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THE POLITICAL EFFECTS of DISASTER and FOREIGN AID: NATIONAL and SUBNATIONAL GOVERNANCE in HONDURAS AFTER HURRICANE MITCH by VI

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THE POLITICAL EFFECTS of DISASTER and FOREIGN AID: NATIONAL and SUBNATIONAL GOVERNANCE in HONDURAS AFTER HURRICANE MITCH by VI THE POLITICAL EFFECTS OF DISASTER AND FOREIGN AID: NATIONAL AND SUBNATIONAL GOVERNANCE IN HONDURAS AFTER HURRICANE MITCH By VILMA ELISA FUENTES A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 Copyright 2003 by Vilma Elisa Fuentes This dissertation is dedicated to all those Hondurans who struggle to promote the development of their country. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work presented here would not have been possible without the support of several institutions and individuals. I thank the Institute for the Study of World Politics, the University of Florida’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and this same institution’s Graduate Minority Office for funding this project. Their generous financial support enabled me to conduct approximately a year of field research in Honduras and begin writing several chapters of this dissertation. I am grateful to my committee members for the guidance and support they offered me throughout the different phases of this work. Dr. Leslie Anderson and Dr. Philip Williams shared with me their vast knowledge of Central America, democratization and peasant politics during my first few years in the Political Science doctoral program. They unwittingly convinced me that I should undertake doctoral research related to these issues. Dr. Goran Hyden helped me develop the theoretical framework for this dissertation. His books, graduate classes and experiences in the development field encouraged me to grapple with the concept of governance and appreciate how foreign donors and non-government organizations can influence this process. Dr. Oliver-Smith’s early enthusiasm for and interest in my topic convinced me that a political analysis of Hurricane Mitch’s impact could make a valuable contribution to the existing literature on disasters. All of these advisors took a fairly open-minded approach to my study. Rather than demand that I present a rigid research design, they suggested that I approach my subject matter with some flexibility. Post-disaster situations were so dynamic and iv Honduran politics so poorly understood, they argued, that I had to just “get my feet on the ground” and be willing to change my theories and study design to better understand political reality. This I did and my research is significantly stronger for it. Dr. Renée Johnson kindly agreed to join my dissertation committee after I returned from Honduras. She helped me interpret my quantitative data and make sense of what thousands of Hondurans had told me. The work presented here is methodologically sounder as a result of her guidance. She together with the rest of my committee patiently read numerous drafts of my dissertation and guided my thinking throughout. This work is as much an ideological product of them as it is of me. Several individuals facilitated my work in Honduras and enhanced my knowledge of this country. Roberto Reina and Patricia Licona graciously welcomed me into their home during the many months I spent in Tegucigalpa. They allowed me to use their personal vehicle to travel around the city and spent countless hours sharing their political insights with me. Their three children—Camila, Lucia and Roberto—regularly forced me to set aside my work in order to laugh, play and appreciate the beauty of life. The happy moments they shared with me will be treasured always. Dennis Cubero also facilitated much of my work in Tegucigalpa. He introduced me to many of his colleagues in the National Congress, helped me obtain interviews with key government officials and granted me valuable lists describing the organization and composition of different political bodies. Dennis Cubero also gave me invaluable support with my research in Northern Honduras. He and his wife, Reyna Arias, introduced me to various people and places in the department of Cortés that had been devastated by Hurricane Mitch. This gave me a good general view of how this part of the v country had been affected by the disaster and eventually enabled me to select Potrerillos as one of my municipal research sites. Dennis and Reyna also welcomed me into their home, allowed me to convert parts of it into my private office and, when possible, offered me the use their vehicle. Their two teenage children often accompanied me in my mini- excursions around San Pedro Sula and helped me carry out tedious office tasks. We fought, laughed and enjoyed life as siblings often do. They will always have a special place in my heart. The Municipal government of Potrerillos gave me unlimited support in my study of its region. It helped me determine the household population of Potrerillos, find and train research assistants, discover the socio-political history of its municipality and better understand how citizens there responded to the impact of disaster. The staff at Potrerillos’ Centro de Salud also generously offered their time and labor. The Asociación de Organizaciones No-Gubernamentales de Honduras (ASONOG) provided logistical support for the research I conducted in San Marcos and Dolores Merendón, Ocotepeque. They not only transported me to these locations on numerous occasions but also helped me find reliable research assistants there. They together with the Consejo Departamental de Ocotepeque (CODEPO) also allowed me to use their office equipment to facilitate my research. Efraín Deras, the regional director of ASONOG in Ocotepeque, deserves particular thanks. He offered me the use of his personal vehicle whenever those belonging to ASONOG were unavailable, gave me countless hours of advice and support and introduced me to his family who lovingly received me into their home. Juan Manuel Espinoza and his family also were extremely vi gracious. They not only assisted me in my research but also offered me many hours of laughter and good food during my stay in Western Honduras. Both the Catholic Parish and local government of Sabá facilitated my work in their municipality. They invited me to numerous meetings and special events, offered me logistical support and helped me obtain fairly accurate data on the region’s population. The warmth and generosity shown to me by countless residents of the region will always be remembered and appreciated. I especially thank my family for their unending support and encouragement. My mother motivated me to pursue my doctoral degree and continually urged me to complete my dissertation. She was my main source of counsel during difficult and trying times. I doubt whether anybody has believed in me more than her or whether anybody deserves more credit for my academic achievements than she. My maternal grandmother prepared me for my research in Potrerillos and Honduras, more generally, by sharing with me her vast knowledge of these areas. Her many, entertaining stories helped me develop a better appreciation for the changing Honduran landscape and the lives of some of this country’s key historical figures. My husband made countless sacrifices to facilitate this work and make my graduation possible. His endless love, kind words and support sustained me throughout all my years in this doctoral program. I could not have asked for a more caring and understanding partner in life. I look forward to sharing the fruits of these many years of sacrifice with him. Above all, I thank God for listening to my family’s and my prayers, keeping me safe during my adventures in Honduras and ensuring this project would come to fruition. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF ACRONYMS .....................................................................................................xv ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................xx CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 2 DISASTERS, FOREIGN AID AND GOVERNANCE .............................................13 Introduction.................................................................................................................13 The Political Effects of Disasters ...............................................................................13 The Political Effects of Foreign Aid...........................................................................25 International Donor Impact .................................................................................26 NGO Impact ........................................................................................................34 Theorizing Governance ..............................................................................................40 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................52 3 A HISTORY OF HONDURAN GOVERNANCE.....................................................54 Introduction.................................................................................................................54 Early Civil Society......................................................................................................54
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