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The Economics of Coal As a Locomotive Fuel on US Class I Railroads
The Economics of Coal as a Locomotive Fuel on US Class I Railroads By John Rhodes Overview • Coal‐Burning Steam Locomotive: 73% Fuel Savings US Class I RR’s • $8.9 Billion 2007 Class I Diesel Fuel Bill • $2.5 Billion Coal Bill Instead • $6.4 Billion Cost Saving • 2007 Operating Ratio Could Have Been 67% Instead Of 78% Presentation Outline • Mechanical Engineers of Modern Steam • The Modern Steam Locomotive • Important Technologies Of Modern Steam • American Class I Railroad: Needs • Maintenance: Modern Steam and Diesel • Comparisons: Modern Steam and Diesel • Infrastructure and Servicing: Modern Steam • Next Steps • Other Locomotive Alternatives The Mechanical Engineers of Modern Steam Pioneers (Deceased): • Andre Chapelon • Livio Dante Porta Current: • David Wardale • Phil Girdlestone • Shaun McMahon • Roger Waller • Nigel Day Andre Chapelon • French Mechanical Engineer 1892‐1978 • SNCF, Steam Locomotive Design Division • Grandfather Of Modern Steam • Applied Thermodynamics And Fluid Dynamics To The Steam Locomotive • Chapelon’s Former Boss, George Chan, From The SNCF Described Him As “The Man Who Gave New Life To The Steam Locomotive” Andre Chapelon cont. • 1946 Design And Construction Of The 3- Cylinder Compound: SNCF 242A.1 – Rebuilt From A 3-Cylinder Simple Locomotive – Raised IHP From 2,800 To 5,500; 96% Increase – Twice The Thermal Efficiency Of American Steam Livio Dante Porta • Argentinean Mechanical Engineer 1922‐2003 • Father Of Modern Steam • Developed 3 Most Important Parts Of Modern Steam: • Clean High Efficiency Combustion • High Efficiency Exhaust • Heavy‐Duty Boiler Water Treatment Livio Dante Porta Cont. • 1949 Built “Argentina” From A 4-6-2 – 2,100 DBHP – High Power-to-Weight Ratio: 65 lb. -
Xxist Century Steam
European Federation of Museum & Tourist Railways Fédération Européenne des Chemins de Fer Touristiques et Historiques Europäische Föderation der Museums- und Touristikbahnen Lectures on Steam Locomotive Operation in the 21st Century A Joint Conference with Associació/Col.legi d’Enginyers Industrial de Catalunya/College of Engineers Barcelona, Spain May 28 – June 2, 1998 Conference Proceedings FEDECRAIL and Authors, 1998 Please note: Some of these papers contain matters subject to intellectual property and patent rights. All rights reserved. ii Barcelona, Spain 1998 Published by: FEDECRAIL – European Federation of Museum and Tourist Railways De Akker 7481 GA Haaksbergen Netherlands http://www.fedecrail.org [email protected] Text © individual Authors as identified 1998 This format © FEDECRAIL – European Federation of Museum and Tourist Railways 1998 This document was produced on behalf of the European Federation of Museum and Tourist Railways by Kjell Palen, Editor Heimo Echensperger, Layout ii FEDECRAIL and Author, 1998 Barcelona, Spain iii 1998 Lectures on Steam Locomotive Operation in the 21st Century Barcelona, Spain, May 28 – June 2, 1998 Livio D. Porta 1 - XXIst Century Steam..................................................................................... 1-1 José Olmo Pérez 2 - Tracción a vapor moderna y sostenible – el escenario cubano ..................... 2-1 Roger Waller 3 - Modern Steam in Revenue Service................................................................ 3-1 Reinhard W. Serchinger 4 - Modern Steam Traction and the Protection of the Environment................... 4-1 Livio D. Porta 5 - Fundamental Principles of Steam Locomotive Modernization and Their Application to Museum And Tourist Railway Locomotives............................ 5-1 Roger Waller 6 - Steam Locomotive Components for Museum and Tourist Railways.............. 6-1 Jürgen Quellmalz 7 - 301’2 Light General Purpose Locomotive Type............................................. -
Steam V Diesel
Steam v Diesel A comparison of modern steam and diesel in the Class I railroad environment John Rhodes The steam versus diesel argument was seemingly settled about 50 years ago on US Class I railroads. But has anything changed on the steam side that would alter the outcome, even with the advancements in diesel technology over the same time period? This is the question that will be weighed here. The comparative cost of coal and diesel fuel shows that a coal-fueled locomotive would have lower fuel costs than a diesel-fueled locomotive. In 2008, the last full year information was available, Powder River Basin (PRB) coal was 15 times cheaper than diesel fuel on a unit of energy basis (one dollar of PRB coal provides 816,327 BTUs and one dollar of diesel provides 49,322 to 53,729 BTUs). The PRB coal cost is average spot market price, from the US Department of Energy with an average rail transportation cost added. The diesel fuel cost is the Class I railroad’s cost of fuel in 2008, as reported by the US Surface Transportation Board. In light of this fact, the steam versus diesel argument shouldn’t be over. In the last 30 years of US steam (1930-1960), the typical steam locomotive had a thermal efficiency of about 6%, meaning that for every 100 BTUs of coal burned, six BTUs of horsepower were produced. A modern AC traction diesel is almost 36% thermally efficient at the drawbar, by comparison. However, starting in 1932, the Paris-Orleans (P-O) Railway of France, under the direction of André Chapelon, rebuilt locomotives of more than 12% thermal efficiency or double the efficiency of US steam. -
Extracts from the 'Journal'
Extracts from the ‘Journal’ Collection No. 1 October 2012 The Premier Railway Society - Founded 1909 www.stephensonloco.org.uk Contents Northumbrian Idyll - Text & Photographs: Ian Johnson. Steam v Diesel - A comparison of modern steam and diesel in the Class I railroad environment John Rhodes Recollections of a Railway Enthusiast - Thomas L. Vardy Chicago Railroading in a Dark Era at the end of a Golden Age - Text & Photographs – David Pawson. Cover photo caption and publication details Cover photograph - South African Railways Class 26 3450, named LD Porta is nicknamed ‘The Red Devil’. Photo by Martyn Bane. For context see Steam v Diesel A comparison of modern steam and diesel in the Class I railroad environment by John Rhodes Publication data First draft for EPUB format Version number 1.1 11th October 2012. Northumbrian Idyll Text & Photographs: Ian Johnson The recent difficulties in financing a full restoration to working order of Class J21 0-6-0 65033 reminded me of its last working days in 1961 at South Blyth shed. Originally designated Class C by the North Eastern Railway (NER), a total of 201 of these 0-6-0s were built to the design of T. W. (Tommy) Worsdell. Because of his interest in compounding, a total of 171 locomotives were built as 2-cylinder compounds on the Worsdell/ von-Borries principle. Later under his brother Wilson Worsdell, all the compounds were rebuilt as simples. 65033 was one of the original compounds built at Gateshead in 1889 as 876 with Joy’s valve gear. It was later rebuilt in 1908 as a simple with 19in piston valves and Stephenson valve gear to be classed as J21 under the LNER classification. -
The Development of Modern Steam 2: Argentina - Porta’S First Locomotive W
The Development of Modern Steam 2: Argentina - Porta’s First Locomotive W. Hugh Odom, P.E. & Martyn Bane Edited: Wolf Fengler, MSME, Shaun T. McMahon & Davidson Ward About the Coalition for Sustainable Rail The Coalition for Sustainable Rail (CSR) is dedicated to the refinement of solid biofuel technologies for use in the world’s first carbon-neutral higher speed locomotive. Our team is a combination of the University of Minnesota and Sustainable Rail International (SRI), a 501c(3) nonprofit dedicated to the research and development of modern steam locomotives. A scientific and educational organization, CSR’s mission is to advance biofuel research and production; to research and develop sustainable railroad locomotives; to promulgate associated sustainable technologies; and to support and conduct non-partisan educational and informational activities to increase awareness of sustainable railroad locomotives. About CSR’s White Paper Program Working in conjunction with the University of Minnesota (U of M), the Porta Family Foundation, and other not-for- profit rail and biomass research organizations, CSR’s White Paper Program is bringing works pertinent to biofuel, modern steam locomotive and transportation research into the public discourse. Cover Image - This water color by artist Robin Barnes depicts locomotive Argentina“ ” in active service, showing in striking color the paint scheme and design of the innovative, advanced steam locomtoive. ©2014. This paper is covered by the Creative Commons “Attribution-No Derivs-NonCommercial” license (see http://creativecommons.org). It may be reproduced in its entirety as long as the Coalition for Sustainable Rail is credited, a link to CSR’s website is provided and no charge is imposed. -
And Puerto Natales (Chile)”
Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research (2019), vol. 2, nº 3, pp. 381-407. Morales, V.; Mercado M. & Tello G. “Architectural heritage of border cities neighbors in Patagonia, the case of Rio Turbio (Argentina) and Puerto Natales (Chile)” ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF BORDER CITIES NEIGHBORS IN PATAGONIA, THE CASE OF RIO TURBIO (ARGENTINA) AND PUERTO NATALES (CHILE) Morales, Víctor Hugo National University Patagonia Austral (UNPA). Río Turbio Academic Unit (UART) Institute of Environmental Sciences, Sustainability and Natural Resources (ICASUR). Santa Cruz. Argentina. E-mail [email protected] Mercado, María Angélica National University Patagonia Austral (UNPA). Río Turbio Academic Unit (UART) Institute of Environmental Sciences, Sustainability and Natural Resources (ICASUR). Santa Cruz. Argentina. E-mail [email protected] Tello, Graciela Elvira National University Patagonia Austral (UNPA). Río Turbio Academic Unit (UART) Institute of Environmental Sciences, Sustainability and Natural Resources (ICASUR). Santa Cruz. Argentina. E-mail [email protected] 381 Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research (2019), vol. 2, nº 3, pp. 381-407. Morales, V.; Mercado M. & Tello G. “Architectural heritage of border cities neighbors in Patagonia, the case of Rio Turbio (Argentina) and Puerto Natales (Chile)” Abstract: The neighboring cities of Río Turbio, province of Santa Cruz, Argentina and Puerto Natales, province of Ultima Esperanza, XII Region of, Chile, constitute a special case of two border cities. Located 30 km. apart, and although in different countries, they have a rich history of development that links them in various aspects, from the activities that gave rise to both populations, livestock in Puerto Natales and coal mining in Rio Turbio. In this work we seek to rescue the architectural heritage of both locations, evidencing their similarities and differences in this remote area of the Argentine-Chilean Patagonia Austral. -
THE STEAM HAULED TRAIN an INTERNATIONAL ATTRACTION S.T. Mcmahon 30 8 2009
THE STEAM HAULED TRAIN – AN INTERNATIONAL ATTRACTION. Note: This paper contains matter subject to intellectual property. All rights reserved. S.T. McMahon Consulting Engineer 2726 Cipriano Reyes Barrió San Vicente de Paúl USHUAIA (9410) Tierra del Fuego Argentina Tel: 0054 (0)2901 431074 E.Mail: [email protected] Emitted: September 2009. Reviewed: March 2010. 1 INDEX. Title – 1. Index – 2. References - 3. Resume – 6. Introduction – 8. Some General Points – 9. Some Fundamental Aspects That Are Close to Home – 10. Some Fundamental Aspects Overseas – 13. Case examples of Steam Hauled Tourist Trains and Railways along with the X Factor relating to Steam Traction – 15. Concluding Remarks – 21. 2 REFERENCES. (1) FISCHER, T.A. “Transcontinental Train Odyssey- The Ghan, The Khyber, The Globe.” Allen & Unwin, 83 Alexander Street, Crows Nest, NSW 2065, Australia. 2004. (2) SETEC. S.R.L. “Municipalidad de Rio Turbio, Corredor Bioceánico Ferroviario Patagónico, Tramo Turístico de Usos Múltiples: Rio Turbio – Puerto Natales.” Rio Gallegos (9400), Santa Cruz, Argentina. Septiembre 2004. (3) MARSHALL, D. “6A and the LEMPOR.” The Narrow Gauge Issue No.164, Journal of the Puffing Billy Railway Society. Belgrave, Victoria, 3160, Australia. March 2002. (4) WILLSHER, R. “El Tren del Fin del Mundo, The End of the World Train.” The Narrow Gauge Issue No. 189, The Journal of the Puffing Billy Railway Society. Belgrave, Victoria, 3160, Australia. June 2008. (5) TICKLE, C. “Mechanical Engineering Quarterly update.” The Llanfair Railway Journal Issue No. 188, Llanfair Caereinion, Powys, SY21 0SF, Wales, United Kingdom. July 2008. (6) MARSHALL, D. & HIBGAME, H. Personal correspondence relating to steam locomotive modification programe at the Puffing Billy Railway. -
Ing. Livio Dante Porta 1922 - 2003
ING. LIVIO DANTE PORTA 1922 - 2003 Ingeniero Livio Dante Porta dedicated his life to the advancement of the steam railway locomotive. His love of steam was, as with many, seeded at an early age. During World War II Porta worked on the railways of Argentina as an enginemen, gaining much of the first hand knowledge and experience which was to guide his future path. In 1946 at the age of 24 he graduated from the National University of the Litoral, Rosario as a civil engineer. At this time there were no other formal engineering courses being offered in Argentina. However he did not wish to become anything other than a locomotive engineer so he educated himself in all the relevant areas. This education included mastering several languages including French, German, English and even some Romanian. Why? Because it meant he could understand almost all of the serious texts on mechanical engineering and railway locomotives. He appreciated this would be essential if he were to produce any worthwhile results. It was during this period of self-education that he started to correspond with the greatest locomotive engineer of the era André Chapelon of France. The two were to become firm friends, despite the occasional technical argument! Chapelon was soon to realise that Porta was one of the outstanding locomotive designers of his generation. In turn Porta realised if the steam locomotive was to reach its maximum design potential experimentation had to be conducted in a much more rigorous fashion than had been the case. It can be said this philosophy was to drive him throughout his career and points to why he had so much success. -
The Economics of Coal As a Locomotive Fuel on US Class I Railroads Executive Summary
1 The Economics of Coal as a Locomotive Fuel on US Class I Railroads By John Rhodes, student For Dr. Ken Button, professor Executive Summary: A coal-fueled locomotive could achieve a 64.2% average cost savings2 over the current petroleum diesel-fueled locomotive. This comparison is based on ton-miles per dollar of fuel consumed in calendar year 2006. US Class I railroads burned 4.2 billion3 gallons of diesel fuel in 2006, costing $8.1 billion4. The dollar value of coal that would accomplish the same amount of “work” is only $3.0 billion5, according to calculations. This is a cost savings of $5.1 billion6 in the single year of 2006. That is an incredible cost savings over the use of diesel fuel, which is largely imported, compared to coal, which is mined locally in the US. Those 4.2 billion gallons of diesel fuel comprise 6.6%7 of the nation’s diesel fuel use. That quantity of diesel fuel could be replaced by 72.3 million8 tons of coal, equivalent to only 6.2%9 of the 1.16 billion10 ton yearly production of coal. Use of coal-fueled locomotives would require the replacement of the US Class I’s fleet of locomotives. The Class I’s would need to buy an estimated 21,347 new coal- fueled locomotives11 to replace the current fleet of diesels. That is expected to cost $3.5 billion12 per year over each of fifteen years compared to $1.7 billion13 spent annually on new diesels assuming a 25-year renewal rate. -
Andre Chapelon and His Steam Locomotives Ing
The Development of Modern Steam 1: Andre Chapelon and his Steam Locomotives Ing. Wolfgang A. Fengler & Davidson A. Ward Edited Ing. S.T. McMahon, Ing. Hugh Odom, P.E. & John T. Rhodes About the Coalition for Sustainable Rail The Coalition for Sustainable Rail (CSR) is dedicated to the refinement of solid biofuel technologies for use in the world’s first carbon-neutral higher speed locomotive. Our team is a combination of the University of Minnesota and Sustainable Rail International (SRI), a 501c(3) nonprofit dedicated to the research and development of modern steam locomotives. A scientific and educational organization, CSR’s mission is to advance biofuel research and production; to research and develop sustainable railroad locomotives; to promulgate associated sustainable technologies; and to support and conduct non-partisan educational and informational activities to increase awareness of sustainable railroad locomotives. About CSR’s White Paper Program Working in conjunction with the University of Minnesota (U of M), the Porta Family Foundation, and other not-for- profit rail and biomass research organizations, CSR’s White Paper Program is bringing works pertinent to biofuel, modern steam locomotive and transportation research into the public discourse. Cover Photo - Chepelon’s most advanced locomotive, a 5,000 horsepower 4-8-4 known as classification 141 A1, is run inside a large test facility on a roller dynamometer, gathering technical information pertaining to its power, fuel consumption and efficiency. Image: Collection of Thierry Stora ©2013. This paper is covered by the Creative Commons “Attribution-No Derivs-NonCommercial” license (see http://creativecommons.org). It may be reproduced in its entirety as long as the Coalition for Sustainable Rail is credited, a link to CSR’s website is provided and no charge is imposed. -
Transportation of Coal by Rail in Indonesia – the Steam Option
Transportation of Coal by Rail in Indonesia The Steam Option Chris Newman 66 Dragon Villas, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300, China Email: [email protected] Revision 3: July 2007 Acknowledgement Thanks to Mr. Wang Li Jie of China National Railways, and to Messrs J.T. Situmorang and Cicip hadisucipto of PT Transcoal Nusantara, without whose invaluable assistance this paper could not have been written. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 2 History of Steam Locomotion..................................................................................... 3 3 Evolution of “Modern Steam” ..................................................................................... 4 4 Rio Turbio Coal Haulage Railway .............................................................................. 5 5 Porta’s Legacy ........................................................................................................... 5 6 Describing the 5AT and 8AT Concepts...................................................................... 6 7 Estimating Haulage Capacity of 8AT Locomotive...................................................... 7 8 Comparing Haulage Capacity for each Traction Type ............................................... 8 9 Comparing Rolling Stock Requirements for each Traction Type ............................. 10 10 Estimating Maintenance Costs for Alternative Traction Types............................. 11 11 Estimating Water Consumption........................................................................... -
Click, John G Archive List
1994-8850 1. PERFORMANCE AND EFFICIENCY TEST REPORTS 1/1 REPORT May 1951 Performance and efficiency test with exhaust steam injector, Western Region - Hall class, 2 cyl., 4-6-0 mixed traffic locomotive Bulletin no 1 British Railways, Mechanical & Electrical Engineer's Department 1/2 REPORT Aug 1951 Performance and efficiency test with exhaust steam injector, Eastern & North Eastern Regions - B1 class, 2 cyl., 4-6-0 mixed traffic locomotive Bulletin no 2 British Railways, Mechanical & Electrical Engineer's Department 1/3 REPORT Oct 1951 Performance and efficiency test with live steam injector, London Midland Region - class 4, 2 cyl., 2-6-0 mixed traffic locomotive Bulletin no 3 British Railways, Mechanical & Electrical Engineer's Department 1/4 REPORT Jan 1952 Performance and efficiency test with live steam injector, British Railways Standard - class 4, 2 cyl., 4-6-0 mixed traffic locomotive Bulletin no 4, British Railways, Mechanical & Electrical Engineer's Department, published by The Railway Executive 1/5 REPORT Apr 1953 Performance and efficiency test with exhaust steam injector, British Railways Standard - class 7, 2 cyl., 4-6-2 mixed traffic locomotive Bulletin no 5, British Railways, Mechanical & Electrical Engineer's Department, 1/6 REPORT May 1953 Performance and efficiency test with exhaust steam injector, British Railways Standard - class 7, 2 cyl., 4-6-0 mixed traffic locomotive Bulletin no 6, British Railways, published by The British Transport Commission 1/7 REPORT Aug 1953 Performance and efficiency test with live steam injector, W.D. 2-10-0 and 2-8-0 freight locomotives Bulletin no 7, British Railways, Mechanical & Electrical Engineer's Department, published by The British Transport Commission 1/8 REPORT Mar 1953 Performance and efficiency test with exhaust steam injector, Eastern & North Eastern Regions - V2 class, 3 cyl., 2-6-2 mixed traffic locomotive Bulletin no 8, British Railways, published by The British Transport Commission 1/9 REPORT Nov 1952 Performance and efficiency tests, Southern Region 1 Co-Co 1, 1750 H.P.