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French Low-Speed V/STOL Concepts of the Twentieth Century

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AHS Forum 58 STOVL/Powered Lift Session IVHS 11 June 2002 www.vtol.org www.vstol.org French Low-Speed V/STOL Concepts of the Twentieth Century Thomas Müller Michael J. Hirschberg Alexis Rocher Salzmann Buchhandlung CENTRA Technology, Inc. Aviation Historian Waltershausen, Germany Arlington, Virginia Villiers Sur Marne, France International V/STOL Historical Society (IVHS) www.vstol.org Background IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • This paper is the fourth in an ongoing series that will form the basis for the V/STOL Encyclopedia • Vol 1: German V/STOL Concepts - publish in 2003 – German V/STOL Fighters - AIAA/AHS/SAE IPLC, Nov 2000 (65 concepts) → German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft - AHS Forum 57, May 2001 (75 concepts) – German V/STOL Transports - SAE WAC, Sep 2001 (50 concepts) • Vol 2: French V/STOL Concepts → French Low-Speed Concepts - AHS Forum 58, June 2002 (35 concepts) – French High-Speed Concepts - AIAA/AHS/SAE IPLC, November 2002 • Future volumes in the planning stages • Check the web site for briefs from all of these papers: www.vstol.org 2 Overview IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • Background • Dawn of Vertical Flight • Sud-Ouest Tip Jet Compounds • Sud Aviation Compounds • Nord Aviation Ducted Props • Breguet & SNECMA Flying Jeeps • Aerospatiale/Eurocopter Tiltrotors • Summary 3 V/STOL Wheel of Mis-Fortune IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org www.vstol.org 4 V/STOL History: 1950 - 2000 IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 6 JUL 54 V 20 JUL 55 Transcendental 1G 18 DEC 58 DEC 54 TH TH 25 OCT 56 Bell XV-3 3 M AY 77 AUG 55 MA R 60 V V V V 2 0 NOV 63 Bell XV-15 Curtiss-Wright X-100 25 AUG 65 Curtiss-Wright X-19 24 JUL 77 Same Propulsion APR 60 TH TH 25 JUN 64H 19 M AR 89 Bell BA609 System for Bell Boeing V-22V VTH 25 FEB 58 V MA R 66 Hover and Forward Do ak 16 VZ-4 Bell X-22A TH 14 SEP 89 8 AUG 66 JUN 67 Flight TH Nord 50 0 Cadet 1 3 APR 57 15 JUL 58 V T V 23 JUL 68 Vertol 76 VZ-2 All f lights tethered 7 JAN 58 H 24 NOV 59 29 DEC 64 H V 1966 19 NOV 54 Hiller X-18 LTV-Hiller-Ryan XC-142 V 29 SEP 64 11 JAN 65 Bell 65 ATV 8 JAN 1957 HT Bell Boeing V-22 1955 V Tethered Flight Canadair CL-84 H Robertson VTOL MAY 65V TH DE C 6 5 H21 JAN 59 FE B 60 Ryan VZ- 3 V1 959 Tether ed Fl igh ts Fairchild 224 VZ-5 17 FEB 57 V T24 MAY 58 Bell X-14 29 M AY 81 H1957 19 NOV 60V T21 SEP 61 VTH AUG 66 Hawker P.1127 Kestrel H7 JUL 61 TH 16 SE P 63 BAe / Boeing Harrier VT AUG 54 Yakovlev Yak-36 Lockheed XFV-1 9 JAN 63 MA R 54 V H TH 2 NOV 54 5 MAY 59V Convair XFY-1 SNECMA C450 Coléoptère 1 AUG 54 V V 28 MAY 56 Ryan X-13 10 DEC 55 11 APR 57 Boeing X-32 H T Separate Power V 25 OCT 58 2 OCT 63 Plant for Hover Short SC.1 24 JUL 65 H 2 APR 57 T6 APR 60 12 FEB 65VH 18 OCT 62V T18 M AR 63 2 8 NOV 66 Da ssault M ira ge III-V Dassault Mirage Balzac V 27 JAN 64 TMAR 66 H 1 MAR 63 8 SE P 65 10 APR 63VT 20 SE P 63 Combined Power EWR VJ 101 C 14 SEP 64 Plant for Hover 31 AUG 63 10 FE B 67 H T16 DEC 67 H Dornier Do 31 22 NOV 67 V 26 OCT 72 11 FEB 54 Lockheed XV-4B 14 M AR 69 TH VTH VFW VAK 191 B 10 SEP 71 15 JAN 71 V VH 6 NOV 57 H Yakovlev Yak-38 McDonnell XV-1 Fai rey Ro to dy ne 26 SEP 71 20 M AR 72 5 OCT 91 T10 APR 58 V T Yakovlev Yak-141 H 9 M AR 87 29 DEC 89 VT 13 JUN 90 Augmented Power V 2 4 MAY 63 1 0 JUN 64 1978 5 DEC 59 Loc kheed XV-4A Plant for Hover 7 JUL 62 8 NOV 63 Tethered Trials Tethered Flight V H T V Vanguard 2C Omniplane Rockwell XFV-12A 17 MAY 61H 25 MAY 64HT NOV 64 APR 65 OCT 66 GE-Ryan XV-5A JUN 64 VTH 1960 V Kamov Ka- 22 Vintokryl 1964 21 SEP 67 Lockheed X-35 Piasecki 16H-1 Helicopter VTH FE B 62 12 MAR 69 Mode Lockheed AH-56 VTH Helicopter Mode 5 “The V/STOL Pyramid” IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • Harrier Operational V/STOL Systems: • Forger Flight Test: Large-Scale Testing: Design Concepts / Small-Scale Testing 6 The Dawn of Flight IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org Wright Brothers Alberto Santos-Dumont Kitty Hawk, NC Paris, France December 17, 1903 October 23, 1906 "The aeroplane won't amount to a damn thing until they get a machine that will act like a hummingbird. Go straight up, go forward, go backward, come straight down and light like a hummingbird.” - Thomas Edison, 1905 7 The Dawn of Vertical Flights IVHS www.vtol.org The first hops in France in 1907 www.vstol.org Louis Breguet Paul Cornu • First vertical flight machine to • First true free flight 13 Nov 1907 leave the ground 24 Aug 1907 • 300 test “flights” -- only 15 manned – “tethered” by assistants • Reached a height of 5 ft for 20 sec • 32 lifting surfaces • Lateral motion via vanes in front and • Reached a height of 2 ft and rear to deflect downwash endurance of 2 min • Weak control power • No means of control • No provision for lateral translation 8 Pre-Historic V/STOL Concepts IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • 1908 Bertin & Boulline 1908 Bertin – compound helicopter (“flown”) • 1912 Viscount Decazes – compound helicopter (never flown) • 1921 Toussant – quad propeller compound (flown?) • 1922 Margoulis – tilt-propeller triplane (design) 1912 Decazes 1922 Margoulis 1921 Toussant 9 Pre-Historic V/STOL Concepts IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • 1922 Oemichen 1922 Oemichen – five “rotors” + three propeller (flown!) • 1922 Pescara – stoppable co-axial compound (design) • 1927 Chauviere – compound helicopter (flown) • 1935 Marmonier – dual tilt-propeller (design) 1922 Pescara 1935 Marmonier 1927 Chauviere 10 The First True Helicopter IVHS www.vtol.org Breguet-Dorand Gyroplane Laboratiore www.vstol.org • Counter-rotating co-axial metal rotors with articulating blades • First Flight: June 26, 1935 • FAI records: – December 22, 1935: speed of 67 mph (108 km/h) – September 26, 1936: altitude of 517 ft (157 m) – November 24, 1936: closed circuit course distance of 27.4 miles (44 km); 63 min endurance 11 French Aerospace Consolidation IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org Sud-Oest Sud-Est Nord 1957 Sud 1970 Aerospatiale MBB 1992 Eurocopter 12 Sud-Ouest Tip-Jet Compounds IVHS www.vtol.org Sud-Ouest SO 1100 Ariel www.vstol.org • After WWII, Sud-Ouest considered tip-jets for powered take-off autogyros • Some technical assistance from Doblhoff’s WNF 342 • Propulsion scheme – Burned fuel/air in the blades – Ducted propeller for forward thrust Sud-Ouest SO 1100 Ariel – Rudder for yaw control • Not very successful Rotor: 9.75 m 32 ft – Tested as pure helicopter Wt empty: 650 kg 1433 lb – Ariel II and III were tip-jet Engine: 175 hp piston helicopters (not compounds) but First flight: 14 May 1947 (tethered) very high fuel consumption 13 Sud-Ouest Tip-Jet Compounds IVHS www.vtol.org Sud-Ouest SO 1310 Farfadet www.vstol.org • Propulsion scheme – Tip jets used for vertical flight/hover – Autorotating for forward flight – Compressor engine exhaust for yaw •Testing – First flight without propeller engine – First conversion 2 Dec 1953 – Difficulties with prototype Turboméca engines Sud-Ouest SO 1310 Farfadet – Stable, controllable, pleasant to fly – Max speed 265 km/hr (143 kt) Rotor: 11.2 m 36.7 ft – Both engine failed catastrophically Wt empty: 1000 kg 2200 lb •Program End Engines: 250 hp turbine – 2nd prototype with larger compressor 250 hp compressor that also failed, crippling aircraft First flight: 29 April 1953 – Further research terminated – Djinns bought for war in Algeria 14 Sud Aviation Compounds IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org 1966 - jet compound 1966 - retractable rotors 1967 - 50 pax compound 15 Sud Aviation Compounds IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org 1969 - SA 350 Rotojet 1969 - 30-36 pax Rotojet compound 1969 - 40 pax stowed rotor 16 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • Concept originated with Jean Bertin at SNECMA in early 1950s • Work with Nord in early 1960s • Numerous design studies conducted • 2 1/2 Nord 500 prototypes + mock-up built • Tethered hover achieved in July 1968 • Program (and derivatives) cancelled in 1969 17 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord 500 Cadet www.vstol.org • 2 seat prototype • 4 seat operational concept • 1250 kg (2,750 lb) empty • 1000 kg (2,200 lb) empty • 5 ft propellers in 7 ft ducts • 5 ft propellers in 7 ft ducts • 2 Allison 250 engines (317 shp) • 2 Oredon 111 engines (350 shp) • 120 kg (265 lb) payload • 850 kg (1900 lb) payload 18 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord 500 Cadet www.vstol.org • First prototype used for static tests • Second prototype began beginning in Apr 1967 ground testing in Feb 1968 • Diamond shaped control vanes • Tethered hover Jul 1968 • 1 m and less than 20 sec • Unstable and difficult to control 19 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord 501 Attack Aircraft www.vstol.org • Response to a 1966/67 study on a military application of Nord 500 • Attack, helicopter escort, heli- hunter, ASW • 2 Lycoming T55 engines (2100 hp) • Retractable skid • Chin turret • Length: 8 m (26 ft) • Wingspan: 4.50 m (14.8 ft) • Inner duct diameter: 1.34 m (4.4 ft) • Empty weight: 2,100 kg (4,630 lb) • Useful payload: 1,900 kg (4,190 lb) • VTO weight: 4,000 kg (8,820 lb) • Max speed: 600 km/hr (325 kt) • Endurance: 1 hr 20 min 20 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord 501 Transport www.vstol.org • Design for a pressurized civil • Length: 10.3 m (33.7 ft) or military transport • Wingspan: 5.7 m (18.6 ft) • 2 crew + 8 pax • Empty wt: 2,100 kg (4,630 lb) • 2 T55 turboshafts (2650 shp) • VTO wt: 4,625 kg (10,200 lb) • Max speed 328 kt 21 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord Estocade www.vstol.org 22 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord Rocade www.vstol.org • Design
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  • Newsletter Spring 2010

    Newsletter Spring 2010

    NEWSLETTER SPRING 2010 photo Dave Spurdens SOCATA: After a winter that seemed much too long for many of us, Spring has SPRINGTIME NEWS spread its wings at last. This new season began with a series of key air shows: Aero and EBACE in Europe; FIDAE in Chile; and Sun’n Fun in Florida. All of them demonstrated the renewed interest for our TBM 850 very fast turboprop...which continues to be a sure value in times of crisis. April was very promising month, with several new TBM 850 sales. Is this a sign of the much-expected recovery? Recent events make it seem premature to think the global fi nancial crisis is over, as news on both sides of the Atlantic show just how fragile the world economy is today. In our latest Newsletter, you will learn how we are continuing to expand DAHER-SOCATA’s activities: delivering TBM 850s in new geographic areas – including Nigeria – for various types of customers. In parallel, we keep developing our network of service centers, providing world-class service to our customers. EDITORIAL Rheinland Air Services, our new sales and service center for Germany, will strengthen our presence in this country, which is home to the second largest TBM fl eet in Europe. We now are looking to expand our presence in Latin America and Southeast Asia by establishing service centers in Chile, Mexico and Singapore, respectively. Another topic is our constant commitment to share information, and we’re unveiling some of our backstage activity in the fi eld of technical documentation. We even realized that many owners of G1000-equipped TBM 850s were unfamiliar with the Garmin Data logger.