CANADA-UAE BUSINESS COUNCIL GUIDE TO DOING BUSINESS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
1ST EDITION
This document offers an overview of each federal government’s strategies and initiatives, key organizations, main women’s events & key people. This Canada-UAE Business Council Guide to Doing Business in the United Arab Emirates is intended to educate Canadians interested in conducting business in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The Guide gives an overview of the UAE—its government structure, demographics, and economy. It presents considerations for business, including reasons to do business in the UAE, business etiquette, establishing a business, labour laws, and taxation. It also incorporates a section on Canada-UAE commercial relations to provide context for the broader bilateral business relationship. This Guide is not an exhaustive resource on every aspect of doing business in the UAE and, therefore, should only be used as a starting point for Canadian businesses exploring potential opportunities in the UAE. It is not a substitute for specific business or legal advice. Section 12 provides a list of organizations in both the UAE and Canada that can be contacted for further information and assistance. This Guide was inspired by the US-UAE Business Council Guide to Doing Business in the United Arab Emirates designed for American businesses. The Canada-UAE Business Council (CUBC) developed this Guide after reviewing dozens of other similar guides published by various trade and investment entities and law offices active in the UAE. These tools are listed in the Sources section. The CUBC has made every effort to provide information that is accurate and current. Feedback is welcome. This Guide is updated on a regular basis. Please visit the Resources page of the CUBC’s website (www.canadauaebusiness.org) for other resources such as sector profiles, studies, and market intelligence reports.
Published by the Canada-UAE Business Council Head Office: 161 Bay Street, Suite 2700 TD Canada Trust Tower Toronto, ON M5J 2S1
© Canada-UAE Business Council. All rights reserved 2019. UAE FACT SHEET
FOUNDED 1971
FOUNDER/1ST PRESIDENT RELIGION HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED OFFICIALLY ISLAM; BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN OTHER RELIGIONS PRACTICED
POLITICAL SYSTEM LANGUAGE CONSTITUTIONAL FEDERATION OFFICIALLY ARABIC; (THE MONARCH OF ABU DHABI IS THE HEAD OF STATE) ENGLISH IS WIDELY SPOKEN
FEDERATION GDP SEVEN EMIRATES (ABU DHABI, DUBAI, SHARJAH, RAS AL KHAIMAH, AED 1.4 TRILLION (C$495 BILLION) FUJAIRAH, UMM AL QUWAIN, AND AJMAN) GDP PER CAPITA CAPITAL CITY AED 151,000 (C$53,391) ABU DHABI TRADE (AS % OF GDP) GEOGRAPHIC AREA 93.8% 84,000 SQUARE KM CURRENCY POPULATION UAE DIRHAM EST. 9.4 MILLION (2017) (OFFICIALLY ABBREVIATED “AED”, “DH” OR “DHS”); THE DIRHAM IS PEGGED TO THE US DOLLAR; 1 DIRHAM = 0.27 US DOLLARS EMIRATI NATIONALS EST. 11% AVERAGE TEMP. 19°C (JANUARY) WORKFORCE: TO 36°C (AUGUST) 6,330,540 PEOPLE (2016)
CONTENTS
Section 1 — About the Gender ...... 30 Canada-UAE Business Council ...... 4 Youth ...... 31
Section 2 — President’s Message ...... 8 5.6 Culture & History ...... 33 5.7 World Expo 2020 Dubai UAE ...... 34 Section 3 — Introduction ...... 10 Section 6 — Canada-UAE ...... 40 Section 4 — Why Do Business in the UAE? . . 12 6.1 Trade ...... 42 Section 5 — About the UAE ...... 14 6.2 Investment ...... 42 5.1 Beginnings ...... 15 6.3 Agreements & Announcements . . . . 43 5.2 Seven Emirates ...... 17 6.4 Successes ...... 44 5.3 Government ...... 21 6.5 Key Sectors ...... 46 5.4 Economy ...... 24 6.6 Visiting Entry Requirements ...... 46 Top Sectors ...... 24 6.7 Travel ...... 49 Trade ...... 25 Investment ...... 26 Section 7 — Business Etiquette ...... 50 Currency ...... 26 7.1 Language of Business ...... 51 5.5 Demographics ...... 29 7.2 Meeting & Greeting ...... 52 Population ...... 29 7.3 Attire ...... 53 Diversity ...... 29 Religion ...... 29 7.4 Gender ...... 54 Language ...... 29 7.5 Working Hours & Holidays ...... 55 3
Section 8 — Establishing a Business . . . . 56 10.3 Customs Duty ...... 69 8.1 Mainland or Onshore Company . . . . 58 10.4 Other Taxes ...... 69 8.2 Free Zone Company ...... 59 Section 11 — Tips ...... 70 8.3 Offshore Company or Commercial Agency ...... 61 Section 12 — Resources ...... 72
Section 9 — Labour Laws ...... 62 Section 13 — Appendix ...... 76 9.1 Emiratisation ...... 63 13.1 Business Structures Comparison Chart ...... 77 9.2 Visas for Foreign Workers ...... 64 13.2 List of UAE Free Zones Section 10 — Taxation ...... 66 & Designated Zones ...... 78 10.1 Corporate Tax ...... 67 13.3 Sources ...... 80 10.2 Value-Added Tax (VAT) ...... 67 13.4 Acronyms ...... 82 SECTION 1 ABOUT THE CANADA-UAE BUSINESS COUNCIL
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OUR VISION is to achieve the shared goal of The CUBC is the premier business-led enhancing economic prosperity organization facilitating greater trade for both countries. and investment between Canada and OUR ROLE the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In is to provide value to our members 2013, the foreign ministers of Canada by leveraging our high-level and the UAE announced the Canada- networks; and, to advance the bilateral relationship by serving UAE Strategic Agenda to strengthen as a meeting point for the private and energize the bilateral relationship. and public sectors to strategically The Agenda had three pillars: diversify and grow trade and investment. Prosperity, Security, and Development.
The CUBC was formally established OUR MISSION in 2016 as one of the strategic is to facilitate long-term recommendations that resulted from relationships and strategic 18 months of deliberations between initiatives that will improve overall bilateral market-accessibility and business leaders from Canada and the will increase diverse trade and UAE to support the Prosperity pillar. investment opportunities. LEADERSHIP
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE BOARD MEMBERS The Honourable Jean Charest Khalifa Al Mansouri CUBC Co-Chair CEO, Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) Partner, McCarthy Tétrault LLP Fatima Al Jaber Musabbeh Al Kaabi Chief Operating Officer, Al Jaber Group CUBC Co-Chair Otaiba Al Otaiba CEO Petroleum & Petrochemicals, Chairman, Al Otaiba Group Mubadala Investment Company Anuj Ranjan Omar Alhashmi Managing Partner, Private Equity, Middle CUBC Vice Chair East and South Asia, Brookfield Asset Executive Director Asset Management Inc. Management, Abu Dhabi Power Corporation Omar Al Muhairi Director, Government Affairs, DP World Jody Becker CUBC Vice Chair Jody Becker Senior VP Emerging Markets and CUBC Vice Chair and Senior VP, Emerging Chief Strategy Officer, EllisDon Markets and Chief Strategy Officer, EllisDon Jefferey Graham CUBC Secretary Essa Al Ghurair Senior VP, SkyPower Global Chairman, Essa Al Ghurair Investment LLC Aziz Shariff Ahmed Al Qubaisi CUBC Finance Chair Senior VP, Government Relations, Chairman, Trimark Capital Group Etihad Airways Mustafa Sahin Joe Lombard CUBC President and Global Managing Director, Metals, Hatch Executive Director
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The Honourable Jean Charest Jefferey Graham CUBC Co-Chair and Partner, CUBC Secretary and Senior VP, McCarthy Tétrault LLP SkyPower Global Musabbeh Al Kaabi Graham Richardson CUBC Co-Chair and CEO Petroleum President, TAQA North Ltd. & Petrochemicals, Mubadala Saeed Al Darei Investment Company Executive VP Government Affairs and Omar Alhashmi Corporate, TAQA Global CUBC Vice Chair and Executive Director, Drew MacIntyre Asset Management, Abu Dhabi Vice Chair, Head – Global Energy, Power Power Corporation & Utilities Group, TD Securities Inc. Kerry Adler John Prato Founder, President and CEO, Deputy Chair and Executive Managing Director, SkyPower Global TD Securities Inc. Aziz Shariff CUBC Finance Chair and Chairman, Trimark Capital Group SECTION 2 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
8 This Guide to Doing Business in the United Arab Emirates is for Canadian businesses and organizations of any size operating in any sector. Readers will learn more about a remarkable country where Canadians are already thriving and where there is great potential for others to also succeed. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a market full of opportunities for Canadian goods, services, investments, and expertise. The Canada-UAE Business Council (CUBC) has developed this booklet as an overview for Canadians interested in the UAE. The Guide is part of a suite of business resources that I’d like the CUBC has created with input from our to extend a special stakeholders in both countries. I encourage you thank you to the embassies and to access those resources on our website to consulate generals for their leadership and continue to learn more about the Canada-UAE contribution to bilateral economic relations. relationship and the potential for your business. This is a particularly opportune time for As the global economy continues to shift and Canadians to consider doing business in the respond to new forces and challenges affecting UAE. Never before has Canada placed as growth, Canada and the UAE are uniquely aligned much emphasis on trade diversification. The as innovative, open, and forward-thinking nations Government of Canada’s goal is to increase looking to meet these challenges head on. exports by 50 per cent by 2025, and many Looking to the future, there are common focuses programs are focused on Canadian businesses, in the two countries: diversifying international including small and medium-sized enterprises, trade, major infrastructure investments, accessing new markets. The UAE is a priority attracting talent, unlocking innovation, and market for Canada; in 2018 alone, several new enabling diversification and participation in key agreements between Canada and the UAE were sectors, particularly for women. At the CUBC, signed to make doing business between the two we see the vast potential for further cooperation, countries even smoother. and we have the honour of working within a great Guide ecosystem of supports for Canadian businesses. I hope you find this useful. I am grateful to have esteemed and committed Sincerely, members guiding and participating in the CUBC. Our exemplary executive committee, and other passionate volunteers, work alongside our dedicated CUBC staff to identify, promote, Mustafa Sahin and facilitate opportunities. Furthermore, our President and CEO partners in Canada and the UAE are pillars of Canada-UAE Business Council the relationship and as such deserve recognition. canadauaebusiness.org
9 SECTION 3 INTRODUCTION
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On the surface, Canada and the UAE seem quite Canadian business leaders that experience the different. However, they share many similarities. UAE immediately see the potential there for their Both countries have federal structures, both were businesses and investments to grow. It helps that founded on natural resources and multicultural the UAE is ranked one of the friendliest places societies, and both are strategically located close to do business in the world. English is widely to major global markets. They have similar open spoken in the UAE, policies and low taxes make it outlooks on tolerance, women’s empowerment, attractive to establish a business there, and the and trade and investment. This Guide highlights lifestyle is familiar for western professionals. some of these similarities as areas of shared Nevertheless, awareness and understanding of economic opportunity. The CUBC’s Bilateral the UAE remain low across Canada. The CUBC Economic Story: United Arab Emirates and Canada is actively working to educate Canadians and goes into more detail and is another useful promote opportunities in the UAE. Contrary resource to download from our website. to Canadian opinion, the UAE has a diversified This Guide is about the UAE and doing business economy and is a place where women enjoy high there as a Canadian company. The UAE has education and equal rights. Indeed, not only are consistently been Canada’s top trading partner women’s rights enshrined in the constitution, but in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) two-thirds of government employees are women, region and is a growing source of foreign direct and 50 per cent of corporate board members investment (FDI). There are more than 40,000 must be women. The UAE also ranks number one Canadians living in the UAE and over 150 Canadian in the world for women’s literacy, with more than brands are represented. Canadian businesses are 70 per cent of university graduates being women. thriving in the country, even serving other markets 2018 was a pivotal year in Canada-UAE relations in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states1 and that further opened the door for increased trade beyond. The UAE is a strategic global hub; it is and investment. The governments added more a transportation and logistics superpower that direct flights, agreed to further cooperation, provides access for Canadian companies to more finalized protections for investments, and much than 3 billion potential customers with a combined more. Canadian CUBC members are benefiting Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of US$ 6.5 trillion from their business interests in the UAE and (C$8.7 trillion). other Canadian businesses can, too. Contact the Expatriates make up the majority of the population CUBC or any one of the organizations listed in of the UAE. They live and work alongside UAE this Guide for more information on how to conduct Nationals or Emiratis, who are the current and business in the UAE. future leaders of the country. The UAE enjoys political stability and is ranked among the safest countries in the world. It is a global economic leader where innovation and visionary strategies are harnessing the skills and energy of a youthful and highly educated Emirati population.
1 The GCC is a political and economic alliance of six countries: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman. SECTION 4 WHY DO BUSINESS IN THE UAE?
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• Access to a regional population of 3.2 billion • Familiar Western brands, amenities, lifestyle, people with a collective GDP of more than and nightlife US$6.5 trillion (C$8.7 trillion) • English is widely spoken • A strategic global hub for transportation and • Multicultural and tolerant society logistics • Low taxation and low customs tariffs • One-third of the world’s population lives within a four-hour flight and two-thirds within • Laws to protect foreign capital an eight-hour flight • Various business set-up options, including • Two world-class airlines: Emirates Airlines more than 45 free zones (Dubai) and Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi) • Highly educated and young population • Busiest airport in the world for international • Women’s rights are enshrined in the travelers constitution and women’s empowerment is a • Largest airport in the world under priority construction • Hosting World Expo 2020 Dubai (October • Largest maritime port in the Middle East and 2020 to April 2021): the largest event ever the 8th largest in the world held in the Arab world and the first World’s Fair in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia • Modern infrastructure, ranked best in the world • Visionary leadership focused on bringing together innovation and technology from • Some of the top conferences and trade shows around the world to solve challenging in the world in sectors such as agriculture problems facing the country and humanity and agri-food, oil and gas, defense, aerospace, health, real estate, construction, • A supportive environment in Canada and the and retail UAE of economic development organizations and experts to help • 1st in the MENA region for ease of doing business; 11th in the world • Large Canadian expat community (40,000) and already 150+ brands represented • 1st in the MENA region for innovation; 38th in the world • Canada’s brand and image are strong • Ranked consistently as one of the safest places in the world • Least corrupt country in the MENA region • Stable government and healthy relations with the rest of the world • Stable currency
• 1st in the Arab region for happiness; 21st in the world SECTION 5 ABOUT THE UAE
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5.1 BEGINNINGS
In the early 19th century, the region now known as the UAE was a collection of independent coastal and desert settlements. The General Maritime Treaty of 1820 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the sheikhs or rulers of these settlements was the first of a series of agreements that would bring the emirates together. Under the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 and the agreement that followed, the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853, the sheikhs had to ensure peace at sea and refrain from building large ships and fortifications along the coast. Under these treaties and truces, the emirates would come to be known collectively as the Trucial States. In 1892 the Trucial States entered into the Exclusive Agreement with Britain in which they could not form any formal relationships with any other foreign government without the consent of the United Kingdom. In return, the Trucial States became protectorates of Britain. This agreement ended in 1968, when Britain declared it would withdraw from the Gulf by the end of 1971.
His Highness Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan formed the UAE on December 2nd, 1971 as a federation between six emirates, with the seventh joining in February 1972. The seven emirates in the UAE include: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah, Umm Al Quwain, and Ajman. Abu Dhabi city is the federal capital of the UAE. 16
HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN Known as the Father of the Nation for his role in forming the United Arab Emirates, the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was the first President of the UAE. He served this position from the formation of the UAE on December 2nd, 1971 until he passed away in 2004. He also served as the Ruler of the emirate of Abu Dhabi from 1966 to 2004. Sheikh Zayed is revered in the UAE and was considered a man of the people. He worked to ensure unity among the emirates and brought the UAE’s economy into the 20th century. He also laid the foundation for the UAE as an open and tolerant society. His balanced approach to foreign policy and his reputation for philanthropy are known globally. Sheikh Zayed’s enduring legacy is memorialized in the principles and philosophy that he brought to the UAE The real wealth is government and in the world-famous Sheikh Zayed Mosque. hard work that benefits UAE leaders named 2018 The Year of Zayed the person and the to commemorate the anniversary of the community. It is th leader’s 100 Birthday. The Year of Zayed immortal and eternal, featured a series of events and initiatives in the UAE and internationally to promote and forms the value of Sheikh Zayed’s values. the human and Sheikh Zayed’s portrait can be seen the nation. throughout the UAE on billboards and inside of buildings. HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED zayed.ae BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN, 17
5.2 SEVEN EMIRATES
The UAE is a federation of seven emirates. Each of these emirates has different strategic industries, based on their location, their resources, and their workforce expertise.
ABU DHABI Abu Dhabi is the largest emirate in the UAE, occupying 84 per cent of the national landmass Population: Est. 2.9 million (2016) territory. In 2016, the estimated population of Abu Dhabi was 2.91 million. Out of the total population GDP: AED 785.6 billion (2017) approximately 19 per cent were UAE nationals (C$275 billion) and 81 per cent were expatriates.
% UAE’s GDP: 55.3% Abu Dhabi houses the federal government and is also the oil and gas hub of the UAE, with Key Industries: Oil & Gas; Business & 95 per cent of the UAE’s proven oil reserves. Professional/Technical The emirate is making key strides towards Services; Healthcare & diversifying its economy away from oil reliance Life Science; Aerospace with sector development focused on areas such & Defense. as life science, healthcare, aerospace, defense, and education. 18
DUBAI SHARJAH
Population: Est. 3.2 million (2018) Population: Est. 1.4 million (2015)
GDP: AED 389.4 billion (2017) GDP: AED 92.7 billion (2017) (C$141 billion) (C$34 billion)
% UAE’s GDP: 27.4% % UAE’s GDP: 6.5%
Key Industries: Business & Professional/ Key Industries: Manufacturing; Mining; Technical Services; Arts & Culture. Finance; Tourism; Trade. Sharjah is the third largest emirate in the UAE, Dubai is the second largest emirate in the occupying 3.3 per cent of the total area of the UAE, occupying approximately 5 per cent of the national landmass territory (without islands). national landmass territory (without islands). In The emirate is the UAE’s industrial and 2018, the estimated population of Dubai was 3.2 manufacturing centre. It is also known for its million. Out of the total population approximately emphasis on education, arts, and culture as 8.2 per cent were UAE nationals and 91.8 per cent confirmed by its 1998 UNESCO designation as the were expatriates. Cultural Capital of the Arab World and Capital of The most internationally recognized emirate, Islamic Culture 2014. Dubai is the commercial centre of the UAE, with its economy built on finance, tourism, and shipping and trade. 19
RAS AL KHAIMAH AJMAN
Population: Est. 345,000 (2015) Population: Est. 504,850 (2017)
GDP: AED 28.4 billion (2015) GDP: AED 17.2 billion (2014) (C$10 billion) (C$6.2 billion)
% UAE’s GDP: 2% % UAE’s GDP: 1.2%
Key Industries: Manufacturing; Key Industries: Manufacturing; Agriculture; Tourism. Construction; Real Estate.
Ras Al Khaimah is the fourth largest emirate in Ajman is the smallest emirate in the UAE, the UAE, occupying 3.2 per cent of the total area occupying 0.3 per cent of the total area of the of the national landmass territory. national landmass territory (without islands). The emirate’s economy is primarily driven by The emirate’s economy is quite diversified with industrial activities, including cement production manufacturing and construction being two of and pharmaceutical manufacturing, as well its top sectors. The emirate has become an as agriculture. The emirate is now focused on attractive place for investment since it offers 100 growing itself as a tourism hub. per cent freehold ownership of real estate to non- Emiratis. 20
FUJAIRAH UMM AL QUWAIN
Population: Est. 236,800 (2017) Population: Est. 49,150 (2005)
GDP: AED 15.4 billion (2017) GDP: N/A (C$5.6 billion) % UAE’s GDP: N/A % UAE’s GDP: 1.1% Key Industries: Fishing; Poultry; Tourism. Key Industries: Shipping & Bunkering; Agriculture; Fishing. Umm Al Quwain is the second smallest emirate in the UAE, occupying 1 per cent of the total area Fujairah is the third smallest emirate in the UAE, of the national landmass territory. occupying 2.7 per cent of the total area of the national landmass territory. The emirate’s economy is primarily built on fishing, but is also growing in its touristic The emirate is a major shipping, ship service, and importance, having some of the best beaches and bunkering location due to its position on the Gulf attractions in the UAE. of Oman and its access to the Indian Ocean. In addition to its port industry, much of the emirate’s economy is based on agriculture and fishing. 21
5.3 GOVERNMENT
The United Arab Emirates is a constitutional federation of seven emirates, each with its own hereditary monarch as its ruler. The government of the UAE works at three levels: federal, emirate, and municipal. The federal government structure comprises five bodies: Federal Supreme Council, President, Cabinet or Council of Ministers, Federal National Council, and Federal Judiciary.
1 — THE FEDERAL SUPREME • His Highness Sheikh Saud bin Rashid Al COUNCIL Mu’alla, Ruler of Umm Al Quwain The Federal Supreme Council or Supreme • His Highness Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Council is the highest constitutional authority in Nuaimi, Ruler of Ajman the United Arab Emirates. It is also the highest legislative and executive authority that develops 2 — PRESIDENT general policies and approves various federal legislations. The President and Vice President are both elected from the Supreme Council’s membership for The Supreme Council consists of the rulers of renewable five-year terms. Since confederation, all seven emirates or of their substitutes. Each the Ruler of Abu Dhabi has been President and emirate has a single vote in the deliberations of the Ruler of Dubai has been Vice President. the Council. 3 — CABINET OR COUNCIL The Supreme Council includes: OF MINISTERS • His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, The Cabinet or Council of Ministers is the Ruler of Abu Dhabi and President of the UAE executive branch of the UAE. It executes all • His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin internal and external affairs of the federation as Rashid Al Maktoum, Ruler of Dubai and Vice per the provisions of the UAE Constitution and President and Prime Minister of the UAE federal laws. • His Highness Sheikh Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, Ruler of Sharjah The Cabinet consists of: • His Highness Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi, • the Prime Minister Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah • two Deputy Prime Ministers • His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Mohammed • the Ministers of the UAE Al Sharqi, Ruler of Al Fujairah • a General Secretariat 22
The Cabinet is led by the Prime Minister 13. Minister of Energy and Industry — Suhail bin who chooses the members from among Mohammed Faraj Al Mazroui representatives of the seven emirates. 14. Minister of Education — Hussain bin Ibrahim The membership of the Cabinet is Al Hammadi then ratified by the President. 15. Minister of Infrastructure Development — Dr. As of 2017, there are 31 Cabinet Ministers, Abdullah bin Mohammed Belhaif Al Nuaimi 9 of whom are women. 16. Minister of Justice — Sultan bin Saeed Al 1. Prime Minister and Minister of Defence — Badi Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum 17. Minister of State for Defence Affairs — 2. Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Mohammed bin Ahmed Al Bowardi Interior — Sheikh Saif bin Zayed Al Nahyan 18. Minister of Culture and Knowledge 3. Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Development — Noura bint Mohammed Al Presidential Affairs — Sheikh Mansour bin Kaabi Zayed Al Nahyan 19. Minister of Climate Change and Environment 4. Minister of Finance — Sheikh Hamdan bin — Dr. Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi Rashid Al Maktoum 20. Minister of Human Resources and 5. Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Emiratisation — Nasser Thani Al Hameli Cooperation — Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan 21. Minister of Community Development — Hessa bint Essa Buhumaid 6. Minister of Tolerance — Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan 22. Minister of State for General Education — Jameela bint Salem Al Muhairi 7. Minister of Cabinet Affairs and Future — Mohammed bin Abdullah Al Gergawi 23. Minister of State for Higher Education and Advanced Skills and Chair of the Federal 8. Minister of Economy — Sultan bin Saeed Al Authority for Human Resources — Dr. Ahmad Mansouri bin Abdulla Humaid Belhoul Al Falasi 9. Minister of Health and Prevention and 24. Minister of State — Dr. Sultan bin Ahmed Minister of State for Federal National Council Sultan Al Jaber Affairs — Dr. Abdul Rahman bin Mohammed bin Nasser Al Owais 25. Minister of State — Dr. Maitha bint Salem Al Shamsi 10. Minister of State for Foreign Affairs — Dr. Anwar bin Mohammed Gargash 26. Minister of State for Happiness and Wellbeing — Ohood bint Khalfan Al Roumi 11. Minister of State for Financial Affairs — Obaid bin Humaid Al Tayer 27. Minister of State for Youth Affairs — Shamma bint Sohail Faris Al Mazrui 12. Minister of State for International Cooperation — Reem bint Ibrahim Al Hashimy 28. Minister of State — Zaki Anwar Nusseibeh 23
29. Minister of State for Future Food Security — Maryam bint Mohammed Saeed Hareb Al Mehairi 30. Minister of State for Advanced Sciences — Sara bint Yousuf Al Amiri 31. Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence — Omar Sultan Al Olama 32. Abdullah Mohammad bin Touq is the Secretary General of the UAE Cabinet.
4 — THE FEDERAL NATIONAL COUNCIL The Federal National Council (FNC) is the consultative council and parliamentary body of the UAE. It examines proposed new legislation and provides advice to the Cabinet, as required. 5 — THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY The FNC is empowered to call and question The Federal Judiciary includes the Federal ministers regarding their own performance, Supreme Court, Federal Courts, and Public providing an additional degree of accountability Prosecution. The Federal Supreme Court is to the system. Half of the FNC members are the highest judicial authority in the UAE. The indirectly elected while the other half are Supreme Court decides on the constitutionality nominated by the ruler of each Emirate. of federal laws and arbitrates on inter-emirate The Federal National Council has 40 members, disputes between the Federal Government and with the number of seats being assigned the emirates. The Supreme Court consists of five proportionately to each Emirate’s population. judges appointed by the Supreme Council. 24
5.4 ECONOMY
TOP SECTORS UAE as it sets short and long-term targets and embraces technology and innovation to reach The UAE’s four top sectors are: oil and gas, those targets. wholesale and retail trade, finance, and construction. Almost two-thirds of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) is derived from Wholesale and Retail Trade: industries other than oil and gas, and measures The second largest sector in the UAE is are in place to increase this amount. Already an wholesale and retail trade. Building on its internationally recognized centre for business, strategic location between Asia, Europe, and finance, tourism and trade, the UAE has now Africa, the UAE has evolved into a global trade set its sights on becoming a world leader in and logistics hub through major investments innovation across various sectors including in port and airport infrastructure. This position renewable energy, transportation, education, is further enhanced through the development health, technology, water, and space. Developing of the UAE’s various free zones, which exempt a ‘competitive knowledge economy’ is also one international companies from customs duties on of the six pillars of the UAE’s National Agenda in imports and re-exports and provide exemptions line with Vision 2021. These pillars are: from corporate taxes. The UAE also has a 1. World-Class Healthcare; strong consumer base that drives the local retail trade, boosted by high salaries and a robust 2. Competitive Knowledge Economy; shopping culture. In 2016 consumer expenditure 3. Safe Public and Fair Judiciary; per household was highest in the UAE when 4. Cohesive Society and Preserved Family; compared to all other GCC countries. 5. First-Rate Education System; Finance: 6. Sustainable Environment and Infrastructure. The UAE’s large amount of wealth and its Oil and Gas: investments (in and out) contributes greatly to the country’s finance and insurance sector, which is The UAE is an energy powerhouse, having the the third largest by GDP value. The UAE has built seventh largest proven reserves of oil and up strong financial reserves and has some of the seventh largest proven reserves of natural gas largest sovereign wealth funds in the world. The in the world. The UAE produces approximately 3 country is a consistent spender on public projects million barrels per day. Most of the oil and gas and invests heavily in assets across the globe. activity (94%) in the country is in Abu Dhabi. In As a hub for international business, the UAE also 1980, 79 per cent of the UAE’s GDP came from oil attracts high levels of investment from foreign and gas, that figure is now down to 30 per cent. entities; the country attracted approximately Diversification within the oil and gas sector and US$10.4 billion (C$13.5 billion) of foreign direct diversification among sectors is a focus for the investment in 2017. 25
Construction: a customs union, with a common tariff of 5 per cent imposed on all imports coming from outside Construction is the fourth largest sector in the GCC to any GCC state. Additionally, the GCC the UAE. As of 2018, the UAE has an estimated takes responsibility for negotiating any trade US$800.0 billion (C$1.06 billion) worth of major agreements on behalf of its members. Thus far, projects in the works. It is projected that an the GCC has concluded free trade agreements additional US$40.0 billion (C$53.2 billion) worth with Singapore and the European Free Trade of construction contracts will be awarded each Association. It has ongoing negotiations with year for the next three years in the country. Australia, China, the European Union, India, A key driver of this construction activity is Japan, Mercosur, New Zealand, Pakistan, South infrastructure development, which continues to Korea, and Turkey. receive major injections of capital as the country continues to expand and modernize. In Dubai The UAE has signed bilateral preferential alone, infrastructure spending has reached agreements with some Arab Countries (Syria, unprecedented levels as of 2018, much of it Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and Iraq). According allocated to build the facilities and transportation to these agreements, the UAE and its partners needed for hosting Expo Dubai 2020. accord each other preferential access for a specified list of goods. TRADE Major Markets and Products for Trade: International trade is highly important to the UAE’s overall economic wellbeing. The country’s In 2017, the UAE exported US$142 billion and trade to GDP ratio is 93.8 per cent. Over 45 imported US$175 billion. per cent of goods exported to the UAE are re- The UAE’s top markets for export in 2017 were: exported to other markets such as India, China, and countries across Africa and the Middle East. 1. India (US$22.1 billion) (C$28.6 billion) A large part of the UAE’s trade success is derived 2. Japan (US$18.8 billion) (C$24.4 billion) from its many free zones. The UAE has more 3. China (US$11.4 billion) (C$14.8 billion) than 45 free zones across the country, some of which are industry-specific and serve and 4. Oman (US$10.1 billion) (C$13.1 billion) regional headquarters for many multinational 5. Switzerland (US$10.0 billion) (C$13 billion) corporations (MNCs). Free zones allow foreign entities to retain 100 per cent ownership of The UAE’s top markets for import in 2017 were: their companies and they also offer many 1. China ($28.6 billion) (C$37 billion) other benefits, such as exemption of corporate, personal, and import/export taxation. 2. India (US$28.0 billion) (C$36.3 billion) 3. Germany (US$12.2 billion) (C$15.8 billion) Free Trade Agreements: 4. United Kingdom (US$9.6 billion) (C$12.4 The UAE is part of the GCC, which allows for free billion) trade between its six members: Bahrain, Kuwait, 5. Turkey (US$9.2 billion) (C$11.9 billion) Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. It is also 26
TOP EXPORT & IMPORT PRODUCTS BY VALUE — UAE (2017) The UAE’s Vision 2021 supports attracting more
TOP EXPORTS TOP IMPORTS foreign direct investment to the UAE, and so do the eight strategies launched in 2018 to enhance 1. Petroleum Oils 1. Gold 2. Gold 2. Articles of Jewelry & UAE’s competitiveness. 3. Diamonds Parts 4. Aluminum 3. Diamonds Major Markets and Sectors for Investment: 5. Articles of Jewelry & 4. Cars/ Motor Vehicles Parts 5. Refined Petroleum The UAE’s top investor countries (inward stock) in 2017 were: Source: Observatory of Economic Complexity, 2017 1. United Kingdom (US$19.8 billion) (C$25.6 billion) INVESTMENT 2. India (US$6.6 billion) (C$8.5 billion) The total UAE outward FDI stock2 in 2017 was valued at US$124.4 billion (C$161.6 billion) and 3. United States (US$5.2 billion) (C$6.7 billion) inward stock was US$129.9 billion (C$168.7 4. France (US$4.9 billion) (C$6.3 billion) billion). 5. Iran (US$4.8 billion) (C$6.2 billion) The UAE ranked 19th in the world for FDI outflows in 2017, making it a major investor worldwide. TOP INVESTED SECTORS BY % The country is home to four of the 30 largest 1. Wholesale and retail trade sovereign wealth funds in the world: The Abu 2. Real Estate Dhabi Investment Authority, the Investment 3. Financial and Insurance 4. Manufacturing Corporation of Dubai, Mubadala Investment 5. Mining Company, and the Emirates Investment Authority. 6. Construction The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority is the largest sovereign wealth fund in the UAE and has an At the end of April 2017, the UAE had signed estimated US$697 billion (C$929.8 billion) in 65 agreements related to the encouragement assets under management. and protection of investment and signed 102 With respect to inflow investment, all seven agreements on the avoidance of double taxation emirates have adopted measures to create with different countries. a more favourable environment for foreign investors. New laws in recent years make CURRENCY investing in the UAE more attractive and easier. The unit of currency in the UAE is the UAE dirham and has been pegged to the US dollar at a rate 2 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a term used to define foreign ownership in a company. FDI stock (inward and outward) are the value of equity and of AED 3.67 to USD 1 since 1980. The UAE has no net loans measured at a point in time. Stocks are accumulated over time by inflows and/or depleted by outflows. FDI flows (inflow and outflow) are currency exchange controls. measured over an interval and affect stocks. In other words, stocks are the “bank statements” and flows are the deposits and withdrawals. 27 28 29
5.5 DEMOGRAPHICS
POPULATION Year of Tolerance The total population of the UAE is 9.4 million His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, (2017). Approximately 11 per cent of the UAE’s President of the UAE, proclaimed 2019 “The Year population are UAE nationals, while the majority of Tolerance.” The aim of the year is to highlight are expatriates. Only UAE nationals are citizens of the UAE as a global capital for tolerance and the country. emphasize tolerance as a universal concept. The UAE is implementing legislation and policies All UAE citizens in the seven emirates carry the aimed at entrenching the values of tolerance, unified nationality of the UAE, which is recognized dialogue, coexistence and openness to different internationally. The demonym is Emirati. cultures, especially among youth. The largest expatriate communities come from The Year of Tolerance embodies the approach India (27.5%), followed by Pakistan (12.7%), adopted by the UAE since its establishment to be Bangladesh (7.4%), Philippines (5.6%), Iran (4.8%), a bridge of communication between the people and Egypt (4.23%). There are an estimated 40,000 of the world and their various cultures, in an Canadians living in the UAE. To put that number environment of openness and respect that rejects into context, there are an estimated 50,000 extremism and promotes coexistence. Americans, 25,000 French, 16,000 Australians, and more than 130,000 Brits living in the UAE. Pope Francis visited the UAE in February 2019. It was the first ever visit by a sitting pontiff to the Gulf. In the presence of a global audience DIVERSITY of religious leaders from Christianity, Islam, The UAE is one of the most culturally diverse Judaism and other faiths, Pope Francis and the countries in the world. More than 200 different Grand Imam of Al Azhar, Islam’s most prestigious ethnic and culture backgrounds are represented. seat of learning, signed an historic declaration Indians form the largest foreign community in the of fraternity calling for peace between nations, UAE, followed by Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, other religions, and races. Asians, Europeans, and Africans. LANGUAGE RELIGION Arabic is the UAE’s official language, but English Islam is the official religion of the UAE and is is spoken widely. Other widely spoken languages practiced by approximately 76 per cent of the include Bengali, English, Farsi, Hindi, Malayalam, population. Much of the national values and Mandarin, Nepali, Russian, Sinhalese, Tagalog culture revolve around Islam. The UAE does, and Urdu. however, believe in and advocate for freedom of religion. 30
GENDER The UAE leads the region in women’s economic supports the UAE’s vision to become one empowerment and education. Women constitute of the world’s top 25 countries for gender more than 25 per cent of the UAE Cabinet. As much equality by 2021. as 60 per cent of the government workforce is • In September 2017, the Gender Balance Council made up of women and 30 per cent occupy senior launched the UAE Gender Balance Index. leadership positions. The UAE ranks 1st in the world in women’s literacy and more than 70 per cent • The UAE launched the National Strategy for the of the country’s graduates are women. Women- Empowerment of Emirati Women 2015-2021. owned businesses contribute 10 per cent of the total value of the private sector and there are an estimated 21,000 women employers in the country. One of the challenges that the UAE faces is translating the high levels of education among Emirati women into jobs. Once in the workforce, women still face similar barriers to career advancement as do women in other developed countries. Lack of support within organizations and preconceptions of women’s roles and responsibilities are the two factors identified as The question of whether to hindering women’s career progression the most. empower women to progress The UAE Government embraces and encourages is no longer a matter of debate employers to support women through diversity — it is simply the right thing to and inclusion programs, and policies such as do socially and economically, it good maternity and paternity leave, providing nurseries at work, and offering flexible work is the norm. All over the world, schedules for men and women with families. All the benefit of inclusiveness is corporate boards in the UAE must now include evident in the growth of various women. The UAE Cabinet also recently approved a sectors. Women’s participation law on equal wages. in the economy not only boosts
Key Initiatives/Steps: development, it also diversifies national economies and opens • In April 2018, the UAE Cabinet approved the Law on Equal Wages and Salaries for Men a nation up to new ideas and and Women. approaches. • In May 2015, the UAE established the UAE Gender Balance Council to ensure that HER EXCELLENCY NOURA BINT MOHAMMED AL KAABI, UAE MINISTER Emirati women continue to play a leading role OF CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE in the development of the UAE. The Council DEVELOPMENT 31
YOUTH The overall median age for the UAE is 37.2. Thirty- After restructuring the Cabinet, the Prime five per cent of the population is under the age of Minister announced the establishment of the 24 and the majority of this group are women. Emirates Youth Council. The Council presents youth ideas, aspirations, and solutions to the The UAE Government attaches great importance government. Her Excellency Shamma Al Mazrui, to the role of youth and their empowerment in Minister of State for Youth Affairs heads the order to enable them to shoulder responsibilities, Council. The Council includes 13 young members innovate, and contribute to the welfare of the UAE. of mixed gender who serve as government In February 2016, the Prime Minister announced advisors on youth issues. the government of the future as part of major structural changes to the UAE Government. The In 2017, the UAE Government launched Youth Hub, government of the future focuses on happiness, a community space for UAE youth where they innovation, tolerance, youth, and climate change. can meet and connect. Youth Hub caters to young To emphasize youth, the UAE established a people between the ages of 15 and 35 irrespective Minister of State for Youth Affairs, who is herself of whether they are studying or working. a youth. 32 33
5.6 CULTURE & HISTORY
There are many resources to learn more about Emirati culture, history, and contemporary society. Below is a short list.
IN PRINT: ONLINE: • Spirit of the Union by Sheikh Mohammed bin • Culture — The Official Portal of the UAE Rashid Al Maktoum Government governmnet.ae/en/about-the-uae-culture • My Vision: Challenges in the Race for Excellence by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum • Cultural Foundation UAE culturalfoundation.ae • My Story: 50 Memories of 50 Years of Service by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum • Abu Dhabi Culture tcaabudhabi.ae • City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism by Jim Krane • Dubai Culture dubaiculture.gov.ae • Keepers of the Golden Shore: A History of the United Arab Emirates by Michael Quentin Morton • UAE 101: Stories & Cultural Learnings by Roudha Al Marri and Ilaria Caielli • UAE – Culture Smart! – The Essential Guide to Customs and Culture by John Walsh • Abu Dhabi Residents Guide by Explorer Publishing • Uncommon Dubai edited by Hind Shoufani • From Rags to Riches: A Story of Abu Dhabi by Mohammed Al Fahim 34
5.7 WORLD EXPO 2020 DUBAI UAE
From October 20, 2020 to April 10, 2021, the UAE will be the first country in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia to host the World’s Fair.
WHAT IS THE WORLD EXPOSITION/ well as the UAE’s values of inclusion, tolerance, EXPO OR WORLD’S FAIR? and cooperation. Expo 2020 aspires to create a meaningful legacy that will benefit generations The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) to come, both locally and globally, spanning is the intergovernmental organization in charge everything from innovations and architecture to of overseeing and regulating World Expos, since friendships and business opportunities. 1931. BIE defines expos as “large-scale, global events organized and facilitated by governments that serve to educate the public, share innovation, WHAT IS THE THEME? promote progress, and foster cooperation.” The The main theme of Expo 2020 is “Connecting Great Exhibition of 1851 in London was the first Minds, Creating the Future” and is underpinned fair. Since then, there have been dozens of others by three interwoven sub-themes: Opportunity, around the world, including Expo ’67 in Montréal Mobility, and Sustainability. The Expo 2020 Dubai and Expo ’86 in Vancouver. UAE website describes these themes as follows: World expositions are some of the greatest Opportunity: We all have the power to shape the events on earth. They showcase the best of future. Expo 2020 aims to unlock this potential in mankind’s ingenuity, debut innovations, and with multiple ways, such as supporting solutions to national pavilions, give each country a chance social problems through the Expo Live program to showcase their culture. World expos can and introducing visitors to new ideas that inspire have a major impact on a city and a country’s them to act. infrastructure and their respective economies, identities, global brands, and business Mobility: When we enable smarter movement environments. of knowledge, ideas, and goods, a new world of possibilities unfolds. Expo 2020 looks at how this has helped explore new frontiers, and how WHAT MAKES THE DUBAI EXPO humanity is making greater leaps than ever SPECIAL? through digital connectivity. The largest event ever staged in the Arab world Sustainability: The need to live in balance with is set to welcome 190 participating countries. the world we inhabit has never been more More than 25 million visitors are expected over 6 critical. Expo 2020 is embracing alternative months, and organizers expect that over 70 per sources of food, water, and clean and renewable cent of these visitors will come from outside the energy, and encouraging us all to reassess how UAE. They will experience Emirati hospitality, as we can preserve the planet. 35 36
Expo Live is a flagship program that recognizes innovation and will allocate approximately C$120 million to back projects offering creative solutions to challenges that affect people’s lives and help preserve the world – or both. Grants are about C$120,000 per initiative. Three Canadian companies were chosen among 1000 applicants in the 2017 intake. Enersion Inc. won for its green chillers that reduce the cost and environmental impact of air conditioners and refrigerators. Attolllo won for its talking stickers that help children read. Plastic Bank received an Expo Live grant to offer incentives to the poorest people in developing countries to recycle plastics that would otherwise end up in the world’s oceans.
With the eyes of the world on Dubai, our presence at Expo 2020 affirms the vitality of Canada-UAE relations, while showcasing the best Canada has to offer. We only need to look at the lasting effects that hosting two world fairs has had on the fabric of our own nation to understand the potential this represents for Canada and for Canadians.
THE HONOURABLE JIM CARR, CANADA’S MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE DIVERSIFICATION 37
WHERE IS THE EXPO 2020 matches buyers to suppliers and is designed DUBAI SITE? to help small and medium enterprises (SMEs), home businesses, and individuals to grow and The site is located between Dubai and Abu Dhabi integrate into global supply chains. The OMP was near the Al Maktoum International Airport and inspired by the Expo 2020 Dubai theme and has the Jebel Ali Port, approximately a 30 min drive a commitment to allocating 20 per cent of the and short metro ride from downtown Dubai. The overall spend to local and international SMEs, Expo site covers 438 hectares. representing billions of dirhams in opportunities. This includes Canadian businesses. WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THE EXPO? Canadian companies interested in growing their Expo 2020 revealed its legacy plans in 2017. business through the OMP are encouraged The Expo site will be repurposed into a ‘city’ to sign up. There are resources available called District 2020. District 2020 will house through the Canada-UAE Business Council a combination of office, retail, residential, (CUBC) and the Canadian Trade Commissioner and leisure developments, as well as all the Service (TCS) to further support interested amenities and public facilities required for a companies. In February 2019, the CUBC and TCS vibrant campus-style business community and partnered with the Expo Procurement Team lifestyle hub. to host a webinar for Canadian companies. A The focus on legacy is a departure from copy of that presentation is available online at previously held world expos in other parts of canadauaebusiness.org. the world. Ill-conceived legacy plans can cause Visit CanadaExpo2020.ca, Canada’s official Expo considerable adverse impacts on the host’s website for more information about business economy rather than meaningful regenerative or opportunities related to Expo 2020 Dubai. growth opportunities. Expo 2020 is an economic driver in the UAE and is projected to bring returns of over US$35 billon (C$46.7 billion). Currently, billions are being spent each year on long-term infrastructure.
WHAT BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ARE AVAILABLE FOR CANADIAN COMPANIES? The Expo 2020 Dubai Online Marketplace (OMP) is a free of charge, interactive business to business (B2B), government to business (G2B) and business to consumer (B2C) platform. This is a site created for businesses to network, advertise products and services, and compete for opportunities across borders. The OMP is 38
WHAT IS CANADA’S PARTICIPATION 1. the design and construction of the Pavilion IN EXPO 2020 DUBAI? and site; Canada officially confirmed its participation 2. the design and development of the Public in World Expo 2020 Dubai UAE on January Presentation/Exhibition element; 25th, 2019, becoming one of 190 confirmed 3. the continuing operation and maintenance participating countries. This will be Canada’s of the Pavilion and the Public Presentation/ first pavilion at a World Expo since Shanghai Exhibition throughout the six-month Expo in 2010. Expo 2020 provides a platform to operation period; and showcase Canada’s innovation, knowledge, and expertise in business and cultural pursuits 4. the dismantling and removal of the Pavilion for which Canada is recognized around the and Pavilion components, restoration of the globe. Participating in Expo 2020 aligns with site to its original state and the completion of Canada’s trade diversification strategy which related documentation. helps Canadian exporters and investors access more opportunities around the globe so they can compete and succeed in thriving global markets abroad. In 2018, the Government of Canada announced that it will invest C$1.1 billion over the next six years to develop infrastructure that will boost international trade. Canada’s participation in Expo 2020 Dubai is led by the Government of Canada – Global Affairs Canada. In January 2019, Canada’s official It is welcome news that expo team was announced. The team is based Canada is rejoining the Expo in Ottawa and works closely with Canadian diplomats on the ground in the UAE. movement to participate at Expo 2020 Dubai. We In March 2019, the Government of Canada opened the first Request for Proposals (RFP) are looking forward to for the Canadian pavilion at Expo 2020 on its leveraging the Expo platform procurement site www.buyandsell.ca. The scope to continue to build on is for Design-Build-Operate-Maintain-Dismantle investment ties with Canada, professional services. This includes: Canadian companies, and the Canadian community here who call the UAE their home.
HIS EXCELLENCY MOHAMMAD AL SHAIBANI, DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE DUBAI RULER’S COURT 39
According to the RFP, Canada’s pavilion theme achieve its key objectives of diversifying its will be “The Future in Mind.” It is intended to international markets, attracting foreign be expressive of the Exposition’s theme and investment, promoting Canadian innovation will serve to deliver Canada’s message that it and international education to build support for is an innovation powerhouse, a leader in global Canadian initiatives and values on the world governance and progressive ideas, sustainably stage, and to strengthen our relationship with the managing its natural resources, and is open for UAE. business and tourism. Canada’s pavilion will also Future RFPs related to content, programming, feature three sub-themes titled: (1) Diversity: The communications and other areas are anticipated. Source, (2) Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: The Enablers, and (3) Space and Aerospace: The Next Frontier. The Pavilion will be the physical and visual representation of Canada. The overarching objective of the Canada Pavilion is to present an image of a Canada as a global leader, innovator, and ally—particularly in innovation and sustainability—with solutions to offer the world For up-to-date information in many different sectors, and as an ideal place about Expo 2020 Dubai and for study, tourism, business, investment, and Canada’s participation, stay immigration. The Canadian government tuned to the following social will use the Pavilion as media accounts: a platform to @Expo2020Dubai Expo2020 @CanadaExpo2020 Canada’s official expo account run by Global Affairs Canada @CanadainUAE Embassy of Canada to the UAE; Consulate General of Canada in Dubai @UAEembassyCA Embassy of the UAE in Ottawa @UAEConsulateTO Consulate General of the UAE in Toronto @CanUAEBusiness Canada-UAE Business Council @CanadaGoExpo2020 Canadian cultural and business leaders that support Canada’s participation in Expo 2020 Dubai SECTION 6 CANADA-UAE
40 41
Canada and the UAE enjoy a positive and Etihad Airways—between Toronto, and Dubai prosperous relationship. Despite a setback in and Abu Dhabi. There are still no direct flights the relationship between 2010 and 2012, when from the UAE to other major Canadian cities landing rights were an issue that temporarily despite the UAE’s interest in expanding to other strained relations, Canada and the UAE have parts of Canada. There are, however, many more been close allies and friendly nations for agreements that signal positive relations and decades. The landing rights issue pointed to continued progress between the two countries. a desire by the UAE to increase the flow of Many of these agreements were signed in 2018. people and goods between the two countries Canada and the UAE share common values, by increasing the number of flights and the especially with respect to tolerance, diversity, destinations within Canada for Emirates Airlines women’s rights, and free trade. Companies and Etihad Airways. Canada was purportedly from Canada and the UAE are doing business concerned about its own airlines. Air Canada successfully in both markets. One of the largest launched its non-stop service between Toronto investments into Ontario’s economy in the past and Dubai in November 2015. decade was by a UAE company, and one of In 2013, the foreign ministers of both countries the largest developments in Dubai’s history is began to rebuild relations and further reinforce managed by a Canadian company. There are the bilateral foundation. They jointly released many successes, but there is a long way to go the Canada-UAE Strategic Agenda based on to realizing the full potential of the bilateral three core themes: Prosperity, Security, and commercial relationship. The good news is that Development. Part of the Agenda and their shared private and public sector stakeholders in Canada vision was the establishment of a Canada-UAE and the UAE are working together closely to Business Council, which eventually became a achieve greater mutual prosperity. formal organization in 2016. The creation of a Canada is represented in the UAE by the Embassy UAE Consulate in Toronto and other important of Canada in Abu Dhabi and Consulate General of measures were also taken to strengthen ties. Canada in Dubai. The UAE is represented by the In May 2018, Canada and the UAE agreed to Embassy of the United Arab Emirates in Ottawa increase the number of direct flights for major and the Consulate General of the United Arab airlines—Air Canada, Emirates Airlines, and Emirates in Toronto. 42
6.1 TR ADE
The UAE has consistently been Canada’s top trading partner in the MENA region. Canada is the UAE’s second largest export market in North America. In terms of overall trade, there is room to grow. The UAE ranks 22nd for Canada, while Canada ranks 56th for the UAE.
BILATERAL MERCHANDISE TRADE — CANADA AND THE UAE (millions of Canadian dollars)
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 C$1,864.4 C$2,166.3 C$1,918.5 C$1,791.5 C$1,657
Source: Statistics Canada, 2019
TOP EXPORT PRODUCTS BETWEEN CANADA AND UAE (2018, BY NAICS)
CANADA’S TOP EXPORTS TO UAE UAE’S TOP EXPORTS TO CANADA
1. Oilseed 1. Ferro-Alloys (Steel) 2. Aerospace Product & Parts 2. Plastic Products 3. Dry Pea and Bean (Lentils) 3. Jewelry & Silverware 4. Wheat 4. Aluminum 5. Automobile & Motor Vehicle Parts 5. Petroleum Oils
Source: Trade Data Online, 2018
6.2 INVESTMENT
The UAE is Canada’s largest investor market from the MENA region and is among Canada’s top 20 investors globally.
DIRECT INVESTMENT IN 2017 (In millions of Canadians dollars)
UAE DIRECT INVESTMENT TO CANADA CANADA DIRECT INVESTMENT TO UAE C$3,874 C$165
Source: Statistics Canada, Table 36-10-0008-01 43
MAIN SECTORS AND COMPANIES OF INVESTMENT FROM MAIN SECTORS OF INVESTMENT FROM CANADA TO THE THE UAE TO CANADA (UAE MINISTRY OF ECONOMY, 2018) UAE (UAE MINISTRY OF ECONOMY, 2018)
SECTORS COMPANIES SECTORS
• Wood products industry • Dubai World • Real estate activities • Aircraft and parts • Emaar Properties • Wholesale and retail trade industry • Emirates Global • Repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles • Aluminum industry Aluminum (EGA) • Professional, scientific and technical activities • Oil and natural gas • Drydocks World • Construction production • TAQA • Manufacturing • Chemical products and • Abu Dhabi Investment • Financial and insurance activities plastics industry Company • Administrative and support service activities • Real estate activities • Danta • Information and communication • Power generating • Mubadala Investment • Shipping and storage Company • Education • Tourism and Travel • S.S.Lootah Group • Healthcare services • Crescent Petroleum
6.3 AGREEMENTS & ANNOUNCEMENTS
2019 Canada confirms its participation in World Expo 2020 Dubai UAE 2019 Canada and the UAE sign an agreement to boost cooperation in clean energy 2019 Canada joins the UAE-based International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) 2018 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to cooperate for the peaceful use and exploration of space 2018 Agreement on Consular Affairs and Services: to cooperate on bilateral consular affairs and services 2018 Visa exemption for Emirati citizens 2018 Canada expands its air transport agreement with the UAE, effectively increasing the number of direct flights 2018 Canada and the UAE announce the successful completion of a foreign investment promotion and protection agreement (FIPA) 2017 Defence Cooperation Agreement 2016 Joint Economic Committee 2013 Canada-UAE Strategic Agenda 44
6.4 SUCCESSES
Below are just a few examples of recent bilateral successes.
CANADIAN FIRMS INVOLVED agreement to build industrial-level software IN MAJOR UAE DEVELOPMENT to monitor, predict, and interact with network PROJECTS: operators in real time and enable renewable energy integration within the UAE power system. Canadian engineering, architecture, and The software aims to help the integration and construction firms are well represented in reliable operation of existing power systems the UAE and have been involved in a number with large scale renewable energy sources. of large developments that reflect Canada’s The project also aims to develop the knowledge commitment to the region. Many have established and capability of future engineers to cope with local subsidiaries and have also expanded into systems employing renewable technology. neighboring markets in the GCC region. Some key ongoing construction projects that involve Canadian firms include: Rosemont 5-Star Hotel HEALTH PARTNERSHIP FOR & Residence (ZAS Architects + Interiors); ICD KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER: Brookfield Place (Brookfield); and Dubai Hills In January 2018, The Hospital for Sick Estates (EllisDon). The project values are US$550 Children (SickKids) in Toronto and Danat Al million (C$713 million), US$1 billion (C$1.3 billion), Emarat Hospital for Women & Children (part and US$10 billion (C$13 billion) respectively. of United Eastern Medical Services Group) in Abu Dhabi began a clinical partnership to COLLABORATION FOR RENEWABLE bring advanced pediatric care to the UAE. The ENERGY TECH DEVELOPMENT: partnership covers the exchange of experience and knowledge, the training of physicians In January 2019, Manitoba Hydro International, and nurses, and placing SickKids-trained Khalifa University of Science and Technology, physicians at Danat Al Emarat Hospital to and the Abu Dhabi Transmission and Dispatch care for complicated cases utilizing SickKids Company (TRANSCO) signed a collaboration International clinical protocols and standards. 45
SUPPLYING CANADIAN-MADE SOLAR POWER TECH TO THE UAE: In June 2017, Canadian Solar, one of the world’s largest solar power companies, was selected as the sole module supplier to provide more MAJOR CANADIAN OIL & GAS than 800,000 double-glass Dymond modules ASSET ACQUISITION BY UAE: (equivalent to 268MW) for the third phase of the 800MW Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar TAQA North—subsidiary of TAQA, a flagship Park in Dubai. company of the Abu Dhabi National Energy Corporation—has made significant acquisitions in Canadian oil and gas. In 2007, the company UAE INVESTMENT INTO CANADIAN acquired Calgary-based Northrock Resources PETROCHEMICAL FACILITIES: for US$2 billion (C$2.2 billion), Calgary-based In 2009, Mubadala Investment Company, a state- PrimeWest Energy Trust for C$5 billion and the owned holding company of Abu Dhabi, acquired Canadian assets of Texas-based Pioneer Natural Calgary-based petrochemicals manufacturer Resources for US$540 million (C$580 million). Nova Chemicals, for US$2.3 billion (C$2.37 Through these acquisitions, TAQA has extensive billion). Through this deal, Mubadala gained land holdings in North America with exploration petrochemical assets across Canada and the and production rights. In Canada, TAQA has at USA. In 2017, Mubadala made a significant least two million acres of producing land and investment of C$2 billion to upgrade and expand one million acres of non-producing land. The two Nova Chemical facilities in the Sarnia- majority of this land is in Alberta, where they Lambton area of Ontario. This investment was the operate gas plants in Sousa, Chinchaga, Valhalla, 2nd largest manufacturing investment in the last Whitecourt, Bearberry, Caroline, Columbia, century in Ontario. Sundre, and Brewster. 46
6.5 KEY SECTORS
There are many opportunities for Canadian companies in the UAE for technology, goods, and services, including training and knowledge transfer.
The UAE is particularly interested in areas To learn more about some of these sectors, where Canadian companies traditionally excel, see the Canada-UAE Business Council’s such as Technology (Artificial Intelligence, Sector Profiles. The Sector Profiles showcase blockchain, etc.), Aerospace, Agriculture and multiple sectors in Canada and the UAE and Food, Clean Technology, Education, Healthcare, include information about key statistics, recent Infrastructure and Construction, Life Sciences government policies, strategies, and investments, (Health innovation), Oil and Gas, Renewable as well as existing bilateral partnerships, current Energy, Information, and Communications. projects, and opportunities for business.
6.6 VISITING ENTRY REQUIREMENTS
A visa prior to arrival is not required for entry As of June 2018, a visa prior to arrival is no longer into the UAE for Canadian citizens travelling with required for entry into Canada for UAE nationals. a Canadian passport that is valid for at least 6 However, UAE nationals will need an Electronic months beyond the date of entry. Visitors can stay Travel Authorization (ETA) to fly to, or transit for 30 days, with the option to renew beyond those through, a Canadian airport. Visitors can stay up 30 days. to six months. 47 48 49
6.7 TRAVEL
There are two ways to fly from Canada to the UAE: direct and indirect.
INDIRECT DIRECT Air Canada, a member of Star Alliance, leverages According to the most recent flight agreement its partner airlines and their connections from between the countries, there is an allowance Europe (Lufthansa, Austrian, Swiss, and Turkish for up to 17 direct flights per week between the Airlines) and Asia (Singapore, Thailand) as UAE and Canada: 7 for Air Canada (to Dubai); 5 alternative routes for passengers traveling from for Emirates Airlines (to Dubai); and, 5 for Etihad Canadian cities other than Toronto. Airways (to Abu Dhabi). All direct flights operate from Toronto. There are currently no direct flights Emirates Airlines flies daily direct to 11 US cities to other Canadian cities. Typical flight times are from Dubai. This includes direct flights to New 12-14 hours depending on the direction of travel York, Boston, Chicago, and Seattle, which all and the prevailing winds. provide convenient connections to Canadian cities through their codeshare agreements with WestJet, Alaska Airlines, and JetBlue. Etihad Airways operates direct flight to New York, Washington, Chicago, and LA in the US and to most major European cities. They enjoy codeshare agreements with Air Canada, WestJet, and JetBlue in North America to allow for connections through Toronto or their US destinations from other Canadian cities for their direct flights to Abu Dhabi. The distance between Dubai and Abu Dhabi is approximately 130 kilometres with a driving time of about 90 minutes so air travel to either city is fairly convenient depending on your itinerary for work and meetings in the UAE. SECTION 7 BUSINESS ETIQUETTE
50 51
The UAE is an international business hub. For Westerners, the UAE offers an environment that is in many ways very familiar. The UAE is welcoming and tolerant of tourists and foreign businesses. Nevertheless, anyone interested in doing business in the UAE should have some awareness of the local culture and the basic business etiquette common in the Middle East.
7.1 LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS
English is generally understood to be a language of business and is spoken widely. Although generally not required, efforts should be made to print business cards, at the very least, and even presentation materials, in both English and Arabic, the official language of the UAE.
COMMON ARABIC EXPRESSIONS As-salamu alaikum Peace be upon you (a customary greeting) Wa alaikum as-salam And upon you be peace (the customary reply) Ma’a salamaa Goodbye Min Fadlek Please Shukran Thank you Insha’Allah God willing (a very common response when discussing next steps that does not mean ‘yes’ or ‘no’) Mabrook Congratulations 52
7.2 MEETING & GREETING
The UAE is very multicultural. When it comes to business, western-style etiquette is common. In the case of dealing with Arabs, specifically UAE and GCC nationals, the following are norms to consider.
In the UAE it is important to take the time to build this as a sign of disrespect as it is likely due to cultural personal relationships and establish trust. A hard- reasons. One may wish to place a hand over their heart hitting approach to business is generally not welcome. or nod as a sign of acknowledgement instead. Business deals and decisions may take time and many meetings to develop. Gifts are a nice touch but are not expected. If one wants to give a gift, it should be something personal It is important to be punctual to meetings. In Arabic such as a company memento or something related to culture, people may be kept waiting before a meeting, the other’s background or hobbies. but this is less common than in the past. It’s best to be patient and not take tardiness as a sign of disrespect. As part of the hospitality culture in the UAE, guests will be offered refreshments in a meeting. Often Always greet and acknowledge the most senior person guests will be served tea or coffee, and sometimes first when meeting a group of people. This is a sign of dates. When cardamom-flavoured Arabic coffee is respect. offered, a coffee server will keep filling the small coffee cup until the recipient shakes it left to right to communicate being done. Status is important. Use Sheikh or Sheikha or Your Highness to address members of the ruling family. When addressing government ministers or senior Meetings should start with a brief conversation, ranking diplomats, use Your Excellency. Find out rather than jumping straight into business. It is always beforehand if the minister is royalty and should good to ask about the health and well-being of the therefore be addressed as Your Highness. When counterpart’s family in general terms. It is best not to addressing others, one should use Sayed (Mr.) or directly ask questions about a wife or daughter as this Sayeda (Mrs.). It is common to hear someone referred is considered private information. to Mr./Mrs. [First name]. E.g. Mr. John for John Smith. It is common for meetings to be interrupted by other One should always use their right hand for guests, telephone conversations, or text messages. Do handshakes. Handshakes may last a long time. It is not take this as a sign of disrespect. recommended that one waits for the other to withdraw their hand first before doing the same. One’s word means a great deal. In the UAE, oral agreements can be considered binding and any When introduced to a member of the opposite sex, it is negotiator must be careful not to commit verbally advisable to wait and see if a hand is extended first. If unless they intend to do. not, refrain from the initial handshake and do not take 53
7.3 AT TIRE
Emirati nationals typically wear traditional dress when doing business in the UAE and Western attire when in a Western country.
MEN’S ATTIRE WHAT TO WEAR? Men wear the kandura, also known as the thawb, Canadians doing business in the UAE should thobe, or dishdash(a). The kandura is an ankle dress conservatively and professionally. Men length, loose-fitting robe, usually white in colour. should wear suits in high-level meetings The gutrah is a typical headscarf worn by men and business casual in other settings when in various colours and patterns. It is draped appropriate. Sport jackets are recommended in various styles depending on preference. regardless. Women should wear business The gutrah covers the ghafiya or hat worn over clothing that covers their arms and legs at least the head. The agal is a black band secured to the knee. It is not necessary for women to tightly around the gutrah to keep it in place. On wear a headscarf. It is recommended that women their feet, men typically wear sandals with the carry a light jacket or a scarf to be prepared for kandura. a more conservative situation and even air- conditioned interiors that can be chilly. WOMEN’S ATTIRE Outside of business hours, and in certain parts of Women wear the abaya, an elegant long cloak, the country, foreigners can be seen wearing typical traditionally black in colour, which covers the casual hot-weather western clothing such as whole body. Abayas can be plain or include shorts, bikinis, dresses, workout gear, and t-shirts. embellishments and embroidery. Some women Signage throughout the UAE reminds visitors to may choose to wear a hijab to cover their hair, dress modestly and appropriately for the venue or ears, and neck. One of the most popular styles activity. Dubai is more lenient during the evenings of hijab in the UAE is the shayla, which consists in locations where nightlife comes alive. of a long, rectangular scarf that crosses over In short, the UAE is very open compared with other the shoulder and is traditionally black in colour. countries in the region; anything goes. One should Women may also choose to wear a gishwa or a remember, however, that they are representing burqa, which are different ways to provide more their company and country while in the UAE, which coverage including to the face, though these are is a progressive, yet Islamic nation. not typical to see in a UAE business setting. It is not uncommon for Emirati women in business to wear makeup and high heels. 54
7.4 GENDER
One of the most common questions Canadians When doing business with an Emirati woman, be ask before doing business in the UAE is about the respectful and professional. A man should only status of women. Previous sections of this Guide shake hands if she shakes his hand first. explained the UAE’s progress and emphasis on As a Canadian woman doing business in the UAE, women’s empowerment. do not shake a man’s hand unless he does so first. Other frequently asked questions are: Dress modestly and conservatively. • How do I conduct business with Emirati Women are welcome to participate fully in meetings women? and often do. Women may also lead the meetings and could be the most senior people in the room. • How do I conduct business as a Canadian woman? 55
7.5 WORKING HOURS & HOLIDAYS
WORKING HOURS IN THE UAE The UAE’s typical work week runs from Sunday to Thursday, with Friday and Saturday being the official weekend. Government offices typically open at 7:30am and close at 2:30 or 3:00pm. Private offices tend to keep longer hours, adopting either a “straight shift” (ex. from 9am to 5pm) or a “split shift” (ex. from 8am to 1pm and 4pm to 7pm). During Ramadan, working hours are shortened by two to three hours with most of the work accomplished in the early hours of the morning or much later in the evening after the day’s fast is broken (at sunset).
PUBLIC HOLIDAYS IN THE UAE
HOLIDAY DATE (GREGORIAN) DATE (ISLAMIC) DAYS OFF New Year’s Day January 1 N/A 1 Day Al Isra'a Wal Mi’raj – Ascension Day* N/A 27 Rajab 1 Day Eid Al Fitr* N/A 1 Shawwal 3 Days Arafat Day* N/A 9 Dhu al Hijjah 1 Day Eid Al Adha – Feast of Sacrifice* N/A 10 Dhu al Hijjah 3 Days Al Hijri - Islamic New Year* N/A 1 Muharram 1 Day Commemoration Day November 30 N/A 1 Day National Day December 2 N/A 2 Days Birthday of Prophet Mohammad* N/A 12 Rabi al Awwal 1 Day
* Islamic holidays are determined according to the lunar calendar and thus the dates change annually. Source: Official Portal of the UAE Government, 2019
In March 2019, the UAE Government approved public holidays for the public sector and granted the private sector equal holidays to bring balance and further support the economy.
SECTION 8 ESTABLISHING A BUSINESS
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Once an individual or a company decides to setup a business in the UAE, their first decision is whether they should setup an entity in one of the emirates in the UAE (also known as mainland or onshore company), in a free zone, or as an off-shore company or commercial agency.
Every company setup in the UAE is provided a ‘license’ for its activities. The license types or categories can be broadly classified into four types: (1) service license; (2) commercial or trading license; (3) industrial license; and (4) professional license.
ONSHORE a free zone, goods may be landed, handled, manufactured, reconfigured or re-exported Businesses can be either licensed through the without the intervention of the customs authority. economic department of one of the Emirates or Only when the goods are moved to consumers through free zones. Companies licensed through within the country do they become subject to the the economic department of an emirate are prevailing customers duties. There are more entitled to undertake those activities covered than 45 free zones in the UAE. Each has its own by its license within that emirate. These are licensing regime and regulatory authority. mainland or onshore companies.
OFFSHORE FREE ZONES Individuals and companies that do not set up a Free zones are separate geographical areas physical presence in the UAE are called offshore located in various emirates. A free zone, which is companies. They can only conduct limited business also often called a free trade zone or economic through specified free zones. Another way to do zone, is a designated area where certain tax business in the UAE without setting up a physical restrictions on business, employment or trade presence is through a commercial agency or local do not apply in the same manner that they apply agent that handles all trading, buying, and selling. to the country in which the zone is located. In
There are advantages and disadvantages to each structure. It is advised that Canadians work with professionals to know these well before making a decision. Read the following section to learn more, and see the Appendix for a Business Structures Comparison Chart on page 77. 58
8.1 MAINLAND OR ONSHORE COMPANY
Companies established on the mainland Businesses wanting to establish onshore are (onshore) are governed by the UAE’s Federal Law restricted in that a UAE partner(s) must hold at No. 2 of 2015 on Commercial Companies (CCL). least 51 per cent of share capital of the company. The application of this law and the list of licensed Ownership structure does not necessarily dictate activities allowed is different in each emirate. how profits and management is allocated. Often Under the CCL, business entities shall take one of protections are put in place to provide the foreign the following five structures: shareholder with a higher level of comfort in regard to benefits and controls of a company. 1. Joint Liability Company: a company formed These protections are implemented through a by two or more partners who are jointly liable series of contractual agreements to govern the to the extent of their entire personal wealth relationship between UAE partner(s) and the for the company’s obligations; foreign shareholder. 2. Simple Commandite Company: a company formed by two or more partners who MAINLAND BRANCH & are jointly liable to the extent of their REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES entire personal wealth for the company’s obligations and other partners, who have Establishing a branch office or representative invested in the company but are not involved office are two other options for companies in its management, ie limited partners, who wanting to locate onshore. These options are liable for the company’s obligations only allow firms to retain 100 per cent ownership. to the extent of the capital contributed by Unlike the other business structures, branch them; or representative offices can only carry out specific activities and are usually excluded from 3. Limited Liability Company: a company commercial and trading activities. The activities formed by one or more people who are allowed of these businesses vary depending on not personally liable for the company’s the emirate. obligations; • Branch Office: an office that is an extension 4. Public Joint Stock Company: a company of the parent company and is permitted in which shares of the company’s stock to perform contracts and conduct other can be bought and sold by the public as activities locally as specified in its license; shareholders; • Representative Office: an office limited 5. Private Joint Stock Company: a company in to gathering information, carrying out which shares of the company’s stock can be marketing, and or soliciting orders and bought and sold privately by a relatively small projects to be performed by the company’s number (no more than 200) of shareholders head office. or company members. 59
Both types of offices require the appointment of company but is paid to assist the company in a UAE national as a local service agent (LSA). obtaining the proper documentation and deal with The LSA is not involved in the operations of the administrative matters.
As of October 30, 2018, the restrictions on onshore company ownership have been loosened through the UAE’s Federal Law No. 19 of 2018 on Foreign Direct Investment. This new law allows up to 100 per cent foreign ownership of onshore companies working in specific strategic sectors. These sectors (called “the positive list”) are currently being decided by an FDI Committee and will be proposed to UAE Cabinet for approval at an unspecified date.
8.2 FREE ZONE COMPANY
Free zones were introduced throughout the UAE There are approximately 45 free zones in the to attract foreign investment. They are a one- UAE. Each one caters to specific activities and or stop-shop option that offer incentive packages industries. A list of these free zones can be found to make setting up a company easier. Free in the appendix of this guide. The following is a zones allow companies (either LCCs, Branch list of some of the largest free zones in the UAE, Offices, or Representative Offices) to have 100 and two main financial free zones in the UAE: per cent foreign ownership as well as provide incentives such as easy start-up and licensing DUBAI MULTI COMMODITIES procedures, zero or low taxes, and various CENTRE (DMCC) supports. Companies located in a free zone are not permitted to carry out business activities in DMCC was established in 2002 to enhance mainland UAE. commodity flows through Dubai. Today, it is a global centre for 15,000 businesses in a The decision to choose between establishing wide range of industries and sectors, such as an onshore company or locating in a free zone agriculture, energy, finance, diamonds, gold, and depends greatly on the location of clients and base metals. customers, and on the nature of the business activity. For example, locating in a free zone may make more sense if the customer base is RAS AL KHAIMAH ECONOMIC ZONE across the MENA or GCC regions rather than (RAKEZ) purely in the UAE. The choice between free zones In 2017, RAKEZ was established to oversee and depends largely on the industry or sector of the consolidate the specialized parks and clients business, since most each free zone has its own of both Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone (RAK geographic, sector-specific, and service benefits FTZ) and Ras Al Khaimah Investment Authority to compare and consider. (RAKIA). RAKEZ is an investment destination for over 13,000 companies from 100 countries. 60
JEBEL ALI FREE ZONE (JAFZA) DUBAI AIRPORT FREE ZONE (DAFZA) Founded in 1985, Jafza has grown from 19 companies to over 7,500 today, which includes 100 DAFZA hosts over 1,450 free zone entities. It is a Global Fortune 500 companies. Jafza is a leading services and logistics hub located in the centre of free trade zone in the world and the region’s most Dubai near the Dubai International Airport, which efficient logistics hub, located next to Jebel Ali allows for express cargo clearance. Port (8th largest in the world) and Al Maktoum International Airport (largest in the world). Jafza DUBAI INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL accounts for approximately 32 per cent of total CENTRE (DIFC) FDI flow into the country and contributes 21 per cent of Dubai’s GDP. Member companies serve DIFC is a free zone in established in 2004 in more than 3.5 billion customers. Dubai that has its own civil and commercial laws, and its own English-language common-law courts. DIFC is modeled on international best SHARJAH AIRPORT practice and has been designed to appeal to the INTERNATIONAL FREE ZONE (SAIF- international business community. The currency ZONE) used in the DIFC is the U.S. dollar. Sharjah’s SAIF ZONE is accessible to seaports on the Gulf of Oman (Port Khor Fakkan) and the ABU DHABI GLOBAL MARKET Arabian Gulf (Port Khalid), and is built adjacent to (ADGM) the Sharjah Airport. SAIF-ZONE offers its 4,000+ clients base manufacturing facilities, storage, ADGM is an international financial center workforce aid, and networking opportunities with that opened in October 2015. Established by world-class companies operating in the region. UAE Federal Decree, ADGM plays a pivotal role in augmenting Abu Dhabi’s position as a global business and financial hub, connecting the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia and the rest of the world. ADGM helps financial entities and firms to operate and grow within an international regulatory framework that is based on Common Law. 61
8.3 OFFSHORE COMPANY OR COMMERCIAL AGENCY
For those wishing to carry out business in the • A commercial agency is a company that UAE without a physical presence, there are two enlists a local commercial agent to represent options: establishing an offshore company or them within the UAE through distribution, establishing a commercial agency. selling, or providing goods and services. • An offshore company is a company that Commercial agencies are an attractive option for cannot conduct commercial activities, foreign companies wishing to trade onshore in but can carry out other activities such as the UAE with minimal investment and less risk. international trading, consulting, or owning They are governed by the UAE’s Federal Law 18 of assets or real estate; 1981 Concerning the Organisation of Commercial Agencies as amended, also known as the Offshore companies can only be established Commercial Agencies Law (CAL), and must be in free zones, specifically, Jebel Ali Free Zone registered with the UAE Ministry of Economy. in Dubai, the Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone in Ras Al Khaimah, or the Ajman Free Zone in Ajman. Offshore companies established in one of these three free zones are governed by the rules and regulations of that specific free zone, which are dictated by its regulatory authority. Each free zone also has a licensing authority which is responsible for issuing licenses to offshore companies. SECTION 9 LABOUR LAWS
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Private sector labour is governed by the UAE’s service gratuity payments. Federal Law No. 8 of 1980 Regarding the Some free zones have their own rules and Organisation of Labour Relations as amended, regulations as dictated by their respective free also known as the UAE Labour Law. zone authority. The Labour Law handles matters related to The Ministry of Human Resources and working hours, vacation and public holidays, Emiratisation is responsible for overseeing sick leave, employing juveniles, maternity leave, employer-employee relations and maintaining employee records, safety standards, termination labour rights for the private sector. of employment, medical benefits, and end of
9.1 EMIRATISATION
UAE nationals are called Emiratis. Emiratisation is a set of procedures aimed at including more nationals in the workforce in order to reduce reliance on an expatriate workforce, empower the local population, and build multi-sectoral capacity and skill sets among employable citizens.
There are a series of Ministerial Resolutions that mandate certain businesses in the private sector to employ nationals: • companies with over 50 employees or more • companies with more than 1,000 employees must have 2 per cent of their employees as must employ at least two UAE nations to UAE Nationals; Emiratis should make up 5 access and enter data on the national labour per cent for the insurance sector, and 4 per system; cent of the banking sector; • construction companies with more than • companies with 100 employees or more must 500 employees or more should have a UAE employ a UAE or GCC national as a public National as an occupational health and safety relations officer; officer. 64
9.2 VISAS FOR FOREIGN WORKERS
To live and work in the UAE, an expatriate or foreigner, also called a foreign national, must be sponsored on the basis of ownership of a business in the UAE or through an employment contract with an employer in the UAE. The sponsorship requirements include obtaining a work permit (issued by the Ministry of Labour) and a residence visa (issued by the General Directorate of Residency and Foreign Affairs, specific to the emirate of choice).
FOREIGN NATIONAL BUSINESS FOREIGN NATIONAL EMPLOYEE OWNER/ PARTNER It is the employer’s responsibility to process and Once a license to do business is received, a obtain permits and visas for foreign national company must designate a UAE national as the employees. To apply for a work permit and Public Relations Officer (PRO) who will then residence visa, an employment offer, signed by deal with the Ministry of Labour and the General both the employer and the employee, must first Directorate of Residency and Foreign Affairs on be submitted to the Ministry of Human Resources behalf of the company. If a partner of a company and Emiratisation (or free zone authority if the is a foreign national, then the PRO will act as the employer is established in the free zone). sponsor for their work permit and residency visa. Fixed-term contracts cannot exceed a two-year term on the mainland and a three-year term in a free zone. The contract can be renewed at the end of the fixed term for equal or shorter periods. 65 SECTION 10 TAXATION
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The UAE currently does not charge personal income tax, capital gains tax, withholding tax, or foreign exchange controls on the remittance of profits or repatriation of capital.
10.1 CORPORATE TAX
The UAE does not currently have a federal business in their respective emirate. However, in corporate tax system; instead, the responsibility practice, taxes are only enforced on oil and gas of taxation is up to the individual emirate, with companies and foreign banks. four of the seven emirates having their own If a business is established in a free zone, they tax decrees (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, and receive a tax holiday (no corporate tax) of 50 Fujairah). These decrees impose corporate taxes years. on all corporate entities carrying out trade or
10.2 VALUE-ADDED TAX (VAT)
The UAE has a value-added tax (VAT) or sales Businesses with a taxable turnover of AED tax of five per cent on most goods and services. 375,000 (approximately C$135,000) are required The equivalent to VAT in Canada is the Goods to register for VAT, while businesses under and Services Tax (GST). The UAE’s VAT was this threshold may voluntarily register. Once implemented in 2018 and is governed by the registered, businesses and traders must charge UAE’s Federal Law No. 8 of 2017 on Value-Added VAT (output tax) to all their customers at the Tax and the Cabinet Decision No. 52 of 2017 on standard rate (5%) and incur VAT on goods/ the Executive Regulations of the Federal Law No services that they buy from suppliers (input tax). 8 of 2017 on Value Added Tax. The input tax can be reclaimed by businesses if they have a tax invoice or other evidence of having paid VAT on their business expenses. 68
ZERO-RATE VAT & EXEMPTIONS Although most goods and services are subject to supplier cannot recover any VAT on expenses the standard VAT rate there are some zero-rate incurred in making exempt supplies. These items. These are goods and services that are still include: VAT taxable, but the rate is zero per cent. These • Local Passenger Transportation; include: • Residential Buildings (not including zero- • Goods and Services for Export; rated); • International Movement of Goods; • Bare Land; • International Passenger Travel; • Certain Financial Services. • Certain Preventative and Basic Health Care Services; DESIGNATED ZONES • Certain Educational Services; Designated zones are free zone areas treated • First Sale/Rent of Residential Buildings; for tax purposes as though they are outside of the UAE. Cabinet Decision No. 52 of 2017 on • Certain Investment Precious Metals; Executive Regulations classifies a number of free • Aircrafts or Vessels Designated for Rescue zones in the UAE as Designated Zones. These and Assistance by Air or Sea; zones are also subject to special rules regarding VAT (see table below). • Crude Oil & Natural Gas. A list of designated zones can be found in the There are also goods and services that are appendix of this guide. exempt from the VAT. VAT is not charged and the
VAT TAXABILITY ON SUPPLY OF GOODS FOR DESIGNATED ZONES FROM TO TAX Designated Zone Designated Zone Non-Taxable Designated Zone Mainland Taxable at 5% VAT Mainland Designated Zone Taxable at 5% VAT Designated Zone Overseas/ GCC Countries Non-Taxable Overseas/ GCC Countries Designated Zone Non-Taxable Source: TallySolutions, 2018 69
10.3 CUSTOMS DUTY
The UAE generally applies a flat-rate of 5 per cent • Imports by philanthropic societies (charities); customs duty on the cost, insurance, and freight • Imports into free zones; of all imported/exported goods. However, specific goods can expect to pay higher duties, namely • Imports of national goods originating in GCC alcoholic products (duty of 50%) and tobacco member states and member countries of the (duty of 100%). Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement (GAFTA) and Singapore. Custom duty exemptions include: The same customs duty and exemptions are • Imports of diplomatic corps, consulates, applied across the Gulf Cooperation Council international organizations, and the members (GCC) countries as part of the GCC Customs of the diplomatic and consular corps Union (established in 2002). The law that governs accredited by government; customs duty is the GCC’s Common Customs Law. • Imports for all sectors of the military forces and internal security forces;
10.4 OTHER TAXES
MUNICIPALITY TAXES EXCISE TAX Service fees (also known as tourism fees) are Excise tax was introduced across the UAE in often imposed on accommodation services, 2017 under Federal Law No 7 of 2017 on Excise restaurants, and entertainment across the UAE. Tax. Excise tax is a form of indirect tax levied The rates vary among the emirates, but generally on specific goods which are typically harmful to fall between 3.5 per cent and 7 per cent, as of human health or the environment. These goods 2018. These service fees are usually included in are referred to as “excise goods”. These taxes are the customer’s bill, which the municipality then applied to carbonated drinks (50%), energy drinks collects from the restaurant and hotels. (100%), and tobacco products (100%). Most emirates also impose a tax on the annual rental value of residential properties for expatriates. The rates vary among the emirates. Abu Dhabi and Dubai both charge a rate of five per cent. The overall amount is divided by 12 months and charged with the utility bill. SECTION 11 TIPS
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1. Success in your home market does not guarantee 7. Do not assume free-zones are the best options success abroad. Take time to conduct proper for establishing a business or that restrictions on due diligence, study the market thoroughly, foreign ownership should be avoided at all costs. and consider things like cultural adaptations to Take time to determine the best legal set-up products, services, marketing, etc. options based on your intended business activity. Professional advice is strongly advised. 2. Follow up is very important. Email is fine, but phone and WhatsApp, which is widely used in 8. Businesses in doubt as to whether they, or others business, can bring a better response rate. in their supply chain are covered by a Designated Zone, should seek counsel from UAE-based law, accounting, and/or business consulting firms. 3. Build personal relationships before entering into a business deal. Make efforts for regular face-to- face engagements. 9. Contact the many federal, provincial, and local resouces that are available to Canadian companies interested in seeking new markets. 4. Business people in the UAE are just as astute as They will point you in the right direction. See the anywhere else and there are varying degrees of list provided in Section 12. wealth throughout the country. It is incorrect to assume that everyone has extreme wealth or that they are willing to invest without due diligence. 10. Join a business council to become a member of the right group to support your business goals in the UAE and the many countries that the UAE 5. The UAE is an ideal base to capture opportunities serves as a strategic business and logistics hub. across the GCC and Middle East. However, each See the list provided in Section 12. country has its own unique culture, market, system of government, laws, and ways of doing business which could vary greatly from the UAE.
6. Local laws and regulations are constantly being updated. Be aware of these updates and be prepared to adapt quickly as transition periods tend to be shorter than in Western countries. Also, local laws between emirates could vary as well. SECTION 12 RESOURCES
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CANADA
FEDERAL Northwest Territories: • Embassy of Canada to the United Arab • Northwest Territories Department of Emirates in Abu Dhabi Industry, Tourism, and Investment • Consulate General of Canada in Dubai Nova Scotia: • Canadian Trade Commissioner Service • Nova Scotia Department of Business • Export Development Canada • Invest in Canada Ontario: • Global Affairs Canada; International Trade • Ontario Department of Economic Diversification Canada Development, Job Creation, and Trade
PROVINCES AND TERRITORIES Prince Edward Island: • Prince Edward Island Department of Alberta: Economic Development and Tourism; Innovation PEI/Trade Team PEI • Alberta Department of Economic Development and Trade; Invest Alberta Québec:
British Columbia: • Québec Department of Economy and Innovation • Trade and Invest British Columbia
Saskatchewan: Manitoba: • Saskatchewan Investment and Economic • Manitoba Department of Growth, Trade, and Development; Saskatchewan Trade & Export Investment Partnership
Newfoundland and Labrador: Yukon: • Newfoundland and Labrador Department of • Yukon Economic Development Tourism Culture, Industry, and Innovation
New Brunswick:
• Opportunities New Brunswick 74
MAJOR CITIES • Québec International Economic Development • Consider Canada City Alliance • Economic Development Winnipeg • Toronto Global • Hamilton Economic Development • Montreal International • Waterloo Economic Development Corporation • Vancouver Economic Commission • London Economic Development • Calgary Economic Development • Halifax Partnership • Invest Ottawa • Saskatoon Region Economic Development Authority • Edmonton Global
UAE
FEDERAL Sharjah: • Embassy of the United Arab Emirates in • Sharjah Economic Development Department; Ottawa Sharjah Investment and Development Authority (SHUROOQ); Sharjah FDI Office • Consulate General of the United Arab (Invest in Sharjah) Emirates in Toronto
• UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ras Al Khaimah: International Cooperation • Ras Al Khaimah Department of Economic • UAE Ministry of Economy Development
EMIRATES Ajman: • Ajman Department of Economic Development Abu Dhabi:
• Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Fujairah: Development; Abu Dhabi Council for • Fujairah Department of Economic Economic Development; Abu Dhabi Development Investment Office
Umm Al Quwain: Dubai: • Umm Al Quwain Department of Economic • Department of Economic Development Dubai; Development Dubai Investment Development Agency (Dubai FDI); Dubai Export Development Corp.; Dubai Trade 75
BUSINESS COUNCILS AND CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE • Canada-UAE Business Council • Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce & Industry • Canadian Business Council of Abu Dhabi • Ajman Chamber of Commerce & Industry • Canadian Business Council of Dubai and • Dubai Chamber of Commerce & Industry Northern Emirates • Fujairah Chamber of Commerce & Industry • Canada-Arab Business Council • Ras Al Khaimah Chamber of Commerce • Business Council of Canada & Industry • Canadian Chamber of Commerce • Sharjah Chamber of Commerce & Industry • UAE Federation of Chambers of Commerce • Umm Al Quwain Chamber of Commerce & Industry & Industry SECTION 13 APPENDIX
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13.1 BUSINESS STRUCTURES COMPARISON CHART
BUSINESS STRUCTURE OWNERSHIP REGULATION & LICENSING ACTIVITY LIMITATIONS
MAINLAND/ONSHORE
Joint Liability Company UAE Nationals Governed by Federal CCL; N/A Only Licensed by Emirate Simple Commandite Company UAE Nationals Governed by Federal CCL; N/A Only Licensed by Emirate Limited Liability Company UAE National Governed by Federal CCL; N/A 51%, Foreign 49% Licensed by Emirate Public Joint Stock Company UAE National Governed by Federal CCL; N/A 51%, Foreign 49% Licensed by Emirate Private Joint Stock Company UAE National Governed by Federal CCL; N/A 51%, Foreign 49% Licensed by Emirate Branch Office Foreign 100% Governed by Federal CCL; May only perform contracts and conduct Licensed by Emirate other activities on the mainland as an extension of the parent company and as specified in its license. Must have a local service agent. Representative Office Foreign 100% Governed by Federal CCL; May only gather information, carry out Licensed by Emirate marketing activities, and or soliciting orders and projects to be performed by the company’s head office. Must have a local service agent.
FREE ZONE
Limited Liability Company Foreign 100% Governed & Licensed Cannot perform business activities on by Free Zone Authority mainland. Branch Office Foreign 100% Governed & Licensed Cannot perform business activities on by Free Zone Authority mainland. May only perform contracts and conduct other activities on the mainland as an extension of the parent company and as specified in its license. Must have a local service agent. Representative Office Foreign 100% Governed & Licensed Cannot perform business activities on by Free Zone Authority mainland. May only gather information, carry out marketing activities, and or soliciting orders and projects to be performed by the company’s head office. Must have a local service agent.
OFFSHORE
Offshore Company (LLC) Foreign 100% Governed & Licensed Can only be established in three specific by Free Zone Authority UAE free zones—Jebel Ali Free Zone, Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone, or Ajman Free Zone. Cannot conduct commercial activities. Commercial Agency Foreign 100% Governed by CAL, Must enlist a local commercial agent. Registered with UAE Ministry of Economy 78
13.2 LIST OF UAE FREE ZONES & DESIGNATED ZONES
Free zones have existed in the UAE for decades. They are geographical areas where special business rules apply. Designated Zones are free zones established in 2017 in the UAE that are subject to special rules regarding value-added tax (VAT). Free Zones that are also classified as Designated Zones are italicized.
FREE ZONES IN ABU DHABI Dubai Healthcare City Abu Dhabi Airports Free Zone Dubai Industrial Park
Abu Dhabi Global Market Dubai International Academic City Khalifa Industrial Zone Abu Dhabi Dubai International Financial Centre
Masdar City Free Zone Dubai Internet City TwoFour54 Abu Dhabi Dubai Knowledge Park Dubai Logistics City FREE ZONES IN DUBAI Dubai Maritime City Authority Dubai Airport Free Zone Dubai Media City Dubai Auto Zone Dubai Multi Commodities Centre Dubai Aviation City Dubai National Industries Park Dubai Cars and Automotive Zone Dubai Outsource City Dubai Design District Dubai Science Park Dubai Flower Centre Dubai Silicon Oasis Dubai Gold and Diamond Park 79
Dubai Studio City RAK Maritime City Dubai Textile City (See Jebel Ali Free Zone Authority) Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone International Humanitarian City Ras Al Khaimah Media Free Zone Jebel Ali Free Zone Authority FREE ZONES IN FUJAIRAH Jumeirah Lakes Towers Free Zone (See Dubai Multi Commodities Centre) Creative City Fujairah Dubai Production City Fujairah Free Zone Free Zone Area in Al Quoz Fujairah Oil Industry Zone Free Zone Area in Al Qusais FREE ZONES IN UMM AL QUWAIN FREE ZONES IN SHARJAH UAQ Free Trade Zone Hamriya Free Zone Authority FREE ZONES IN AJMAN Sharjah Airport International Free Zone
USA Regional Trade Center Ajman Free Zone Free Zones in Ras Al Khaimah 80
13.3 SOURCES
Baker, McKenzie, Habib Al Mulla. (2017). Doing Government of the United Arab Emirates. (2017). Business in the United Arab Emirates. Source: Federal Law No. 8 of 2017 Federal Law 18 on www.bakermckenzie.com/-/media/files/insight/ Value-Added Tax. Source: government.ae/-/ publications/2017/05/doingbusinessuae/bk_uae_ media/Information-and-services/Finance- dbi_2017.pdf?la=en and-Investment/En-VATDecreeLawNo8of2017. ashx?la=en Canada-UAE Business Council. (2019). Bilateral Economic Story: United Arab Emirates and Canada. Government of the United Arab Emirates. (2015). Source: investcanadauae.com/resources/ Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 on Commercial Companies. Source: ejustice.gov.ae/downloads/ CIA World Factbook. (2018). The United Arab latest_laws2015/federal_law_2_2015_ Emirates. Source: www.cia.gov/library/ commercial_companies_en.pdf publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html Government of the United Arab Emirates. Dechert LLP. (2018). The Essential Guide to Setting (1981). Federal Law No. 18 of 1981 Concerning UP Business in the United Arab Emirates. Source: the Organisation of Commercial Agencies. www.dechert.com/content/dam/dechert%20 Source: www.unindustria.bo.it/flex/cm/ files/publication/2018/1/The%20Essential%20 pages/ServeAttachment.php/L/IT/D/ Guide%20to%20setting%20up%20business%20 D.89c45713e2df5d541d60/P/BLOB:ID%3D27762 in%20the%20UAE%20-%2001-18.pdf Gulf Cooperation Council Secretariat-General. Government of Canada. (2018). Trade Data (2002). Common Customs Law, Rules of Online. Source: www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/tdo-dcd. Implementation and Explanatory Notes. Source: nsf/eng www.dubaicustoms.gov.ae/en/Publications/ Government of the United Arab Emirates. (N.D.). Documents/GCCCommonCustomsLawEnglish. About the UAE. Source: www.government.ae/en/ pdf about-the-uae Gulf News. (2017). ”45 Free Zones in the UAE: Government of the United Arab Emirates. (2018). Find the Right One for your New Business”. Federal Law No. 19 of 2018 on Foreign Direct Source: gulfnews.com/lifestyle/community/45- Investment. Source: www.economy.gov.ae/ free-zones-in-the-uae-find-the-right-one-for- LawsAndRegulationsEn/Federal%20Law%20 your-new-business-1.1716197 Regarding%20Foreign%20Direct%20Investment.pdf Netherlands Worldwide. (2017). Doing Government of the United Arab Emirates. Business in the United Arab Emirates. Source: (2017). Cabinet Decision No. 52 of 2017 on the www.netherlandsworldwide.nl/binaries/ Executive Regulations of the Federal Law No 8 en-nederlandwereldwijd/documents/ of 2017 on Value Added Tax. Source: www.mof. publications/2017/10/29/doing-business-in-the- gov.ae/en/lawsAndPolitics/CabinetResolutions/ uae/Doing+Business+in+the+UAE.pdf Documents/Cabinet%20Decision%20No%20 52%20of%202017.pdf 81
HSBC Group and Grant Thornton. (2016). Doing Tally Solutions. (2018). VAT on Designated Zone Business in the UAE. Source: www.business.hsbc. in UAE. Source: tallysolutions.com/mena/ co.in/-/media/library/markets/uae/pdf/uae- designated-zone-uae-vat/ countryguide.pdf UHY. (2015). Doing Business in the United Arab PwC. (2015). Doing Business in the UAE – A Tax Emirates. Source: www.uhy.com/wp-content/ and Legal Guide. Source: www.pwc.com/m1/en/ uploads/Doing-Business-in-United-Arab- tax/documents/doing-business-guides/doing- Emirates.pdf business-guide-uae.pdf US-UAE Business Council. (2018). Doing RSM International (2018). A Guide to Doing Business in the United Arab Emirates. Source: Business in the UAE. Source: www.rsm.global/ www.usuaebusiness.org/wp-content/ uae/sites/default/files/media/publications/dbi_ uploads/2018/05/Doing-Business-in-the- uae_3.4.2.pdf UAE-2018.pdf Statistics Canada. (2018). International World Trade Organization. (2018). United Arab Investment Position, Canadian Direct Investment Emirates Trade Profile. Source: www.wto.org/ Abroad and Foreign Direct Investment in Canada, english/res_e/statis_e/daily_update_e/trade_ by Country, Annual (x 1,000,000). Table 36-10- profiles/AE_e.pdf 0008-01 Source: www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/ en/tv.action?pid=3610000801 82
13.4 ACRONYMS
AED UAE Dirham / Emirati Dirham (official currency abbreviation); “DH” or “DHs” B2B Business to Business B2C Business to Consumer CAL Commercial Agencies Law CCL Commercial Companies Law CUBC Canada-UAE Business Council ETA Electronic Travel Authorization FNC Federal National Council FIPA Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement G2B Government to Business GAFTA Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross Domestic Product GST Goods and Service Tax IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency LSA Local Service Agent MENA Middle East Norther Africa MNCs Multinational Corporations MOU Memorandum of Understanding OMP Online Marketplace RFP Request for Proposal SMEs Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises TSC Canadian Trade Commissioner Service UAE United Arab Emirates VAT Value-Added Tax
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