AKỌ NA UCHE (WISDOM AND JUSTIFIABILITY) Of Preemptive-strike in Self-defense And Alternative Conflict Resolutions Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Theologie Betreuer: Professor Dr. Dr. Gerhard Droesser Zweitkorretor: Professor Dr. Dr. Richard Nebel eingereicht von MCDONALD KELECHI NWANDU April 2012 1 Acknowledgement The words of Jesus Christ that “For apart from me you can do nothing” (John 15:5) is amiably manifest in the writing of this doctoral thesis: Akọ na Uche (Wisdom and Justifiability) of Preemptive-strike in Self-defense and Alternative Conflict Resolutions. Hence, my sincere gratitude to God, whose gracious favors made the needed difference in the course of this research. My hearty thanks to my principal professor, Dr. Dr. Gerhard Droesser for nurturing and guiding this work, and my second professor Dr. Dr. Richard Nebel for proofreading and correcting this work. A million thanks equally to the numerous professors I had the opportunity to study under, my fellow research colleagues, and my fellow students in Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany. You were a huge source of inspiration! To the Catholic Diocese of Würzburg, who granted me the scholarship, Triefenstein Catholic Community, Main-Spessart, where I helped out while studying, Albstadt-Ebingen, Lautlingen and Margrethausen Catholic Community Zollernalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg, where I now work since finishing my studies, my Congregation, who gave me the opportunity, my cherished brothers in the Congregation, my wonderful colleagues in the service of the Lord, my dear stepmother, my amazing siblings, my great nieces and nephews, and all my vast relatives and treasured friends everywhere, thank you all for your grand assistance and notable understanding in the realization of this noble project that is so dear to me. And to my late parents and grandparents, and all gone before us, who by words and/or deeds inspired this entire endeavor, I commend you to the merciful hands of God. Thank you all! I am so appreciative! 2 Table of Contents Abbreviations 0. General Introduction 0.1 The “Akọ na Uche” (Wisdom and Justifiability) of Preemptive-strike in Self- defense 0.2 “Akọ na Uche“: What it is 0.3 Rationale for the United Nations Formation 0.3.1 Article 2: On Responsibilities of Member-Nations 0.3.2 Article 39: On Threats to Peace, Breach of Peace and Acts of Aggression 0.3.3 Article 40: On The need for Dialogue and Diplomacy 0.3.4 Article 41: On the use of Sanctions 0.3.5 Article 42: On the use of Military Force 0.3.6 Article 51: On the Inherent Right of Self-Defense 0.4 United Nations Security Council: A Watch-dog 0.5 Existent Political and Diplomatic Complexity 0.6 Intrinsic Right of Self-Defense 0.7 Concept of Preemptive-strike 0.8 Means Justifies the End 0.9 What is and What Ought to Be 0.9.1 Illustration 0.9.2 Well-Informed Conscience 0.9.3 Virtue of Prudence 0.10 Ethics and Politics 0.11 Aim of the Work 0.12 Statement of the Problem 0.13 Sources of the Work 0.14 Division of the Work Chapter One 3 1. Conduct of Diplomacy: A Mixed-bag 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Concept of Diplomacy 1.2.1 Diplomatic Institutions 1.3 Phenomenal Evolution of Diplomatic Concepts 1.4 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1.5 Modern-day Diplomacy 1.6 The Bush Doctrine: Either with Us or Against Us 1.6.1 Making The Case for Operation Iraqi Freedom 1.6.2 Iran as “Axis of Evil” 1.6.3 Iraqi War Aftermath 1.7 United States, Libya And North Korea 1.7.1 World Reactions to Libyan Disarmament 1.7.2 North Korea Should not be an Exception 1.8 Kenyan Conflict 1.9 Zimbabwean Logjam 1.10 Conclusion Chapter Two 2. Seeking and Making Concessions Through Negotiations: What dialogue is not 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Negotiation: What Counts 2.2.1 Pre-negotiation Phase 2.2.2 Formula Phase 2.2.3 Details Phase 2.3 Essence of Negotiation 2.3.1 Negotiating From Innermost-strength 2.3.2 Impediment To Innermost-strength 4 2.4 Toward Diplomatic Agreements 2.4.1 Formal and Informal Diplomatic Agreements 2.4.2 Agreement on Deadlines 2.4.3 Use of Metaphors 2.4.4 Publicity and Propaganda 2.5 Treaty: What Qualifies 2.5.1 United States-Russia Arms Treaty: A Practical Example 2.6 Face-saving Cause 2.6.1 Equally Authentic and Authoritative Text-language 2.6.2 English as Third-language 2.6.3 Use of Interpretative Notes 2.6.4 Use of Euphemisms 2.6.5 Use of Monetary Incentives 2.6.6 Use of Linkage Formula 2.7 Conclusion Chapter Three 3. Preemptive Attack in Self-defense 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Great Debate 3.2.1 Claud Waldock: Underway-attack Analogy 3.2.2 Stephen Murdoch: Loaded-gun Analogy 3.3 Relevance of the United Nations Charter 3.4 Post Charter Armed Attack in Self-defense 3.4.1 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 3.4.2 1967 Six-day War 3.4.3 1981 Operation Opera 3.5 Politicizing the Authorization of the Use of Force 3.6 Conclusion 5 Chapter Four 4. Ethics of War and Peace 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Opting for War: The Motivations 4.2.1 Old Testament God of War 4.2.2 God of Diplomacy 4.2.3 Prince of Peace 4.3 Active-nonviolence 4.4 On War: Pacifism vs. Realism 4.5 On War: Catholic Teaching 4.5.1 Just War Theory: A Compromise Between Pacifism and Reali 4.6 War of Necessity and War of Choice 4.6.1 War of Necessity: Operation Desert Storm 4.6.2 War of Choice: Operation Iraqi Freedom 4.7 War: Painful Experience 4.7.1 Nigerian Civil War: A Biafran Experience 4.7.1.1 Manufacturing Nigeria 4.7.1.2 October 1, 1960 Independence: Great Feelings 4.7.1.3 Election and Coup d’état 4.7.1.4 Biafran Secession 4.7.1.5 1967-70 Nigerian-Biafran Civil War: Aftermath 4.7.1.6 A Mother’s War Experience 4.8 Conclusion Chapter Five 5. “Akọ na Uche” (Wisdom and Justifiability) of Preemptive-strike in Self- defense 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Preemptive-strike in Self-defense: A Strategic Military Option 6 5.2.1 Preemptive-strike in Self-defense: Opinions 5.2.2 Preemptive-strike in Self-defense vis-à-vis Preventive-war 5.3 Actual Armed Attack 5.3.1 Armed Attack: Dilemma and Irony 5.3.2 Right of Self-defense: Criteria for Permissibility 5.4 Conclusion Chapter Six 6. Making the Case for Smart-power Diplomacy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 United States: A Reference Point 6.3 Diplomatic Influence: An Exercise of Power 6.3.1 Exercise of Power: Hard-power 6.3.2 Exercise of Power: Soft-power 6.3.2.1 Culture: An Integral Source of Soft-power 6.4 Hard-power vis-à-vis Soft-power 6.5 Smart-power Diplomacy 6.6 Toward a General Conclusion 6.7 Conclusion Bibliography 7 Abbreviations AA Aburi Accord AAAT Afro-Arab Abbala Tribes AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AMIS AN Active Nonviolence AR Arab League ASAS Association of Southeast Asian States ATB Abubakar Tafawa Belewa AU African Union BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BS Biafran Secession Bush 43rd refers to President George Walker Bush, the 43rd President of the United States CBN Central Bank of Nigeria CCC Catechism of the Catholic Church CDF CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIO Chief Information Officer CMC Cuban Missile Crisis CNN Cable Network News COTW Coalition of the Willing COV Congress of Vienna CPC Communist Party of China CPD Center on Public Diplomacy CRC Committee of the Red Cross CT Catholic Teaching CW Cold War Deut Book of Deuteronomy 8 DI Diplomatic Immunity DM Diplomatic Mission DPRK Democratic People’s Republic of Korea DV Donum vitae DVC Documents of the Vatican Council EAEA Equally Authentic and Equally Authoritative Ecclesiastes Book of Ecclesiastes ECK Electoral Commission of Kenya EDR European Diplomatic Revolution EE Eudemian Ethics EU European Union EV Evangelium vitae Ex Exodus FIFA Federation of International Football Associations FRL Foreign Relations Law FSC Face-Saving Cause GB Great Britain Gn Genesis GS Gaudium et Spes HD Hard Power HM Human Rights HO Hippocratic Oath IAEA the International Atomic Energy Agency IDP Internally Displaced Persons IGO International Governmental Organizations IN Interpretative Notes INGO International Non-Governmental Organizations IO International Organization IRBMs Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles 9 Isaiah Book of Isaiah JEM Justice and Equality Movement Joshua Book of Joshua JWT Just War Theory KMT Kuomintang LC Library of Congress LEV Book of Leviticus LF Linkage Form Mark Gospel according to Mark Matthew Gospel according to Matthew MDC Movement for Democratic Change MEA Ministry of External Affairs MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MI6 Military Intelligence, Section 6 MLK Martin Luther King MRBMs Medium Range Ballistic Missiles MRG Minority Rights Group MSNBC Microsoft/National Broadcasting Company MUN Member of the United Nations NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NBW Nigerian-Biafran War NBCW Nigeria-Biafra Civil War NCW Nigerian Civil War NDIGBO One of the three largest ethnic groups in Nigeria – others being the Hausa and the Yoruba NE Nicomachean Ethics NE&EE Nicomachean Ethics and Eudemian Ethics NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIE National Intelligence Estimate 10 NITRD Networking and Information Technology Research and Development NPP Nobel Peace Prize NR Nigerian Republic NRC Nigerian Reconciliation Commission NSS National Security Strategy NT New Testament OAS Organization of American States ODS Operation Desert Storm OIF Operation Iraqi Freedom OT Old Testament PE Political Ethics PRC People’s Republic of China PUN Purposes of the United Nations RC Red Cross ROC Republic of Cuba RE Religious Ethics RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front RTLM SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SD Self-Defense SE Social Ethics SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SLM/A Sudan Liberation Movement/Army