, but lost his own shirt in the 2 H-Net Reviews The constant negotiations of political fealty, religious identity, and vocational fexibility make Samuel Pallache a very colorful fgure, but that aspect is deliberately downplayed in this excellent biography. Instead, the authors try to show why a Sephardic Moroccan Jew of the early seventeenth century would feel impelled to live this kind of life, as well as how he was able to do it. In the process, they shatter many of the easy assump‐ tions we have about Jews and the boundaries of their identities in the early modern world. Copyright (c) 2003 by H-Net, all rights re‐ served. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originat‐ ing list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For other uses contact the Reviews editori‐ al staff: [email protected]. If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at https://networks.h-net.org/h-judaic Citation: Matt Goldish. Review of GarcÖa-Arenal, Mercedes; Wiegers, Gerard. A Man of Three Worlds: Samuel Pallache, a Moroccan Jew in Catholic and Protestant Europe. H-Judaic, H-Net Reviews. December, 2003. URL: https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=8531 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 3.
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