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Plistoriosil Revie^r The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI COVER DESCRIPTION: The winter scene re­ produced on the front cover is from a 414" x 5" untitled watercolor painted by Carl R. Gentry. The watercolor is one of seventy-four pieces of artwork by Gen­ try that were given to the State Historical Society in 1976 by the members of the First Presbyterian Church of Columbia, Missouri. Born in 1889, Gentry was a 1929 gradu­ ate of the University of Missouri. He later studied in France at the Fountain- bleu School of Fine Arts. Gentry also studied at Harvard University and at the Art Students League in New York City. He taught art at the University of Mis­ souri from 1921 until 1932. The artist, whose major emphasis was in landscape and nature studies, died July 19, 1976, in Columbia at the age of eighty-seven. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR Copyright © 1982 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201 The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO. 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. VOLUME LXXVI Current REVIEWS are sent to all members of The State NUMBER 2 Historical Society of Missouri during their term of member­ ship. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. JANUARY 1982 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978. OFFICERS 1980-1983 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President REVEREND JOHN F. BANNON, St. Louis, Second Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Third Vice President MRS. VIRGINIA YOUNG, Columbia, Fourth Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fifth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ELMER ELLIS, Columbia LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1982 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville J. J. GRAF, Hermann RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City MRS. MARY BANKS PARRY, Columbia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis ARVARH H. STRICKLAND, Columbia Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1983 CHARLES BLANTON III, Sikeston VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville MRS. JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall R. I. COLBORN, Paris W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville W. W. DALTON, St. Louis DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1984 FRANCIS M. BARNES III, St. Louis W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Missouri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Committee. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City LEO J. ROZIER, Perry ville A MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR At the annual meeting of the Society on October 17, 1981, the members voted unanimously to increase the mem­ bership fees. This measure was taken to allow the Society to become more self-sufficient during these economically difficult times. Annual membership fees have been in­ creased to $5.00, and lifetime membership fees to $100.00. In an effort to reduce the Society's expenses, the Missouri Historical Review no longer will be forwarded because of an incorrect address. To remail one copy of the Review returned by the post office because of an in­ correct address costs the Society $2.53. If you move a change of address should be sent promptly to: The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Co­ lumbia, Missouri 65201. Sincerely, Richard S. Brownlee iii EDITORIAL POLICY The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Mis­ souri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for publica­ tion. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a car­ bon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously pub­ lished in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 THE FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER HISTORY AWARD The State Historical Society of Missouri takes pleasure in announcing the ninth round of competi­ tion for the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award. This $250.00 annual award was created by the late Mr. Shoemaker, the long-time secretary of the Society, for the advancement of Missouri history in the universities, colleges and high schools throughout the state. The annual award alternates every other year between junior class students in Missouri colleges and universities and senior high school students. The 1982 award of $250.00 will be presented for the best article written by a fully enrolled junior classman in a Missouri college or university. The award will be presented at the 1982 annual meeting of the Society in Columbia. Articles nominated for the award must relate to the history of Missouri, either to events or person­ alities. The maximum length of an article is 5,000 words, and a bibliography must be included. Each college or university must select a panel of judges to nominate its best article. Only one article may be submitted from each college or university. Articles may be submitted from each branch of the University of Missouri. Each article will be judged against other nomi­ nations by the Department of History of the Univer­ sity of Missouri-Columbia. Articles submitted for this award will become the property of the State His­ torical Society of Missouri. The prize-winning article will be considered for publication in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. The final date for submission of articles is July 1, 1982. They must be sent to the State Historical So­ ciety of Missouri, Room 2, Elmer Ellis Library, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. CONTENTS SCHOOLS FOR BLACKS: J. MILTON TURNER IN RECONSTRUCTION MISSOURI. By Lawrence O. Christensen 121 ANTOINE VALENTIN DE GRUY: EARLY MISSOURI EXPLORER. By Carl J. Ekberg 136 ST. LOUIS AND THE 1880 CENSUS: THE SHOCK OF COLLECTIVE FAILURE. By Jeanette C. Lauer and Robert H. Lauer 151 TRUMAN, BERLIN AND THE 1948 ELECTION. By Fred B. Misse 164 ZAGONYI. By Robert E. Miller 174 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Society Holds Annual Meeting 193 News in Brief 200 Local Historical Societies 202 Gifts 215 Missouri History in Newspapers 219 Missouri History in Magazines 224 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History 229 In Memoriam 230 BOOK REVIEW 231 BOOK NOTES 234 FHIST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, MARSHALL Inside Back Cover vi Schools for Blacks: J. Milton Turner in Reconstruction Missouri BY LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN* Organized efforts to educate black children in Missouri began during the Civil War. The American Missionary Association, an organization committed to Christianizing and educating blacks, co­ operated with the Western Sanitary Commission, the United States Army and black leaders in establishing a system of free schools in *Lawrence O. Christensen, associate professor of History at the University oi Missouri-Rolla, presented this address at the annual meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, October 17, 1981. Dr. Christensen received the B.S. Ed. and MA. degrees from Northeast Missouri State Univer­ sity, Kirksville, and the Ph.D. from the University of Missouri-Columbia. Re­ search for this paper was supported by a University of Missouri-Rolla Summer Research Grant and by a grant from the Weldon Spring Research Fund. 121 122 Missouri Historical Review St. Louis during 1864.1 After the Civil War, the AMA continued to support black schools in various towns across the state.2 In 1867, the AMA secretary, J.
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