The Media Representation of the Crime of Witchcraft in Early Modern Germany: an Examination of Non-Periodical News-Sheets and Pamphlets, 1533-1669
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The media representation of the crime of witchcraft in early modern Germany: an examination of non-periodical news-sheets and pamphlets, 1533-1669. by Abaigéal Warfield THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF PHD DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH Supervisor of Research: Dr David Lederer 2013 This work is dedicated to the memory of the two inspirational women who raised me my mother Sinéad Warfield (1966-2007) & my grandmother Nuala Warfield (1944-2006) Table of contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………… iv List of illustrations…………………………………………………………………. vi Introduction………………………………………………………………….……. 1 Chapter 1: Doing the Devil’s Will: The Pact with the Devil…………………....... 23 Chapter 2: Contemptible Crimes and Monstrous Misdeeds………………………. 92 Chapter 3: Weather Magic in the Media………………………………………….. 137 Chapter 4: The Witches’ Sabbath…………………………………………………. 188 Chapter 5: Fact and Fiction in the Hexenzeitungen………………………….......... 261 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………… 296 Appendixes A. Chronological list of Hexenzeitungen 1533-1669……………………….……… 306 B. Weather Magic Story in Malleus Maleficarum and 1581 Report…………......... 314 C. Sample of the similarities between a report and a Strafbuch entry (1669) ……. 317 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….. 318 Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the support and guidance of a number of particular people, chief among them my supervisor, Dr David Lederer. Dr Lederer has provided helpful guidance throughout this project, and the work has benefitted greatly from his suggestions and ideas. Indeed it was Dr Lederer’s undergraduate courses that inspired me to research early modern German history in the first place. My decision to study German history without any prior knowledge of the German language was somewhat ambitious. For this reason I owe thanks to Professor R. V. Comerford and Dr Lederer for believing in this project and in my ability as a student, and as a researcher, to succeed. In this regard I must also thank the Goethe Institut in Dublin, and in Munich, for their wonderful teachers who have taught me German over the last few years. The Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (German Academic Exchange Service) kindly provided me with a ten-month stipend to spend time researching in Germany, at Historical Institute of the Universität des Saarlandes at the beginning of this project in 2007-8. I am also grateful for the financial support this project has received from the NUI Travelling Studentship, the annual scholarship of the History Department, the NUI Maynooth Postgraduate travel fund, and the Postgraduate scholarship of the German History Society. The German History Society also provided a number of travel grants during this project so that I could present at, and attend a number of conferences in the UK and Germany. I am also thankful to An Foras Feasa who provided a work-space to write up my dissertation. I am equally indebted to the staff of the various libraries in which I spent time researching, particularly the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich, the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel, and the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin. I am also grateful to the archivists at the Stadtarchiv Augsburg and the Stadtarchiv Nuremberg who were most helpful during my research visits. Similarly I want to extend my gratitude to the Münchner Stadtmuseum, the British Library, the Zentral Bibliothek Zürich, Cornell University Library, the Württembergische Landesbibliothek, the Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt and the Lutherhaus Museum Wittenberg. All of these institutions digitised various Hexenzeitungen for this research project. iv The head of department, Professor Marian Lyons, and all the academic staff and administrative staff at the Department of History at NUI Maynooth have provided a great environment for me to work in over the last few years. Following the sudden loss of my mother, it could have been easy to give up. But the department rallied behind me and helped me move forward—for that I am eternally grateful. This project would never have begun had it not been for the encouragement I received from my late grandmother and mother, Nuala and Sinéad. Equally, it never would have finished had it not been for the help and guidance I received from my father Gerry and grandfather Derek. I am also grateful to Oisín O’Malley who has been there for me throughout the entire process, with tea and kind words always at hand. Heartfelt thanks must also go to my family in Munich, Mick and Karoliina, who always provided me with a home away from home. Lastly, I owe thanks to my grandmother Ena and to my siblings, Hannah, Lydia, and especially Theo, for their constant unwavering patience and support throughout the last few years. To everyone, extended family, friends, and academics who took an interest in this dissertation—thank you. Abaigéal Warfield v List of Illustrations 1.1 Witch and Devil embracing, from Ulrich Molitoris, De laniis et Phitonicis mulieribus, printed by Johann Otmar, (Reutlingen, 1489). 41 1.2 Witch and Devil embracing, woodcut, in Ulrich Molitor, Won den Unholden oder hexen printed by Johann Zainer (Constentz, 1489?). 42 1.3 Witch and Devil embracing, woodcut in Ulrich Molitoris, De lanijs et phitonicis mulieribus ad illustrissimum principem dominu[m] Sigismundu[m] archiducem austrie tractatus pulcherrimus printed by Cornelis de Zierikzee (Cologne, c. 1500). 43 1.4 Walpurga Hausmännin and the Devil, titlepage woodcut, in Urgicht und verzaichnuß so Walpurga Haußmännin zu Dillingen Inn ihrer peinlichen Marter bekandt hatt… (1588). 71 1.5 Paulus meeting with the Devil, woodcut from Kurze Erzöhlung Vnd Fürbildung der vbelthatten / welche von Sechs personen... begangen...., printed by Michael Manger (Augsburg, 1600). 86 1.6 Simon with the Devil, from Warhaffte Beschreibung des Urtheils so Anno 1666. den 9. Januarij in der Churfurstlichen Residenz Statt München an einem weitbeschreiten und erschröcklichen Zauberer vollbracht worden, printed by Elias Wellhöffer (Augsburg, 1666). 87 1.7 Anna with the Devil, woodcut from Relation oder beschreibung so Anno. 1669. den 23. Martij in der Römischen Reichs Statt Augspurg geschehen / von einer Weibs Person / welche ob grausamer vnd erschröcklicher Hexerey vnd Verkreummngen der Menschen...,printed by Elias Wellhöffer (Augsburg, 1669). 88 2.1 Woman shooting backwards arrow, Ulricus Molitoris De laniis [et] phitonicis mulieribus, printed by Johann Prüss (Strasbourg, 1489). 101 2.2 Simon with magic root, from broadsheet printed by Elias Wellhöffer in Warhaffte Beschreibung deß Urtheils /so Anno 1666. den 9 Januarij in der Churfürstlichen Residenz Statt München…(Augsburg, 1666). 131 3.1 Witches making weather, from Ulrich Molitor, De laniis et phitonicis mulieribus printed by Johann Prüss (Strasbourg, 1489). 146 3.2 Witches making weather, from Ulrich Molitor, Won den Unholden oder hexen printed by Johann Zainer (Constentz, 1489?). 146 3.3 Weather making from Ulrich Molitoris, De lanijs et phitonicis mulieribus printed by Cornelis de Zierikzee (Cologne, c. 1500) 147 3.4 Woodcut showing God producing hail from title page of Warhaffte vnd Erschröckhliche Newe Zeittung von dem Grausamlichen Wätter vnd Schawr so geschehen den 12. Tag May des 82. Jars…, printed by Hans Ringer (1582). 166 vi 3.5 Weather making witch, from title page of Erschreckliche erzelung vnnd bekentnis der zeuberer vnd zeuberin / welche Kurtzlich verbrandt sein worden printed by Nikolaus Schreiber (Cologne, 1594). 173 3.6 Simon making weather taken from Warhaffte Beschreibung des Urtheils so Anno 1666. den 9. Januarij in der Churfurstlichen Residenz Statt München an einem .... erschröcklichen Zauberer vollbracht worden, printed by Elias Wellhöffer (Augsburg, 1666). 180 4.1 Man riding wolf, from Ulrich Molitoris, De laniis et Phitonicis mulieribus, printed by Johann Otmar, (Reutlingen, 1489). 203 4.2 Woman riding wolf, from Ulrich Molitor, Won den unholden oder hexen printed by Johann Zainer (Constentz, 1489?) 203 4.3 Flight of witches through air, from Ulrich Molitoris, De laniis et Phitonicis mulieribus, printed by Johann Otmar, (Reutlingen, 1489). 205 4.4 Male and female witch travelling to the witches’ gathering from Hexen Meysterey printed by Jakob Cammerlander (Strasbourg, 1545). 206 4.5 Women at the wollust, from Ulrich Molitoris, De laniis et Phitonicis mulieribus, printed by Johann Otmar, (Reutlingen, 1489). 207 4.6 The witches’ eating and drinking together, from Hexen Meysterey printed by Jakob Cammerlander (Strasbourg, 1545). 208 4.7 Albrecht Dürer, Witch Riding Backwards on a Goat c. 1500 209 4.8 Hans Baldung Grien, Witches Scene (1510) 210 4.9 ‘Von den Unholden oder von den Hexen’ in Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Die Emeis (Strasbourg, 1516) 213 4.10 Witches’ gathering, title page of Warhafftige Zeittung / Von Gottlosen hexen / Auch ketzerischen vnd Teuffels Weibern/ die zu Schlettstadt / deß h. Römischen Reichstadt in Elsaß / auf den XXII. Herbstmonat deß 1570. Jahrs / von wegen ihrer schändtlichen Teuffelsverpflichtung / rc. sindt verbrennt worden. (S.l, 1571). 217 4.11 Title page of Peter Binsfeld, Tractat von Bekanntnuß der Zauberer vnd Hexen Ob vnd wie viel denselben zu glauben (Munich, 1592). 234 4.12 Hört an new schrecklich abenthewr (1594). 237 4.13 Witch riding to nocturnal assembly, in Francesco Maria Guazzo’s Compendium Maleficarum (1626). 244 4.14 The Obscene Kiss, in Francesco Maria Guazzo’s Compendium Maleficarum (Milan, 1626). 245 4.15 Witches dancing, from Francesco Maria Guazzo’s Compendium