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Conceptions of Political Representation in 19Th and 20Th Century India

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Representation in the Shadow of Colonialism: Conceptions of Political Representation in 19th and 20th Century India by Jaby Mathew A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Jaby Mathew (2017) Representation in the Shadow of Colonialism: Conceptions of Political Representation in 19th and 20th Century India Jaby Mathew Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto 2017 Abstract The starting point of this dissertation is the persistent political underrepresentation of Muslims in Indian legislatures since independence, and how this impugns Indian democracy’s claim to be egalitarian and inclusive. The study argues that specific institutional arrangements for enhancing democratic representation of marginalized groups must be understood in their historical context. Therefore, this dissertation examines the debates over political representation in colonial India, and the terms of settlement in the Constituent Assembly of India, where group representation rights were acknowledged for certain groups but not for religious minorities. Mapping these debates, this work illustrates how the political sociology underlying constituency definition shifted over time and generated the contemporary structure of political exclusion for Muslims. Further, the specific history of political representation in India reveals its use for both non-democratic (representation for ruling or governance) and democratic (representation for self-rule or self-governance) purposes. This dissertation argues that Indian thinkers’ ideas of political representation bear a dual relationship to colonial thinking about representation as a tool for control and governance – a duality that engendered possibilities for an alternative version of liberalism in India. However, rather than fully institutionalize available alternatives to standard liberal ideas of political representation, the Constituent Assembly replicated colonial strategies and mechanisms. Through the historical ii reconstruction of arguments for group representation, I offer a normative defense for remedial measures to the problem of underrepresentation of Muslims in India and to move away from the shadow of colonialism on matters of political representation. iii Acknowledgments I was fortunate to have a committee of distinguished scholars for this dissertation. To Melissa Williams, who supervised this dissertation, I owe the greatest debt. She was an inspiration even before I met her. It is her remarkable work on political representation that led me to apply to graduate school at the University of Toronto. Her willingness to step out of her comfort zone in directing dissertations studying “non-Western” traditions attests to her investment in the goal of “de-parochializing” political theory. Melissa guided this dissertation from an inchoate state to its current form with extraordinary patience. She listened to my muddled thoughts and read multiple drafts including rough ones with seriousness and sincerity. In countless conversations on this work and through long written feedback, in her gentle inimitable style, Melissa asked tough questions that encouraged me to push my limits. In times of despair and self-doubt she believed in me and saw potential in things where I saw none. Thank you is not enough, Melissa! Ritu Birla played a huge role in getting this dissertation into its present shape. The imprint of courses I took with her, the thought-provoking feedback she provided and the stimulating discussions we had are reflected in this dissertation. She constantly reminded me of the significance of thinking about questions concerning South Asia as global ones requiring meticulously contextualized research. In addition, through her personal example she has taught me the importance of being organized for good scholarship. Simone Chambers’ openness to differences and contrarian positions is reflected in the kinds of dissertations she supervised or advised during her time at the University of Toronto. I am a beneficiary of this liberality. Simone is always sharp, clear and direct, and expects this clarity of thought from her students; my dissertation improved because of this expectation. A special thanks to Joseph Carens and Jane Mansbridge for agreeing to be examiners of this dissertation. The rigor, care and sympathy with which they read and engaged with my work shows great intellectual generosity and has set an example for me that is worthy of emulation. To Rajeev Bhargava my debt is beyond measure. His trust in my abilities is a source of constant inspiration. The seeds of this dissertation lie in an article written by him on the issue of political underrepresentation of Muslims in contemporary India, for which I provided research assistance. His classes at the University of Delhi are etched in my memory. Those and our conversations when I worked as his Research Assistant have deeply influenced my wider thinking. iv I think this is an appropriate space for me to thank Nivedita Menon, P.K. Datta, Manoranjan Mohanty and Ashok Acharya – my teachers at the University of Delhi – who in their own ways inspired me to think aloud. I am sure S. Padmavati, my teacher at Ramjas College, would have been proud to see this dissertation. Although I never took any classes with him I consider Hemanta Lashkar among my teachers. Kiran Banerjee, Frank Cody, Vipul Dutta, Ben Hertzberg, Xunming Huang, Daniel Lee, Inder Marwah, Ella Street and Igor Shoikhedbrod, each read and commented on parts of what made this dissertation. I am grateful for their time and feedback. Special thanks to Frank for the always being ready to hear me out about my work and help me think through my ideas. Erica Frederiksen read the entire dissertation and aided me in editing it. Ujjwal Singh and Saroj Giri helped me with some of my early ideas for an abandoned version of this dissertation. Rinku Lamba was always an enthusiastic listener of what I had to say and I benefitted immensely from our discussions on South Asian political thought. Ritika Shrimali is one of the first friends I made in Toronto and she put me in touch with a wider network. Thanks for all those calls of mutual reassurance. I will always fondly remember the Diwalis and Holis at her and Mey’s place. Prasad Khanolkar and Meghana Rao were my partners in crime from our course-work days. Often they were the first ones to know what I was about to write in my dissertation. Özlem Aslan is special and a valiant comrade-in-arms in both dissertation-writing and wider life-related issues. I missed my fellow “intro” gang- member, Begüm Uzun, during these last years of writing. Jacob Nerenberg is always a call away and will be a friend forever. I think he is one of my greatest supporters. With Aaron Kappeler, I agreed and disagreed on politics and philosophy. Akshaya Tankha had to constantly hear how I am revising my chapters. Supriya Nayak’s empathy towards my bodily pains during the final stretch of writing holds deep value to me. Andrea Cassatella and Julian Culp were always ready for a discussion over work and life. Ria Gyawali was a great support during troubled times. My heartfelt thanks to Hülya Arık, Ümit Aydoğmuş, Janne Dingemans, Bikrum Gill, Ravinder Kaur, Timo Makori, Deepa Rajkumar, Melanie Richter-Montpetit, Vivian Solana, Tania Tabar, Nishant Upadhyay, Rosa van den Beemt, Saafi Warsame and Aslı Zengin for the warmth of their friendship and all the parties we had. v Thanks are due to colleagues and friends in the Department and elsewhere with whom I either shared my ideas or just my graduate school anxieties: Noaman Ali, Lilian Abou-Tabickh, Rob Ballingall, Banafsheh Beizaei, Sude Beltan, Dragana Bodružić, Yi-Chun Chien, Prasanta Dhar, Alena Drieschova, Marie Gagne, Teddy Harrison, Kate Korycki, Simon Lambek, Melissa Levin, Luke Melchiorre, Alex Pelletier, Lincoln Rathnam, Abe Singer, Mauricio Suchowansky and Dorina Verli. During my graduate studies, I also had the occasion to work for the Graduate Students’ Union and the union representing Teaching Assistants. In the process, I met some wonderful people and made lifelong friends: Joshua Akers, Zach Anderson, Amy Buitenhuis, Rastko Cevkic, Jason Dumelie, Brad Evoy, Aman Gebru, Caitlin Henry, Ashleigh Ingle, Katie Mazer, James Nugent, Sara Suliman, Mai Taha, Akshita Vincent, Patrick Vitale and Susanne Waldorf. Thanks to Carolynn Branton and Louis Tentsos for their efficient running of the graduate studies office at the Department of Political Science. My friends in India showered their love and care each time I visited them. Subhadeepta Ray made it a point to call me regularly and gave me hope about the “days to come.” Conversations with him, both scholarly and personal, are always a pleasure. Digvijoy Phukan teaches me something new each time I speak with him. Ravi Shankar Ravi and Gowhar Fazili will be friends forever. Tara Basumatary, Naveen Chander, Bonojit Hussain, Madhuresh Kumar, Lokesh and Yengkhom Jilangamba are companions of many struggles. Nijwm Bwiswmuthiary and Jeetumoni Basumatary always had space for me at their house when I visited Delhi. Their friendship is very dear to me. Ambuja Tripathy always believed in me. Thanks to Joanna Mahajabeen and Kamal Nayan Choubey for being in touch even after so many years. Darwin George and Ravinder Singh – I deeply appreciate your asking when I am going to finish. To Sibnath Brahma I literally owe a debt. The Joshuakuttys are my family in Toronto. My Ammachi (Rachel Joshuakutty) was ever present for me to share my little joys and big anxieties over the course of this study. Through her frequent phone calls, she made sure that I am taking care of myself in this lonely process and that I am keeping myself abreast of events in Canada and the United States. Appachan vi (Geevarghese Joshuakutty) is an exemplar of integrity. Even though we disagree on many things I always look forward to talking to him. Nevil, Deepthy, Jeff, Sheba, Julie and Ruby made me feel at home so far away from home.
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