Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-64981-7 — Shi'a Islam in Colonial India Justin Jones Index More Information

Home , Aga Khan III, Ahmad Hindi, Ali Naqi Naqvi, Imambaras of Lucknow, Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri

Index

‘Abaqa¯t ul-Anwa¯r, 53–4, 59, 243–5, 254 Akhbar ul-Akhiyar, 155 ‘Abbas, Hazrat, 82, 108, 109, 110, 213 Akhbari Shi‘ism, 71, 231 ‘Abbas, Mirza Muhammad (mufti), 2, 35, Akhbar-i-Imamiya, Lucknow, 175 47, 244, 248, 249 akhlaq, See advice literature ‘Abd ul-‘Aziz, Shah, 52, 54, 55, 67 al-Azhar, Cairo, 24, 25 ‘Abd ul-Bari (Firangi Mahal), 176, 181, 205 ‘Ali (Imam), 7, 57, 63, 68, 78, 79, 98, ‘Abd ul-Hamid II (Ottoman Sultan), 149 112, 175, 180, 192, 194, 212, ‘Abd ul-Majeed (Firangi Mahal), 107 218, 233 ‘Abd ul-Mughni, Muhammad (Firangi ‘Ali Naqi Naqvi, Sayyid (mujtahid), 64, Mahal), 107 208–14, 216, 220, 223, 247 ‘Abd ul-Shakoor (Farooqi), 189–9, 191, ‘Ali Zaheer, Sayyid, 196, 200 206, 208, 209, 213, 218, 240 Aligarh. See also, Muhammadan ‘Abd ul-Shakoor (Kakorwi), 69–70, 89–90, Anglo-Oriental College 102, 104–5 town, 192 Abduh Mahammad, 25 Aligarh Movement, 31, 56, 69, 114, 147, Abul Hasan, Sayyid (mujtahid), 34, 35, 42, 148, 153–65, 169, 183, 184, 212, 244, 46, 248 247, 249 adab, 6, 123 All India Muslim League, 26, 117, 119, 151, advice literature, 30, 61–6 196, 199, 201 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 148–9 All India Shi‘a Conference, 3, 76, 115, Afghanistan, 143 117–123, 125, 128, 130, 132, Africa 135, 137–9, 142–4, 145, 157–9, 160, Shi‘ism in, 44, 65, 248 176, 177, 180, 210, Aga Khan 247, 249 Aga Khan I Hasan ‘Ali Shah, 6 Intizamiya Committee, 143 Aga Khan III Sultan Muhammad Shah, 26 Waqf Committee, 128–31, 133, 141 Agha Haider (bar-at-law), 155, 157 All India Shi‘a Personal Law Board, 234–5 Agra, 68, 76, 110, 197, 244, 245 Allahabad, 8, 10, 12, 13, 75, 79, 80, 100, Ahl-i-Hadis movement, 21, 56, 69, 154 122, 131, 143, 157, 159, 169, Ahmad ‘Ali (maulvi), 3 178, 179, 191, 193, 196, 197, Ahmad Hindi, Sayyid (mujtahid), 135 203, 236 Ahmad Husain, Shaikh (ta’luqdar), 175 Allsop Committee (1937), 193 Ahmad Khan, Sayyid, 26, 69, 114, 139, 142, Ambala, 43 151, 153, 155, 160, 244 Ameer ‘Ali Khan, Munshi, 167 Ahmadi movement, 21, 23, 170, 190, 235, Ameer ‘Ali, Sayyid, 132, 152, 174 236, 240 Amjad ‘Ali Khan (of Amroha), 60 Ahmadnagar, 5 Amjad ‘Ali Shah (Nawab), 33, 130 Ahrars. See Majlis-i-Ahrar Amroha, 11, 60, 80, 97, 98, 122, 139, 143, al-Ahs’i, Shaikh Ahmad, 108–9, 238 158, 249 ajlaf (indigenous castes), 7, 66 dargahs in, 110

267

268 Index

Amroha (cont.) Court of, 8, 10, 12, 37, 42, 50, 99, 126, imambaras in, 76–7 157, 229 madrasas in, 39, 249 mufti of, 35, 45, 248 Shi‘a-Sunni debates in, 68, 79, 90, post-annexation, 36 100. See also, Sharf-ud-din ‘Ali religious education in, 54, 55 Amrohawi, Zafar Hasan Naqvi, 39, 241 Shi‘ism in, 6, 13, 18, 41, 98, 246 Anis, Mir, 83 State of, 1, 6, 123 Anjuman ul-Irkan, 116, 179 ‘ulama of, 41, 42, 47, 109 Anjuman-i-Khuddam-i-Ka‘aba, 176, 181 Awadh Bequest, 34, 40, 133–7, 145, Anjuman-i-Mu‘in-us-Za’irin, Agra, 76 227, 247 Anjuman-i-Muhammadi, 116, 158 Azad, Abul Kalam, 199, 204 Anjuman-i-Sadr-ul-Sadoor, 45–7, 57, azadari (mourning), 92, 97, 98, 99, 60, 101, 117–9, 141, 156, 157, 245, 106, 108, 122, 125, 126, 129, 247, 249 191, 192, 215, 220, 233, 237, 238 Anjuman-i-Sadr-ul-Sadoor, Lucknow, 45 Azamgarh, 122 Anjuman-i-Tahaffuz-i-Namoos-i-Sahaba, azan, 79–80, 100, 106, 112, 246 192, 217, 218 anjumans (Shi‘a), 45, 76, 115–25, 138, 140, Bab ul-‘ilm, Nauganwan Sadat, 39 142, 144–6, 155, 176, 181, 190, 196, Bab-ul-‘ulum, Multan, 38 198, 203, 206, 209, 210, 231 Badaun, 128 post-1947, 233, 235, 236 Bahraich, 10, 128, 243 pre-1857, 115–16 Baku, Azerbaijan, 181 Aqa Hasan, Sayyid (mujtahid), 34, 45, 47, Banda Husain, Sayyid (maulvi), 154 66, 102, 106, 119–21, 123, 156–7, 161, Barabanki, 10, 15, 97, 111, 119, 197, 164, 176, 178, 181, 207, 224, 246–7 210, 243 Arabic (language), 29, 30, 33, 36, 52, 59, 60 Baragaon, Jaunpur, 10 education in, 86, 118 Bara-Wafat, 192, 194, 197, 199, 218 literature in, 60, 63, 67, 82, 85, Bareilly, 11, 33, 122, 128, 246 210, 244 Barelwi movement, 16, 21, 33, 56, 57, 68, recitation in, 85 69, 107, 219, 235 Arya Samaj, 120, 139 Barelwi, Ahmad Raza Khan, 16, 56 Asaﬁ Masjid, Lucknow, 2, 44, 79, 80, 130, Barha, sayyids of, 11, 68, 110, 122, 124, 157, 181, 246 158, 160 Asaf-ud-daula ‘bayan’, 191 (Nawab), 131 Behra Sadat, Muzaffarnagar, 11, 68 imambara, 2, 35, 44, 126, 194–5, 246 Benares, 38, 39, 122, 175, 248 Asghar Husain (Tanzim ul-Mominin), 213 Bengal, 2, 5, 65, 117, 122, 143 ‘Ashra, 92, 103, 193 Bhagalpur, Bihar, 39 ashraf (Muslim nobility), 6–7, 12–5, 18, 30, Bharatiya Jan Sangh (BJS), 233 43, 58, 61, 62, 66, 68, 72, 77, 89, 114, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). See Bharatiya 125, 126, 157, 162, 172, 206, 225, 226, Jan Sangh 229, 236 Bhatwamau, ta‘luqdar of, 166 ‘Ashura, 15, 92, 95, 97, 100–2, 104, 110 bid‘a (innovation), 79 ‘associational Shi‘ism’, 116, 121, 123, 124, Bihar, 65, 118 138, 142, 144, 145 Bilgram, 141 ‘associational Shi‘ism’, 125, 227 sayyids of, 11, 196 ‘Atabat-i-‘Aliyat (in Iraq), 17–8, 20, 40, 54, town, 97 72, 134–6, 181. See also, Najaf, Bilgrami, Sayyid Husain (‘‘Imad ul-Mulk’), Karbala 154, 156 Awadh Birjis Qadar Mirza, 166 annexation of, 2–3, 17, 166 Bombay, 5, 65, 108, 118, 156, 181, 182

Index 269

Britain (Muslims in), 44, 174 Delhi, 98, 212 Bulandshehr, 69, 176, 240, 250 Deoband Bulbula, Mirza Muhammad Rahim (of and other Sunni schools, 57, 218–9 Baku), 180–2 and Shi‘ism, 55, 57, 165 and the Khilafat Movement, 173 Calcutta, 43, 161, 167, 168, 174, 248 madrasa at, 16, 33, 37, 55, 107, 156 Caliphate ‘ulama of, 21, 45, 55, 56, 62, 68, 69, ecumenical interpretations of, 174 154, 187–8, 189, 194, 220, institution of, 53, 68, 212 239, 240 Ottoman, 149, 150, 172, 175, 176 Deorhi Agha Mir, Lucknow, 191, 206 in Shi‘a-Sunni polemic, 67, 178 Dewa Sharif, Barabanki, 15 call to prayer. See azan ‘Dhakko’ Shi‘ism, 237 Cantwell Smith, William, 152 duldul, 98, 100 caste, 65, 66, 117, 124, 139, 140 Census of India, 7, 13, 128 East India Company, 1, 125, 133 Central Muhammadan Association, 133 ecumenism in Islam (taqrib), 24–6, 141, charity, 31, 61, 95, 117, 119, 120–1, 136, 148, 152, 153, 164, 173, 174, 138, 142, 144, 225 183, 212 Chauk, Lucknow, 35, 99, 203, 206, 213 education, 117 Chiragh ‘Ali, 152, 169, 173 Chishtiya (Sufi order), 5, 109 Fatima (daughter of the Prophet), 62, 98, 108 Christians, 88, 141 fatwa, 21, 59, 79, 132, 149, 154, 165, groups in India, 142 168, 178 missionaries, 88, 120 fiqh, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 52, 54, 55, 57, 69, Shi‘a relations with, 168, 169 72, 244, 248 civil disobedience movement, 192, 194, 195, Firangi Mahal, Lucknow, 14, 37, 54, 200, 219 55, 57, 69, 95, 107, 173, 205, communalism, 23, 191, 231 207, 245 conversion (between religions), 10, 64–6, 69, Firman ‘Ali (maulvi), 59 71, 86, 89, 154, 173, 191, 192, 250 flagellation. See matam conversion (religious). See proselytization Friday prayers, 41, 80, 192, 246 cosmopolitanism (Muslim), 14, 241 funeral practice, 116 in Awadh, 14 Fyzabad, 10, 38, 87, 90, 98, 137, 197, 210 in Lucknow, 14, 15, 95, 142, 242 courtesans, 62 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 160, 178, 200, 202, 204 Dabir, Mirza Salamat ‘Ali, 83 Gaya, 100, 105 Daliganj, Lucknow, 79, 80 General Islamic Conference (1931), 150 Dar-ul-Muballighin, Lucknow, 188, 191, Ghazanfar, Sayyid ‘Ali, 119 192, 193, 203, 206, 209, 219 Ghazi ud-din Haider (Nawab), 126, 133 Dar-ul-Tarjuma, Lucknow, 60 Ghazipur, 122, 140, 174, 175 Dar-ul-Zikr, Lucknow, 46 Ghufran-i-Maab imambara, 45, 76 dargahs, Shi‘a attendance at, 109–10 Ghulam Hasnain Kintori (Maulana), 34, 56, Dariyabad, Allahabad, 10 60, 155, 244–5 dars-i-kharij, 39, 223 Ghulam ul-Saqlain, Sayyid, 119, 157 Dars-i-Nizamiya, 34, 37, 52, 54 Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 117 Dau’di Bohra, 6 Golconda, 5 Deccan Gorakhpur, imambara of, 131–2 Shi‘ism in, 4 graveyards, 80, 114 Dehlawi, Mirza Muhammad Kamil, 53 Greco-Turkish war (1897), 175 Dehlawi, Sayyid Muhammad (Maulana), 241 Gujarat, 65

270 Index

Hadi, Sayyid Muhammad, 124 imamzada, 76 hadis, 36, 37, 52–5, 57, 59, 61, 68, 69, 72, ‘Indian fund’, 34, 40, 133 82, 85, 244 Indian National Congress, 117, 155, 158, Shi‘a and Sunni differences in, 52 190, 192, 194, 196, 199, 200, 204, 220, Haider Mehdi, Sayyid (bar-at-law), 178, 233, 245 196, 202 Ministry period (1937–39), 194, 200, 204 Hali, Altaf Husain, 25 and sectarian conflict, 200–02, 233 Hamid ‘Ali Khan (bar-at-law), 119, 156 ‘Indo-Persian milieu’, 18, 20, 30 Hamid Husain, Mir (mujtahid), 42, 53–5, instructive writing. See advice literature 58, 67, 76, 225, 243–5 Iqbal, Muhammad, 25, 26, 138 Hanafi Sunni, 16, 37, 54, 56, 57 Iran, 16, 17, 143, 149 Haq Nawaz Jhangwi, 235 Constitutional Revolution (1906–11), 41, Hardinge, Charles (Viceroy), 162 48, 177 Hardoi, 11, 122, 210 links with India, 3, 18 Hasan (Imam), 63, 98, 108, 112 Perso-Russian wars (1808–13, 1826–28), Hasan al-‘Askari (Imam), 97 165 hawza, 39, 40, 228, 246 Qajar Iran, 49, 78, 134 Hawza-i-‘Ilmiya Wasiqa, Fyzabad, 38 Safavid, 34, 40, 78 Hazratganj, Lucknow, 100, 130, 206 Shi‘ism in, 76, 98, 109, 142, 224 Hindi, Sayyid Ahmad (mujtahid), 38, 135, since 1979, 223, 239 137, 247 Tobacco Concession Protests (1891–2), Hindu-Muslim conflict. See communalism 48, 149, 165 Hindustani Shi‘ism, 20, 93–4, 142, 143, ‘ulama in, 47, 48, 107, 149, 165, 179, 227 227–8 Iranianization of Shi‘ism, 223 Hunter, William Wilson (ICS), 167–9 Iraq. See also, ‘Atabat-i-‘Aliyat, Najaf, Husain (Imam), 2, 5, 14, 37, 63–4, 66, 74, karbala 82, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 94–5, 98, 100, British Mandate in, 41, 49, 137, 103, 107, 108, 112, 209, 212–13, 216 150, 166 Husainabad High School, Lucknow, 129 Indian attitudes to, 177 Husainabad Trust, 34, 35, 92, 99, 125–6, Indians resident in, 137 129–30, 133, 210 nationalism in, 150, 173, 245 Husainabad, Lucknow, 99 Ottoman rule in, 149 Hyderabad, 44, 118, 143, 169, 210, 222 religious education in, 34, 35, 39, 41, Nizam of, 89, 244 72, 245 revolt (1920), 41, 150, 166, 245 ‘ibadat (worship), 61 Shi‘ism in, 16, 17, 142, 224, 227 ijazat, 34, 38, 40, 43, 51, 209, 244–9 travel to and from, 3, 34, 40–2, 54, 126, ijtihad, 43, 154 133, 223, 244, 248 Imamate, 53, 54, 71, 174 ‘ulama in, 24, 33, 107, 111, 135, 137, imambara, 15, 42, 75, 82, 86, 112, 119, 179, 180, 223, 247 125, 126 ‘Ishaq Khan, Muhammad (Aligarh construction or refurbishment of, College), 159 75–7, 116 Isma‘ili Shi‘ism, 6, 26, 65, 71, 118 of Amroha, 76–7 Isna ‘Ashari, 6, 53, 65, 118, 181 of Lucknow, 2, 14, 75–6, 98, 99, 130, Ittehad (newspaper), 115, 139, 159, 170, 210, 247 175, 176 social functions of, 77–8 ‘izzat, 6, 64, 123 Imamiya Educational Congress, 155 Imamiya Mission, Lucknow, 208–13, 214, Ja‘far Husain, Mufti, 240 231, 247 Jam‘iat-i-‘Ulama-i-Hind, 187, 204 Imam-ul-Madaris, Amroha, 39 Jama‘at-i-Islami, 26

Index 271

Jama‘at-i-Tahaffuz-i-Millat, 188, 219 Khilafat Movement, 148, 152, 160, 172, Jami‘a Imamiya, Karachi, 39 173, 178, 179, 182, 187, 188, 190, 205, Jansath, 11. See also, Muzaffar ‘Ali khan 207, 220, 248, 262 Jauhar, Sayyid Mujahid Husain Shi‘a responses to, 180–2 (Ittehad), 139 ul-Khoe’i, ‘Abd ul–Qasim (Ayatollah), 223 Jauhari muhalla, Lucknow, 45, 75 Khojas, 65, 181–2 Jaunpur, 10, 13, 38, 59, 61, 79, 80, 87, khums (tax), 41, 123 98, 100, 137, 143, 171, 175, khwani (recitations), 14, 82, 83 178, 236 Kifayat Husain, Haﬁz (Maulana), 240–1 Jaunpuri, Sayyid ‘Ali (maulvi), 89 Kintor, Barabanki, 10, 243 Jawad Husain, Shaikh (maulvi), Kufa mosque, Lucknow, 245 39, 241 kulah cap, 114 Jhang, Punjab, 236, 237 jihad, 31, 148, 150, 165–72, 175–8, 180, Lahore, 39, 43, 160, 210 183, 184, 201 landholdings, 1, 2, 10–2, 42, 50, 77, 119, Jinnah, Muhammad ‘Ali, 133, 152, 201 126, 222 See zamindari Lashkar-i-Jhangwi, Pakistan, 235 Kakori, 69, 197, 206 Lebanon, 16, 24, 49, 150 Takiya Sharif, 15 Liaquat ‘Ali (maulvi), 169 kalam, 36, 55, 244 Lucknow Kalb-i-‘Abbas, Sayyid, 196 changing religious leadership in, 205–8 Kalb-i-Husain, Sayyid (mujtahid), 196 colonial history of, 153, 204 Kanpur, 175, 198, 248 cosmopolitanism of, 13–15, 95, 241 Kanpur mosque agitation (1913), 152, effects of Rebellion in, 2, 75 169–70, 175 geography of, 75, 80, 92, 99 Karachi, 39, 235, 236 legacies of, 241–2 Karamat Husain, Sayyid, 154, 244 public life in, 116, 118 Kararvi, Najm ul-Hasan (maulvi), religious education in, 33–5 39, 241 as a Shi‘a centre, 39, 65, 122, 138, 143, Karbala (in Iraq), 17, 40, 41, 133, 134, 137, 197–8, 228 175, 247 Shi‘asocietyin,7–8, 12, 46, 114–7, 129–30 battle of, 5, 64, 98 imagery of, 65 Machhlishehr, Jaunpur, 10, 122 Indians in, 40 Madani, Husain Ahmad (of Deoband), 142, martyrs of, 74, 91, 216 194, 201, 204, 219 narration of, 37, 81, 82, 85 ‘Madani group’ of ‘ulama, 239 Karbala paradigm, 92, 94, 166 madh-i-sahaba, 102, 103, 104, 107, 187, karbala (burial ground), 92, 95, 100, 101, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 197, 198, 102, 104, 106, 189 200, 220 Kashmir, 44, 65, 94, 190 agitation, 31, 192–5, 198–202, 218, 219, Kashmiri, Sayyid Mustafa (Maulana), 137 221, 239 Kazimain, Lucknow, 8 post-1947, 232 ‘Khalifa bila fasil’, 79, 80, 116. See also, Madras, 94, 143 azan Madrasa Hifz ul-Qur’an, Delhi, 156 Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (Deobandi), 69 Madrasa Imamiya, Benares, 38 al-Khalisi Shaikh Mehdi (Ayatollah), 150 Madrasa Imaniya, Lucknow, 34, 154 Khandan-i-Ijtihad (family of ‘ulama), Madrasa Nasiriya, Jaunpur, 38 41, 44, 135, 154, 166, 208, 216, Madrasa Nazimiya, Lucknow, 35, 38, 39, 246–8 55, 59, 89, 247–9 ‘khariji’s, 71, 192, 218 Madrasa Suleimaniya, Patna, 38 khatib/ khutbah. See sermonizing Madrasa-i-‘Aliya, Rampur, 39, 56, 250

272 Index

Madrasa-i-Shahi, Lucknow, 33, 37, 248 Metiaburj, Bengal, 2, 42, 43, 46, 122, madrasas (Shi‘a), 4, 32–41, 44, 46, 47, 58, 168, 248 65, 72, 73, 75, 81, 86, 107, 110, 118, minhaj, 54, 225 121, 125, 139, 155, 224, 226, 228, 229, miracles, 63, 108, 110 240, 242 Mirza Muhammad ‘Ali (Maulana), 108 curricula of, 37, 55, 72 ‘Modernist’ Islam, 16, 17, 24–7, 148, 152, in Pakistan, 237, 238 153, 183, 184, 226, 229 post-1947, 222, 223 Moradabad, 11, 12, 59, 107, 128, 158, 236 Madrasa’t ul-Wa‘izin, Lucknow, 39–40, mosques, 2, 42, 75, 76, 78–80, 106, 112, 65–6, 188, 191, 249 116, 119, 125, 126, 130 Mahmudabad Moussawi Hindi, Sayyid Ahmad, 243 Rajas of, 10, 166, 222, 244 Muftiganj, Lucknow, 124 Raja Muhammad ‘Ali Muhammad of, 39, muhajir community, Pakistan, 237, 240, 241 119, 152, 154, 155, 163, 182, Muhammad ‘Ali Shah (Nawab), 125 183, 244 Muhammad Akram Khan, 26 Raja Muhammad Amir Ahmad Khan of, Muhammad ‘Ali Jauhar, 173, 181 See 26, 88, 145 Shaukat ‘Ali Jauhar town of, 95, 109 Muhammad Baqir Rizvi, Sayyid (mujtahid), majlis, 5, 77, 81–8, 91, 92, 95, 98–101, 112, 34, 35, 47, 79, 106, 178, 207, 114, 126, 190, 213, 216, 222, 231, 245, 224, 248 249, 250 Muhammad Ibrahim, Sayyid (mujtahid), 44, Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir (Ayatollah), 60, 61 47, 79, 106, 155, 246 Majlis-i-Ahrar movement (Ahrars), 189–92, Muhammad Naseer, Sayyid (mujtahid), 44, 194, 197, 200–2, 204, 206, 213, 196, 208, 214–6, 220, 223, 240, 245–6 217–9, 239 Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Malihabad, 197, 206 Aligarh, 16, 26, 56, 151–65, 244. See Maqbool Ahmad Dehlawi (Haji), 59, 61, also, Aligarh 86–7, 89, 90, 101, 107, 109, 250 Muhammadan Educational Conference, marja‘, 43, 223, 227, 247 153, 155–8, 161 marja‘ ul-taqlid, 43–4, 223, 245 Muharram, 14, 73, 74, 75, 76, 91–105, 112, marketplace religion, 73, 74, 106, 228 126, 159, 170 marriage in Lucknow, 2, 92, 95, 97–9, 122, 190–1 Shi‘a-Sunni, 14 observance of, 107–10, 222, 231 marriage (Muslim), 7, 61, 93, 234 participation in, 5, 14, 15, 112, 114, 237 Shi‘a marriage (mut‘a), 68, 69 riots, 14, 21, 22, 193, 233, 236 marsiya, 5, 14, 63, 82, 83, 85, 93, 95, 110 Sunni observance, 94–5, 191, 218 martyr. See Karbala; martyrs of mujtahid Mashhad, Iran, 173, 177 identiﬁcation of, 42–3, 83, 137, 165, 171 maslak, 21, 23, 56–8, 140, 219, 226, 230 in Iraq, 33, 111, 133–5 matam (ﬂagellation), 92, 98, 107, 108 of Lucknow, 3, 7, 41–51, 72, 80, 81, 87, Mawdudi, Abul Ala, 26 88, 106, 110–1, 136, 143, 155, 181, Mazar-i-Shahid-i-Salis, Agra, 76, 110 224, 227, 229, 243–50 Meerut, 11, 59, 158, 178, 192, 244 in modern South Asia, 223, 247 Madrasa Mansabiya, 34, 130 political roles of, 91, 178–80, 182, 217 Mehdi (Twelfth Imam), 155, 165, 168, 178 social roles of, 119, 156 Mehdi ‘Ali Khan (Mohsin ul-Mulk), 69, mujtahid-ul-‘asr-ul-zaman, 40 154–6 Multan, 38 Mehdi Hasan Khan (nawab), 35 munazara, 21, 24, 31, 55, 57, 66–71, 81, mehendi procession, 93–4, 98 88, 112, 188, 190, 205, 210, 213, 214, Meston, James (Lieutenant Governor of UP), 219, 227 162, 176, 251 functional role of, 70–1, 91, 214, 230

Index 273

overlap with socio-political debate, 158, descendants of, 35, 46, 50, 116, 119, 126, 177, 178, 184 129, 129, 196, 215 polemical writing, 52–4, 209 Nawal Kishore, Lucknow, 59, 85 spoken debate, 91 Nechri (materialist), 56, 155, 156 Sunni confutations of Shi‘ism, 69–70 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 202, 204 within majlis, 87 ‘neighbourhood leaderships’, 75, 80, 81, muqallid, 35, 43, 46, 47, 223, 245, 246, 248, 99, 111 249 See taqlid ‘new religious intellectuals’ 19 Musaddas-i-mad-va-jazr-i-Isla¯m. See Hali, Newmarch, Major (British resident in Altaf Husain Baghdad, 134–5, 137 Mushtaq Husain Naqvi, 241 Nishapur, Iran, 1, 243 music, 82, 160 Nishapuri, Mirza Muhammad Akhbari, 53 Muslim nationalism (in India), 153, non-cooperation movement, 179, 180, 187 178, 183 Nor ul-Madaris, Amroha, 39 Muslim separatism, 148, 151, 153, North Western Provinces, 107, 241 184, 185 Nor-ullah Shastri, Qazi, 76 Mutalabat Committee, Pakistan, 241 Numani, Shibli, 56 Muzaffar ‘Ali Khan of Jansath, 130, 160, 170, 175 objectiﬁcation (of religions), 32, 225 Muzaffarnagar, 11, 130, 198 oratory. See sermonizing Orientalism, 13, 18 Nadwa’t ul-‘Ulama, Lucknow, 16, 33, orphanages, 3, 123, 142, 182 See Shi‘a 55–7, 107, 139, 159, 165, 206, Orphanage, Lucknow 207, 240 Ottoman Nagina, Bijnor, 68, 128, 158 rule, 126, 142, 149, 173–6 Najaf. See also, ‘Atabat-i-‘Aliyat rule in Iraq, 17, 41, 134, 149, 175 as a scholarly centre, 17, 33, 34, 39, 41, rule in the Hedjaz, 176 43, 54, 208, 223, 246, 247 Sultan, 135, 172, 173, 175 shrine of ‘Ali at, 180–2 travel to and from, 3, 133, 247 Pakistan, 126, 222 treasures of, 175 Islamization of, 238, 239 ‘ulama of, 35, 40, 47, 133, 149, 179, 223, sectarianism in, 23, 105, 157, 190, 207, 245, 246 232, 235–41 Najm ul-Hasan, Sayyid (mujtahid), 34, 35, pan-Arabism, 150 39, 45, 47, 119, 161, 176, 179, 207, pan-Islam, 31, 135, 142, 148, 151, 153, 162, 224, 241, 248, 249 172–84, 207, 227 Nakhhas, Lucknow, 203 panjetani, 98, 102 Nasir Husain, Sayyid (mujtahid), 20, passion plays, 98 34, 43, 44, 45, 47, 54, 76, 109, Patanala, Lucknow, 203 119, 154, 161, 178, 179, 181, Patna, 38, 143, 213, 248 196, 207, 208, 224, 245, Persian (language), 29, 30, 36, 59, 248, 249 60, 118 Nasirabad, Rae Bareili, 10, 246 literature in, 51, 52, 60, 63, 67, Nasirabadi, Dildar ‘Ali (mujtahid), 41, 52, 82, 244 53, 60, 109, 245, 246 recitations in, 82, 85–6 Nasirabadi, Sayyid ‘Ali Muhammad, 155 Peshawar, 39, 65, 210 Nasirabadi, Sayyid Muhammad peshnamaz (prayer leader), 44–7, 73, 79, (mujtahid), 41 155, 157, 181, 245, 246 Nauganwan Sadat, Moradabad, 39 Phulkatora, Lucknow, 102 Nawabs of Awadh, 1, 14, 33, 51, 172, 229, Piggott Committee Report (1909), 105, 244, 246 189, 193

274 Index

pilgrimage, 17, 20, 29, 34, 41, 76, 126, Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), 174 133, 136 Rustamnagar, Lucknow, 76 Pirpur, Rajas of, 119 plague restrictions, 40 Sa‘adat ‘Ali Khan (Nawab), 33 polemic. See munazara Safdar Husain Jalali (maulvi), 39 printing and publishing (Shi‘a), 3, 19, 30, 46, Saharanpur, 11, 107, 155 58–65, 116, 118, 142, 194, 205, Sakina (daughter of Imam Husain), 82, 93, 97 209–10, 229 Samar Husain, 39 Prophet Muhammad, 5, 6, 7, 27, 52, 62, 67, satyagraha (non-violent protest), 200. See 68, 70, 82, 87, 89, 93, 94, 98, 108, 124, also, civil disobedience 155, 172, 178, 192, 194, 212, 218 Saudi Arabia, 239 proselytization, 32, 58–66, 71, 231. See also, sayyid, 7, 32, 37, 47, 140, 145 See ashraf conversion ancestry in Shi‘ism, 10, 14, 32, 51, 66, public sphere, 29 93–4, 105 of north India, 28–30, 45, 69, 71, 73, 87, and charity, 116, 120, 124 106, 111, 116, 144, 147 Muharram practice of, 82, 97, 110 of north India, post-1947, 233 polemic against, 70, 158 of Lucknow, 19, 51, 81 Sayyid Aqa (maulvi), 79 Punjab, 5, 65, 118, 122, 143, 189, 190, 197, Sayyid Karamat Husain, 154, 244 198, 235, 236 sectarianism, 4, 20–9, 52, 86–91, 206–7, shrines in, 126 229–31 in the 1940s, 199 Qa’imat-ud-din, Muhammad ‘Ali (mufti), 46 and inner-Shi‘a contestation, 105–13, 183, Qaiserbagh, Lucknow, 206 215–20, 231–2, 234–5, 237–8 qasbas, 125, 145 and inner-Sunni contestation, 57, 217–19 Muslim society in, 15–16, 125 and Muharram conﬂict, 100–5, 232–3 Shi‘a society in, 12, 15–16, 95, 145 as organizational separation, 141, 144 qaum (Shi‘a), 138–44, 145, 153, 177, in Pakistan. See Pakistan, 185, 227 sectarianism in Qizilbash, Fateh ‘Ali Khan, 160, 163, 182 in politics, 147, 183–5, 197, 234, 236 Qom, Iran, 17, 223, 227 and public disputes, 131, 158, 159, Quli Khan, Sayyid Muhammad (mujtahid), 165, 178 53, 244 as religious debate, 71, 72, 86–91, 188 sectarian violence, 79, 186, 193 Rae Bareili, 10, 198, 206, 210, 218, 246 as social conﬂict, 199–204, 220–1 Rampur sermonizing, 14, 65, 73, 81–6, 91, 106, 113, Nawabs of, 39, 222, 249 213, 238, 249, 250 Nawab Hamid ‘Ali Khan of, 119, 154, Servants of India, 117 161, 163, 250 Shah Mina dargah, Lucknow, 109, 205 town, 56, 87, 173, 197, 249 Shah Najaf, 126 rational disciplines (ma‘qulat), 37, 52, 54, 245 imambara, 126 Raza ‘Ali, Sayyid, 154, 178, 180, 183 Trust, 210 Rebellion (1857) Shah¯d-i-insaı ¯n¯yatı , 64, 212, 216 aftermath of, 1–3, 19, 77, 248 ‘Shaikhi’ practice, 108, 109, 238 Muslim role in, 24, 169, 172 Sharar, ‘Abd ul-Halim, 14, 82, 108, 114, received disciplines (manqulat), 37, 52, 245 115, 124 Religious Endowments Act (1863), 78, 127 Sharf-ud-din ‘Ali, Shah Wilayat (of Rifah-i-‘Am, Lucknow, 118 Amroha), 11, 15, 110 Rohilkhand, 6, 10, 47, 94, 119, 158 Sharif Husain of Mecca, 176 Rohilla, 12 Shaukat ‘Ali Jauhar, 173, 207 Rumi Darwaza, Lucknow, 35 Shi‘a Boarding House, Lucknow, 121, 141

Index 275

Shi‘a College, Lucknow, 160–5, 180, Sultanpur, 166 247, 249 swaraj, 178 Shi‘a Muslims as a community, 51, 72, 115, 121, 128, tabarra 131, 132, 138–44, 152 agitation, 4, 31, 186, 187, 194–202, 208, disputes among, 112, 228 213–7, 220, 221, 245 noble roots of, 7, 12–13 recitation, 69, 87, 101, 103, 104, 106, 189, as a religious minority, 2, 13, 27, 150, 193, 220, 232, 233, 237, 247, 250 151, 152, 164, 184, 226 al-Tabataba‘i ties to Awadh, 16–17, 118 Aqa Kazim (Ayatollah), 35 Shi‘a Orphanage, Lucknow, 120–1, 124, clerical family, 248 129, 141, 142 Muhsin ul-Hakim (Ayatollah), Shi‘a Political Conference, 196, 200 223, 245 ‘Shi‘i International’ 17, 20, 41, 223 tabligh (Shi‘a), 58, 65, 72, 188, 250. See Shi‘ism also, proselytization after 1947, 222 Tablighi Jama‘at, 16, 65 as an ‘establishment religion’, 19, 41, 74, tabut, 98 75, 99, 172, 226, 229, 231 tafsir, 36, 54, 250 as an Indian religion, 94, 142, 145 takﬁr, 21 as Indo-Persian religion, 12, 29, Talkatora karbala, Lucknow, 100–2, 104, 59, 227 117, 247 in Indian subcontinent, 5, 227–8 Tanzim ul-Mominin, 214, 217, 220, 231 as a Muslim ‘subculture’, 13 taqiya, 68, 69, 89 and political quietism, 171, taqlid, 60, 154, 165, 171, 177, 223 172, 177 ta‘ziya, 100, 116 as a religious system, 54, 58, 72, of Akbar ‘Ali Khan (‘chup ta‘ziya’), 97–8 225, 226 innovations to, 98–102, 107, 237 transformation in, 16, 18–20, 74, 81, 106, making of, 95 125, 147, 224, 226–7 presence of the Imams within, 108 al-Shirazi, Mirza Hasan (Ayatollah), processions, 77, 93, 95, 102–5, 112, 48, 149 189–93, 203, 222, 233, 234 al-Shirazi, Muhammad Taqi (Ayatollah), Sunni, 218 150, 180 ta‘ziyadari, 108, 191, 213, 233 shuddhi movement, 65, 187, 191 conduct of, 92 Sibtainabad Trust, 130 as an Indian practice, 94, 227 Sibte Hasan, Sayyid (maulvi), 83–5, 90, 160, Sunni, 192, 218 207, 249 Tehrik-i-Nifaz-i-Fiqh-i-Ja‘fariya (TNFJ), Sindh, 5, 237 Pakistan, 235, 240 Sipah-i-Sahaba, Pakistan, 235, 240 Tehsin ‘Ali Khan Masjid, Lucknow, 44, Sistani, ‘Ali (Ayatollah), 223 130, 246 Sitapur, 10, 69, 218 Tehz¯b-ul-Akhlaı ¯q(newspaper), 69, 155, 244 Siwan, Bihar, 43 Tila Masjid, Lucknow, 192, 194 social work. See charity tir, 97 Suﬁsm, 5, 15, 64, 95, 108, 109, 205, translation, 59, 60, 63, 244, 250 218, 219 Tripoli, Libya, 176 Shi‘a critiques of, 109 trustee (mutawalli), 35,78,80,81,123,128–32, Shi‘a participation in, 110 132, 136, 138, 154, 159, 210 Sugar Company, Lucknow, 121 Tu¯hfa-i-Isna¯-‘Ashar¯yaı . See ‘Abd ul-‘Aziz, Sultan Ahmad (Tanzim ul-Mominin), 213 Shah Sultan ul-Madaris, Lucknow, 35, 38, 55, Turkish cap, 114 248, 249 Tyabji, Badr-ud-din, 152, 156, 173

276 Index

‘ulama (Shi‘a), 41, 52, 73 vernacularization, 31, 58, 86 conﬂict with Sunni ‘ulama, 53–8 as a corporate group, 38 Wahhabi and ecumenism, 24, 150 as a sect, 23, 26, 56, 188, 219 and education, 33, 35, 39, 86, 154, 157, ‘Shi‘a Wahhabis’, 237 160, 164 ‘Wahhabi conspiracy’, 167 disagreements among, 34, 46, 106, wa‘iz See sermonizing 108, 109, 110, 168, 181, 215, 216, 230, Wajid ‘Ali Shah (Nawab), 2, 46, 119, 166, 237, 238 168, 196, 248 generational change, 207, 226 waqf, 8, 125–38, 210. See also, Husainabad in politics, 153, 156, 172 Trust; Shah Najaf Trust post-1857, 3, 34 creation of new, 78, 80, 97 post-1947, 234, 240, 241 of Lucknow, 224 pre-1857, 2, 33, 123 as public properties, 78 in public life, 119, 138, 224, 225 supervision of, 119, 144, 226 qualiﬁcations of, 38, 40, 41 waqf-ala‘l-aulad (family trusts), 78 and reform, 19, 105, 227, 228 Waqf Board (1936), 133 role in Rebellion, 166, 167 Waqf Mumtaz ul-‘Ulama, 130 scholarship of, 59, 60 Waqf-i-Madrasa-i-Ahmadiya, 39 and sectarianism, 231 Waqfs Validation Act (1913), 133 and secular elites, 117 wasiqadar, 7, 86, 116, 119, 156–8 social role of, 61, 117, 120, 123, 212 Wasit, Iraq, 11 in tabarra agitation, 196, 198, 199, 215 waza’if. See charity United Provinces, 6, 10, 13, 23, 57, 162, Wazir Hasan, Sayyid (bar-at-law), 130, 152, 184, 194, 236, 239, 240 163, 183, 196, 200, 201 Urdu Wazirganj, Lucknow, 59 address in, 125 widows, 121, 124 biography, 51 women (Shi‘a), 62, 77, 93, 157, 176, 197 as an Indian language, 3, 15, 61, 69, 71, 91, 118 Yahiyaganj, Lucknow, 203, 206 oratory in, 83, 85, 88, 91 Yusuf Husain Khan, 119 poetry, 83, 160 public sphere, 29–31, 138, 139, 140, 141, Zafar ul-Mulk, 190–2, 206 153, 155, 158, 177 Zainab, 62, 79 Shi‘a literature in, 58–62, 210, 225, 227 zakir See sermonizing ‘urs (saints’ days), 109 zamindari (landholdings), 86, 97, 105, Usuli Shi‘ism, 34, 43, 71, 108–10, 165, 131, 222 171, 246 Zia ul-Haq (General), 235