AHS Forum 58 STOVL/Powered Lift Session IVHS 11 June 2002 www.vtol.org www.vstol.org French Low-Speed V/STOL Concepts of the Twentieth Century Thomas Müller Michael J. Hirschberg Alexis Rocher Salzmann Buchhandlung CENTRA Technology, Inc. Aviation Historian Waltershausen, Germany Arlington, Virginia Villiers Sur Marne, France International V/STOL Historical Society (IVHS) www.vstol.org Background IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • This paper is the fourth in an ongoing series that will form the basis for the V/STOL Encyclopedia • Vol 1: German V/STOL Concepts - publish in 2003 – German V/STOL Fighters - AIAA/AHS/SAE IPLC, Nov 2000 (65 concepts) → German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft - AHS Forum 57, May 2001 (75 concepts) – German V/STOL Transports - SAE WAC, Sep 2001 (50 concepts) • Vol 2: French V/STOL Concepts → French Low-Speed Concepts - AHS Forum 58, June 2002 (35 concepts) – French High-Speed Concepts - AIAA/AHS/SAE IPLC, November 2002 • Future volumes in the planning stages • Check the web site for briefs from all of these papers: www.vstol.org 2 Overview IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • Background • Dawn of Vertical Flight • Sud-Ouest Tip Jet Compounds • Sud Aviation Compounds • Nord Aviation Ducted Props • Breguet & SNECMA Flying Jeeps • Aerospatiale/Eurocopter Tiltrotors • Summary 3 V/STOL Wheel of Mis-Fortune IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org www.vstol.org 4 V/STOL History: 1950 - 2000 IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 6 JUL 54 V 20 JUL 55 Transcendental 1G 18 DEC 58 DEC 54 TH TH 25 OCT 56 Bell XV-3 3 M AY 77 AUG 55 MA R 60 V V V V 2 0 NOV 63 Bell XV-15 Curtiss-Wright X-100 25 AUG 65 Curtiss-Wright X-19 24 JUL 77 Same Propulsion APR 60 TH TH 25 JUN 64H 19 M AR 89 Bell BA609 System for Bell Boeing V-22V VTH 25 FEB 58 V MA R 66 Hover and Forward Do ak 16 VZ-4 Bell X-22A TH 14 SEP 89 8 AUG 66 JUN 67 Flight TH Nord 50 0 Cadet 1 3 APR 57 15 JUL 58 V T V 23 JUL 68 Vertol 76 VZ-2 All f lights tethered 7 JAN 58 H 24 NOV 59 29 DEC 64 H V 1966 19 NOV 54 Hiller X-18 LTV-Hiller-Ryan XC-142 V 29 SEP 64 11 JAN 65 Bell 65 ATV 8 JAN 1957 HT Bell Boeing V-22 1955 V Tethered Flight Canadair CL-84 H Robertson VTOL MAY 65V TH DE C 6 5 H21 JAN 59 FE B 60 Ryan VZ- 3 V1 959 Tether ed Fl igh ts Fairchild 224 VZ-5 17 FEB 57 V T24 MAY 58 Bell X-14 29 M AY 81 H1957 19 NOV 60V T21 SEP 61 VTH AUG 66 Hawker P.1127 Kestrel H7 JUL 61 TH 16 SE P 63 BAe / Boeing Harrier VT AUG 54 Yakovlev Yak-36 Lockheed XFV-1 9 JAN 63 MA R 54 V H TH 2 NOV 54 5 MAY 59V Convair XFY-1 SNECMA C450 Coléoptère 1 AUG 54 V V 28 MAY 56 Ryan X-13 10 DEC 55 11 APR 57 Boeing X-32 H T Separate Power V 25 OCT 58 2 OCT 63 Plant for Hover Short SC.1 24 JUL 65 H 2 APR 57 T6 APR 60 12 FEB 65VH 18 OCT 62V T18 M AR 63 2 8 NOV 66 Da ssault M ira ge III-V Dassault Mirage Balzac V 27 JAN 64 TMAR 66 H 1 MAR 63 8 SE P 65 10 APR 63VT 20 SE P 63 Combined Power EWR VJ 101 C 14 SEP 64 Plant for Hover 31 AUG 63 10 FE B 67 H T16 DEC 67 H Dornier Do 31 22 NOV 67 V 26 OCT 72 11 FEB 54 Lockheed XV-4B 14 M AR 69 TH VTH VFW VAK 191 B 10 SEP 71 15 JAN 71 V VH 6 NOV 57 H Yakovlev Yak-38 McDonnell XV-1 Fai rey Ro to dy ne 26 SEP 71 20 M AR 72 5 OCT 91 T10 APR 58 V T Yakovlev Yak-141 H 9 M AR 87 29 DEC 89 VT 13 JUN 90 Augmented Power V 2 4 MAY 63 1 0 JUN 64 1978 5 DEC 59 Loc kheed XV-4A Plant for Hover 7 JUL 62 8 NOV 63 Tethered Trials Tethered Flight V H T V Vanguard 2C Omniplane Rockwell XFV-12A 17 MAY 61H 25 MAY 64HT NOV 64 APR 65 OCT 66 GE-Ryan XV-5A JUN 64 VTH 1960 V Kamov Ka- 22 Vintokryl 1964 21 SEP 67 Lockheed X-35 Piasecki 16H-1 Helicopter VTH FE B 62 12 MAR 69 Mode Lockheed AH-56 VTH Helicopter Mode 5 “The V/STOL Pyramid” IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • Harrier Operational V/STOL Systems: • Forger Flight Test: Large-Scale Testing: Design Concepts / Small-Scale Testing 6 The Dawn of Flight IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org Wright Brothers Alberto Santos-Dumont Kitty Hawk, NC Paris, France December 17, 1903 October 23, 1906 "The aeroplane won't amount to a damn thing until they get a machine that will act like a hummingbird. Go straight up, go forward, go backward, come straight down and light like a hummingbird.” - Thomas Edison, 1905 7 The Dawn of Vertical Flights IVHS www.vtol.org The first hops in France in 1907 www.vstol.org Louis Breguet Paul Cornu • First vertical flight machine to • First true free flight 13 Nov 1907 leave the ground 24 Aug 1907 • 300 test “flights” -- only 15 manned – “tethered” by assistants • Reached a height of 5 ft for 20 sec • 32 lifting surfaces • Lateral motion via vanes in front and • Reached a height of 2 ft and rear to deflect downwash endurance of 2 min • Weak control power • No means of control • No provision for lateral translation 8 Pre-Historic V/STOL Concepts IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • 1908 Bertin & Boulline 1908 Bertin – compound helicopter (“flown”) • 1912 Viscount Decazes – compound helicopter (never flown) • 1921 Toussant – quad propeller compound (flown?) • 1922 Margoulis – tilt-propeller triplane (design) 1912 Decazes 1922 Margoulis 1921 Toussant 9 Pre-Historic V/STOL Concepts IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • 1922 Oemichen 1922 Oemichen – five “rotors” + three propeller (flown!) • 1922 Pescara – stoppable co-axial compound (design) • 1927 Chauviere – compound helicopter (flown) • 1935 Marmonier – dual tilt-propeller (design) 1922 Pescara 1935 Marmonier 1927 Chauviere 10 The First True Helicopter IVHS www.vtol.org Breguet-Dorand Gyroplane Laboratiore www.vstol.org • Counter-rotating co-axial metal rotors with articulating blades • First Flight: June 26, 1935 • FAI records: – December 22, 1935: speed of 67 mph (108 km/h) – September 26, 1936: altitude of 517 ft (157 m) – November 24, 1936: closed circuit course distance of 27.4 miles (44 km); 63 min endurance 11 French Aerospace Consolidation IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org Sud-Oest Sud-Est Nord 1957 Sud 1970 Aerospatiale MBB 1992 Eurocopter 12 Sud-Ouest Tip-Jet Compounds IVHS www.vtol.org Sud-Ouest SO 1100 Ariel www.vstol.org • After WWII, Sud-Ouest considered tip-jets for powered take-off autogyros • Some technical assistance from Doblhoff’s WNF 342 • Propulsion scheme – Burned fuel/air in the blades – Ducted propeller for forward thrust Sud-Ouest SO 1100 Ariel – Rudder for yaw control • Not very successful Rotor: 9.75 m 32 ft – Tested as pure helicopter Wt empty: 650 kg 1433 lb – Ariel II and III were tip-jet Engine: 175 hp piston helicopters (not compounds) but First flight: 14 May 1947 (tethered) very high fuel consumption 13 Sud-Ouest Tip-Jet Compounds IVHS www.vtol.org Sud-Ouest SO 1310 Farfadet www.vstol.org • Propulsion scheme – Tip jets used for vertical flight/hover – Autorotating for forward flight – Compressor engine exhaust for yaw •Testing – First flight without propeller engine – First conversion 2 Dec 1953 – Difficulties with prototype Turboméca engines Sud-Ouest SO 1310 Farfadet – Stable, controllable, pleasant to fly – Max speed 265 km/hr (143 kt) Rotor: 11.2 m 36.7 ft – Both engine failed catastrophically Wt empty: 1000 kg 2200 lb •Program End Engines: 250 hp turbine – 2nd prototype with larger compressor 250 hp compressor that also failed, crippling aircraft First flight: 29 April 1953 – Further research terminated – Djinns bought for war in Algeria 14 Sud Aviation Compounds IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org 1966 - jet compound 1966 - retractable rotors 1967 - 50 pax compound 15 Sud Aviation Compounds IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org 1969 - SA 350 Rotojet 1969 - 30-36 pax Rotojet compound 1969 - 40 pax stowed rotor 16 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org www.vstol.org • Concept originated with Jean Bertin at SNECMA in early 1950s • Work with Nord in early 1960s • Numerous design studies conducted • 2 1/2 Nord 500 prototypes + mock-up built • Tethered hover achieved in July 1968 • Program (and derivatives) cancelled in 1969 17 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord 500 Cadet www.vstol.org • 2 seat prototype • 4 seat operational concept • 1250 kg (2,750 lb) empty • 1000 kg (2,200 lb) empty • 5 ft propellers in 7 ft ducts • 5 ft propellers in 7 ft ducts • 2 Allison 250 engines (317 shp) • 2 Oredon 111 engines (350 shp) • 120 kg (265 lb) payload • 850 kg (1900 lb) payload 18 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord 500 Cadet www.vstol.org • First prototype used for static tests • Second prototype began beginning in Apr 1967 ground testing in Feb 1968 • Diamond shaped control vanes • Tethered hover Jul 1968 • 1 m and less than 20 sec • Unstable and difficult to control 19 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord 501 Attack Aircraft www.vstol.org • Response to a 1966/67 study on a military application of Nord 500 • Attack, helicopter escort, heli- hunter, ASW • 2 Lycoming T55 engines (2100 hp) • Retractable skid • Chin turret • Length: 8 m (26 ft) • Wingspan: 4.50 m (14.8 ft) • Inner duct diameter: 1.34 m (4.4 ft) • Empty weight: 2,100 kg (4,630 lb) • Useful payload: 1,900 kg (4,190 lb) • VTO weight: 4,000 kg (8,820 lb) • Max speed: 600 km/hr (325 kt) • Endurance: 1 hr 20 min 20 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord 501 Transport www.vstol.org • Design for a pressurized civil • Length: 10.3 m (33.7 ft) or military transport • Wingspan: 5.7 m (18.6 ft) • 2 crew + 8 pax • Empty wt: 2,100 kg (4,630 lb) • 2 T55 turboshafts (2650 shp) • VTO wt: 4,625 kg (10,200 lb) • Max speed 328 kt 21 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord Estocade www.vstol.org 22 Nord Aviation Ducted Propellers IVHS www.vtol.org Nord Rocade www.vstol.org • Design