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(Goa) and Azad Gomantak Dal GOA'S STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM, 1946-1961: THE CONTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL CONGRESS (GOA) AND AZAD GOMANTAK DAL • THESIS Submitted to GOA UNIVERSITY for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in T7 9 HISTORY S — DR. PRATIMA P. KAMAT, Reader, Department of History, Goa University. DECLARATION [Under 0.19.8(ii)] This thesis is based entirely on the original work carried out by me under the , guidance of Dr. Pratima Kamat. To the best of my knowledge, the present study is the first comprehensive work of its kind from the area mentioned. The literature related to the problem investigated has been surveyed and list of references is appended. Due acknowledgements have been made wherever outside facilities and suggestions have been availed of. I hereby declare that the thesis or part thereof has not been published anywhere or in other form. It has not been previously submitted by me for a degree of any university. Place: Goa University ee S12; s ip (--J Date: // of 2 b°2— (SEEMA. SURESH RISBUD) Certified that the above statement made by the candidate is correct. (Dr. Pratima Kamat) Guide CERTIFICATE [Under 0.19.8(vi)] This is.to certify that the thesis entitled "GOA'S STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM, 1946-1961: THE CONTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL CON GRESS (GOA) AND AZAD GOMANTAK DAL" submitted by Seema Suresh Risbud for the award of the degree of Ph. D. in History, is a record of the original research work done by the candidate under my supervision and to the best of my knowledge, the thesis or any part thereof, has not been previously submitted for any other degree or diploma in any university or institution. I hereby certify that Seema Suresh Risbud has satisfactorily pursued her course of research under the conditions prescribed by Goa University. Place: Goa University Date: 2-(51)2- • (Dr. Pratima amat) Guide DEDICATION This Thesis is dedicated to my beloved father, Late Shri Suresh M. Risbud, and to my loving mother, Smt. Smita Suresh Risbud, for their unwavering support and guidance. CONTENTS Lists of Maps & Acknowledgements of Maps VIII List of Photographs IX-X Acknowledgements for Photographs XI Preface XII Chapter I Introduction 1-28 Chapter II The Setting 32-72 Chapter III Establishment of National Congress (Goa): Aims and Objectives ...79-152 Chapter IV Establishment of Azad Gomantak Dal: Aims and Objectives 159-217 Chapter V National Congress (Goa): The Satyagraha in Action 224-285 Chapter VI National Congress (Goa): Negotiations and Networking 292-343 Chapter VII Activities of The Azad Gomantak Dal 351-421 Chapter VIII Conclusion 428 - 471 Bibliography 478-507 Appendices I - LXXX Appendix I 508 Letter of L. S. Miranda to Antonio Oliveira de Salazar, 28 th August 1956. Appendix II 512 Title Page of Fallayancho Sonsar and a Poem Amim Gaudi authored by Flaviano Dias that had to undergo censorship Procedure. Appendix III 515 Post card letter of invitation to Dr. T.B.Cunha by Purushottam Kakodkar on the occasion of 18th June 1946. Appendix IV 516 Constitution of NC (G), Belgaum: 1949. Appendix V 528 Policy Statement of NC (G), Bombay 1951 (amended inl 955). V ■ Appendix VI 546 Letter of K.L.Sanjgiri, President of NC (G), 7 th December 1951. Appendix VII 547 Letter of Narayan Bhembre, President of NC (G), 5 th August 1952. '11 41' 4 Appendix VIII 548 /4fC cp's Memorandum 18th September 1950, to delegates of 56 th Annual session of Indian National Congress. Appendix IX 551 Constitution ofAGD, Belgaum. Appendix X 559 Manifesto ofAGD Appendix XI 568 I.OtFr of Dattatreya Deshpande. Appendix XII 572 AGD's Pledge and Recruitment form. Appendix XIII 575 Goan Affairs Bulletin of NC (G) Appendix XIV 581 Navjeevan Bulletin ofAGD. Appendix XV 585 Government of India's note to Portugal dated 14 th January 1953. Appendix XVI 589 Telegram of Gove Vimochan Sahayyak Samiti. Appendix XVII 590 Resolution of Post and Telegraph workers condemning massacre of saiyagrahis. Appendix XVIII 591 Joint letter of Peter Alvares and T. B. Cunha to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, 16' h October 1956. Appendix XIX 593 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's reply, 27 th August 1956. VI Appendix XX 594 The last message of Antonio Oliveira de Salazar. Appendix XXI 595 Letter of Vassalo e Silva, the last Governor General of Portuguese State of India. Appendix XXII 597 "Invasion of Territories of Portuguese State of India, December 1961" Report of Military Commandant of C.T.I.E India Brigadier Antonio Jose Martins Leitao. Appendix XXIII 602 Interview Schedule VII Lists of Maps. 1. Maps showing Portuguese possessions in India 29 2. Map indicating Londa where historic meeting that led to formation of NC (G) and Khanapur training camp. 153 3. Map indicating Belgaum, central office of AGD and its strong holds. --- 218 4. The points of entry of the satyagrahis in 1954. 286 5. The points of entry of the satyagrahis in 1955. 344 Acknowledgements for Maps. I. Rao, R. P., The Portuguese Rule M Goa. 1510 - 1961, New York: Asia Publishing House, 1963. 2. Goa and the charter of United Nations, New Delhi: Ministry of External affairs, Government of India. 3. Ibid. 4. Gune, V. T, Gazetteer of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. Panaji: Government printing press 1979, Part I (Goa). 5. Ibid. Lists of Photographs. 1. "Raoji Rano" 30 2. "Pintocheye Band" 31 3. The State of Goa under Colonial Bondage 73 4. Denationalisation of Goa 74 5. Estado Novo 75 6. Jalata Gomantak (Goa in Flames) 75 7. Jahar Mahal containing the Goan "Kudds" 76 8. Portuguese Church at Girgaum 77 9. Xavier Church at Dabol, Girgaum 78 10. Residence of Julian Menezes 154 11. Meeting Hall where 18th June Direct Action was planned 154 12. A Rare Scene of 18th June 1946, Direct Action 155 13. Lohia's call to Goans .... "What are we fighting for?" 155 14. Second Entry of Lohia 156 15.NC (G) Khanapur Training Camp 156 16.Territorial Military Tribunal Court where Trials of Nationalist where conducted 157 17. "Mundan" Severe Punishments Inflicted on Nationalists 157 18. Presidents of NC (G) 158 19. Scenes of Rampant Repression Unleashed on the Nationalists 219 20. Sources of Inspiration: Bhaghat Singh and Indian Revolutionaries 220 21. Emblem of AGD 220 22. Founder Members of the AGD 221 23. V. N. Lawande, the Leader of AGD 222 24. Jwala 222 25. Pencil Detonators used by Militant Nationalist 223 26, Hand Grenades Confiscated by Portuguese Police 223 27. "Freedom March" 287 28. Terekhol Fort Captured 287 29. GVSS Office located in Kesari building Tilakwada Pune 288 30. Mass Meeting organised before the launch of satyagraha of 1955 at Tilakwada 288 31. The Members of GVSS ---- 289 32. People gathered to see off salyagrahis of Pune railway station 289 33. Peter Alvares addressing meeting of salyagrahis at Majali 290 34. Applying Tilak to a satyagrahi 290 35. The mass satyagraha of 1955 291 36. NC (G) Poster Depicting Terekhol Day 345 37. Message of Mahatma Gandhi 346 38. Yashawantrao Chavan Inaugurating Goan Political Convention 347 39. Goan's demanding Military Action on Goa 347 40. Peter Alvares and others at Seminar on Portuguese Colonialism 348 41. NC (G) meeting organised in 1955 348 42. NC (G) Office Premises — Girgaon, Bombay 349 43. AGD Office premises, Dabol — Girgaon, Bombay 350 44. Forces of Liberation in Action 422 45. RSS Liberation Force 423 46. AGD Commandos 423 47. RSS Activists 424 48. AGD Activists 424 49. Meeting Held to announce Liberation of Nagar Haveli 425 50. Map indicating heightened militant action in Goa. 426-427 51. "Operation Vijay" 472 52. Model of NRP Afonso de Albuquerque at Museu de Mariniha 473 53. Portuguese Army Surrenders 473 54. Treaty of Surrender, 19 th December 1961 474 55. Indian Armed Forces 475 56. National Flag Hoisting Ceremony held at Adil Shah's Palace Panaji 475 57. The Times of India: Goa back with Motherland 476 58. Jubiliant crowd celebrating Goa's Liberation, 19 th December 1961 477 Acknowledgements for Photographs. List Page Nos. Acknowledgements. 1 & 2 30 & 31 Personal collection of Trivikram Sankhwalkar. 3 73 Ressurge Goa. 4 74 Title Page of T. B. Cunha's Denationalisation of Goa 5 75 Whose who of Freeedom fighters, vol 1 6 75 Title page of Jalata Gomantak (Play). 7,8,9,10,11 76,77,78 &154 Self 12 & 13 155 Whose Who of Freedom fighter, vol I. 14 & 15 156 Personal collection of Shashikant Narvekar. 16 & 17 157 Personal collection of Jyoti Deshpande. 18 158 Smaranika. 19 219 Jalata Gomantak (Play). 20 & 21 220 Personal collection, The Manifesto of AGD. 22 221 Whose Who of Freedom tighter, vol 1. 23 & 24 222 Personal collection of V. N. Lawande. 25 & 26 223 Whose Who of Freedom fighter, vol I. 27 & 28 287 Free Goa. 29 288 Self 30, 31 & 32 288 & 289 Personal collection of Jayantrao Tilak. 33 & 34 290 Bombay Chronicle 35 291 Times of India. 36 & 37 345 & 346 Goa State Archives. 38 & 39 347 Times of India. 40 & 41 348 Smaranika. 42 & 43 349 & 350 Self. 44,45,46,47,48,49 422,423,424,425 Personal collection of Sudhir Phadke. 50 426 & 427 Archives of Salazar, Torre do Tombo, Lisbon. 51 472 Personal collection of Nagesh Karmali. 52 473 Self. 53 473 Operation Vijay — Department of Information Government of Goa 54 & 55 474 & 475 Personal collection of Dr. Shankar Mhamai Kama 56, 57 & 58 475, 476 & 477 Times of India. X\ PREFACE My thesis is the product of six years of painstaking work that led me to various libraries, archives, freedom fighters and eyewitnesses.
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