Plistoriosil Revie^r

The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI COVER DESCRIPTION: The winter scene re­ produced on the front cover is from a 414" x 5" untitled watercolor painted by Carl R. Gentry. The watercolor is one of seventy-four pieces of artwork by Gen­ try that were given to the State Historical Society in 1976 by the members of the First Presbyterian Church of Columbia, Missouri. Born in 1889, Gentry was a 1929 gradu­ ate of the University of Missouri. He later studied in France at the Fountain- bleu School of Fine Arts. Gentry also studied at Harvard University and at the Art Students League in New York City. He taught art at the University of Mis­ souri from 1921 until 1932. The artist, whose major emphasis was in landscape and nature studies, died July 19, 1976, in Columbia at the age of eighty-seven. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

Copyright © 1982 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO. 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. VOLUME LXXVI

Current REVIEWS are sent to all members of The State NUMBER 2 Historical Society of Missouri during their term of member­ ship. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. JANUARY 1982 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1980-1983 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President REVEREND JOHN F. BANNON, St. Louis, Second Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Third Vice President MRS. VIRGINIA YOUNG, Columbia, Fourth Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fifth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ELMER ELLIS, Columbia LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1982 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville J. J. GRAF, Hermann RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City MRS. MARY BANKS PARRY, Columbia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis ARVARH H. STRICKLAND, Columbia

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1983 CHARLES BLANTON III, Sikeston VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville MRS. JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall R. I. COLBORN, Paris W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville W. W. DALTON, St. Louis DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1984 FRANCIS M. BARNES III, St. Louis W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Missouri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Committee.

WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City LEO J. ROZIER, Perry ville A MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR

At the annual meeting of the Society on October 17, 1981, the members voted unanimously to increase the mem­ bership fees. This measure was taken to allow the Society to become more self-sufficient during these economically difficult times. Annual membership fees have been in­ creased to $5.00, and lifetime membership fees to $100.00.

In an effort to reduce the Society's expenses, the Missouri Historical Review no longer will be forwarded because of an incorrect address. To remail one copy of the Review returned by the post office because of an in­ correct address costs the Society $2.53. If you move a change of address should be sent promptly to: The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Co­ lumbia, Missouri 65201.

Sincerely, Richard S. Brownlee

iii EDITORIAL POLICY The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Mis­ souri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for publica­ tion. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a car­ bon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously pub­ lished in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to:

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 THE FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER HISTORY AWARD

The State Historical Society of Missouri takes pleasure in announcing the ninth round of competi­ tion for the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award. This $250.00 annual award was created by the late Mr. Shoemaker, the long-time secretary of the Society, for the advancement of Missouri history in the universities, colleges and high schools throughout the state. The annual award alternates every other year between junior class students in Missouri colleges and universities and senior high school students. The 1982 award of $250.00 will be presented for the best article written by a fully enrolled junior classman in a Missouri college or university. The award will be presented at the 1982 annual meeting of the Society in Columbia. Articles nominated for the award must relate to the history of Missouri, either to events or person­ alities. The maximum length of an article is 5,000 words, and a bibliography must be included. Each college or university must select a panel of judges to nominate its best article. Only one article may be submitted from each college or university. Articles may be submitted from each branch of the University of Missouri. Each article will be judged against other nomi­ nations by the Department of History of the Univer­ sity of Missouri-Columbia. Articles submitted for this award will become the property of the State His­ torical Society of Missouri. The prize-winning article will be considered for publication in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. The final date for submission of articles is July 1, 1982. They must be sent to the State Historical So­ ciety of Missouri, Room 2, Elmer Ellis Library, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. CONTENTS

SCHOOLS FOR BLACKS: J. MILTON TURNER IN RECONSTRUCTION MISSOURI. By Lawrence O. Christensen 121

ANTOINE VALENTIN DE GRUY: EARLY MISSOURI EXPLORER. By Carl J. Ekberg 136

ST. LOUIS AND THE 1880 CENSUS: THE SHOCK OF COLLECTIVE FAILURE.

By Jeanette C. Lauer and Robert H. Lauer 151

TRUMAN, BERLIN AND THE 1948 ELECTION. By Fred B. Misse 164

ZAGONYI. By Robert E. Miller 174

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Holds Annual Meeting 193

News in Brief 200

Local Historical Societies 202

Gifts 215

Missouri History in Newspapers 219

Missouri History in Magazines 224

Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History 229

In Memoriam 230

BOOK REVIEW 231

BOOK NOTES 234

FHIST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, MARSHALL Inside Back Cover vi Schools for Blacks: J. Milton Turner in Reconstruction Missouri BY LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN*

Organized efforts to educate black children in Missouri began during the Civil War. The American Missionary Association, an organization committed to Christianizing and educating blacks, co­ operated with the Western Sanitary Commission, the United States Army and black leaders in establishing a system of free schools in

*Lawrence O. Christensen, associate professor of History at the University oi Missouri-Rolla, presented this address at the annual meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, October 17, 1981. Dr. Christensen received the B.S. Ed. and MA. degrees from Northeast Missouri State Univer­ sity, Kirksville, and the Ph.D. from the University of Missouri-Columbia. Re­ search for this paper was supported by a University of Missouri-Rolla Summer Research Grant and by a grant from the Weldon Spring Research Fund. 121 122 Missouri Historical Review

St. Louis during 1864.1 After the Civil War, the AMA continued to support black schools in various towns across the state.2 In 1867, the AMA secretary, J. R. Shipherd, asked Colonel F. A. Seely, chief disbursing officer for Missouri for the Bureau of Refu­ gees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, "to immediately supervise the schools and other interests of the AMA in Missouri." Shipherd offered to pay Seely's traveling expenses and to "add any other equitable compensation agreed upon for services rendered." The secretary assured Seely that similar arrangements had been made with other Freedmen Bureau officials.3 Whether Seely made a formal agreement with the AMA is unclear, but he and the bureau cooperated with that organization in improving the educational opportunities for blacks in Missouri. During the same month that Shipherd made his offer, Seely re­ quested that the bureau pay the travel expenses of AMA teachers to staff black schools in Sedalia, Mexico, Washington and St. Louis. They came from Indianola, Muscatine and Oskaloosa, Iowa.4 In October 1868, Shipherd requested that Seely prepare a quitclaim deed for a school site purchased in Fulton and forward it for his signature.5 A few months later, the bureau transferred certain build­ ings in Missouri and Kansas to the AMA in an effort to reduce its educational commitments in those states.6 Seely's interest in black education continued, and his critique of a report on the condition of Missouri's schools for blacks came to the attention of Bureau Commissioner Oliver Otis Howard. How­ ard asked him to "draw up a letter for his signature" in which he would "state clearly and strongly the condition of the freedmen's schools with a view to rousing the local authorities to some vigorous action." He instructed Seely to address the letter to the state super­ intendent of education. The bureau favored public schools, and although it had little to spend in Missouri, and there was "some doubt about the legality of any expenditures for Education in that

i Lawrence O. Christensen, "Black St. Louis: A Study in Race Relations, 1865-1916" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1972), 38-50. 2 Joe M. Richardson, "The American Missionary Association and Black Education in Civil War Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXIX (Tuly, 1975), 448. 3 J. R. Shipherd to F. A. Seely, December 2, 1867, Record Group 105 Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Missouri Chief Disbursing Officer, Letters Received, Registered Vol. 2, 1867-1869 E-W, National Archives, Washington, D. C; hereafter cited BFRA Letters. 4F. A. Seely to Gen. Geo. W. Bullock, December 19, 1867, ibid. 5 J. R. Shipherd to F. A. Seely, October 17, 1868, ibid. 6 Oscar C. Gabin to F. A. Seely, January 18, 1869, ibid. Schools for Blacks 123

State," Howard encouraged Seely to exert every effort "in favor of the colored people."7 Within a month, Seely had asked J. Milton Turner to investi­ gate the condition of black education in Missouri.8 State law re­ quired boards of education to establish and maintain schools for blacks if at least fifteen of them between the ages of five and twenty-one lived in a township. Even if fewer than fifteen resided there, they had to be counted in school censuses. If a school board failed to carry out its responsibilities, the law conferred upon the state superintendent of schools authority to establish and operate black schools.9 Seely could not have made a better choice. Turner was the most prominent black in the state. After the Civil War, he helped organize and served as secretary of the Missouri Equal Rights League. Later, he established and taught in black schools in Kan­ sas City and Boonville.10 After being approached by Seely, the native St. Louisan consulted State Superintendent of Schools Thom­ as A. Parker. Parker promised to issue Turner a commission delegat­ ing to him "all necessary power." He informed Turner about im­ mediate problems in Randolph County.11 Armed with the cooperation of Superintendent Parker, Turner accepted the bureau's offer of one hundred dollars a month and started work on August 1, 1869.12 During the next seven months, J. Milton investigated educational conditions across the state, pushed for the establishment of black schools, secured teachers, risked his life in hostile environments and reported what he found in twenty-nine letters to his immediate superior, Colonel Seely. Those letters allow us to see conditions in Reconstruction Missouri from a unique perspective, through the eyes of a very perceptive black observer. Throughout this correspondence one is struck by the coopera­ tion among the state superintendent, the American Missionary As-

7 E. Whittlesey to F. A. Seely, June 22, 1869, ibid. 8 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, July 17, 1869, ibid. 9 William E. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule, 1865-1870 (Columbia, Mo., 1965) , 125-126. io Lawrence O. Christensen, "J. Milton Turner, An Appraisal," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXX (October, 1975) , 3; Gary R. Kremer, "A Biography of James Milton Turner" (unpublished Ph.D. dessertation, The American University, Washington, D. C, 1978) is the most thorough study of Turner's life. ii J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, July 17, 1869, BFRA, Letters Received, Registered Vol. 3, 1869 T-Z. 12 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, August 3, 1869, ibid. 124 Missouri Historical Review

Oliver Otis Howard, Bureau Commissioner

sociation and the bureau. Turner served as the point man and liaison for these groups. For example, in late August Turner wrote to the county superintendent of schools of Madison County con­ cerning the opening of a black school and the building of a school- house in Fredericktown. He identified himself as an agent of the bureau but said he wrote on behalf of Professor Parker.13 Turner often threatened recalcitrant school directors with the state super­ intendent's power to take over the administration of a school dis­ trict that failed to comply with the law.14 The American Missionary Association contributed many of the teachers for the schools estab­ lished by Turner.15 J. Milton began his work near Boonville, his current home. He wrote Seely that there were three or four places within a few miles of there that needed his attention. He asked Seely to send a teacher identified as "Female Brown," but, if she did not want the position, Seely should send "the English woman." Turner needed a teacher for one school immediately. He also urged Seely to hasten his travel money so that he could visit Huntsville and Saline County.

13 J. Milton Turner to Daniel Peterson, August 27, 1869, ibid. 14 See for example, J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 23, 1869, ibid. 15 See for example, J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 21, 1869, ibid. Schools for Blacks 125

Prodding Madison County directors had resulted in schools being opened in Fredericktown and Mine La Motte.16 Ten days later Turner described conditions in the Huntsville area. "I have succeeded in . . . frightening the Rebel Bd. of Ed. at this place to reopen the Colored School in Oct. But have not permission to supply them teachers." Turner expressed concern about what he might find in Roanoke, just ten or twelve miles south in Howard County. Both blacks and whites had warned him about going there. Undaunted, he wrote, "I shall know all its dangers in about 2 hours."17 He survived the experience but failed to open a school. Two months later, Superintendent Parker still had the case before him.18 Ever on the move, Turner next investigated circumstances at Tipton. He found the board of education willing to open a school, . . . but quite anxious to employ an incompetent and very ignorant Negro man as teacher. I protested against him being employed, found the address of the Co. Supt. and wrote him a protest against granting this man a certificate. After some trouble the Bd. of Ed. consented to employ Mr. Thorn, a very good teacher and a white man. At Sedalia, a competent teacher named Carter ran "a very poorly organized School." Turner observed, "I found him useing a cowhide quite liberally and requested him to banish it. He promised he would."19 While in the Pettis County city, Turner visited George P. Beard's normal school. Turner offered him "colored pupils." "I found him true blue and very willing to take them but his business is in poor condition, and I refused to send them because I knew it would effectivally stop the Normal School," he noted.20 Turner found black education "sadly neglected at Otterville" in Cooper County. The board of education claimed that fewer than fifteen blacks lived there. Turner counted more than the needed number and threatened to report the board to the state superintendent. The board chairman suggested that blacks must have moved into the township after the original count and asked for time to conduct another enumeration. Turner granted the re-

16 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, September 7, 1869, ibid. 17 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, September 17, 1869, ibid. Punctuation in quotes has been standardized; spelling has been unchanged. 18 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, November 12, 1869, ibid. 19 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 15, 1869, ibid. 20 Ibid. 126 Missouri Historical Review

quest. He described one member of the board as a Massachusetts man, a "practical Yankee and much more radical than I am but in the minority of the Bd. of Ed." Named E. D. Bailey and post­ master at Otterville, the Massachusetts man urged Turner to be firm with the board.21 Boards frequently failed to accurately count the black children in a township to avoid organizing schools for them. In a township south of Boonville Turner found thirty-two eligible students, where­ as the board had counted fewer than fifteen. He ordered the town­ ship clerk to open a school within thirty days and threatened to report the situation to the state superintendent if he failed to comply.22 Difficulty in securing teachers for black schools probably frus­ trated Turner more than faulty township enumerations. He readily corrected the latter; he had less success with the former. At one point he observed that many districts would open schools if they could find teachers. He requested that Seely place a notice in a St. Louis newspaper that teaching positions were available through

21 Ibid. 22 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 20, 1869, ibid.

Lincoln Univ., Jefferson City, Mo.

J. Milton Turner Schools for Blacks 127 him.23 To support his contention, the Keytesville board in Chariton County opened a school when Turner supplied Jessee Newsome as a teacher.24 Moreover, his letters are replete with requests to C. H. Howard of the AMA for teachers and the frustration of awaiting their arrival.25 He returned to Otterville on October 20. A new count revealed that forty black children lived in the township. Turner confronted the clerk of the school board with these figures, and the school official lamely explained that membership on the board had changed and that the books were in chaos. Perceptively, Turner evaluated the argument, "I saw quite easily that this statement was merely that of a man caught in an overt act but seemed not to see this fact." Turner also checked the township school fund and discovered plenty of money to operate a school. Caught, the clerk asked Turner to supply a teacher.26 Problems were not so easily resolved in Callaway County. The Fulton Board of Education agreed to open a school if it could "be furnished with a colored teacher who is also a minister." Turner promised to locate someone and wrote to the AMA. After consulting with a Major Clarke, however, he concluded that neither the town nor the county wanted competent teachers for black schools. County Superintendent Thomas A. Russell poisoned the atmosphere, ac­ cording to Turner. He called Russell an "old idiot [who] should be in the Fulton lunatic Asylum instead of the Fulton Schools." When Turner protested against his policy, Russell informed riim "that he would examine no negro applicant for a School nor would he grant any such applicant [a] certificate . . . ." Russell told Turner that a township board could employ anyone it chose to teach in a black school. So far as he was concerned, such a teacher need not know the English alphabet. When Turner asked the clerk of the county court for an enumeration, that "ungentlemanry" fellow asked to be paid for making the count and said that he would send the result directly to Professor Parker. Turner summarized his view of the town when he wrote, "Fulton is the meanest place and peo­ ple I have ever seen."27

23 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 16, 1869, ibid. 24 j. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 20, 1869, ibid. 25 ibid.; J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 23, 25, November 2, 5, 1869, BFRA, Letters Received, Registered Vol. 3, 1869 T-Z. 26 j. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 21, 1869, ibid. 27 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 23, 1869, ibid. In this instance and each instance hereafter, underlined words appear in the original. 128 Missouri Historical Review

After leaving hostile Callaway County, Turner stopped in Boon­ ville on his way to Kansas City. Arriving home, he found his wife suffering from a "congestive chill" that a physician thought would turn into typhoid fever. Since Mrs. Turner taught in a black school in Boonville, Turner wrote to C. H. Howard of the AMA for a replacement.28 In the crowded railroad coach on the way to Kansas City, Turner lost his pocketbook containing $65.00.29 He wired Seely to please send him a check for $50.00 and to charge it against his salary.30 On a brighter note, upon arriving in Kansas City, Turner registered at the Broadway Hotel; in his words, "a thing I did not think possible."31 A contemporary newspaper described the hotel as "a splendid structure and an ornament to the city." It contained 150 rooms and cost $100,000.00, and apparently did not make it a practice to rent rooms to blacks.32 State Superintendent Parker had directed Turner to visit the western part of the state, even though citizens of Liberty and In-

28 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 25, 1869, ibid. 29 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 27, 1869, ibid. 30 Telegram, J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 27, 1869, ibid. 31 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 27, 1869, ibid. 32 Columbia Missouri Statesman, November 12, 1869. Schools for Blacks 129 dependence had threatened to lynch him. At least that is what he wrote to Seely, and while in that area, he made no mention of visiting either of those communities.33 Instead, he attempted to reopen a school in Westport. After delays in finding the appropriate officials, Turner discovered a tangle in the school fund. The board claimed to have financed an earlier school for black children with funds designated for the support of white schools. Turner questioned that allegation. He had a white woman prepared to teach in the black school, but he doubted that the members of the board would accept her or any white teacher. He assured Seely that if the board failed to reopen the school he would recommend interference by the state superintendent.34 The problem of too few black teachers for black schools prompted Turner to stop in Sedalia on his way home. He discussed with Professor George Beard the conversion of his school into a normal school for blacks.35 Failing to persuade Beard, Turner later helped to create a petition drive that resulted in a legislative ap­ propriation to establish a normal department in the Lincoln In­ stitute.36 Back in Cooper County, Turner encountered an unusual prob­ lem at Lone Elm Prairie. In that township the fifty black students lived in such a scattered pattern that the board of education had trouble choosing a building site "sufficiently central to be access­ ible to the greatest number of colored children in the Township."

33 j. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, October 27, November 2, 1869, BFRA, Letters Received, Registered Vol. 3, 1869 T-Z. 34 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, November 2, 1869, ibid. 35 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, November 5, 1869, ibid. 36 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, February 28, 1870, BFRA, Letters Re- ceived, Registered Vol. 4, 1870 L-Z. 130 Missouri Historical Review

Turner extracted a promise from the board of education that it would make arrangements for opening a school.37 Two days later, Turner took an English woman named Mrs. Emma Dodwell, probably the English woman mentioned earlier, to a consolidated school in rural Cooper County. Taking care of Mrs. Dodwell interrupted Turner's plan to drive to Arrow Rock. Blacks in that Saline County community had requested his pres­ ence. The energetic investigator decided to drive a buggy to Arrow Rock the next day and to take a night train to Jefferson City where he had scheduled a meeting with Parker. Turner had ten or twelve cases prepared for Parker's official interference.38 Turner's subtlety in dealing with people is illustrated in his approach to securing a black school in Arrow Rock. A Mr. Wilhelm represented the board of education, and he alleged that the board had been defrauded of money raised for the black school. As a consequence, the board could not build a schoolhouse, but it was willing to use funds belonging to white children to open a school for blacks in a black church that was under construction. Turner described his actions: I called a meeting of colored people and made them promise to complete the House in 15 days. I think old man Wilhelm talks most too kind to be relied upon, and I shall ask Mr. Parker to send him a 20 day notice .... I have told the colored people to tease old man Wilhelm untill he gives them a school that he may be rid of them. I think the school will be in operation in about 25 or 30 days.39 Other places shared the attitudes of Fulton rather than Arrow Rock and failed to yield to Turner's wiles. As planned he met with Parker in early November. "I have just concluded a very satis­ factory interview with Prof. Parker," he wrote. "He is preparing to move on Fulton, Fayette, Roanoke and Rocheport and all such places."40 Conditions in New Madrid County in Southeast Missouri in­ trigued Turner. The teacher of a black school in the county accom­ panied him on the steamboat trip south and sought Turner's sup­ port for his school. Robert W. Stokes impressed Turner with his effort.

37 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, November 6, 1869, BFRA, Letters Re­ ceived, Registered Vol. 3, 1869 T-Z. 38 j. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, November 8, 1869, ibid. 39 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, November 9, 1869, ibid. 40 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, November 12, 1869, ibid. Schools for Blacks 131

From examination of his school house and grounds to­ gether with such of his labors as I have had success of seeing during today, I have no hestitancy in pronouncing him by far the most enterprising and generally useful colored man I have met in all Missouri, was his comment to Seely. The blacks in the area also impressed Turner. He called them a "highly intelligent" set of men and noted their prosperity. Blacks had erected their school building without any assistance, but according to Turner "they do not seem as thoroughly imbued with the importance of educating the children among them as what their surroundings would bespeak." Still blacks had the "very best school building in the county . . ." even though it was unfinished and humble.41 After spending five days in the area, Turner failed to discover any public school organization except for two directors, one "a rabid Democrat" and one described as "ignorant." He visited the towns of New Madrid and Point Pleasant, "which by the way," he remarked, "is the most unpleasant point I have visited since the war." He continued, "There are other places I would like to visit but my life has been threatened several times, and I fear to go too far into the interior." He counted about four hundred black children, noting that schools should be established at New Madrid and Point Pleasant, "but judging from personal observance I question the practicability of their being established at pres­ ent .... It would be impossible for Stokes' school to exhist were it not for the determination of the number of colored people in its immediate neighborhood." He proceeded to detail the history of the school: It was organized in Nov., 1867 by Robert W. Stokes. ... In 1868 a number of colored citizens by united effort built a box school house .... In size the house is 22 x 30; it is unfinished within and without. It has no furniture and no apparatus for teaching. These colored men formed themselves into a school society. They elected from their number a local school board and assumed the sup­ port and direction of the school .... But the school currently shouldered a $645.00 debt that in Turners estimation the black population could not remove. He urged Seely to provide funds for the school, "To give permanence to this school

41 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, February 5, 1870, BFRA, Letters Re­ ceived, Registered Vol. 4, 1870 L-Z. There is an unexplained gap in the corre­ spondence between November 12, 1869, and this letter. 132 Missouri Historical Review or to plant it firmly as the germ of a new life for this anti-progressive region does seem to me an indispensable necessity of the public safety." He wrote to both Parker and Oliver Otis Howard, Com­ missioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, soliciting their support for the school. Finally, Turner advised New Madrid blacks to organize the county school system by electing members of their race as school directors the next year. As an aside, he alerted Seely to the practice of certain people, a Judge Riley, Louey Cline, Mark Sherwood and others, of visit­ ing St. Louis's House of Refuge and taking "colored boys . . . and virtually enslaving them on their farms—without compensation."42 On his way back to St. Louis, Turner organized schools across the Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois, and at Commerce in Scott County. He recruited a black named Mr. Lee from Cairo to conduct the former, describing him as having "some ability but not much proficiency."43 In Commerce, Turner found the "chil­ dren ... so numerous and so very immoral" that he asked some of the leading blacks to sustain a school until a public supported one could be organized. They agreed and Turner recruited a black woman named Miss Reed as the teacher.44 Not long after his trip to Southeast Missouri, Turner received notice of his dismissal from Secretary of War W. W. Belknap. Why he lost his job is unclear, but he acknowledged being "abruptly discharged."45 Within a few weeks he had accepted a teaching position at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, but when the possibility of his reemployment by the bureau surfaced, Turner wrote that he would accept it because, "I can accomplish more good in such a position than in the one I now occupy." Neither a twenty dollar per month reduction in pay nor a great sacrifice in personal comfort would deter him from returning to the bureau. A concrete offer failed to materialize, however, and he continued teaching at Lincoln.46 Turner summarized his work on behalf of black education in a long report to Seely. During his seven month tenure he traveled between eight and ten thousand miles, and prodded boards of education to spend between seven and nine thousand dollars "be-

42 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, February 9, 1870, ibid. 43 j. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, February 12, 1870, ibid. 44 j. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, February 15, 1870, ibid. 45 j. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, March 17, 1870, ibid. 46 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, March 14, 17, May 9, 1870, ibid. Schools for Blacks 133

longing to the colored children as their pro rata share of the com­ mon school fund . . . ." He continued, "I have caused directly and indirectly the erection of Seven or Eight school houses and opened thirty-two schools in various parts of the state." Turner asserted, "Compared with other formerly slaveholding states, I find the general disposition of the community in this favorable to the edu­ cation of colored children . . . ." He noted, however, . . . that in such sections where the largest number of colored people are found there is a preponderance of dis­ loyal and former slave holding people, who in most cases are opposed to the establishment of these schools. While this class of opponents do not openly and unreservedly declare their opposition to the establishment of such schools, they in various ways evade and impede the execu­ tion of the law providing for the educational interests of colored children. More intense disloyal neighborhoods rather than organize colored schools frequently render the law ineffectual by refusing to create in their school district any school organization whatever. In such cases I have found Hon. T. A. Parker, State Superintendent of Public Schools, ready to assume and exercise whenever possible the power delegated by the 25th section of the State School 134 Missouri Historical Review

Law.[47] The want of a cordial cooperation on the part of subordinate officers has frequently rendered his efforts in­ effectual. In many localities positive objections are raised by both white and colored inhabitants to the appointment of white teachers in colored schools. Whenever practicable I have respected this prejudice but owing to the scarcity of efficient teachers of my own color, [and] the opposi­ tion to white teachers being insurmountable the establish­ ing of schools has been considerably hindered. Without egotism I must in conclusion say that my duties in many sections of the state have been rendered arduous by the unyielding distaste evinced by those op­ posed to colored schools. A remedy for this condition of things I am at a loss to suggest unless it be the daily spread of more enlightened ideas as a permeating ingredient of an advancing civilization. Turner concluded, I take pleasure in being able to announce that the colored people generally are frugal and temperate, very anxious to be taught for which they are apparently ready to make considerable sacrifice. . . .48

47 This refers to the provision that allowed the state superintendent to take over school districts, 48 J. Milton Turner to F. A. Seely, February 28, 1870, BFRA, Letters Re­ ceived, Registered Vol. 4, 1870 L-Z.

Burning Freedmen's Schoolhouse Schools for Blacks 135

Turner's letters provide students with the best contemporary treatment of the problems in establishing black schools in Missouri during Reconstruction. They show Turner to be an articulate, courageous, skilled and committed worker in the cause of black education. They also reveal that his personal efforts were com­ plemented by the cooperation and commitment of T. A. Parker, C. H. Howard of the AMA and Colonel F. A. Seely of the Freed- men's Bureau. Unfortunately that team broke up in 1870. Turner, of course, left the bureau; Ira Divoll replaced Parker as state super­ intendent of schools; and the Freedmen's Bureau ceased its edu­ cational work.49 A sad letter from Robert Stokes, the New Madrid teacher, illustrated that the team had disbanded before the work was finished. On August 2, 1870, Stokes's school burned, and he received a warning in writing that he would be "treated in the same way." He described the blacks in New Madrid County as "disheartened" but desirous of rebuilding. Stokes pleaded, To do this however they need the encouragement of an extraneous friendly influence—a substantial helping hand, shewing to them that altho' dwelling in the midst of designs inimical to their rightful advancement, they are yet cared for by the forces of the progressive spirit of the age in which we live.50 Seely asked permission to appropriate $500.00 to rebuild the school.51 That was the last Missouri letter in the file.

49 David D. March, The History of Missouri (New York, 1967), II, 1082; John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction After the Civil War (Chicago, 1961) , 38. 50 Robert W. Stokes to F. A. Seely, August 25, 1870, BFRA, Letters Re­ ceived, Registered Vol. 5, 1870 G-Z. 51 F. A. Seely to E. Whittlesey, August 27, 1870, ibid.

What University Was It?

College Farmer, January, 1924. On January 9, 1892, the University of Missouri was burned, and the old columns are all that remain of that once stately edifice. Of course, news of the fire was sent to all parts of America and even to foreign lands. One Missouri alumnus was in Paris at the time of the fire. In a day or two, he read in a French newspaper that the University of Missouri located at Columbia, Mississip­ pi, had burned; and that the Governor of Michigan was going to call an extra session of the Minnesota legislature to appropriate money to rebuild it. French Pioneers

Antoine Valentin de Gruy: Early Missouri Explorer

BY CARL J. EKBERG*

By the 1740s the French were firmly established in what they called the Illinois Country of the Province of Louisiana. This coun­ try consisted of all the French-claimed territory from the mouth of the Ohio River north to the Great Lakes and included the valleys of the Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio rivers. The nucleus of the Illinois Country lay on the east bank of the Mississippi some fifty miles south of the present city of St. Louis. In 1703, French Jesuits founded Kaskaskia, the largest community of this nucleus. Fort de Chartres, a wooden palisaded structure, com­ prised the military outpost and seat of government for the Illinois Country. In 1741, a young French officer with an aristocratic name, Antoine Valentin de Gruy Verloins Dumesnil Fouchard de la Folie, arrived at the "Establishment," as contemporaries called Fort de Chartres. Before 1741, almost nothing is known about De Gruy,

*Carl J. Ekberg is associate professor of History at Illinois State University, Normal. He has the B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and the Ph.D. from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. 136 Antoine Valentin de Gruy 137 as he usually signed his name. In that year, he first appeared as a witness on a bill of sale for a stone house near Fort de Chartres.1 He certainly was a member of the large De Gruy family from the area around New Orleans (De Gruy is still an important name in Louisiana). Perhaps he and other members of his aristo­ cratic family, down on their luck in France, had come to Louisiana to make their fortunes. Enough information exists about Antoine's activities in the Illinois Country to verify that business, not soldier­ ing, constituted his principal occupation. Virtually all of the officers assigned to Fort de Chartres supplemented their meager military incomes with business enterprises—fur trading, lead mining or salt manufacturing. The pursuit of furs and metals, both precious and base, first led Frenchmen into the hinterlands of Missouri. Colonists in the Illinois Country had begun exploiting the lead mines in present- day Washington, St. Francois and Madison counties almost as soon as they settled in the Mississippi Valley. The well-known Philippe Renaut was the first serious entrepreneur to work the Missouri lead mines, and during the 1720s and 1730s he struggled in partnership with the French Royal Indies Company. By 1740, however, the company had foundered and Renaut had given up his attempt profitably to mine lead on the upper Big River.2 Antoine de Gruy met Philippe Renaut at Fort de Chartres and doubtless learned about Renaut's mining enterprise and its failure. Late in 1741, not long before Renaut left Louisiana for France, De Gruy bought Renaut's livestock from the latter's con­ cession at St. Philippe, located several miles north of Fort de Chartres.3 This concession had been granted to Renaut in 1723 specifically to vise as a logistical base for his lead mining opera­ tions on the other side of the Mississippi.4 One can well imagine

1 Bill of sale, Kaskaskia Manuscripts, 41:4:28:1 (1741, April 28, item 1), Randolph County Courthouse, Chester, Illinois. De Gruy was in Louisiana with the rank of "enseign en pied" in Octo­ ber 1740. See "Liste des officiers de la Louisiane," Archives Nationales, Paris, series D2C4, folio 18, photostat in the Illinois Historical Survey, Urbana, Illinois. De Gruy sometimes spelled his name De Gruis, and other persons occa­ sionally spelled it De Guis. See footnote 20. 2 In the eighteenth century the French called the Big River (and often the Mineral Fork of the Big River) "the Meramec." On Renaut and his early mining activities see: Louis Houck, A History of Missouri (Chicago, 1908), I, 281-283; Norman Ward Caldwell, The French in the Mississippi ^Valley, 1740-1750 (Urbana, 111., 1941) , 47; Ruby Johnson Swartzlow, "The Early History of Lead Mining in Missouri," MISSOURI HIS­ TORICAL REVIEW, XXVIII (July, 1934) , 287-295. 3 Contract for purchase. Kaskaskia Manuscripts, 41:12:29:2. 4 See copy of Renaut's land grant in ibid., 23:6:14:1. 138 Missouri Historical Review the hardened old lead miner and Indian fighter regaling the young officer with tales about the adventures and riches awaiting the man who successfully coped with the difficulties of the Missouri wilderness. If no silver or gold, there was lead of sufficient quantity to supply all French posts from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast and furnish some to metropolitan France. De Gruy seems to have been a man of some means, at least by the standards of the Illinois Country. In 1742, he bought his first group of black slaves,5 and a year later he purchased a house in Kaskaskia;6 many of the officers assigned to Fort de Chartres resided in Kaskaskia. The day after De Gruy contracted for this house (April 4, 1743) he departed Fort de Chartres on the first of his exploratory journeys west of the Mississippi. He described the journey in his memorandum printed below. Later the same year, he appeared in New Orleans, busily forming a partnership and borrowing money to go into the lead mining business.7 In 1744, De Gruy bought out a business partner, Louis de Grandpre of Kaskaskia, for 19,000 livres.8 For the time being, however, he maintained his partnership with Bobe Descloseau of New Orleans. Then, a year later, De Gruy also ended this partnership, accusing Descloseau of having neglected their business affairs.9 Even the

5 Bill of sale, ibid., 42:3:28:1. 6 Contract for purchase, ibid., 43:4:4:1. 7 Contract of partnership, Archives of the Louisiana State Museum, 1743081201 (1743, August 12, item 1) , New Orleans, Louisiana; Record of notarial debt, ibid., 1743081901. 8 Liquidation of partnership, Kaskaskia Manuscripts, 44:2:17:1. 9 De Gruy to Buchet (chief clerk of Illinois) , June 12, 1745, Archives of the Louisiana State Museum, 1745061201.

Typical French Habitation in the Illinois Country Antoine Valentin de Gruy 139 scattered documents clearly reveal the difficulty French frontier entrepreneurs encountered with their sources of credit in far-off New Orleans. The degree of success or failure in De Gruy's mining opera­ tions cannot be ascertained precisely. During the year 1752, De Gruy's debts to a creditor in New Orleans, Pierre-Francois Olivier de Vezin, became a frequent subject in the official correspondence between Fort de Chartres and New Orleans.10 Yet at the same time, De Gruy reportedly extracted large quantities of lead from his mine, including enough to supply Canada with 100,000 pounds of the metal.11 Records of his business transactions are not com­ plete enough to reveal the frequency or severity of De Gruy's finan­ cial problems. However, they do indicate the causes for the diffi­ culty. In March 1752, Major Barthelmy Daniel Macarty, successor to Chevalier de Bertet as commandant at Fort de Chartres, wrote to the Marquis de Vaudreuil, governor of Louisiana, that because De Gruy had no black slave labor to work his lead mine the cost of hired white labor ate up his profits.12 Although the French originally had intended to use large numbers of black slaves in their lead mining enterprises,13 this intention apparently never reached fruition. Slaves did not form an important part of the labor force in the Missouri lead mines until near the end of the eighteenth century. Hostile Indians presented another problem for the lead miners. In his memorandum, De Gruy remarked that continual troubles with the Sioux and the Fox had finally compelled Philippe Renaut to give up lead mining on the Meramec River. Indians continued to cause problems for Missouri lead miners throughout the eigh­ teenth century. On at least one occasion, De Gruy had to cope with a band of Indians led by a notoriously dangerous fugitive black slave.14

10 See Theodore Calvin Pease and Ernestine Jenison, eds., Illinois on the Eve of the Seven Years' War, 1747-1755 in Collections of the Illinois State His­ torical Library (Springfield, 111., 1940), XXIX, 464, 562, 601, 626, 775-776, 789. 11 Ibid., 563. 12 Ibid. 13 Philippe Renaut was once thought to have imported large numbers of black slaves to work his lead mines in Missouri. Houck, Hist, of Mo., I, 282. Now it is apparent that Renaut never had more than a few blacks working for him. See, for example, the Louisiana census for 1732 in Charles R. Maduell, Jr., ed., The Census Tables for the French Colony of Louisiana from 1699 through 1732 (Baltimore, 1972), 153, which shows seventeen black adults at Renaut's lead mine. 14 See Pease and Jenison, eds., Eve of the Seven Years' War, 776. 140 Missouri Historical Review

^AC^^'

Finally, De Gruy's commanding officer, Major Macarty, wrote that in his opinion, De Gruy's "ambitions and assays" were ruin­ ing him.15 Macarty implied that De Gruy persistently searched for some mining area that would prove richer than the lead veins in Missouri. No one in fact succeeded in making much money in the lead mining district until Moses Austin arrived at the end of the eighteenth century. He possessed enough capital and tech­ nical know-how to sink deep shafts, set up efficient smelting tech­ niques and make a serviceable road from the mining hinterlands to the Mississippi River.16 At some point De Gruy married Marie Therese Aufrere. Their marriage contract is not extant, but in 1755, they bought a house in Kaskaskia from the French army surgeon in the Illinois Coun­ try, Louis Chancellier, for 6,500 livres.17 This substantial sum of money in that time and place indicates that, despite financial prob­ lems with his mining operations, De Gruy had become one of the important persons in the French community in Upper Louisiana. He owned a big house, served as an officer in the royal French

15 Ibid., 789. 16 On Moses Austin's career in Missouri see: Houck, Hist, of Mo., I, 368- 371; Ada Paris Klein, ed., "The Missouri Reader: Lead Mining in Pioneer Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLIII (April, 1949) , 257-266; Ruby Johnson Swartzlow, "The Early History of Lead Mining in Missouri," ibid., XXIX (January, 1935), 109-114; James A. Gardner, Lead King: Moses Austin (St. Louis, 1980). 17 Contract for purchase, Kaskaskia Manuscripts 55:2:15:1. Antoine Valentin de Gruy 141 army, operated lead mines in Missouri and had business connec­ tions in New Orleans. De Gruy apparently died in 1759. His house in Kaskaskia was auctioned off that year.18 In 1760, his widow remarried and moved back to Lower Louisiana with her new husband and her children by De Gruy.19 Thus ended the history of the De Gruy family in the Illinois Country. Although De Gruy's age at the time of his death remains unknown, he seems to have died young, probably in his forties. Many persons in the French Illinois Coun­ try died young because of the harsh life and the low level of medical practice. De Gruy's interesting description of his first two expeditions west of the Mississippi represents his important gift to posterity. As the earliest detailed description of the lead-mining region of Missouri, it deserves publication.

"Memoir of sieur de Guis Concerning Lead Mines in the Illinois Country."20 According to the Indian report there was no doubt that there were lead mines closer to where the smaller rivers entered the Mississippi than was Mine La Motte. This mine was located thirteen leagues inland on the other side of the river [Mississippi], and lead had been extracted from it since the time the French had arrived in this region. This lead had not only supplied this settle­ ment [the Illinois Country] but had also supplied such Canadian posts as Ouiatenon, Missilimakinac, and Detroit. . . .21

18 Record of sale by auction, ibid., 59:3:8:2. 19 See Glenn R. Conrad. Abstracts of the Civil Records of St. Charles Parish, 1770-1803 (Lafayette, La., 1974), 27. 20 The original of this memorandum is in the Archives Nationales, Paris, series Gi 465, folios 3-15, photostat in the Illinois Historical Survey in Urbana, Illinois. Although it is labeled "Memoire du Sieur De Guis," the evidence clearly reveals that it is the work of De Gruy. See footnote 27. Indeed, there never seems to have been anyone named "De Guis" in the Illinois Country. 21 Mine La Motte was named after La Motte Cadillac, who had visited the mine as early as 1715. See John E. Rothensteiner, "Earliest History of Mine La Motte," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XX (January, 1926) , 202-203. The productivity of the Missouri lead mines was sporadic during the entire French period; some years there was substantial output, some years none at all. In 1733, for example, the governor of French Louisiana, Etienne Perier, complained of the lack of lead in the entire province. See Perier to minister, January 25, 1733, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, nouvelles acquisitions 9310, folio 316. When the French colonists of the Illinois Country had surplus lead to export, they shipped it down the Mississippi and up the Ohio and the Wabash to reach such posts as Detroit. 142 Missouri Historical Review

This is a 1744 map by N. Bellin entitled "Map of Louisiana, The Course of the Mississippi and Neighboring Countries." De Gruy sent his memoirs on the Missouri Territory back to Paris where Bellin was the royal cartographer. Bellin may have used the memoirs when he prepared this map, reproduced in Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix, Histoire et Description Generate de la Nouvelle France (Paris, 1744), II.

I was thinking that it would be advantageous for the colony [of Louisiana] to locate some of these mines close to the rivers, which would very much facilitate their exploitation. This led me to ask sieur de Bertet, commandant of this post [Fort de Chartres], if I could myself go and verify with the Indians the report they had so often made to me. He granted me permission.22

22 De Bertet, commandant at Fort de Chartres 1742-1749, was particularly eager to find mineral wealth in the Illinois Country. Antoine Valentin de Gruy 143

The 5th of April [1743] I left the Establishment [Fort de Chartres] accompanied by two Indians and two Frenchmen; we carried implements necessary for making excavations in the earth. We crossed the Mississippi at the Michegamea Village a league and one-half from Fort de Chartres.23 On the other side of the river we took a well-beaten trail, which was ordinarily called the road of the Grand Osages and which in fact led to them [the Osage Indians].24 We followed that road until nightfall, always in a westerly direction. The 6th [of April] we continued on the same road until midday, when we left it in order to pursue our march west, for at that point the road went off to the northeast to cross the forks of the Meramec River.25 The remainder of the day [April 6] we continued in the same direction, passing through very mountainous country that was impracticable for the use of any kind of carts. By evening we found ourselves on a branch of the St. Francis River, which flows into the Mississippi thirty leagues above the Arkansas Post. According to the Indians, the source of this river is located about sixty leagues from the Estab­ lishment [Fort de Chartres] at the foot of a chain of mountains. This chain of mountains, as indicated by its orientation and the reports of both Indians and voyageurs, is contiguous to that [chain of mountains] of New Mexico and passes by all the tribes known to us up to the banks of the Missouri.26 The following day [April 7, 1743] we crossed that river [i.e. a branch of the St. Francis] on a small raft. At a distance of a musket shot from the bank, my guides told me to dig in and that I would find a vein. I did this, and one foot down I found some of the stone or marcasite that is enclosed in the small sacks labeled "St. Antoine's Mine."27 Not much satisfied with my find,

23 The Michegamea Indians, originally a band of the Illinois tribe, created a distinct identity for themselves. Their largest settlement was just north of Fort de Chartres. 24 The Grand Osage, as distinct from the Little Osage, lived on the upper Osage River. See Carl H. Chapman, "The Indomitable Osage in the Spanish Illinois, 1762-1804," in John Francis McDermott, ed., The Spanish in the Mis­ sissippi Valley, 1762-1804 (Urbana, 111., 1974) , 289. 25 The French called the Big River "the Meramec," and the forks referred to here could well be the confluence of the Big with the Meramec. 26 De Gruy's geography is a bit far-fetched at this point. It would seem that he was located on the headwaters of the St. Francis River, perhaps in the area near the town of Bismarck in St. Francois County. 27 Marcasite, FeS2, can certainly be found on the headwaters of the St. Fran­ cis River. The labeling of the sack as "St. Antoine's Mine" is the author's conclusive proof that the explorer was indeed Antoine Valentin de Gruy. As customary, he named a place that he had discovered after himself. 144 Missouri Historical Review having expected to find lead, I asked them if that was all they had to show me. They told me to follow them and they led me to a small hill, where as we moved forward that sort of stone or marcasite protruded from the ground in large quantities. On the top of the hill there were even ledges of it four to five feet high. I tried digging in that spot but found it impossible to do so be­ cause there was more metallic stone than earth. I asked the In­ dians what they thought they had shown me, to which one replied that he had carried some of it [the marcasite] to the English at Chouaguen the year before and that they had told him that it was iron.28 They had questioned him about where it was found and if access could be had to it without the French knowing any­ thing. He did not respond, and those persons [the English] gave him some presents and told him not to tell the French about the site. It is to be remarked upon that the snow, which sometimes lies on the ground for six weeks or two months in this country [Missouri], melts immediately in this spot. This means that in an area three or four leagues in circumference the land produces nothing but a few oaks that seem to grow only reluctantly, for there is no other species of tree or moss, nor is there any other kind of stone, and the soil is about the same color as the marcasite.29 The 8th [of April] I left, after having buried under a tree a lead plaque engraved with the royal coat of arms. I recrossed the same branch of the river, which could be of no use except for the construction of forges; it is filled with banks of rocks that create intermittent rapids and falls, rendering it impassable. But four leagues to the west-north-west, across very level land, there is a branch of the Meramec River,30 by which one can descend to the Mississippi during the entire spring season. The 10th [of April] I took up my route, and on the 11th at noon we arrived at the river [Mississippi]. In an hour I arrived at Fort de Chartres, where I gave an account of the success of my trip to sieur le chevalier de Bertet.

28 Chouaguen was the Indian name for the English post of Oswego on Lake Erie. 29 De Gruy was obviously persuaded that he had come upon a micro­ climate somewhere in the watershed between the Big and the St. Francis rivers. If such a place exists, the author does not know of it. 30 It would seem that De Gruy came upon the headwaters of the Big River, probably between the present towns of Belgrade and Irondale in Washington County. Antoine Valentin de Gruy 145

I found there [Fort de Chartres] Sieur Robineau de Portneuf,31 who four days ago had left to explore some mines. He told me that the second day he had come upon a branch of the St. Francis River four or five leagues across from Mine La Motte,32 which was mentioned earlier. He said that he found, while following that river into a small cliff five or six feet high, a vein of lead mineral a foot wide and six inches high. He dug into the ground above this cliff and two feet down he found the same vein and extracted two hundred weights of mineral similar to the one that is enclosed in the little sack labeled "Sieur Portneufs Mine on the St. Francis River." In addition, he told me that the river did not appear any more navigable than at the location mentioned earlier, that the distance from Fort de Chartres was twelve or thirteen leagues, and that the route is rather mountainous but less difficult than to Mine La Motte. This is the same report that this officer gave to sieur the chevalier de Bertet.

31 This is almost certainly Louis Robineau, sieur de Portneuf, a French colonial officer active in the Illinois Country during the 1740s and 1750s. He served for a time as commandant at the French outpost on the Missouri River, located on the present site of Leavenworth, Kansas. 32 Apparently Portneuf had been on the Castor River, on which the French later mined lead. 146 Missouri Historical Review

The commandant wishes very much that we could find some­ thing worthy of attracting the attention of the minister,33 which would demonstrate the value of so fine a land as is Illinois. He engaged us to continue our search and to make use of the local Indians, who up to now had shown no willingness to tell us about the mines. Thus I left Fort de Chartres the 15th of the same month [April 1743] with the same guides. We crossed the Mississippi two leagues above that post and on the other side took up our route to the north-west. We proceeded all day along a very usable road and continued in the same direction to one of the forks of the Meramec, which in that location might be eighty toise wide and is rather deep.34 The 16th we spent making a barken canoe and the 17th at daybreak we embarked to descend that river. Two leagues from our camp we crossed another branch of this river,35 along which, at a distance of five leagues over-land, is found an­ other lead mine. Sieur Renault [a variation of Renaut], who had invested in the concession granted by the king to these mines and who was sent to the Illinois for this reason, worked these mines for some years but was obliged to withdraw because of frequent attacks by the enemies of that time, who were the Sioux and the Fox. According to his [Renaut's] report and according to some volontairesSQ who work there now this mine appears to be very rich. Although one might judge it by the many rich veins that are found, the main body of this mine . . . has not been discovered because it is being worked by ignorant persons, who have no power other than that of their arms. I here interrupt the account of my journey in order to inform you of the manner in which the mine is being worked. Most of the miners, who numbered eighteen or twenty when I left the Illinois Country, were wastrels sent to this spot involun-

33 This would have been the Minister of the Marine in France, Jean Frederic, comte de Maurepas, who at this time also would have been charged with the overseas colonies. 3 4 Apparently, De Gruy struck the Big River (Meramec) at the mouth of Mill Creek in northernmost St. Francois County. A toise was about six feet; "eighty" is clearly a mistake of some kind, for nowhere is the Big River 480 feet wide. Perhaps he meant eight instead of "eighty." 35 This "branch" of the Big River was surely the Mineral Fork, which flows into the Big at Washington State Park. 36 Renault's report would surely be a fascinating document but it has never been found. "Volontaires" refer to voluntary enlisted men in the royal army. Antoine Valentin de Gruy 147 tarily for not having been able to support themselves.37 In this spot everyone works by himself trying to locate a branch or a vein, for they do not have the capacity to go deeper in search of the solid body of the mine. In this search each uses a probe four or five feet long, which is plunged into the ground in different places until a vein is struck. When one is struck, they make a large hole and extract all of the ore that they can. If they run into difficulties with rock or water they abandon their dig and move elsewhere. When an individual has extracted enough of the ore to supply him with a living for the rest of the year, he stops work and sets about the smelting process. Here is how they go about it. They cut down two or three large trees and then cut them into five-foot sections. Next they make a small excavation in the ground and stack the logs, three high, along the edges of the excavation. They cover it with the same wood by placing three shorter logs on top and one across at either end, which forms a sort of box. Then they fill it up with ore and stack wood on top and around it. When that is done, they fire it from below, igniting the logs and melting part of the ore. Sometimes it is necessary to repeat this process as many as three times in order to extract all of the material [lead], which collects in the bottom of the hole. They then remelt it in order to shape it into small flat bars each

37 This comment would indicate that De Bertet, the commandant at Fort de Chartres, was using the lead mines a little like the Russians have used their Siberian salt mines—as a place to dump undesirables. 148 Missouri Historical Review weighing sixty to eighty pounds. This facilitates its transport to Kaskaskia, which is done on very strong horses, each of them ordinarily carrying four or five of these bars.38 It is worth considering that despite the primitive method of work 2,300 of these bars were taken from Mine La Motte in 1741 and 2,228 of them in 1742; and the miners only work for four or five months per year.39 If the minister deemed it appropriate to expedite this work, which cannot be done at this time because of the scarcity and expense of negroes, and if he would agree, mes­ sieurs, as a consequence of your intercession, to give me some of the salt-smugglers that he sends each year to the colony, I would be in a position to conduct investigations that could in time prove worthy of attention.40 I will continue, messieurs, to satisfy your interest in the discovery of new mines. I continued my route on this same Meramec River, and five leagues below the fourche de Sr. Renault,41 as it is called, we took to the land and climbed a gentle slope to the top of a ridge. From thence we took up our route west. Continuing in that direc­ tion, we found after a league a small prairie, at the end of which there was a dry creek bed in which I found much lead ore. I had the ground tested in several spots above the source of the creek and found two veins, which seemed to contain large quantities of very pure ore. I named the place Beef Prairie Mine because of the large number of these animals found there.42 This mine seemed very advantageous to me, being located only one and one- half leagues from the river [Meramec], which is almost always navigable, by a road easily passable with small wagons. The 17th [of April] we again took up our route and followed the creek in which I had found the ore down to the river. We reembarked and went down river eight more leagues to the foot

38 This description of transportation of the lead directly to Kaskaskia with­ out a stop on the west bank of the Mississippi would indicate that Ste. Gene­ vieve had not yet been founded. This description also shows the absurdity of the popular notion that the early French lead miners cast their lead into horse-collar shaped masses for transport out of the mining district. 39 The lead mining throughout the French period was seasonal in nature; 1741 and 1742 were good years. 40 Production and marketing of salt were government monopolies in France before the Revolution, and salt smugglers were a common variety of criminal. 41 This could well be Fourche Renault, a small tributary of the Mineral Fork in Washington County. 42 De Gruy's "beeves" were almost certainly bison, for it is unlikely that numerous herds of wild beef cattle roamed Missouri in 1743. William A. Read, Louisiana-French (Baton Rouge, 1963) ,11, has pointed out that French colonists in Louisiana called bison boeufs sauvges and often simply boeufs. Antoine Valentin de Gruy 149 of a steep rocky bluff, which the Indians call the Rock. Struck by the different colors of the stone of which it was made up, we landed at that spot and climbed up behind this Rock to a very high ridge. On this high point I found an extensive prairie where I discovered much lead ore in ground that seemed already to have been worked, I had several spots tested and a foot down I found a vein of this ore half a foot thick and seven or eight inches in width. With the help of the probe I discovered that that vein ran for forty or forty-five feet. I had other spots tested and I found several rather extensive veins, which were very thin and covered with a white tuff. This tuff made me hopeful about this mine because it is found only in rich mines. With these thoughts in mind, I asked my guides if we were far from Fort de Chartres by land. They told me that we were about eight leagues, that the route was a good one, that the trip could be made with horses

De Gruy's Explorations

First Second 150 Missouri Historical Review in less than one day, and that by the river [Meramec] we were fifty-five leagues from its confluence with the Mississippi, which confluence is only six leagues from Fort de Chartres.43 The 18th [of April] I took up my route on the river and asked the Indians if they knew of any other mines. They said no, but that there was no creek on this river where mineral ore could not be found and that if they wished to search for these mines they would have no trouble in finding them. The evening of the 19th I arrived at Fort de Chartres. Sieur de Portneuf had arrived the preceding day. He had found, at eight leagues from the Establishment, close to a place called the Terre Bleu, between the St. Francis and the Castor Rivers, which flows into one of the branches of the Meramec, a lead mine.44 This mine had been sought for a long time and had been known only to two Indians, one of whom was dead and the other of whom was afraid to divulge its location, for out of superstition he was afraid he would die if he did so. This officer [Portneuf] told me that the mine appeared to be very rich, that some of its veins protruded from the ground, and that in the places where he had dug the ore appeared in balls, mixed, how­ ever with large stones like stones in a quarry. The road there is passable for pack horses, and when I left the Illinois Country several persons were about ready to go there to work.45

43 This paragraph provides the best data for fixing De Gruy's position in the hinterlands of Missouri. Judging a league to be about three and one-half miles, he seems to have been on the Big River just downstream from Wash­ ington State Park. 44 This description would place Portneuf near Terre Bleu Creek, which flows into the Big River near East Bonne Terre in St. Francois County. 45 De Gruy's manuscript goes on briefly to describe another exploratory trip by Portneuf up the Wabash River, but this description is of little interest.

A Musical Anecdote

Mississippi Valley Democrat and Journal of Agriculture, June 16, 1898. Sarasate once found his memory deserting him at a recital; but he discovered the reason of the mishap in time to prevent a failure. A lady was fanning her­ self in the front row of the stalls. The violinist stopped playing. "Madam," he said, "how can I play in two-four time when you are beating six eight?" The lady shut up her fan, and the recital was concluded successfully. —Argonaut. ".V\ :'?_&

St. Louis and the 1880 Census: The Shock of Collective Failure

BY JEANETTE C. LAUER & ROBERT H. LAUER*

The preliminary figure for the 1980 population of the city of St. Louis appeared so low that the city filed suit for a recount. The undesirable political and economic consequences that would follow upon a more than 25 percent decline in population over the decade caused the city fathers considerable concern. Interest­ ingly, that concern echoed similar feelings among St. Louisans a century earlier. The 1880 census also generated considerable anx­ iety. The problem, in that instance however, did not relate to a declining population but to a population that had not increased as rapidly as had been expected. St. Louisans had thought that the 1880 census would place

*Jeanette C. Lauer is assistant professor of History, St. Louis Community College at Florissant Valley. She has a Ph.D. degree in History from Washington University, St. Louis. Robert H. Lauer is professor of Sociology at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville. He has a Ph.D. degree in Sociology from Washington University, St. Louis. 151 152 Missouri Historical Review the population around the 500,000 figure; instead, the first count showed 340,000. Many citizens responded with a "howl of indigna­ tion'" and claimed that the whole process had been either inept or fraudulent or both. "The city is considerably agitated today," re­ ported the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in June, "over the apparent imperfections in the taking of the census."1 To substantiate the fact that "the city" and not merely the editor was agitated, the article reported the outraged comments of various prominent citi­ zens. Subsequent public meetings and citizen action also showed that a considerable number of people were distressed over returns which the papers called "cussed," "crushing," "fraudulent," a "swin­ dle" and an "outrage." The population had grown during the decade, of course. But it had not grown nearly as rapidly as people had expected. Therefore, considerable agitation resulted in the city in 1880. Why were St. Louisans so incensed? Why were the census results so important to them? In part, their reaction reflected the American value on growth as evidence of progress. Americans re­ flected what sociologist Pitirim A. Sorokin called "the culture of quantitative colossalism." That which is bigger is ipso facto better. As Daniel Boors tin remarked, nineteenth-century American cities frequently measured their well-being in terms of growth, for growth showed progress.2 Fierce competition existed between western cities to attract immigrants, thereby becoming the fastest growing among the communities. "Boosterism" became rampant, as towns and cities exalted their own advantages in an effort to outdo and outgrow each other. In the context of this general value on growth and the compe­ tition with other cities, St. Louisans had developed a variety of dreams and aspirations. All of them depended upon a rapidly grow­ ing population. One of the more spectacular of these dreams en­ visioned that St. Louis might become the capital of the entire nation. As the nation expanded westward, a number of Americans believed that the capital would eventually need a more central location. In 1869 a convention in St. Louis began a capital removal crusade. Seventeen states and territories sent delegates. Those from St. Louis believed that their city would be the natural site if the efforts succeeded. Citizens of St. Louis, the fourth largest city in

I5r. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 19, 1880. 2 Pitirim A. Sorokin, The Crises of Our Age (New York, 1941) , 2; Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York, 1965), 114. St. Louis and the 1880 Census 153 the nation, had every reason to believe that it would climb even higher in the rankings.3 Some citizens, while not so bold in their dreams as the capital- removal crusaders, believed too that St. Louis was well on its way to becoming one of the greatest cities in America. Of course, Chi­ cago challenged the claim. But most St. Louisans did not ac­ knowledge Chicago as a real threat in spite of its rapid growth, its challenge to St. Louis's commercial dominance of the Mississippi Valley and its boasts of future prominence. The 1870 census re­ turns had shown St. Louis still larger than Chicago. Many expected the 1880 census would demonstrate to Chicagoans that they had no hope of surpassing St. Louis. Confident of the results, the peo­ ple of St. Louis talked light-heartedly and teasingly about the com­ ing census. As one editor wrote in January 1880: "The newly- appointed census taker for St. Louis should understand, as soon as possible, that he must beat Chicago or leave town."4 Upon publication of the results, the same editor called the Chicago figures, 501,000 "tremendously inflated" arid pointed out the large amount of property which had not been rebuilt since the fire of 1871 "in spite of all the bellowing which Chicago has done in the last ten years."5 Another editor noted that among the "puzzles" of the census, "no large city but Chicago . . . has increased at the

3 William Hyde and Howard L. Conard, eds., Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis (St. Louis, 1899), I, 304-305. 4 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, January 14, 1880. 5 Ibid., July 6, 1880.

St. Louis about 1880 154 Missouri Historical Review rate of 68 per cent and no large county but Cook . . . has in­ creased at the rate of 100 per cent."6 The same editor revealed that the new figures for Cook County would give it one-fifth of the Illinois state legislature. As the people of Illinois reflect on this, opined the editor, they will no doubt conclude "what the rest of the world already thinks—that the Chicago enumeration is a prodigious fraud, determined on ten years ago, and executed with all the enter­ prise and spirit with which that irrepressible city is accustomed to do things."7 In response, the Chicago Daily News accounted for the discrepancy between St. Louis's expectations and the results by claiming, tongue-in-cheek, that in the year prior to the census the population had declined by 125,000. The newspaper reported this due to five things: death from sunstroke, death from the city's stench, starvation, removal to the penitentiary and immigration to Chicago.8 If not the most flourishing western city, St. Louis would ex­ perience more than a loss of face to Chicago and the loss of any hope to be the future capital. The city also would suffer undesir­ able political and economic consequences. Political power, then as now, related to size. Would the city lose clout in Congress and the ability to influence policy? And what of the economic future? What would happen when people realized that St. Louis was not the growing metropolis it had claimed to be? As one editor put it, the census made St. Louis "appear as a decaying, retrograding city," and the consequences would be uniformly bad: "It will dishearten our own people. It will discourage capital. It will de­ crease the value of real property and choke up our prosperous industries."9 To put the matter succinctly, the census results would appear to be "a libel on our growth" that should not be sanctioned nor allowed to be generally accepted.10 The haunting notion that the census might be correct could not be completely stifled. A few doubts about the reliability of the 1870 census had been expressed even before completion of the 1880 returns. In 1879, the editor of the Post-Dispatch sug­ gested a gross overestimate of the current population because of the 1870 figures. For if the population had indeed reached the expected half-million mark, the city experienced remarkably little

6 St. Louis Missouri Republican, July 29, 1880. 7 Ibid., August 9, 1880. 8 Reported in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 14, 1^ 9 Ibid., September 7, 1880. 10 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 20, 1880. St. Louis and the 1880 Census 155 per capita in such things as the purchase of books, attendance at theaters, the sending of telegrams and the writing of letters. Fur­ thermore, the death rate would make St. Louis the healthiest city on the face of the earth!11 After announcement of the census figures the next year, uneasiness about the 1870 figures intensified. The papers admitted that the 1870 census had exaggerated the city's population. St. Louisans willingly had accepted the lie because it made them larger than Chicago and indicated a very rapid rate of growth. In 1880, the city tasted the bitterness of the deceptive morsel it had so easily swallowed in 1870. Despite the inflated 1870 figures, the 1880 results were not acceptable. Both censuses appeared inaccurate. If the 1870 census had overestimated the population, St. Louisans argued, the 1880 census had underestimated it. To some extent, the newspapers blamed the citizenry. They too easily had accepted the 1870 results and approached the 1880 effort with little interest. Even before the canvassing had begun, the Globe-Democrat complained that no one in the city acted to insure a complete and satisfactory census.12 Upon completion of the project, the paper again reminded its readers about the "absence of any public-spirited zeal or in­ terest in the affair," an absence exemplified by the refusal of some people to give information to census takers.13 The newspapers regarded the political subversiveness and the official bungling even worse than the public indifference. Reporters for the Missouri Republican had pointed out during the census taking that the whole affair seemed peculiarly secretive: "A rather curious veil of mystery enshrouds the taking of the census, the exact object of which is difficult to determine." Such matters as the work of the superintendent, the schedule of appointments and the reports of progress were "hidden in deep obscurity," giv­ ing the entire business "an air of gloom and mystery" that baffled observers.14 Other editors offered more concrete criticisms. The Globe-Democrat blamed the Democrats in Congress for dragging their feet and refusing to appropriate the necessary funds for a thorough and correct census.15 We could hardly expect quality enumerators, the editor argued, for 2 cents per head for each living

ii St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 15, 1879. 12 Sr. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 21, 1880. 13 Ibid., June 20 and September 4, 1880. 14 St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 28, 1880. 15 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 20, 1880. 156 Missouri Historical Review

^ person and 5 cents for each death, with

f Jm a maximum allowable earnings of four ^^ dollars per ten-hour working day. The 7 Democrats had tried foolishly "to gain a "v reputation for economy at the expense of the public interest."16 In addition, the Democrats did not want to face the truth that w7ould be revealed by an accurate census, namely, that only where Repub­ licans held power did the people prosper. The Republican administration also re­ ceived a share of the blame. Both the Globe-Democrat and the Post-Dispatch criticized the secretary of the interior, Carl Schurz. Schurz had been a senator from Missouri from 1869 to 1875. He did not run for reelection. In 1877, Pres­ ident Rutherford B. Hayes appointed Schurz to his cabinet. Area newspapers labeled as incompetent, the census super­ visor for St. Louis, a Schurz appointee. The supervisor, in turn, selected the enumerators, all politically allied with Schurz. According to the Democratic Post-Dispatch, this suggested a "scheme to belittle the State and city by showing a retrogression in progress and population."17 The paper did not say why Schurz wanted to belittle the city. Perhaps the editor believed that, as a Republican, Schurz willingly sought to bring harm to a strongly Democratic city. At any rate, the Globe-Demo­ crat, while Republican in orientation, also attacked Schurz and gave another reason for Schurz's alleged connivance. The census results meant that the city would have only two congressional seats in the new apportionment, of which one would represent a heavily German district. Schurz believed that he controlled the German vote. Thus, said the editor, while it may be coincidental that1 6Schurz' Ibid., Juns e censu28, 1880s . making agreed so accurately with his con­ gressionan St. Louisl possibilities Post-Dispatch,, "wJune e ca18n, ISonl y say that those who think St. Louis and the 1880 Census 157

Schurz incapable of playing such a game for such a stak§ don't know Schurz."18 The ineptness of the enumerators and the difficult conditions under which they worked compounded the political scheming. The "difficult conditions" included the incompetence of the supervisors. Reporters for the Globe-Democrat wrote about the "blundering manner" of census taking "under wooden-headed supervision." The entire process appeared "absurdly stupid and inefficient," supervised by a man who had no prior experience.19 The. Post- Dispatch blamed the enumerators. With too little time to dp their work, they willingly accepted information about entire households from children as young as nine years old. Some of the German enumerators were not proficient in English. Reportedly, a few census takers appeared drunk and insulting as they went about their task.20 In essence, the enumerators as a group were an "igno­ rant and guzzling" lot of incompetents, chosen from the same class that "make up the ironclad juries, the chronic time-servers, and the ward bummers."21 Beyond a doubt, then, the census had been "bunglingly taken," although Chicago clearly had outstripped St. Louis in population. As the editor of the Post-Dispatch said in July: "We hope we may not be crucified for saying that the agony is over, and there is no longer the slightest doubt that the census will show Chicago to have at least 150,000 more people than St. Louis."22 At the same time, the editor insisted that St. Louis had at least 100,000 more people than indicated by the official figures. The persisting efforts by St. Louisans to define the situation as an under count was not a blind rejection of truth. A good deal of evidence supported the claim of incorrect census figures. Vari­ ous people reported that they had never been contacted by an enumerator. Some proved to be ordinary citizens, such as the janitor and his family who lived in the Mercantile Library; build­ ing. Apparently the enumerator assumed that no one lived in li­ braries. A number of prominent people in the city also said that they had not been counted. In all, hundreds and perhaps thousands of families may have been omitted for various reasons.23

18 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 14, 1880. 19 Ibid., June 20 and July 5, 1880. 20 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 18, 1880. 21 Ibid., June 19, 1880. 22 ibid., July 7, 1880. 23 Ibid., June 18, 1880; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 20, 1880; St. Louis Missouri Republican, July 3, 1880. 158 Missouri Historical Review

Carl Schurz

Did the people missed by the enumerators amount to an occasional oversight or did they really number into the tens of thousands? According to the various pieces of evidence produced, it appeared that the official returns contained errors anywhere from about 30,000 to 160,000. St. Louisans arrived at these esti­ mates by looking at such things as voting records; number of new building permits; number of new stores, businesses and residences; school attendance; the city directory; and the growth in the rest of the state.24 For example, during the ten-year period residents had built at least 18,000 new dwellings, while the number of regis­ tered voters doubled and the number of names in the city directory nearly doubled. Consider too, mortality rates. Earlier the Post- Dispatch, had pointed out that a half-million population gave the city an unbelievably low death rate. In September, the paper noted that the official figures now made it the "most sickly city in the

24 The estimates and the basis for them are discussed in the St. Louis Post- Dispatch, June 19, July 8, 28, September 2, 4, 1880; the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 22, 23, August 4, 10, 14, 1880; and the St. Louis Missouri Republican, Au­ gust 29, 1880. St. Louis and the 1880 Census 159 world."25 As for school figures, the superintendent of the school census claimed an average of five people for each school-age child. With 97,577 children in school in April 1878, the city's population should be around 487,885.26 Clearly to many observers, the num­ bers reported by the census takers did not agree with a host of facts and statistics about the city. In September, the Post-Dispatch listed eleven "plain reasons" for incorrect census results, includ­ ing those noted above and concluding with the "plain" reason that "if the census of 1880 is correct it would practically show an absolute decrease—a manifest impossibility."27 Finally, doubts about the accuracy of census figures in a number of cities (including New York, Cincinnati and Louisville) and states suggested the possibility of general incompetence in the census-taking process.28 St. Louis, then, would be one of many victims of that incompetence. What could St. Louisans do about the fraud perpetrated upon them? When news of the preliminary results leaked out in June, a group of citizens met to discuss ways to insure an accurate census. The editor of the Globe-Democrat suggested that America consider using the English method of taking the entire census in one day.29 But that, of course, would not resolve the problem in 1880. A group of citizens crowded into a hotel meeting room that summer to explore their alternatives. They decided to establish

2 5 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 2, 1880. 2H Ibid., September 3, 1880. 27 Ibid., September 2, 1880. 28 Ibid., June 19, 1880; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 21, August 5, 13, 22, September 30, 1880; St. Louis Missouri Republican, June 20, 1880. 29 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 20 and 21, 1880.

Chicago Prior to 1880 160 Missouri Historical Review

Discussing the Census a "committee of fifteen" to pursue the issue. One immediate plan asked all St. Louisans to report any inaccuracies which they knew to their postmen; letter carriers would be used to get a new esti­ mate. While the carriers sought people omitted from the count, the Census Bureau responded to the people's concern by appoint­ ing a special agent to deal with the matter. Shortly after the agent arrived in the city, reports circulated that the carriers had found about 25,000 uncounted people. The agent agreed that the bulk of these people did not appear on the enumerators' lists. The Com­ mittee of Fifteen thereupon drafted a series of resolutions, includ­ ing one that called for a new census. The special agent took the resolutions back to Washington on July 4. Three days later, offi­ cials announced the returns—340,000. The next day, the Post-Dis­ patch reported the census to be "the absorbing topic of conversa­ tion on the streets" and the editor called for a totally new census, "taken by gentlemen of honor and capacity."30 By September, however, nothing had been done. The papers again called for a recount: "Now we asked in the name of common decency and justice if we are to allow the fair fame of our city to be tarnished by this bungling work. A correct census is possible and we should have it."31 One editor suggested that the city take its own census, using its own funds and facilities, but another argued that the government should correct its own errors.32 On September 8, a number of prominent businessmen called for a

30 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 8, 1880. 31 Ibid., September 7, 1880. 32 Ibid.; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, September 9, 1880. St. Louis and the 1880 Census 161 mass meeting of the citizenry to consider the problem and decide what action should be taken. At the meeting, held in the Mer­ chants' Exchange, a "large and representative" group of people attended. They passed a number of resolutions, and formed a new committee, composed of thirty citizens "representing all the lead­ ing interests." The Committee of Thirty took all their evidence of inaccuracy to Washington. By November, a new supervisor and a new staff of enumerators had been selected and the recount begun. On November 19, they announced the results—350,915. "And now," wrote the editor of the Post-Dispatch, "let us have peace."33 But there would be no peace until final settlement of the prob­ lem created by the census. The numbers could not be changed. The question remained, how to respond to the thwarted aspira­ tions of greatness. The Republican editor of the Globe-Democrat did not miss the opportunity to throw some of the blame upon the city's Democratic administration. He called for the people to throw the Democrats out of office. The editor argued, the lesson of the census was "the short time which it required for Democracy to undo the work of Republicanism."34 In contrast, the editor of the Missouri Republican pointed out that virtually all of the prob­ lems with the census had a political basis. He said that most Republican politicians defended the work of the supervisor "be­ cause it is an apparent evidence that they are right when they declare that people are driven away from this city and state by Democratic rule."35 Beyond the usual political charges and countercharges, St. Louisans agreed that the city had to make an effort to increase its population rapidly. Critics also concurred that St. Louisans had been too confident. And while the citizens went about serenely in their confidence, Chicago worked furiously and sprang ahead in the race for commercial dominance. Now the people of St. Louis had to roll up their sleeves and plunge into the task of making the city grow so that the next census would not catch them nap­ ping. But how? One suggestion, made just after announcement of the official results in July and a number of times thereafter, would encourage more immigrants to settle in the city. Other suggestions included new business ventures, the building of more and better

33 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 19, 1880. 34 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 5 and 9, 1880. 35 St. Louis Missouri Republican, September 10, 181 162 Missouri Historical Review railroad facilities, and even the encouragement of natural increase by births. In the latter effort, the editor of the Post-Dispatch admonished, "we have only to add that St. Louis expects every man to do his duty."36 The next year community leaders illustrated their seriousness about stimulating growth. A group of businessmen made a com­ parative study of trade in St. Louis and Chicago. They recom­ mended several courses of action, including political reform and projects by the city government. Furthermore, said a spokesman for the group, the city should admit its deficiencies: The trouble is here that we have suffered ourselves to be deceived by the windy statements and publications of our wealth and importance made from time to time by frothy enthusiasts and capital-moving agitators. St. Louis has been injured by all this nonsense and we must confront the naked truth if we wish to advance at all.37

Boosterism, in other words, had yielded bitter fruit for St. Louis. But the booster spirit could not be quelled. Both before and after the 1880 census, the newspapers boosted St. Louis by pro­ claiming its assets and by reminding readers of Chicago's liabilities including crime and political fraud. For example, in August 1880, the editor of the Post-Dispatch wrote: "While St. Louis is blessed with an era of peace and brotherly love, Chicago appears to be indulging in a very carnival of crime. Hardly a day has passed for weeks that there has not been murder, assassination or blood­ letting of some sort."38 The editor further speculated that the good citizens of Chicago might have to move to St. Louis to avoid being killed. Although the editor made his comments soon after the official results of the census had been announced, they typified statements by St. Louisans over a period of years. In 1882, the Post-Dispatch editor pointed out that patent medicines and cof­ fins made in St. Louis "are sold chiefly to supply Cincinnati and Chicago deficiences," for St. Louisans generally die of old age rather than the diseases and violence that plague other cities.39 In spite of warnings by the group of businessmen, then, boost­ erism remained strong. Indeed, one could argue a social psycho­ logical basis for the booster spirit which enabled the citizenry to adjust to their frustrated aspirations. Chicago may have beat St.

36 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 12, 1880. 3 7 ibid., August 19, 1880. 3* Ibid., August 11, 1880. 39 ibid., August 18, 1882. St. Louis and the 1880 Census 163

THE CBN8U8.

*Tb# Supervisor SUll m% Work oa th« Figure.

Wkit Mr. -U*«M H«t t« H*f «• ike

inc «eD»u«|HlUE*«**«tt untoired { ? to >ju liweattotm* to pr*m tfee «taa»nnon ». r*> Mil) fi«t*ris*e n tb* mora* *od oo »«• f»rt»«*re developed. Tb» e«tt»u» will not A report of the census controversy ap- f\.eni xc»ur>,. peared in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, inxmn.oovn. August 12, 1880. , rtiif st. ».oijj» l»inctoi7, ftifl th«miaor wbMutbe j»fof>|«> b»ve been Ur«;*tT stiidad tVir *»tiu»»te of tb*y»pin»Uo8. *M »e«a { r*« *firrmw>o. He »•>-• tft»t thp i«»iu«trUl - <;..«» wbl»j ct/ffik at iJik* f^uro g:»ea by •*tt ,11, I . .n )ir»u by * <$•>/ •» < >aHu»tv«< ^»v» teat »h>- pv»|*uU'j>a of tft« • ,i'\ J *» .r,nt»«ed ita»,**»» }n the l««t $» i- vrat*. M* «>f«»>f* *re a<>t ho*f>U at ait ,»D lb«.'«•.-!.•.«.« <>f TO; »<» if Mr. **wve; »w, rh»{ •* . «t).t««»J m '?<> we oi.^h'. a', o-i-t •U fi»t it.- '!»<>»* proof*»*« •' I &e* »fi- liOMiitfO on the ujrrr*^^ .1 *»jr . < tt .-1 « f«« *c'!U!c»,io*nuf*ftur!tJ«r-t ti>,».ti- •i. •*», * * *Yb*. evea the ««»ai'>»s *>f » ..KM tf]ft« feed the* poop> wu'

•tl.itt.Ii.iojufUf«T»ar f*tiaj«(«<>f ike

Louis in population, but in the long run it is quality that counts. St. Louisans, therefore, should keep in mind the superior quality of life they enjoyed. The people finally made peace with the census by reminding themselves of the good life in the city and by ex­ horting each other to work hard and look forward to the 1890 census.

Coal on the World's Fair Site

Farm Machinery, April 28, 1903. Coal dug on the site of the Government Building is being burnt under the boiler of the pile driver now at work on the podium of that building, and is being hauled away in considerable quantities for use by contractors in other parts of the site, the coal is dug from a vein about two feet thick which was uncovered by the grading operations in progress on Government Hill. The vein runs back into the hill, growing better the farther it lies from its outcrop. It is a good quality of bituminous coal. The firemen who use it pronounce it better than the bituminous coal shipped into the fair grounds from Illinois. The vein of coal was first uncovered last August .... The existence of coal in Forest Park was known for half a century or more. All through the Plateau of States and through the district south of the park dumps may be seen on which "slack coal" was "wasted" by miners who shipped to market the better quality of coal in the center of the vein. A number of tons of the product have already been used and considerable additional supply is still in sight. U. S. Infm. Agency In the local courthouse, September 18, President Truman registered to vote for the November 1948 presi­ dential election. An election board clerk looked on. Mrs. Truman and daughter Margaret waited their turn to sign the registration book.

Truman, Berlin and the 1948 Election

BY FRED B. MISSE*

President Harry S. Truman did not win the 1948 election on domestic issues alone yet practically all accounts suggest that for­ eign policy issues had little, if any, impact on the outcome. It is possible to question that conclusion. The situation in Europe be­ came especially important, because of the European Recovery Program (better known as the Marshall Plan) and the Berlin block­ ade. Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union built up to the danger point several times during the campaign. President Truman's surprising victory can be explained, in part, by the reaction of certain Americans to those tensions. German- American voters played an especially important role. The available information about this election clearly indicates that writers focused most of their attention on three factors. The split that developed within the Democratic party received the

*Fred B. Misse is professor of History at Pittsburg State University, Kansas. He received the B.A. degree from the University of Kansas, Lawrence', and the M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Illinois, Urbana. 164 Truman, Berlin and the 1948 Election 165 greatest attention. At first Henry Wallace and his Progressives led this split. In the summer of 1948 the Dixiecrats also bolted from the party. They objected to both the president's attitude toward civil rights and to the wording of the Democratic platform. These objections caused the Dixiecrats to field their own campaign ticket. Many observers believed that those splinter parties would draw so many votes from the Democrats that either the Republicans would win or the election would be thrown into the House of Representatives. Much attention also has been given to the appar­ ently strong ticket of Thomas Dewey and Earl Warren selected by the Republicans. Clearly, it added to the gloom felt by most Democrats. Even some members of Truman's family thought the situation was hopeless. No one knew, of course, at the start of the campaign that New York Governor Thomas Dewey would employ ineffective tactics. A third factor rested in the belief that Truman faced an impossible task. This seemed reasonable in view of what the polls and the "political experts" said. Hardly any of them ex­ pected Truman to make it even a close race; if any actually thought that Truman would win, they kept such heresy secret. The opin­ ion samples reported by the three national polling organizations— Gallup, Roper and Crossley—all showed Truman far behind; Roper even went so far on September 9 as to report Dewey as good as elected which made it pointless to continue to report polls on the presidential race. President Truman, however, refused to believe that he led a "lost cause" and showed his combative nature from the outset. He opened his acceptance speech, for example, by saying "Senator Barkley and I will win this election and make these Republicans like it—don't you forget that." In his memoirs Truman remarked, "I meant just that, and I said it as if I meant it. ... I intended to win."1 Although he succeeded in reviving a listless convention, few believed that he could actually beat Dewey. Nevertheless, he did; the "political experts" had been wrong just as Truman main­ tained throughout the campaign.2 In trying to explain what happened the pollsters admitted that they had stopped taking samples too early, thus failing to detect

i Memoirs by Harry S. Truman, Volume Two: Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, N.Y., 1956), 207. 2 Jules Abels observed that "As a Christmas gift Newsweek sent bottles of Old Crow bourbon to the fifty leading Washington correspondents who had unanimously predicted the Dewey victory." Jules Abels, Out of the Jaws of Victory (New York, 1959), 274. 166 Missouri Historical Review

the last minute shift to Truman. In retrospect, Governor Dewey engaged in a lack-luster campaign. Destined to be the next presi­ dent, Dewey gave too much of his attention to avoiding statements which later might prove embarrassing to his administration. Thus, he blurred issues and confined himself to talking about such in­ offensive things as the need for national unity.3 Historian Cabell Phillips summed it up well when he stated, "both Dewey's cam­ paign and his personality were arid."4 Points which received slightly less emphasis included the ef­ forts of organized labor on Truman's behalf, because of that group's aversion to the Republican party's Taft-Hartley law. Another ex­ planation centers upon Truman's biting attacks against the Re­ publican-dominated 80th Congress. This evidently led to a major shift in the traditionally Republican farm vote. Finally, Truman's stand on civil rights led him to receive great support from black voters—at least in states outside the south where blacks could vote freely. Although valid, such explanations represent only a part of the story. They fail to give adequate attention to the role played by foreign policy in the outcome of the election—especially the situa­ tion in Berlin. Most of those who have written about the 1948 election virtually ignored the impact of events abroad. Eric Gold­ man, for example, devoted six pages to the 1948 election in his The Crucial Decade—and After, but only two sentences to foreign policy. Goldman did not even refer to the Berlin crisis as a factor in the election outcome. Although Cabell Phillips wrote only one paragraph on the Berlin blockade in The Truman Presidency, he did state that Truman's handling of the crisis helped him in the campaign. Bert Cochran included a chapter on "The 1948 Miracle" in his Harry Truman and the Crisis Presidency. However, he dis­ missed the impact on the election of problems overseas by stating, "Foreign affairs did not figure importantly in the campaign, al­ though the Berlin crisis was raging, because Dewey was committed to [Senator Arthur] Vandenberg's bipartisanship."5 William Man­ chester spent about twenty pages on the 1948 election in his The Glory and the Dream without bothering to include foreign policy. Despite the fact he devoted the preceding six pages to the Berlin

3 Ibid., 247. 4 Cabell Phillips, The Truman Presidency: The History of a Triumphant Succession (London, 1966) , 249. 5 Bert Cochran, Harry Truman and the Crisis Presidency (New York, 1973) , 233. Truman, Berlin and the 1948 Election 167 blockade and airlift, he did not link those events. In Foreign Policy and Party Politics Bradford Westerfield considered the 1948 cam­ paign, but suggested that foreign policy played a role primarily because of the presence of Henry Wallace and his Progressive party. Although Wallace denounced Truman for the containment policy which he believed would lead to war with the Soviet Union, rela­ tively few American voters accepted his pleas for a more concilia­ tory policy toward the Russians. Irwin Ross treated foreign affairs and the Berlin blockade perhaps the strangest of all in The Loneliest Campaign: The Truman Victory of 1948. He devoted considerable detail on the election, yet foreign policy and the Berlin crisis re­ ceived scant attention. Discussion of the election in magazines fol­ lowed much the same pattern. One could argue, of course, that such explanations made sense, that foreign policy generally, and the Berlin crisis in particular, were not important factors in the election. But can foreign policy really be dismissed that easily? The Gallup Poll, for example, sug-

S. J. Ray's editorial cartoon, "Political State of the Union," is in the State Historical Society's cartoon collection. 168 Missouri Historical Review gested that in 1948 the American people believed foreign policy of great importance. The polls released on April 19 and on July 14 both indicated foreign policy issues concerned the public more than domestic matters. On the specific issue of staying in West Berlin "even if it means war" the response, announced by Gallup on July 30, showed 80 percent willing to stay. Only 11 percent appeared ready to pull out.6 President Truman followed closely Clark Clifford's detailed memorandum on campaign tactics. Clifford hardly could have asked the Soviets to follow his script more faithfully. He argued that the "battle with the Kremlin" might well work to Truman's advantage. He believed that the American people, already united behind the President on this issue . . . [and that] the worse matters get, up to a fairly certain point- real danger of imminent war—the more is there a sense of crisis. In times of crisis the American citizen tends to back up his President.7 Naturally, it would be helpful for Truman to play the role of commander-in-chief whenever possible. In February, the Soviet-backed coup in Czechoslovakia trans­ formed that country into another Russian satellite. The situation in Germany became increasingly tense. General Lucius Clay, the American military governor in Germany, alarmed Washington. He stated his belief that a "subtle change in Soviet attitude" had recently occurred and he now believed that war could develop "with dramatic suddenness."8 Secretary of State George Marshall admitted publicly that the situation appeared grim. President Tru­ man heightened the prevailing tension by announcing his desire to address Congress on March 17 about current problems in Europe. As he spoke, the president took advantage of this "sense of urgency." He indicted the Soviet Union as the chief threat to world peace due to their having destroyed "the independence and demo­ cratic character of a whole series of nations in Eastern and Central Europe." He believed the Soviets meant to extend this and had "brought about the critical situation in Europe today."9 He called

6 George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1935-1971 (New York, 1972), I, 726, 744. 7 Robert A. Divine, Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections 1940- 1948 (New York, 1974), 172. 8 Jean Edward Smith, ed., The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay, Germany 1945-1949 (Bloomington, Ind., 1974), II, 568. 9 Truman, Memoirs, II, 242. Truman, Berlin and the 1948 Election 1AO

Clark M. Clifford, Special Counsel

Harry S. Truman Lib. upon Congress to speed passage of the European Recovery Pro­ gram (or Marshall Plan) and to reinstitute selective service. Although Truman referred briefly to the bipartisan nature of American foreign policy and indicated his willingness to enter negotiations with the Soviets to preserve peace, the address had an obvious political impact. He presented the American people with their chance to rally around the president in a crisis. Thus, he followed the Clifford memorandum's advice that the Marshall Plan be made a key issue in the election. Later that day, the president flew to New York City and spoke to a St. Patrick's Day dinner. He repeated many of the points made earlier when he had addressed Congress. Then he went on to attack the Wallace movement and indicated that he did not want "the support of Henry Wallace and his Communists."10 Clif­ ford had recommended this strategy of calling attention to the nature of some of Wallace's supporters, thus enhancing Truman's appeal to all anti-Communists. Since the Soviets periodically began to interrupt surface traffic into West Berlin in April, the Cold War remained tense through­ out the spring. Congress approved the Marshall Plan in early April and then endorsed resumption of selective service in June. As a

10 New York Times, March 18, 1948. 170 Missouri Historical Review

Henry A. Wallace

Diet, of Amer. Ports. result of this renewed tension in the Cold War, Truman's political fortunes began to improve from the low point of 30 percent found in a Gallup poll early that spring. However, the gravest crisis was yet to come. On June 24, the same day the Republicans chose Dewey as their candidate, the Soviets halted all surface traffic (rail, barge and auto) into West Berlin. American, British and French officials interpreted this as the Russian response to Western plans for a new currency in the German areas and for the creation of an independent gov­ ernment in West Germany. Only air traffic remained; no one knew at first whether the Soviets would in fact respect the air corridors to which they had agreed in 1945. After considering the options available to him in this situa­ tion, President Truman chose to buy time with an airlift of essen­ tial goods into West Berlin. Efforts continued to work out the crisis through negotiation. As a warning to the Soviets about the seri­ ousness of this blockade, the president authorized the transfer of B-29 bombers to bases in both Germany and Great Britain. Pro­ vided the blockade did not lead to an actual war, the situation Truman, Berlin and the 1948 Election 171 held great political promise for the president. Criticisms of Tru­ man's "get tough" policy toward the Soviets which Henry Wallace continually voiced now began to appeal to fewer and fewer people. As J. Samuel Walker summed it up in Henry A. Wallace and Ameri­ can Foreign Policy, ". . . the Berlin crisis rallied support for Tru­ man's foreign policy and strengthened the conviction that Wallace's call for cooperation with the Soviets was hopelessly fanciful."11 How would the Republicans react to this tense situation? At first Dewey considered making foreign policy a major issue in the campaign; he might have done so had it not been for Senator Vandenberg and John Foster Dulles. Speculation ended on July 24 when Dewey emerged from his meeting with Dulles and Van­ denberg; although he criticized the Democrats' failure to work out written agreements with the Russians about access rights to Berlin, he went on to say that the passage of time had confirmed our access rights and they must not be surrendered "under duress."12 Bipartisanship won, and the Republicans would not turn this into a campaign issue. Dewey chose to stress national unity in the cam­ paign and confined himself to discussing broad principles to help reassure the people at a time of national danger. A sharp contrast appeared between Dewey's platitudes and Truman's bristling at­ tacks on the Republicans and their "do-nothing 80th Congress." Perhaps Truman feared Henry Wallace's campaign might still draw heavily on those voters who thought he had not tried hard enough for peace. To go along with the idea put forward by two of his aides, the president decided to send Chief Justice Fred Vinson as a personal emmissary to talk directly with Premier Joseph Stalin. This "Vinson Affair" came to naught, because Secretary of State Marshall, then in Paris, immediately opposed it; he believed the British and French would misinterpret it as an effort to by-pass them and the United Nations Security Council. When they learned of this, the press generally criticized the idea since it seemed that Truman could not decide how to proceed in the crisis. However, Dewey made slight political use of the Vinson situation. Despite the gloom which this incident created among his advisers, Truman remained cheerful and kept stressing the theme that he would never close the door to any possibility for genuine peace. Finally, the role played in this election by the German-Ameri­ cans deserves comment. Following Truman's upset victory, the HJ. Samuel Walker, Henry A. Wallace and American Foreign Policy (West- port, Conn., 1976), 198. 12 New York Times, July 25, 1948. 172 Missouri Historical Review

Thomas E. Dewey

N. Y. State Lib.

Saturday Evening Post commissioned Samuel Lubell to try to ex­ plain what had happened. They published his analysis, "Who Really Elected Truman?" in the January 22, 1949 issue. One of the factors he stressed, had "hardly been noted . . . the movement of voters of German descent out of the Republican fold. It occurred not only in Missouri, but in Ohio, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa— to mention only areas I visited."13 Lubell returned to this point briefly two years later in The Future of American Politics. He stated: "In view of the closeness of the 1948 election, the German- American swing can definitely be credited with giving Truman his margin of victory. Ohio's twenty-five electoral votes, for ex­ ample, were carried by only 7,107 votes."14 Louis Gerson con­ curred in The Hyphenate in Recent American Politics and Diplo­ macy. He remarked that "Truman's foreign policies, the Marshall Plan, the Truman Doctrine, and the Berlin airlift stirred no con­ flicts' among German-Americans."15

13 Samuel Lubell, "Who Really Elected Truman?" Saturday Evening Post, CCXXI (January 22, 1949), 17. 14 Samuel Lubell, The Future of American Politics (New York, 1951), 134. 15 Louis L. Gerson, The Hyphenate in Recent American Politics and Diplo­ macy (Lawrence, Kan., 1964), 161. Truman, Berlin and the 1948 Election 173

Jack Redding emphasized this point in his book, Inside the Democratic Party. He believed the German-Americans particularly were grateful for Truman's actions in Europe. "His strong stand against Russia, taken in the case of the Berlin Airlift, gained him tremendous support. . . . the President's firm stand in aiding the economic recovery of West Germany had endeared him to Ameri­ cans' of German origin." Redding drew special attention to the work done on Truman's behalf by Dr. Gerhart Seger, editor and publisher of a German language newspaper in New York. Not only did Seger "strongly support" Truman in his paper, but after visiting Germany that summer he returned "convinced of Truman's greatness." Seger spread the word by making "seventy-two lectures in the main centers of German-American population . . . during the late summer and fall of 1948. His influence was enormous. . . ."16 Of course, the Nationalities Division of the Democratic Na­ tional Committee tried to appeal to many other ethnic groups. Redding believed that, "President Truman's record supplied the basis of the campaign." The Nationalities Division used it effec­ tively to gain Truman heavy support from the approximately "11,000,000 voting Americans of foreign descent. . . ,"17 In conclusion, foreign policy apparently played a more sig­ nificant role in the outcome of the 1948 election than has been recognized. Had it not been for the Marshall Plan and the Berlin Airlift, most of the traditionally Republican German-Americans might well have cast their votes for Governor Dewey. Other Euro­ pean ethnic voters, such as the Polish-Americans, also might have given Truman less support. The election, therefore, easily could have followed the expectations of the pollsters and the "political experts" with Thomas E. Dewey taking the oath of office on January 20, 1949.

16 Jack (John M.) Redding, Inside the Democratic Party (Indianapolis, 1958), 260-262. 17 Scrapbook, Activities of the Nationalities Division of the Democratic Na­ tional Committee in the Election of 1948, Harry S. Truman Library, Inde­ pendence, Missouri.

Safety in the Home

Mississippi Valley Democrat and Journal of Agriculture, December 1, 1898. John Coates of Sturgeon, Mo., lost several hundred dollars by his theory that an old boot was a safer depository than banks. Major Charles Zagonyi

Zagonyi

BY ROBERT E. MILLER*

General conditions in the Mississippi Valley during the sum­ mer of 1861, at the beginning of the Civil War, prompted a meet­ ing of the governors of the northwestern states. They urged "the appointment of a competent commander who might organize the immense resources of the West, and make them effective in a grand campaign southward to open up the Mississippi."1 Francis P. Blair and his sons attempted to secure an independent command for Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon, and when this failed they pressed for the removal of Missouri from the Department of the Ohio commanded by General George B. McClellan. The Blairs considered the situation critical and sought the appointment of someone to take direct control of affairs in Missouri.

*Robert E. Miller is a retired chemist and currently a graduate student in History at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. He received the B.A. degree from Hofstra University, Hempstead, New' York, and the Ph.D. from Fordham University, New York, New York. i William E. Parrish, Turbulent Partnership (Columbia, Mo., 1963) , 48. 174 Zagonyi 175

The man chosen by the Blairs, Colonel John C. Fremont, had spent the past winter in Europe. An old friend of the Blairs and the son-in-law of the late Thomas Hart Benton, Fremont seemed the ideal choice. He had great prestige in Union circles in St. Louis and in Missouri generally. On July 3, 1861, Union officials offered to Fremont the command of the Western Department with the rank of major general in the regular service. This department en­ compassed Illinois and the states and territories west of the Mis­ sissippi River to the Rocky Mountains, including New Mexico.2 Fremont reached St. Louis on July 25, and at the start "found myself in an enemy's country, the enemy's flag displayed from houses and recruiting offices. St. Louis was in sympathy with the South, and the State of Missouri was in active rebellion against the national authority."3 General Fremont set up his command post at the Brant mansion at 8th and Chouteau4 with army headquarters located at 19 South Broadway.5 Conditions in Missouri appeared decidedly unfavorable to the Union cause; Confederate forces waited in strength at Cairo, Cape Girardeau, Ironton and Springfield. The Union situation seemed critical; its government had no money or credit. General Fremont had procured large quantities of war munitions on his personal credit while in Europe, but when these materials landed in New York, the federal government quickly appropriated them for use in Virginia. None of these purchases reached the Western De­ partment/* The Union, however, did not lack manpower; German settlers and the population of the northwestern states became loyal supporters. General Fremont began to organize federal resistance in the state. From the time he received his commission, he persistently violated military regulations in appealing directly to the presi­ dent, cabinet members, congressmen and governors. Before Fre­ mont left for the West, Montgomery Blair assured him that Presi­ dent Lincoln would go in person to the War Department and

2 John R. Howard, "Fremont in the Civil War," Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. New York Commandery (New York, 1907) , III'. 187. Hereafter cited as MOLLUS. 3 John C. Fremont, "In Command in Missouri," in Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1887) , I, 279-280. * Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, XXXI (July, 1975), 286; Galusha Anderson, The Story of a Border City in the Civil War (Boston, 1908) , 206. 5 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 8, 1925; James L. Foley, "With Fremont in Missouri," MOLLUS, Ohio Commandery (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1903) , V, 484-485. 6 Ibid. 176 Missouri Historical Review

"arrange matters" for him.7 Fremont proceeded with the first re­ quirement, the selection of a suitably trained staff. Because of the lack of properly trained personnel, he recruited his staff chiefly from foreigners. Composed primarily of Hungarian and Italian refugees with military experience in the European revolts of 1848, the staff eventually numbered twenty-eight officers, "altogether too many."8 The "Little Hungary" group included Brigadier General Alexander Asboth as the chief of staff; Colonel John Fiala, one of the ablest engineers of Hungary, as topographical officer and Colonel Gustave Wagner as ordnance officer. Other Hungarian staff mem­ bers were Peter Dobozy, Frederic Utassy, Cornelius Fornet, Philip Figyelmessy, Anselm Albert, Leonidas Haskell and Joseph Re- menyfi.9 Certain Garabaldian officers also served on Fremont's staff, such as Captains Antonio Cattanco and Ajace Saccippi and

7 M. Blair to J. C. Fremont, July 15, 1861, in War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Wash­ ington, D.C., 1880-1901), Series 1, Volume III, 395. Hereafter cited as O.R. 8 Allan Nevins, Fremont, the World's Greatest Adventurer (New York, 1928) , II, 556; A. Howard Meneely, The War Department, 1861 (New York, 1928), 170-173; St. Louis Missouri Daily Democrat, July 26, 1861; Anderson, Story of a Border City, 206-207, adds that "It was later shown that most of them [foreigners] were enlisted not to serve the United States, but simply the general." 9 Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, IX (October, 1952), 101; Ella Lonn, Foreigners in the Union Army and Navy (Baton Rouge, La., 1951) , 230-232. 303-304; Eugene Pivany, Hungarians in the American Civil War (Cleveland Ohio, 1923) , 21.

Headquarters of General Fremont's Bodyguard at St. Louis Zagonyi 177

Lieutenant Dominica Occidone.10 Besides isolating General Fre­ mont from those desiring and needing consultation, this group of foreign officers naturally attracted attention. Perhaps the most flamboyant of these officers, Major Charles (Karoly) Zagonyi flashed briefly across the Civil War scene and then passed quickly into obscurity. Born in Szatmar, Hungary, in 1826, Charles Zagonyi served as a first lieutenant in the Hungarian army during the revolt of 1847-1848. He attracted the attention of General Josef Bern, who picked him to lead a select company of cavalry. In the act of saving General Bern's life, Zagonyi was captured by the Austrians and imprisoned for two years. After the revolt, he fled to Turkey, made his way to England and arrived in the United States on July 2, 1851.11 Charles Zagonyi worked in New York and Philadelphia as a house painter. After marriage, he accepted a job as a riding master in the Boston school of another Hungarian expatriot, Ste­ phen Thoult. Following the attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861, Zagonyi volunteered his services to New York, but the state re­ jected him. He then traveled to Missouri at the invitation of Gen­ eral Asboth, who introduced him to General Fremont. Fremont welcomed Zagonyi and entrusted him with the organization and command of his personal bodyguard of cavalry. A contemporary described Zagonyi as a rider of "surpassing grace" who often "se­ lects fiery chargers which no one else cares to mount."12 Even his critics admitted he was able to win and hold the devotion of his men and to fire them with enthusiasm.13 The original orders for the formation of the bodyguard ap­ proved only one company of cavalry. However, when applications came in from several states, mostly from around the Cincinnati area, General Fremont allowed a second company to be formed. Later, a company of Kentuckians and a fourth company were incorporated into the guard, which eventually numbered 300 men.14 Selection of the picked men for this elite group commenced on August 12; Zagonyi, himself, chose the officers. Compared to Fre-

io Nevins, Fremont, the World's Greatest Adventurer, II, 556. 11 Edmund Vasvary, Lincoln's Hungarian Heroes (Washington, D.C., 1939), 86. 12 Ibid.; [William Dorsheimer], "Fremont's Hundred Days in Missouri," Atlantic Monthly, IX (February, 1862) , 247. 13 Pivany, Hungarians in the American Civil War, 20. 14 Anderson, Story of a Border City, 207; "Fremont's Hundred Days," Atlantic Monthly, IX (February, 1862), 247. 178 Missouri Historical Review

Fremont's Headquarters at St. Louis

mont's staff, which totaled almost three-fourths foreign-born, the guard had only three foreign-born officers.15 Promoted to major on September 19,16 Zagonyi personally selected the matched bay mounts for the guard from government stables. Major Zagonyi designed the regiment's dark blue jackets, trousers and hats with a trace of Hungarian hussar dash.17 The uniforms appeared simple enough, but to the poorly equipped Missouri soldiers, the guards looked "showy". In addition, the guards acted the part inherent in their special assignment; they carried themselves rather proudly and with a special reserve and esprit de corps?* State troops carried indifferent arms, while the guard was equipped with the best light German sabers and re­ volvers. General Fremont frequently clattered down the streets of St. Louis accompanied by this guard. The sight of this entourage, be­ decked in "gaudy" uniforms reminiscent of European hussars, grated on the sensitivities of the rough-and-ready westerners and aroused suspicion among native Missourians. They complained that

i^Pivany, Hungarians in the American Civil War, 23. 16 Jessie B. Fremont, The Story of the Guard: A Chronicle of the War (Bos­ ton, 1863) , 36. JTEmil Lengyal, Americans from Hungary (Philadelphia, 1948), 79. 18 John McElroy, The Struggle for Missouri (Washington, D.C., 1909), 227-228. Zagonyi 179

the pretentious titles designating the staff functions were un- American.19 The most publicized event of Zagonyi's Civil War career occurred at Springfield, Missouri, on October 25, 1861. General Fremont had marched the Union army southward from Jefferson City in late September with the intention of capturing Spring­ field. Reportedly, an unknown number of Confederates under Colonel Lee Cloud held that city. On October 24, General Franz Sigel ordered Major Frank J. White to reconnoiter the vicinity with three companies of the "Prairie Scouts,"20 and if advisable to attack the enemy camp. At 8:30 P.M. on the same day, 172 officers and men of the guard left camp near Warsaw on the Pomme de Terre River, approximately 50 miles from Springfield, and overtook the scouts. Major Zagonyi, with orders from General Fremont, assumed command of the combined force. By daybreak of the 25th, this small Union force of about 300 men reached Bolivar.21 The Union force continued on to Springfield. In the early morning hours of the 25th, the column surprised a foraging party of the Missouri State Guard (Confederate). Unfortunately, one man escaped and warned the defenders of Springfield of the Fed­ eral approach. With all hope of surprise eliminated, Major Zagonyi reasoned that the Confederates would expect him to attack from the north. Therefore, he resolved to move on the city from the west in an attempt to catch the defenders by surprise. Leaving the Bolivar road south of the Sac River, Zagonyi marched south­ west to Grand Prairie where he enlisted the help of a local guide. The Union troops marched on the Carthage road to the west of Springfield and then crossed to the Mount Vernon-Neosho road, about four miles from the city.22 The Confederates had estab­ lished a strong defensive position. An infantry force of 1,200 men

u> John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln (New York, 1886-1890), IV, 412; Anderson, Story of a Border City, 207. 2<> The "Prairie Scouts" were composed of two companies of the 3rd Illi­ nois Cavalry under Captains Charles Fairbanks and Miles Kehoe, and one company of the "Irish Dragoons", 23rd Illinois Volunteers, led by Captain Patrick Naughton. Foley, "With Fremont in Missouri," 512; Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1901), VI, 551, identifies Fairbank's and Kehoe's commands as the 1st Missouri Cavalry. 2i Colonel J. H. Eaton, the Acting AAG, in a cover letter transmitting Zagonyi's reports to St. Louis headquarters, noted that: "In addition to Zagonyi's 150 men of the Guard, Major White had joined him with 180 mounted men, . . ." J. H. Eaton to C. McKeever, October 26, 1861, in O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. Ill, 249-250. 22 Charles Treichel, "Major Zagonyi's Horse Guard," MOLLUS, New York Commandery, III, 242. 180 Missouri Historical Review

had entrenched on the summit of a hill, with 600 cavalry to the left and lower down the slope near a cornfield. Another 400 in­ fantry waited on the south side of the road. A well-traveled high­ way on the north of the Confederate position skirted a mile of dense woods, then came down to open fields on both sides. To the south, a narrow fenced lane provided protection from the Union cavalry. Crane Creek, the headwaters of Wilson's Creek, ran about 300 yards from the gently sloped summit. Beyond the hill stood the city of Springfield, which was screened from view by vines and underbrush. Union foragers reported that the Rebel command in the city had been reenforced by 1,500 soldiers to give an estimated strength of 2,000.23

23 Ibid., 244; Foley, "With Fremont in Missouri," 512; Conard, ed., Encyclo­ pedia of History of Missouri, VI, 551, states that the Rebel force consisted of 800 mounted men and 200 infantry. These figures are put at 400-500 and 150, respectively, in C. R. Barnes, eel., Sxvitzler's Illustrated History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1879) , 399.

Drawn by Walter A. Schroeder

\cONFEDERATE RETREAT

State Road ^r Woods PRAIRIE \ SCOUTS

300 yards, gentle slope

FOLEY Fenced Lane ZAGONYI

BATTLE OF SPRINGFIELD OCTOBER 25,1861 Zagonyi 181

Before beginning the charge against the entrenched enemy, Major Zagonyi assembled his men and gave permission for any­ one who wished to do so to turn back. Captain James L. Foley of the guard noted that this was a "queer proposition for a for­ eign officer to make to an American soldier under arms in the defense of his country. Later this officer learned, as the world has, that an American soldier is not given to dropping out in the presence of the enemy."24 Major Zagonyi continued his exhorta­ tion with a sentence which would have grave consequences for the future: "We have been called holiday soldiers for the pave­ ments of St. Louis. . . . Let the watchword be 'Fremont and the Union'. . . ,"25 At 4:30 P.M., Major Zagonyi led Companies A and B of the guard down the lane under a flanking fire from the woods. As he raced towards the brook, he noticed a gap in the fence and spurred through it to the hollow where the brook made its course. The third company of the guard under Captain Foley, somewhat to the rear of Zagonyi, tore down a portion of the fence at the timber line in an attempt to take the Rebel position in the flank. This attack failed, and the company withdrew down the lane to rejoin the guard under shelter of the ravine bordering the brook. Three companies of the guard and some of the scouts reformed in the hollow. Zagonyi led the charge up the hill. The enemy cavalry fled headlong without a fight, but the infantry repulsed the Union charge with considerable slaughter.26 Again the Union troopers charged and withdrew. On the third attempt, however, they scat­ tered the Confederate ranks. After a desperate hand-to-hand com­ bat, the Rebels fled through the streets of Springfield towards the headquarters of General Sterling Price at Neosho.27 The guard lost fifteen men killed and mortally wounded. Reportedly, the enemy lost over 116 men killed and wounded, most of the latter suffering from saber wounds.28 At dark, Major Zagonyi decided to leave the town before the Confederates returned in force. Abandoning his wounded and dismounted men, he countermarched to his camp at Three Mounds Prairie, seven miles south of Bolivar.29

24 Foley, "With Fremont in Missouri," 515. 25 "Fremont's Hundred Days," Atlantic Monthly, IX (February, 1862) , 254. 26 Treichel, "Major Zagonyi's Horse Guard," 244. 27 "Fremont's Hundred Days," Atlantic Monthly, IX (March, 1862) , 376. 28 Fremont, The Story of the Guard, 140-141; Howard, "Fremont in the Civil War," 191; O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. Ill, 250-252. 29 Treichel, "Major Zagonyi's Horse Guard," 245. 182 Missouri Historical Review

There he met a relief force under Captain Eugene Carr, which had been ordered to his aid by General Fremont. On October 27, the main Union force returned to Springfield. Here, on the fol­ lowing day, they held the funeral of those men who had been killed in the battle. General Fremont and his staff attended. Zagonyi's charge appears to have been a rash act, given the lack of information concerning the strength and disposition of the Confederate forces. General Fremont had given permission for the charge under the assumption that the enemy camp contained only 300 soldiers. When the general learned the enemy numbered far in excess of that figure, he withdrew his permission. How­ ever, Major Zagonyi sent a courier back to headquarters and re­ portedly begged to go ahead with the attack, and Fremont reluc­ tantly agreed.30 General Franz Sigel, who commanded a division in the Union army, also had ordered Zagonyi not to make the attack until he could send him some support. His note reached Zagonyi only after the conclusion of the attack.31 Had the attack failed, some believe that Major Zagonyi would have been subject to a court martial. Major Zagonyi's report of the "Death Charge" appears in­ accurate in many details and slanted to avoid acknowledging the contributions of the "Prairie Scouts" present during the action. For example, Zagonyi states that only 150 men belonging to the

30 Vasvary, Lincoln's Hungarian Heroes, 86; Pivany, Hungarians in the American Civil War, 23. 31 Franz Sigel to Major Zagonyi, October 25, 1861, quoted in Fremont, The Story of the Guard, 129-130.

Charge of Fremont's Bodyguard Zagonyi 183 guard were present in the first charge up the hill and that "Major White's men did not participate in the charge."32 In a later dis­ patch, he observed that "Major White's command left me at the beginning of the action and before my first charge, and I saw no more of them until the next day at 10 o'clock."33 But Major White's report asserts that two companies of the scouts under the senior captain, Charles Fairbanks, detoured to the rear of the enemy and three times charged the flank of the Confederate position near the cornfield. This action may have created a diver­ sion which saved Zagonyi's force from annihilation.34 Major Zagonyi neglects to mention not only the deployment of two scout companies to cut off the Confederate escape, but also that Captain Patrick Naughton's "Irish Dragoons" joined Company C of the guards in an attempt to break through the fence at the other end of the field. Captain James L. Foley confirms that "several of the Prairie Scouts accompanied my command in the charge ... a mis­ understanding of orders diverted them from the main column in the charge on the rebel line."35 Two Prairie Scouts, killed in the charge, were buried at Springfield.36 Major Zagonyi reported that "Major White himself was made a prisoner before the battle," but fails to elaborate on the mitigat­ ing circumstances of the incident. Falling ill prior to the departure of the joint force from Bolivar, Major White remained behind. About one hour later, however, White proceeded towards the field in a carriage. He had not been informed of the changed plans for the attack, now to be made from the west. When he rode due south to catch up with the Union soldiers, he rode straight into the Confederate lines and was captured. Captain Naughton of the "Irish Dragoons", especially irate over the "gross injustice" that had been done to his command in Major Zagonyi's report, on December 18, 1861, wrote a scathing

32 C. Zagonyi to J. C. Fremont, October 26, 1861, in O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. Ill, 250. 33 C. Zagonyi to Colonel J. H. Eaton, October 28, 1861, in ibid., 252. 34 Major Frank White to J. C. Fremont, October 30, 1861, quoted in Frank Moore, Rebellion Record (New York, 1861) , III, 236-237; St. Louis Missouri Daily Democrat, November 5, 1861; "Fremont's Hundred Days," Atlantic Month­ ly, IX (February, 1862) , 255-256, stated that Captain Fairbanks was told to take his men down the lane and cut off the enemy's retreat. 35 Foley, "With Fremont in Missouri," 518; "Fremont's Hundred Days," Atlantic Monthly, IX (February, 1862), 255-256; Fremont, The Story of the Guard, 134, also noted that "the Prairie Scouts did brave and efficient fighting on a distant part of the field." 36 Ibid., 226; St. Louis Missouri Daily Democrat, October 28, November 4, 1861. 184 Missouri Historical Review letter to Major General Henry W. Halleck, the commanding offi­ cer of the Union Department of the West. Major Zagonyi had stated that "Captain Naughton . . . [was] wounded . . . whereupon [his] company turned and followed the other two in spite of the efforts of the sergeant."37 Naughton argued that Zagonyi was aware from personal knowledge "of a portion of my command being connected with his own in the charge" and from "information drawn from his officers he is cognizant of the participation of the rest of my company ... in three successive assaults on the enemy's camp." But more seriously, Naughton alleged that Zagonyi "de­ liberately withheld all credit ... so that the public might conclude that my company . . . was not in the fight." He also censured Zagonyi from having "studiously avoided . . . any retraction or any written evidence of his inconsiderate and evidently egotistical announcement of the affair at Springfield" in spite of the fact that "knowledge of the untruth was implied in his report."38 Captain Naughton requested a statement from Major Zagonyi correcting the report.39 There is no evidence that either General Halleck or Major Zagonyi responded to Captain Naughton, or that General Hal­ leck called on Major Zagonyi for an explanation. Naughton also refers to a report of a court of inquiry40 which stated that Zagonyi's guards were not the only command on the field and that Major Zagonyi counted several "Irish Dragoons" dead and wounded as members of his command.41 The report noted that "all these facts were surpressed from publication" for personal reasons. Another controversial point of Major Zagonyi's report con­ cerned raising the American flag over the courthouse in Spring­ field after the battle. The report states that after clearing the city of every rebel, Major Zagonyi raised the flag, and then left the city, as darkness approached. However, a Dr. Melcher con­ tradicted this statement. He claimed that Zagonyi returned to Fre­ mont's camp immediately after the battle.42 A newspaper report indirectly corroborated Melcher's view. It stated that Major White's

37 C. Zagonyi to Col. J. H. Eaton, October 28, 1861, in O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. Ill, 252. 38 p. Naughton to Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, December 18, 1861, in ibid., 252-253. 39 p. Naughton to C. Zagonyi, November 12, 1861, in ibid., 253. 40 Not found in O.R.; "Fremont's Hundred Days," Atlantic Monthly, IX (February, 1862), 258, also mentions "testimony taken before a Court of In­ quiry. . . ." 41 Foley, "With Fremont in Missouri," 518, lists 31 scouts lost in action. 42 Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of History of Missouri, VI, 552; Joseph Sze- plaki, comp., The Hungarians in America (New York, 1975), 14, 37. Zagonyi 185

Charge of Fremont's Bodyguard Through Springfield soldiers took possession of the city, attended Zagonyi's wounded and then left the city after dark.43 Melcher claimed that the flag, donated by Mrs. Sophia Worrell, was raised on the morning of the 26th by two infantrymen who had been left in the city on the previous evening. Major Zagonyi continued to demean the contributions of the scouts in the action at Springfield. When the ladies of the city desired to present a flag to the guard, Zagonyi declined the honor on the grounds that "the same distinction has been conferred on a body of men [the Prairie Scouts] who, though placed under my command . . . deserted me at the very moment of conflict. . . "44 Newspapers of the day heralded Zagonyi's victory at Spring­ field as one of the most heroic deeds in the annals of warfare.45 Hungarian-American lore refers to it as "Zagonyi's death-ride," and General Fremont wrote his wife that "This was really a Balaklava charge," referring to the charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimean War (1856).46 On the other hand, Frank Blair criticized the action. In a speech in the House of Representatives he claimed that "The charge of Zagonyi, was in no sense a victory. Zagonyi and the men under him made a gallant charge; they came in and

43 St. Louis Missouri Daily Democrat, November 5, 1861. However, a Cor­ poral Sloan and 16 members of the guard, who had lost their horses in the attack came into the city, took possession of the courthouse, and held the place until the return of Zagonyi. See Treichel, "Major Zagonyi's Horse Guard," 245. 44 Moore, Rebellion Record, III, 272. 45 George H. Boker, a well-known poet of the Civil War era, wrote a poem about the charge. 46 Pivany, Hungarians in the American Civil War, 25; Fremont, The Story of the Guard, 151. 186 Missouri Historical Review

Frank P. Blair, Jr.

went out very much worsted, and fell back twenty-five miles."47 Others called the charge "a foolish sacrifice of brave men without reason."48 In any event, the charge proved merely a skirmish and had no lasting effect. Confederates soon reoccupied Springfield. In the fall of 1861, rumors circulated that Fremont appeared guilty of laxity in his department and of alleged corruption in the awarding of contracts and the purchase of war materials for the army. Frank Blair began urging the removal of General Fre­ mont and preferred charges against him.49 General Fremont then had Blair arrested in the middle of September for efforts "to undermine my influence as an officer. . . ."50 Secretary of War Simon Cameron made a hasty visit to St. Louis in October 1861, and found conditions in the city deplorable. He especially con­ demned the construction of defensive works around the city.51

47 Speech of Frank P. Blair, Jr., in the House of Representatives, March 7, 1862, Congressional Globe, XXVIII, U.S. 37th Cong., 2nd Sess., Pt. 2 (1862), 1118-1124. 48 Oliver Nixon, "The First Year of the War in Missouri," MOLLUS, Illinois Commandery (Chicago, 1899) , III, 422. 49 Anderson, Story of a Border City, 222-223. 50 Nevins, Fremont, the World's Greatest Adventurer, II, 598. 51 McElroy, The Struggle for Missouri, 231-234; Horace Greeley, The Amer­ ican Conflict (Hartford, Conn., 1864) , 591-593; T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals (Madison, Wise, 1972) , 48-49. Zagonyi 187

On October 24, 1861, President Lincoln wrote an order to Briga­ dier General Samuel R. Curtis, in command at St. Louis, to have de­ livered to General Fremont an order for his removal. General Fremont was directed to turn over command of the Western De­ partment to Major General David Hunter and to report to General Headquarters for further orders. Fremont received the order on November 2 and complied the next day.52 The guard escorted General Fremont to Sedalia where the entire group entrained on the Pacific Railroad to St. Louis. They arrived in that city on November 9.53 General Fremont returned to New York and received a dispatch from Zagonyi notifying him that the guard had been mustered out at St. Louis on No­ vember 28.54 General Fremont desired that the guard remain with him, but General George B. McClellan, the new commanding officer of the Union armies, insisted that the previous order be carried out, even though the soldiers who served under Zagonyi had en­ listed for three years. General McClellan designated General Samuel Sturgis to muster the guard out of service. On Novem­ ber 27, 1861, General Sturgis informed Major Zagonyi that if he wished to form a new cavalry regiment, it would be accepted into the regular army, together with as many officers as Zagonyi would select. Neither Zagonyi nor any member of the guard, how­ ever, accepted the offer.55 Officials handled the discharge proceedings with a vengeance. The guard was mustered out without pay, quarters or rations on the grounds that they had expressed a disloyal sentiment—"Fremont and the Union."56 Allegedly the officers of the guard had received their commissions on an illegal basis. However, the members of the guard clearly were being punished for their loyalty to General Fremont. As a result of this action, the members of the guard would not be eligible for a soldier's pension.57 A bill was prepared

52 0.7?., Ser. 1, Vol. Ill, 553, 559; Nevins, Fremont, the World's Greatest Adventurer, II, 617. 53 Ray W. Irwin, ed., "Missouri in Crisis: The Journal of Captain Albert Tracy, 1861," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LI (April, 1957), 281-283. 54 Fremont, The Story of the Guard, 213-214. "^Ibid., 207-212; Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, XVIII (July, 1962), 350. 56 Ibid.; Fremont, The Story of the Guard, 214, Captain Foley, however, stated that he went to St. Louis to report to General Halleck on the dis­ tressed condition of his men and their failure to receive pay, and that General Halleck immediately issued an order for payment of the soldiers. Foley, "With Fremont in Missouri," 517. 57 Ferol Egan, Fremont (New York, 1977), 517. 188 Missouri Historical Review for introduction in Congress in December 1861, to correct the injustice. It directed the secretary of war to pay all officers and men whose services General Fremont had accepted and actually employed. The general addressed the Honorable Charles B. Sedg­ wick, objecting to the bill in its present form. Fremont noted that the bill intended to relieve the government of injustice, while deny­ ing the right of the guard to be paid as properly enlisted soldiers: Instead of commendation for merit they are met with an order directing them to be disbanded, and not to be re­ tained in the service of their country, "for certain senti­ ments alleged to have been expressed by them at Spring­ field. . . ." It is not a question of money, and this bill does not remove the charge.58 On January 6, 1862, the Committee on the Conduct of the War summoned General Fremont to provide an account of his administration of the Western Department. He came prepared with a mass of documents and conducted a vigorous defense. The com­ mittee issued its official opinion that "the administration of Gen­ eral Fremont was eminently characterized by earnestness, ability and the most unquestioned loyalty."59 Fremont, in defense of his command in Missouri, cited Zagonyi's charge at Springfield as a major accomplishment. While Frank Blair censured Fremont in a speech in the House of Representatives on March 7, 1862, Thaddeus Stevens, J. P. C. Shanks and Schuyler Colfax spoke in his behalf.60 On February 2, 1862, Major Zagonyi commented on the dis­ missal of the guard in a letter to Edward L. Dean, an excorporal of the unit. He referred to the battle cry: It is but justice to the command to say that the words were suggested by myself and punishment for what seems to be a gross breach of military propriety should fall on myself, rather than upon those who simply obeyed an order given almost at the moment of attack.61 Radical members of Congress now demanded that President Lincoln restore General Fremont to active service. Pressure for

58 Fremont, The Story of the Guard, 215-218. 59 Committee on the Conduct of the War. Reports (Washington, D.C., 1863- 1866), III, 32-43; Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals, 105-109. 60 Speech of Frank P. Blair, Jr., in the House of Representatives, March 7, 1862, Congressional Globe, XXVIII, U.S. 37th Cong., 2nd Sess., Pt. 2 (1862), 1118-1124; Schuyler Colfax speech, March 7, 1862, in ibid., 1124-1131; Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals, 109. 6i Civil War Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; Missouri His­ torical Society Bulletin, XVIII (July, 1962) , 350. Zagonyi 189 the reappointment of General Fremont to military command also came from German-Americans, annoyed at the treatment that he had received. On March 11, 1862, Lincoln deemed it neces­ sary to yield to the storm. He issued an order creating the Moun­ tain Department and assigned General Fremont commander of this new department which included West Virginia, eastern Ken­ tucky, and East Tennessee as far as Knoxville.62 The terrain in the department appeared exceedingly rugged, crossed with moun­ tains running north and south. Few serviceable roads compli­ cated the problem of supply and made the conduct of extensive military operations in the area impracticable. Military leaders General John C. Fremont held little hope that a major campaign could be developed in the region; they deemed only small raids feasible.63 General Fremont took many of his former staff members with him to department headquar­ ters at Wheeling. They included Colonel Anselm Albert, now chief of staff; Colonel John Fiala, again topographical engineer; and Lieutenant Colonel Philip Figyelmessy and Major Leonidas Haskell as assistants to the chief of cavalry, Colonel Charles Za­ gonyi.64 On June 12, General Fremont sent Colonel Zagonyi to hand-deliver a letter to Presi­ dent Lincoln requesting that "you permit me to raise a cavalry regiment to be commanded by Colonel Zagonyi, whom I send to you with this letter. "65

62 War Order # 3, March 11, 1862, in Nicolay and Hay, Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln, VII, 129-130. 63 Jacob D. Cox, "West Virginia Operations under Fremont," in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, II, 278-280. 64 o.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XII, Pt. I, 15, 35; John C. Moore, "Missouri," Con­ federate Military History (Atlanta, 1899), IX, 72, states that after Springfield Zagonvi "was heard of no more." 65 Roy P. Basler, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1862 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953) , V, 272. 190 Missouri Historical Review

Lincoln acknowledged receipt of the letter but apparently took no action.66 Fremont worked out a visionary plan for the troops of his new department. This extensive project involved the collection of the scattered units in the region, followed by an attempt to carry out the president's cherished dream of relieving the people of East Tennessee by a march to Knoxville. In pursuance of this plan, Fremont ordered General Robert H. Milroy to advance south­ ward from Monterey to McDowell. General Nathaniel Banks would move south from Winchester to Harrisonburg, while Fremont marched from Romney in present-day West Virginia to Moore- field. Having achieved a concentration of the Federal forces in the Shenandoah Valley, Fremont then prepared to advance against the Confederates. However, General Thomas "Stonewall" Jack­ son moved first. He defeated Milroy at McDowell on May 8, then routed Banks at Strasburg on May 25. Fremont followed the Confederates slowly up the valley with Zagonyi's cavalry in ad­ vance. Jackson checked Fremont at Cedar Creek, six miles west of Strasburg. Zagonyi's troopers attempted to force in the cavalry outposts of Turner Ashby near Wardensville on May 31.67 The next day, Jackson's Confederates left Strasburg and biv­ ouacked at Woodstock. Following the Confederate withdrawal from the town, Fremont's army, preceded by the cavalry, moved up the valley pike, reaching Harrisonburg on June 6. At 10:00 A.M., two days later, Fremont struck the division of General Richard Ewell at Cross Keys, but in a series of poorly coordinated attacks, failed to dislodge the Confederates. By June 12, Fremont retreated into the northern Shenandoah; he reached Winchester on June 27, ending the Union plan to occupy the valley.68 Zagonyi's cavalry force, numbering about 600 men, actively skirmished with the Confederate cavalry around Harrisonburg, Strasburg and Woodstock from June 2 to 8. It also participated in the battle of Cross Keys.69

QQIbid., 270-271. 67 Francis Wayland, ed., "The Journal of Colonel Albert Tracy," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, LXX (April, 1962), 178-181; Albert Tracy to Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont, June 25, 1862, in O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XII, Pt. I, 35. 68 Matthew F. Steele, American Campaigns (Washington, D.C., 1922) , I, 224-233. 69 0.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XII, Pt. I, 651, 785; Jed Hotchkiss, "Virginia," Con­ federate Military History (New York, 1962), III, 214-268; William Allan and Jed Hotchkiss, Campaign of Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley (Dayton, 1974) , 130-166. Zagonyi 191

H ROMNEY Miles 30

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GENERAL SITUATION IN THE VALLEY - MAY-JUNE, 1862

Drawn by Walter A. Schroeder

On June 27, General John Pope assumed command of all Union troops in northern Virginia. General Fremont, who took umbrage at being placed under General Pope whom he once commanded in Missouri, was relieved at his own request.70 The Mountain Department then ceased to exist. Colonel Zagonyi had withdrawn from active service on June 25, 1862.71 He left no records to explain his action; perhaps, like General Fremont, he was awaiting "fur­ ther orders."72

70O.it., Ser. 1, Vol. XII, Pt. Ill, 435-438; Howard, "Fremont in the Civil War," 193. 71 Vasvary, Lincoln's Hungarian Heroes, 87. 72 Vasvary states that Zagonyi resigned from the army in the beginning of 1863. Ibid.; Lonn, Foreigners in the Union Army and Navy, 233, gives the year as 1864. 192 Missouri Historical Review

In 1865, General Fremont made his final report. Describing his military operations, he praised Colonel Zagonyi and three other officers whose "uncommon professional ability7, joined to previous long service in the field, rendered their services of the greatest value throughout a very laborious and hazardous campaign."73 After the war, Charles Zagonyi returned to New York and engaged in business. Active also in the affairs of Hungarian emigres in that city, he served as the temporary president of the Hungarian Society, organized on October 14, 1865, with offices at 71 Broad­ way. In 1867, he desired to return to his native land, but financial reverses prevented the trip.74 The last report on Zagonyi identified him as the owner of a tobacco shop in Pesth, Hungary, in 1871.75

73 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XII, Pt. I, 26. 74 Vasvary, Lincoln's Hungarian Heroes, 87. "5 Tuscumbia Osage Valley Sentinel, February 24, 1871, quoted in MIS­ SOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXVI (April, 1942) , 393.

Business and Religion

Columbia Weekly Missouri Sentinel, March 3, 1853. A layman in Providence, who occasionally exhorted at evening meetings, thus explained his belief in the existence of a Diety: "Brethren, I am just as confident that there is a Supreme Being, as I am that there is flour in Alexandria; and that I know for certain, as I yesterday received from there a lot of three hundred barrels of fresh superfine which I will sell as low as any other person in town."

Stair Case Etiquette

Canton North East Reporter, September 27, 1855. A recent authority, endorsed, we believe, by the Home Journal, states that in the case of a lady and gentleman ascending a flight of stairs, the gentleman should go ahead; because the lady may have unseemly ankles which she may wish to keep from the eye of the other sex. And the same authority lays down the general proposition that it is a piece of rudeness for a gentleman to look at a lady's ancles [sic] or neck if she manifest a disposition to hide them from public gaze. He says the lady herself has the right to determine the limits of the world's scrutiny in this respect; and that from her own judgment there is no appeal. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Dr. Lewis E. Atherton, president of the State Historical Society, presided over the October 17 Annual Meeting.

Society Holds Annual Meeting

The 1981 Annual Meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri was held October 17, at the Memorial Union of the Uni­ versity of Missouri-Columbia. Dr. Lewis E. Atherton, president of the Society, presided. Elected as trustees of the Society for a term ending at the 1984 Annual Meeting were; Mr. Francis M. Barnes III, St. Louis; Mr. Robert S. Dale, Carthage; Mr. George McCue, St. Louis; Mr. W. Wallace Smith, Independence; Judge Ronald L. Somerville, Chillicothe; Mr. Joseph Webber, St. Louis; and Mr. Robert M. White, Mexico. Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director and secretary of the Society, presented a reading and disposition of the minutes of the previous Annual Meeting, held October 25, 1980. Mr. William Bates, Co­ lumbia, representing the treasurer of the Society, Mr. A. M. Price, presented the financial report on the Society's annual balance sheet. Dr. Noble Cunningham read a statement on behalf of the Audit Committee, and Mr. William Aull III gave a financial report on behalf of the finance and executive committees. 193 194 Missouri Historical Review

President Atherton presented the Distinguished Service Award to Dr. David D. March, Kirksville. Dr. Alan R. Havig received the best REVIEW article award for 1980- 1981 from Dr. Atherton.

Dr. Brownlee then presented his annual report to the members of the Society. Budget reductions, imposed by the governor and the legislature because of declining state revenues, were the prin­ cipal topics of his report. He told the audience that the Society was required to cut $45,329 from its budget, and then he informed them where the cuts were taken. The Society's operating budget was cut 15 percent; the personal services budget was cut 5.3 per­ cent; and the staff benefits budget was cut 28 percent. Further compounding the problem, Dr. Brownlee stated that; "At the same time, we estimate our inflationary costs for the coming year as high as 20 percent in many areas. . . ." Despite the gloomy finan­ cial picture, the director ended his comments on a positive note:

Cinda Eichler, a student at Columbia's Hickman High School, received the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award from Dr. Atherton. Historical Notes and Comments 195

Dr. Lawrence O. Christensen, associate professor of History at the University of Missouri-Rolla, was the featured speaker during the Annual Meeting luncheon.

"Our Society has survived eighty-two years of history and many, many difficult times. I have no doubt as to our ability to survive these present days of stress." After Dr. Brownlee's annual report, he presented to the mem­ bership a proposed constitutional amendment concerning an in­ crease in the Society's membership fees. President Atherton com­ mented upon the proposed changes. He told the members that

Chancellor Barbara S. Uehling of the University of Missouri-Columbia and a trustee of the State His­ torical Society and President Atherton during the Annual Meeting luncheon 196 Missouri Historical Review Historical Notes and Comments 197 198 Missouri Historical Review at an earlier meeting the Executive Committee of the Society unanimously had urged the adoption of the increase. At the close of comment, the amendment to change the annual membership dues to five dollars and the life membership dues to one hundred dollars was passed unanimously by the members of the Society. Dr. Brownlee stated that the increase in dues might assist the Society in becoming more self-sufficient. After the annual business meeting, over 250 members and guests attended a luncheon in the Memorial Student Union of the University of Missouri-Columbia. President Atherton conferred three Society awards during the luncheon. Dr. David D. March, professor emeritus of History at Northeast Missouri State Univer­ sity, Kirksville, received the Society's Distinguished Service Award. The gold medallion and framed certificate were presented to Dr. March for his devoted service to the Society over many years and for his scholarly contributions to Missouri's history. In recent years Dr. March also has become interested in historic preservation and he continues to participate in the activities of the Adair County Historical Society. Dr. Alan R. Havig, chairman of the Social Sci­ ence-History Department at Stephens College, Columbia, received a citation and cash award for contributing the most scholarly and popular article to appear in 1980-1981 issues of the MISSOURI HIS­ TORICAL REVIEW. His article entitled "Mass Commercial Amuse­ ments in Kansas City Before World War I" appeared in the April 1981 issue of the REVIEW. MS. Cinda Eichler, a student at Columbia's Hickman High School, received the Floyd C. Shoe­ maker History Award. The cash award was given to Ms. Eichler for her paper entitled "History of Providence and the Plank Road." Dr. Lawrence O. Christensen, associate professor of American History at the University of Missouri-Rolla, was the featured speak­ er at the Annual Meeting luncheon. His address was entitled "Schools for Blacks: J. Milton Turner in Reconstruction Missouri." Dr. Christensen, who earned his M.A. degree under Dr. March and his Ph.D. degree under President Atherton, used twenty-nine let­ ters that Turner wrote which "allow us to see conditions in Re­ construction Missouri, from a unique perspective, through the eyes of a very perceptive black observer." The luncheon address appears elsewhere in this issue of the REVIEW. Before the luncheon meeting adjourned, Dr. Brownlee invited the members and guests to an open house in the Society's quarters. The newspaper library and reference library staffs prepared dis- Historical Notes and Comments 199 plays pertaining to Missouri's black history. In the Art Gallery, a Thomas Hart Benton exhibit consisting of 106 watercolors, tem­ peras, and pen, brush, and ink drawings was presented. The artist executed these works for the Mark Twain classics, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and Life on the Mississippi. Two genre scenes and six portraits painted by George Caleb Bingham also were on display in the Art Gallery. In the corridor galleries, the works of Carl R. Gentry and items from the Contemporary Artists Collection were displayed. 200 Missouri Historical Review

NEWS IN BRIEF

This past summer, the Historical American Association for State and Commission of the Missouri Baptist Local History selected the West Plains Convention and William Jewell College Gazette to receive a certificate of com­ jointly established a Center for Baptist mendation. A national awards com­ Historical Studies. Located in the li­ mittee reviewed more than 125 nomi­ brary of William Jewell College, Lib­ nations in the competition for local erty, the Center functions to preserve history achievement. The certificate the Missouri Baptist Archives and to cites the West Plains Gazette for pre­ encourage the preservation of and re­ serving and presenting the history of search in Missouri Baptist history. the Missouri Ozarks. The State His­ Adrian Lamkin serves as director of torical Society extends its congratu­ the Center. lations to the staff of this quality magazine which focuses on the heritage of West Plains and the Howell County "Missouri Origins: The Landscape area. of Home" consists of three slide-tape presentations on Euro-American tradi­ tions in Missouri. Part I, "Missouri The Missouri Folklore Society held Mosaic," provides an overview of Euro- its annual meeting, October 16-17, at American life in the state. Part II, the University of Missouri-Columbia. "The Dream: Founders and Settlers," The opening session featured a panel features French and German settlement discussion on black folk culture in and contributions in Missouri. Part Missouri. William M. Litchman, of III, "Missouri Memories," relates to Albuquerque, New Mexico, conducted Polish, Czech, Hungarian and Italian a workshop on American folk dance traditions. The programs, which in­ at the evening session. On October 17, clude slides, tapes and scripts, may Burt H. Feintuch, associate professor be borrowed from the Missouri State of Folklore, Western Kentucky Uni­ Library, 308 East High Street, P.O. versity, Bowling Green, presented the Box 387, Jefferson City, Missouri 65102. keynote address on "Square Dancing Users will need a standard cassette and Notions of Community." The tape recorder and a 2x2 slide projector. meeting also included presentation of Student editions have been prepared papers on gravestone art, poetry and for Parts I and II. The Missouri Com­ storytelling, displays of books, maga­ mittee for the Humanities, Inc., the zines, recordings, crafts and archival University of Missouri Development material on folklore, slide-tape pro­ Fund and the University of Missouri- grams and musical entertainment. Columbia Extension Division provided support for the series. For further in­ formation, contact Adolf E. Schroeder, The Confederate Memorial Literary Department of Germanic and Slavic Society has announced competition for Studies, University of Missouri-Colum­ the 1981 awards for historical research bia, Columbia, Missouri 65211. and writing on the period of the Con­ federate States of America. The Jef­ ferson Davis Award, for a book-length On September 14, during its annual narrative history, and the Founders meeting in Williamsburg, Virginia, the Award, for work in the area of research Historical Notes and Comments 201 or editing of primary sources result- considered. Deadline for entries is ing in publication of one or more March 1, 1982. For further information, volumes, will be presented on June 3 please write The Museum of the Con- at the Museum of the Confederacy. federacy, 1201 E. Clay Street, Rich- Only works published in 1981 will be mond, Virginia 23219.

Trouble-Seekers

Knob Noster Gem, June 1, 1922. Some people cross bridges before they are reached; others go to the trouble of building bridges where it isn't likely there will ever be any water.

Story of the First Steamboat Whistle on the Missouri River

Columbia Missouri Herald, December 9, 1880. From the Kansas City Times. Judge Joseph C. Ransom, of Kansas City, is one of the most entertaining of talkers when he feels in the mood. . . . The Judge relates the story of the first steamboat whistle ever heard on the Missouri river. ... It happened that, during the fall of 1844, the steamboat "Lexington" started up the Missouri river, loaded down to the guards with freight. Among the passengers were Judge Joseph C. Ransom, Theodore W^arner of Lexington, Ben Holiday (afterwards the famous overland stage proprietor) , Col. Pomeroy of Lexington, and a planter of Platte county named George Yocum. THE STEAMBOAT "LEXINGTON" was provided with a steam whistle- the first used on the Missouri; and, as it happened, no one knew anything about it except Warner, who was a wag and a lover of a joke. The night after leaving St. Louis, the passengers were collected together, playing cards (for fun) in the cabin, when the talk turned upon steamboat explosions, then very common. "I feel perfectly safe on this boat," said Warner, as he dealt the cards. . . . "[T]his boat is provided with a new safety valve, which notifies the passen­ gers on board just when it is about to blow up. It is a concern which makes an UNEARTHLY NOISE, and when you hear it, it is time to get back aft, or jump overboard." . . . Next morning, when the Lexington w7as steaming up the long stretch of river just below Washington, Mo. the passengers were at breakfast. . . . Suddenly the whistle commenced to blow, the first time on the trip. The passengers looked at each other a moment and HORROR AND DISMAY spread itself over their faces. The first man to realize the situation, and to act, was Yocum, who jumped up, crying . . . : "Run, run for your lives! The blame thing's going to burst! Follow me, and let's save ourselves!" Of course there was a stampede for the rear of the boat; and it was only by the exertions of some of the crew, that the more excited were re­ strained from jumping into the river. 202 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Adair County Historical Society cial drive to increase the Society's en­ The Society participated in the Nov­ dowment fund. General membership inger Labor Day celebration, Septem­ in the Society totals 730. During the ber 6, with a display of historical items past year, over 2,000 visitors toured in the high school gymnasium. The the Ross House and Saddle Horse Mu­ Historical Society Museum's display, seum. under the direction of curator Ellen The Society held its annual dinner K. Davison, featured rural school items meeting, November 12, at the Mexico of the county. Elsie Shuman, a retired Country Club. William S. Lowe pre­ rural school teacher, assisted with the sented an address on "China and His­ exhibit. Dr. Wallace Pearson, author tory." of the booklet Schools in Adair County, also was present to talk with visitors. Aurora Missouri Historical Society Nine other exhibitors displayed his­ On October 1, the recently organized torical items, including Indian arti­ Society leased the old Catholic Church facts, old tools, dolls, jewelry, ice cream in Aurora for use as a future museum. parlor memorabilia and "Nationalities The group has started collecting photo­ of Novinger." Conservation agent Bill graphs, maps, newspapers and other Otten had charge of the Missouri Con­ historical items for display. Officers servation Commission display. The of the Society are Georgia Anderson, Novinger Museum also was open dur­ president; Arlene Asher, vice presi­ ing the celebration. dent; Flora Walker, secretary; and Linda Rauch, treasurer. The Adair County Historical Mu­ seum is now open three afternoons a Baden Historical Society week, Wednesday, Thursday and Fri­ The Society held its annual meeting day, from noon until 4 P.M. in the and luncheon at River Roads in Jen­ county courthouse, Kirksville. nings on October 10. Harold Sperry, Affton Historical Society area manager of the Baden Market The October 22 quarterly meeting Centre, was the guest speaker. He re­ at the Affton Presbyterian Church fea­ viewed briefly the Baden business dis­ tured a picture tour of Missouri's trict of the past and discussed prospects Executive Mansion. Presented by Mis­ for the future through the newly de­ souri Mansion Preservation, Inc., the veloping Baden Market Centre. Offi­ program also included an exhibit of cers elected for the 1981-1982 year samples of materials used in the res­ were Steve Smith, president; Robert toration of the mansion's library. M. Zorn, vice president; Ross Durbin, Members of the Society discussed ideas treasurer; and Arlene Dunnavant, sec­ for future social and fund-raising retary. events and voted on an increase in membership dues. Barnard Community Historical Society Audrain County Historical Society Members reviewed the accomplish­ The officers, directors and advisory ments of the past year at the first board of the Society met on Septem­ annual meeting of the Society, Octo­ ber 24 at the museum in Mexico. The ber 8, at the Legion Hall in Barnard. group made plans for the coming For 1981, the Society reported mem­ months including an intensive finan­ bership of over 160. Historical Notes and Comments 203

Officers of the Society are Fay Indian artifacts and quilt displays, a O'Connell, president; Wilma Outs, country store, flea market, a baker vice president; Mary Tompkins, secre­ making bread, an operating grist mill, tary; John Turner, treasurer; and Flo- steam and gas engines and games and rine Short, reporter. musical entertainment for all. Visitors also could tour the historic homes and Barton County Historical Society the museum. A panel discussion highlighted the October 11 meeting in the Methodist Bollinger County Historical Society Church, Lamar. Panelists told about The Society held its regular quarter­ the history of Nashville and Nashville ly meeting, July 12, at the courthouse Center and about prominent business­ in Marble Hill. Dr. Frank Nickell, men of the area. Mrs. Bruce Davis dis­ chairman of the Department of His­ played old jugs, jars and crocks from tory, Southeast Missouri State Univer­ the old kilns of Jugtown, south of sity, Cape Girardeau, was the guest Lamar. Mrs. Lorretta Wolf told a speaker. He told about "American Na­ humorous tale of snipe hunting in the tionalism in the Aftermath of the War early days. of 1812." Memorial services paid trib­ ute to two deceased charter members, Bates County Historical Society Mary Thiele and Noah VanMatre. Gary Schowengerdt presented the Nearly 200 people attended the cele­ program at the August 13 meeting in bration of Tom Runnels Day, which the Stagecoach Depot at the Bates marked the annual meeting, Octo­ County Museum of Pioneer History, ber 11. Mildred Shell and Winford Butler. He showed slides which re­ Brown presented a one-act comedy, viewed a number of local landmarks, "Bollovar Bill from Turkey Hill," cornerstones and early citizens who written by Mary L. Hahn. The Hog left indelible marks on the community. Creek Boys provided musical enter­ At the September 10 meeting, Arthur tainment. Tom Runnels displayed and Hardinger displayed and commented sold his art work and copies of his on antique tools and kitchen utensils. book, before TV. Many of the items belonged to his Officers, installed for the coming grandparents when they settled in the year, were Linda Zimmer, president; county 115 years ago. Larry P. VanGennip, vice president; Indian and prehistoric artifacts were and Alma Collins, historian. exhibited by Steve Hanson at the Oc­ tober 8 meeting. He discussed the his­ Boone County Historical Society tory and use of each item which he Over 70 members and guests attended had collected in the Bates County area the September 27 meeting at Maple- over the years. wood in Nifong Park, Columbia. The event included a pig roast picnic sup­ Bethel German Communal Colony per on the lawn and tours of Maple- The Colony held its 10th annual wood. Harvest Fest, October 3-4, in historic Bethel, Missouri. Various types of craft Boonslick Historical Society displays included rug braiding, wood The Society met on October 22 at turning on a pedal lathe, apple butter the Windmill Restaurant in Boonville. making, quilting, tatting, soap making, The program featured a presentation weaving, pottery, tintype photography, on the Museum of Art and Archaeology funnel cake making and broom mak­ at the University of Missouri-Colum­ ing. The two-day event also featured bia. Dr. Osmund Overby, director of 204 Missouri Historical Review the museum, gave the presentation. dent of Landmarks Association of St. Members elected Mrs. Martha Eicker- Louis, for the Carondelet area east of man as secretary of the Society. Broadway and the Steins Row Houses. Mrs. Ann Morris gave the program Cabool History Society at the October 18 luncheon meeting Society members attended the Hamil­ in the Southern Commercial Bank. She ton Creek Baptist Church homecom­ told "How to Research Your Home." ing, September 13. Judy Harmon read a history of the church, founded Sep­ Cass County Historical Society tember 13, 1904. The Reverend Leon­ The Society held its annual dinner ard Sigman, a member of the Society, meeting, October 24, at Bowiler's Hotel Restaurant in Harrisonville. Larry Mc- presented a plaque to the church. Alister, of Kansas City, presented the Afternoon services featured congrega­ program. He narrated a slide show on tional singing, special music and a the Oregon Trail. reading by Delia Killion. Cedar County Historical Society Caldwell County Historical Society Members held their annual dinner Members are preparing material for meeting, July 27, at the Smokehouse the first of a five-volume set on the Cafe in Stockton. New officers, in­ history of the county. Volume one will stalled for the coming year, were Mrs. feature the history and families of Velma Eslinger, president; and Dallas Davis and Lincoln townships, includ­ Dale, vice president. ing the towns of Braymer and Cow- The Society met August 31 in the gill. Information about the project city park at El Dorado Springs. Mem­ can be obtained by writing to the Cald­ bers visited the Old Wayside Hotel well County Historical Society, George across the street. Then, in a business Braymer, Book Coordinator, Braymer, session, held at the Savings and Loan Missouri 64624. Building, a majority of the members voted against the proposal to accept Camden County Historical Society the hotel building for a museum site. On October 10, at the museum in A film on the training of State High­ Linn Creek, the Society sponsored an way Patrolmen was shown at the Sep­ "Eatin Ozark Style" meal, which in­ tember 28 meeting in the Jerico cluded ham and beans and chicken Springs Community Hall. State Troop­ and noodles. The Mel-O-Dee's Band er Mike Wood presented the film and provided music for dancing in the eve­ a short talk about the patrol. ning, and the local chapter of "Sweet Adelines" performed barbershop har­ Centralia Historical Society mony. Paul Chandler served as pro­ Mrs. Glen Squires chaired the 7th gram chairman. annual quilt show, "Yesterdays," Sep­ tember 16-October 25, at the Historical Carondelet Historical Society Museum in Centralia. A special show­ On September 20, the Society placed ing included both antique and con­ markers on two historic buildings in temporary star-pattern quilts. Carondelet. Ceremonies were held at From November 8 to 15, the Sorosis both the John S. Bowen Home at 6727 Club presented an art display from Michigan, and the Carondelet Library, Columbia. 6800 Michigan. In addition, certificates The November 15-30 museum show­ of National Register recognition were ing featured a large dining table pre­ presented by Mrs. Leslie Davison, presi­ pared for a Thanksgiving feast, chil- Historical Notes and Comments 205 dren's tea parties and bridge club Anders is a well-known historian and tables set for a holiday luncheon. the author of The Eighteenth Missouri and The Twenty-First Missouri. Chariton County Historical Society A covered-dish dinner highlighted Civil War Round Table the October 18 meeting in the Du- of the Ozarks laney Library, Salisbury. Guest speaker The Round Table held its Septem­ Charles Atkins, of Centralia, told how ber 9 meeting in the 89er Restaurant, some small businesses in the area had Springfield. Mrs. Mary Hatcher pre­ become internationally known, espe­ sented the program on "The Sanitary cially the A. B. Chance Company of Commission." Centralia. On October 14, James T. O'Toole Civil War Round Table spoke on "Update 1981: Wilson's Creek of Kansas City National Battlefield." The superin­ The Round Table held its first fall tendent of the battlefield park, Mr. meeting, September 22, at Twin Oaks O'Toole used slides to illustrate his Restaurant, Kansas City. Richard W. talk on the program at Wilson's Creek, Hatcher addressed the members on construction of the visitors center and "The Artillery at the Battle of Wilson's recent events at the park. Creek." With the National Park Ser­ vice, Mr. Hatcher currently is historian Clark County Historical Society for the Wilson's Creek National Bat­ The Society held its October 27 meet­ tlefield, near Springfield. ing at Sever Library in Kahoka. Local Boy Scouts presented the program on Patrick Brophy spoke on "The Civil a national meeting they had attended. War in Vernon County," at the Oc­ tober 27 meeting. A past president of the Vernon County Historical Society, Clay County Historical Society Mr. Brophy is the author of Bush­ On October 8, members met at whackers of the Border. Sandy's Oak Ridge Manor in Kansas City for the annual dinner meeting. Officers of the Round Table are Mrs. William Coleman Branton, presi­ Douglas Seneker, president; Richard dent of the Jackson County Historical Southall, first vice president; Orvis Society, spoke on Kansas City's famous Fitts, second vice president and news­ "Swope murders." letter editor; James Davis, secretary; Officers for the coming year are Owen Richmond, treasurer; and Dan Donna Harryman, president; Linda Smith, program chairman. Smith, vice president; Nelta Morgan, Civil War Round Table secretary; Walt McKenzie, treasurer; of St. Louis Mara Belle Creek, membership chair­ An address on "Confederate Block­ man; and Sally Whittaker, newsletter ade Runners" highlighted the Septem­ editor. ber 23 meeting in the Heritage House, The Society reported preparation of St. Louis. Long-standing member Mar­ a census of county cemeteries for publi­ vin Knoll had prepared the program cation in three volumes. Volume I has after extensive research on the subject. been sent to the printer. Each volume Dr. Leslie Anders, of Central Mis­ will cost $9.50, plus $1.50 for postage souri State University, Warrensburg, and handling. Orders and inquiries spoke at the October 28 meeting. In should be addressed to Clay County his talk he discussed current writing Historical Society, P.O. Box 15183, projects on Civil War subjects. Dr. Kansas City, Missouri 64106. 206 Missouri Historical Review

Cole Camp Area Historical Society Collection-State Historical Society Man­ Twenty-five members of the Society uscripts, also spoke on preserving vari­ attended the October 18 regular meet­ ous printed items of historical interest. ing at the Benton County R-l School. Mrs. Ruth McMillan entertained with The historic sites committee reported musical selections on the mountain on its work of compiling information dulcimer and related stories of her about former grist mills, stores and great-grandfather, an army musician post offices in the area. Roy Donnell in the Civil War. gave a talk on conditions in Cole Camp At the October 2 meeting, Mrs. Mary before and after the Civil War, espe­ Derry, an 81-year-old native of Buffalo, cially the hardships experienced after played the autoharp and sang old folk­ the Battle of Cole Camp. songs. Officers of the Society are Leonard Some 200 persons toured the recently Martens, president; Roy W. Donnell, restored and furnished Eberhart log vice president; Mrs. Delia Mae Grabau, cabin in the Buffalo Head Prairie His­ treasurer; and Mrs. Lillian Gill, sec­ torical Park, south of Buffalo, on Oc­ retary. tober 10-11. Mrs. Ruth McMillan, Shirly Turner, Mrs. Mary Derry and Cole County Historical Society the DeLane family furnished special A program on the St. Louis World's entertainment for the event. Fair of 1904 highlighted the annual meeting, November 1, at the Jefferson DeKalb County Historical Society City Country Club. Robert Herman Gilbert and Ruth Hutchinson pre­ used his extensive collection of memo­ sented the program at the July 19 rabilia from the fair in presenting the meeting in the county courthouse, program. Maysville. Entitled, "Kerosene Lamp, A Part of Our Heritage," the program Concordia Historical Institute featured lamps from a collection of On October 4, the Institute featured over 800. The speakers noted that the "Crafts of the Past" at an afternoon earliest lamp dated after 1858 when open house festival at the Concordia kerosene became available. Mr. Hutch­ Seminary Campus in St. Louis. The inson is editor of the Pattonsburg Call. event included both active and still On August 16, the Society held a exhibits of products of our ancestors, picnic at the Lakeside shelter house. such as spinning, quilting, weaving, Martha and Louis Goodwin told of soap and candle making and baking. picnics of by-gone days. They recalled the chautauquas of Maysville and Dallas County Historical Society Stewartsville. At the Maysville Chau­ The Society met September 4 in the tauqua, 84 orphans were placed in Dallas County Courthouse, Buffalo. homes in 27 years. They also discussed Paul Frey, of the Dallas County Soil 4th of July events, school, church, Conservation Service, Don Ruzika, Dal­ town and political picnics. las County Conservation Agent, and A program on the history of 4-H Jim Hamilton, editor of the Buffalo clubs highlighted the September 20 Reflex, spoke on a project to seed na­ meeting in the county courthouse. Un­ tive grasses in the Society's Buffalo der the leadership of Mrs. Juanita Head Prairie Historical Park. Mark Vessar, members of the Clydesdale 4-H Stauter, associate director at Rolla of Club presented the program. They also the Joint Collection, University of Mis­ displayed items from personal and club souri Western Historical Manuscript projects. Historical Notes and Comments 207

Dent County Historical Society Foundation for Restoration Thirty-five members and guests at­ of Ste. Genevieve tended the September 11 covered-dish Members held their fall dinner meet­ dinner at the First Christian Church, ing, October 29, in Freda's Restaurant, Salem. Jim Coffman gave a "History of Ste. Genevieve. Dr. Susan L. Flader of the 100 Year Old First Christian the University of Missouri-Columbia, Church Building." A display of old gave the program about the work be­ photographs illustrated the talk. ing done on the Ste. Genevieve ar­ chives. Others assisting on the historic Ferguson Historical Society research project are Susan C. Boyle, Members of the Society arranged a research associate, and David Denman, display for the United Missouri Bank research assistant. of Ferguson, in honor of the bank's The Foundation sponsored an art 75th anniversary. Both the main and exhibit by M. Charles Rhinehart at Central City banks exhibited the items Old Academy, October 11 and 17-18. Mr. Rhinehart was present to greet for two weeks beginning October 19. those in attendance. The Society met October 29 in the First Presbyterian Church. Bob Behle Franklin County Historical Society showed slides of his trip to Europe A slide show and narration of Frank­ and visit to Vasbeck, Germany, where lin County historical landmarks high­ his ancestors lived in 1859. lighted the quarterly meeting, Septem­ ber 13, at the Prudential Building in Florissant Valley Historical Society Union. A grant from the Missouri On September 27, members of the Committee for the Humanities made Society attended a "Welcome Home possible this project by the East Cen­ Lewis and Clark" Party on the grounds tral Junior College of Union. The pro­ of Jefferson Memorial in St. Louis. gram featured 20 buildings constructed The event celebrated the 175th anni­ from 1820 to the present and selected versary of the return of Meriwether for their historic and architectural Lewis and William Clark from explor­ significance. ing the Louisiana Territory. It was The Society has launched a fund sponsored by the Missouri Historical drive to raise $100,000. This money Society of St. Louis. Florissant Valley will be used for renovation of the Historical Society members took picnic Samuel Kincaid Caldwell home and lunches and formed car pools to the for an endowment for upkeep of the park, where they enjoyed music, danc­ home and other buildings. Located near Highways 100 and 47, southeast ing and food. of Washington, the house will be used Fort Osage Historical Society as a historical museum. Donations may be sent to Mrs. Helen Vogt, Treasurer, On October 4, the Society held a Franklin County Historical Society, picnic and meeting at Fort Osage Park P.O. Box 352, Washington, Missouri in Jackson County. Nora Luther pre­ 63090. sented a program on historic homes in the Sibley area. Rhoda Wooldridge Gasconade County Historical Society gave a history of the Louisiana Pur­ On November 1, the Society held chase, the Lewis and Clark Expedition its semiannual dinner meeting in the and William Clark's marking of the Bern United Church of Christ. Bell- site for Fort Osage. ringers of St. Peter's United Church of 208 Missouri Historical Review

Christ in Owensville provided the en­ recently toured the Grundy County tertainment. Museum. The Antique Study Club of The Society sold its property at Trenton held its September 18 meet­ Drake, Missouri, and will concentrate ing at the museum, and the Trenton efforts to restore and develop a mu­ Branch of the American Association of seum in the Ozark Hotel in Owensville. University Women toured the building on October 8. Grandview Historical Society The Historical Society culminated On June 8, the new Society was its annual membership drive, Octo­ officially incorporated to compile and ber 24-25, with a Museum Festival in preserve the history of Grandview and the Grundy County Museum. Activities the surrounding area. The following included a demonstration on the loom, officers were elected for the coming an organist playing the organ in the year: Ruth Kirkwood Gray, president; living room, a roving photographer Walter L. Thomas, first vice president; taking pictures and a program of coun­ Jim Botts, second vice president; Cath­ try and western music. Home-canned erine L. Kelley, recording secretary; fruits, vegetables and jellies, donated Regna J. Vanatta, corresponding secre­ by friends of the museum, were sold tary; Ruby Jane Hall, parliamentarian; at the country store, and museum post­ Hannah Montgomery, historian; and cards could be purchased at the old Jane B' yan, museum director. Brimson Post Office in the museum. At the September 14 meeting in the Hostesses, in centennial clothing, Grandview Community Building, the greeted the visitors. program featured a slide show and talk by Mrs. Judy Jenkins, director of the Henry County Historical Society Mahaffie House and Homestead. Some 100 persons attended the Oc­ Detective Patrolman Gene Selle, of tober 8 dinner meeting at the Holy the Grandview Police Department, pre­ Rosary Hall in Clinton. Terry Martin sented the program on "Crime Preven­ of the Kaysinger Planning Commission tion," at the November 2 meeting. showed slides and told about various cultures who lived in Henry County Greene County Historical Society as long as 10,000 years ago. Members A program on "The Scotch-Irish— made plans for upcoming events at Then and Now" highlighted the the museum in Clinton. September 24 meeting at Calvert's cafeteria in Springfield. Dr. Russel Historical Association of Gerlach, who spent the past year as Greater Cape Girardeau a senior fellow at the Institute of Irish The Association held its regular Studies, Queens University, Belfast, meeting, September 14, at the Chateau Northern Ireland, provided the pro­ Girardeau in Cape Girardeau. Duncan gram. Wilke of the Anthropology Department Members held their annual meeting at Southeast Missouri State University, on October 22. Dr. Richard S. Brown­ Cape Girardeau, spoke on the Indian lee, director of the State Historical So­ living and burial sites in South Cape ciety of Missouri, Columbia, presented Girardeau. an address on Ulysses S. Grant. Over 80 members attended the meeting. Historical Association of Greater St. Louis Grundy County Historical Society Members of the Association an­ Leola Harris, secretary of the Society, nounced the inaugural of the Ralph P. presented talks to two groups that Bieber Memorial Lecture Series at the Historical Notes and Comments 209

September 20 meeting at Washington Morrow, of the Center for Ozarks University. A founder of the Associa­ Studies, Southwest Missouri State Uni­ tion, Dr. Bieber, who died July 23, versity, Springfield, gave the presen­ 1981, was a noted Washington Uni­ tation and answered questions about versity historian, professor emeritus the project. and a specialist on Western Americana. Jackson County Historical Society Historical Society of Polk County The Society held its annual summer Members held their September 24 outing on August 9 at Minor Park in meeting in the North Ward Building, Kansas City. The event featured a Bolivar. For the program, Nina Jester picnic and an informal program on narrated the life of Elizabeth Jane the history of the Santa Fe Trail, Red Robberson and the part played by her Bridge, Watts Mill and Hickman's family in the history of the area. Eliza­ Mill. beth Jane came from Scotland as a Johnson County Historical Society young girl. Her family settled the Rob­ The annual fall meeting of the So­ berson Prairie and established the ciety was held at the Old Courthouse small community of Ebenezer. in Warrensburg on October 4. The The Society sponsored a collector's meeting featured reports on the Old show, October 18, in the North Ward Courthouse, the Heritage Library and Building. Proceeds will be used to the Country Store, election of board renovate the building as a museum and members and discussion of the pro­ meeting place. posed library-museum building.

Historical Society of University City Joplin Historical Society Throughout 1981 the Society sched­ The Society held its fall member­ uled a number of events and activities ship meeting, September 13, at the as part of the 75 th anniversary celebra­ Dorothea B. Hoover Historical Mu­ tion of the incorporation of University seum in Joplin. Mrs. Minnie Speak, City. These included a birthday dinner of Crowder College, Neosho, presented 7 for E. G. Lew is, founder of the city, the program on "The History of a celebration of the arts by local talent, Quilts." Members brought old quilts a tour of 29 churches and synagogues, for display. a quilt show and contest, a fashion On December 6, the annual Christ show, parades and musical perform­ mas homes tour featured five area ances, and a slide show on the rela­ homes. tionship between the St. Louis World's Fair and University City's incorpora­ Kansas City Westerners tion. The Posse held its August 11 meet­ Officers of the Society are Victor ing at the University of Missouri-Kan­ Ellman, president; Judy Little, vice sas City Library. Kenneth J. LaBudde, president; Howard Rose, secretary; and director of libraries and professor of Jack Wiegers, treasurer. History at UMKC, presented a pro­ gram on the Snyder Collection of Iron County Historical Society Americana. He conducted a tour of The Society met on October 19 at the history collection located on the the First Baptist Church, Ironton. The library's second floor and including program featured an illustrated presen­ more than 25,000 items. tation of the historical survey of Iron The September 10 meeting at the County. Dr. Robert Flanders and Lynn Homestead Country Club in Prairie 210 Missouri Historical Review

Village, Kansas, featured a slide-lecture Laclede County Historical Society on Jesse James. Milton Perry, super­ The Society sponsored the annual intendent of historic sites for Clay ice cream social, August 24, at the County, presented the program. He old jail museum in Lebanon. Tickets also told about recent events concern­ for the event also included a free tour ing the James home and gravesite in of the museum. Kearney. Lafayette County Historical Society Carl Graves, of Lawrence, Kansas, Officers of the Society are Mrs. Lau­ was the guest speaker at the October 13 rence E. Sanders, Odessa, president; meeting. He spoke on building tech­ Mrs. Donald Samuels, Concordia, Mrs. niques and materials used by car­ Mattie Bess Ryland, Odessa, and Fred penters, stone masons and architects Temple, Lexington, vice presidents; during the pioneer and early urban Mrs. Paul Runge, Higginsville, secre­ era on the Great Plains. Dr. Graves tary; and Mrs. Katherine Johnston, serves as director of the Kansas Car­ Lexington, treasurer. penters' History Project. Lawrence County Historical Society Kingdom of Callaway The October 18 meeting at Jones Historical Society Memorial Chapel, Mt. Vernon, fea­ Dr. L. R. D. Davidson presented the tured Lloyd Thomas as the speaker. program at the July 20 meeting in Mr. Thomas is a retired mail carrier the Community Center, Fulton. He from Miller. Effective October 1, the gave a slide show and commentary Society increased the annual dues to on stamps and covers used during $5.00. the Civil War by the North and South. Over 160 persons attended the an­ Miller County Historical Society nual ice cream social on July 24 in The Society entertained the public the Warrene Tuttle Williams Memo­ with a basket dinner and an afternoon rial Garden at the museum in Fulton. of musical entertainment, Septem­ Members held their August 17 meet­ ber 27, in the Riverside Park in Tus- ing at the Community Center in Ful­ cumbia. ton. Lloyd Harrison showed several Mine Au Breton Historical Society early movies from the files of the The recently reorganized Society Missouri School for the Blind. meets the third Tuesday of each The Society sponsored an outdoor month at the Washington County antique and collectables market at Courthouse in Potosi. George Showal- Hensley Field in Fulton on Septem­ ter serves as president of the group. ber 19. Members are recording cemetery in­ Members participated in a "show scriptions from the old City/Presby­ and tell" program for the September 21 terian/Masonic Cemetery in Potosi. meeting in the Community Center, The Washington County Library in Fulton. Potosi houses the Society's historical On October 19, Dr. Ed McClary, materials. For information about the chairman of the Callaway County Me­ Mine Au Breton Historical Society, morial Hospital Board of Trustees, contact Marie Edgar, Secretary, Route reviewed the history of the hospital 1, Box 3154, Potosi, Missouri 63664. from its inception in 1918 to the pres­ ent. It became the second county hos­ Missouri Historical Society pital in the state when it opened in The Society celebrated the 175th 1921. anniversary of the return of the Lewis Historical Notes and Comments 211 and Clark Expedition to St. Louis in house on the reservation and the ceme­ September with four days of special tery. A luncheon at the Post Officers activities and events at the Jefferson Club highlighted the trip. Memorial Building, St. Louis. During The group held its annual meet­ the Society's annual meeting, Septem­ ing, October 13, at Alameda Plaza. ber 22, members previewed a special Henry Marnett, of the Smoky Hill exhibition commemorating Lewis and Railway and Historical Society, pre­ Clark in the east wing entrance gal­ sented pictures and a slide show on lery. On September 23, a first day of the early days of transportation in issue ceremony inaugurated a Lewis the area. He also told about the So­ and Clark postal commemorative by ciety's work to bring back from San the United States Postal Service. An Francisco one of Kansas City's old all-day symposium, September 26, high­ trolley cars. lighted the significance of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Speakers in­ Newton County Historical Society cluded Dr. Ann Rogers, Rochone Some 30 persons attended the Sep­ Abrams, Dr. Donald Jackson, Dr. Gary tember 13 meeting in the Home Eco­ Moulton and Dr. Raymond Wood. nomics Building of Diamond High The Society sponsored a welcome home School. Linda James presented the anniversary party, "Meet Me In St. program on "Kitchen Items of the Louis, Lewis; Meet Me In The Park, Past." She also displayed various cook­ Clark!" on September 27. Held on ing utensils and dishes. the grounds adjacent to the Jefferson On November 8, the Society held Memorial Building in Forest Park, its annual meeting at the First United the festivities featured live music, food, Methodist Church in Neosho. Mary historical tableaus and other activities Ellen Dennison, Louise Hart, Ruth by area historical societies. Bush and Virginia Houchen presented the program on genealogy.

Moniteau County Historical Society Normandy Area A program on Bothwell Lodge, north Historical Association of Sedalia, highlighted the Septem­ On September 19-20, at the Hunt ber 21 meeting in the Christian Church House, the Association sponsored "A Fellowship Hall in California. Thomas Quilt Collection of Early America." Deuschle, of the attorney general's Owned by a Normandy resident, the office, was the guest speaker. Paul collection is noted as one of the best Bloch, publications chairman, reported for construction and preservation. good sales for the Society's History of Moniteau County, 1845-1980. A note- Old Mines Area Historical Society burning ceremony celebrated payment The Society held its annual meet­ of the debt on the publication. ing, October 11, at St. Michael House in Washington County. Members re­ Native Sons of Kansas City viewed the past year's activities and Seventy Native Sons and their guests made plans for the coming year. Dis­ participated in a bus tour of historic plays featured genealogical and photo­ Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, on Au­ graphic items. gust 22. John Reichley and Col. Henry Over 1,000 persons attended L' Au- von Schlemmer hosted the event which tomne Fete on the Society's grounds included a visit to the Transporta­ at Fertile, on October 18. Tours of tion Museum, historic churches, the the restored and authentically fur­ Santa Fe Trail marker, the oldest nished Noah Boyer log cabin high- 212 Missouri Historical Review lighted the event. Descendants of the Society of Missouri Manuscripts, spoke French settlers played modern and to the Society on September 25. He old music on fiddle, guitar and ac­ discussed his work and the kinds of cordion. Other features included a historical material valuable to the col­ horseshoe tournament, displays of lection. home arts, demonstrations of shake making, broom making and spinning, Pettis County Historical Society muzzle loading and shooting and a The October 26 meeting of the French meal. Society in the Pettis County Court­ house, Sedalia, featured Mrs. Connie Toussaint as the speaker. She reviewed Old Trails Historical Society her book of recollections of farm life Members held their September 16 meeting on the front porch of the in the Longwood area of Pettis County Bacon Log Cabin in Manchester. Diane during the 1920s. Broderick presented a slide show about Pike County Historical Society the cabin and its history. The Society held its October 6 On September 27, the Society spon­ quarterly meeting at Mary Queen of sored an annual antique sale at the Peace Church, in Clarksville. Dr. Leon cabin. Members contributed baked C. Karel and Dr. David D. March, items for the successful event. from Northeast Missouri State Uni­ John Dalzell reported on his work versity, Kirksville, presented the pro­ repairing and restoring Bacon Cabin gram entitled, "The Migration." Sup­ at the October 21 meeting. ported by the Missouri Committee for A program on Thornhill, the home the Humanities, the presentation re­ of Missouri's second governor, Fred­ lated to our European cultural her­ erick Bates, highlighted the Novem­ itage. Officers elected for 1982 were ber 18 meeting. It was given by Vir­ Otto Wills, president; Mary Ruth ginia Stith of the St. Louis County Reading, first vice president; Mar­ Parks and Recreation Department. garet Morris, second vice president; Mary Frances Boyd, secretary; and Pemiscot County Historical Society Frieda Hall, treasurer. The Society met on June 26 at the Colonial Federal Building in Caruth­ Pioneer Heritage Association ersville. Ophelia Wade read an article Nine members attended the Octo­ by Paul and Irene Burns concerning ber 1 meeting at the museum in Buck- their work as postmaster at Gobler lin. Summer activities at the museum and their life there since 1939. Erma were reviewed. A bake sale on Sep­ Richardson related additional facts tember 12 provided proceeds of over about the community. $100 for the Association. Teresa Gallaher, editor of the Pemi­ scot County Missouri Quarterly, gave Pony Express Historical Association the story of the Society's publication On September 13, the Association for the program on July 24. held a reception at Patee House Mu­ The August 28 meeting featured a seum in St. Joseph. The event honored researched account of religion in the city officials and others who assisted American colonies by Willie Kaye Gill. with the restoration work at Patee Dr. Mark Stauter, associate director House. Some 75 volunteers, who staffed at Rolla of the Joint Collection, Uni­ Patee House and the Jesse James Home versity of Missouri Western Historical during the summer, also received spe­ Manuscript Collection-State Historical cial recognition. Historical Notes and Comments 213

The Association sponsored the an­ Salad Bowl cafeteria, St. Louis. An nual quilt show at Patee House, Sep­ author and publisher, he spoke on tember 19-20. The exhibit featured "The Search for the Oregon Trail." quilts brought by members and from the museum's permanent collection. Schuyler County Historical Society The Society held its 9th annual Herb Woodbury presented a pro­ meeting on October 11 at the court­ gram on China at the October 4 mem­ house in Lancaster. Dr. James Paulding bership meeting. and Dr. David March, of Northeast Randolph County Historical Society Missouri State University, Kirksville, The Society celebrated its 15th birth­ gave the program entitled "The Mi­ day at the Colonial Inn in Moberly gration." The presentation related to on September 29. Ralph Gerhard gave European cultural heritage. Members a talk on "The Next 15 Years—A Look also heard a progress report on mov­ Ahead." Officers elected were Karl C. ing the log cabin to the museum Rice, president; Thomas J. Marshall, grounds and held a memorial service first vice president; Willmuth Baker for 22 deceased members. Officers Dougherty, second vice president; elected were Mildred Wheeler, presi­ Ralph Gerhard, secretary; and J. W. dent; Nelle George, first vice presi­ Ballinger III, treasurer. dent; Flora Redman, second vice president; Edna L. York, recording St. Charles County secretary; Frances Norman, correspond­ Historical Society ing secretary; and Beulah Tallman, Members met on October 22 for a treasurer. quarterly dinner meeting at the St. Charles Country Club. George A. Feltz, Smoky Hill Railway and curator of the Society's Newbill-Mc- Historical Society Elhiney House Museum, presented the On September 19, members attended program. He spoke about the archeo- an open house at the Society's mu­ logical excavations of an Indian burial seum site, Richards-Gebaur Air Force complex in St. Charles County. Base. The event preceded the Society's 17th annual meeting at the Ramada St. Francois County Inn South in Kansas City. Officers Historical Society for 1981-1982 are Frank Dillenkoffer, On September 23, members held president; Kevin L. Jones, vice presi­ their regular meeting in the Civic dent, operations; Charles G. Pitcher, Room of Ozarks Federal Savings and vice president, administration; Mary Loan, Farmington. Robert Keith Baker Yost, secretary; and Allen D. Maty, presented the program on "Dr. A. treasurer. Wendell Keith, Pioneer Doctor." Tom Johnson presented the program Father John B. McEntee gave a at the October 9 meeting in the com­ talk on "Pope Gregory VII Ancestor munity room of Capitol Federal Sav­ of Sam Hilderbrand" at the Octo­ ings, Kansas City. He showed movies ber 28 meeting. Father McEntee is of Society activities in the 1970s. pastor of St. Joseph Catholic Church Sullivan County Historical Society in Farmington. The Society met October 5, at the St. Louis Westerners Milan Presbyterian Church. Dr. Leon Gregory M. Franzwa, a member of C. Karel, of Northeast Missouri State the Westerners, presented the program University, Kirksville, was the fea­ at the September 18 meeting in the tured speaker. Enfys McMurry assisted 214 Missouri Historical Review with the program entitled "The Mi­ and slide presentation concerning the gration," part of a series dealing with Jesse James Farm at Kearney, Missouri. our European cultural heritage. Officers elected for the coming year Westport Historical Society were Hugh Baldridge, president; Mrs. Members and friends of the Society Frances Simpson, vice president; Mrs. assembled at the Majors property in Inez King, secretary; and Mrs. Mary Kansas City on August 23. Participants Ann Cowgill, treasurer. toured the 9-room "mansion house," built by Alexander Majors in 1856- Webster Groves Historical Society 1857, and held a picnic dinner on The Society held its October 13 the grounds. meeting at the Webster Groves City On September 12-13, the Society held Hall. Barbara Russell gave a slide its second annual veranda sale at the show on Franklin County which had Harris-Kearney House in Westport. been prepared by the staff of East The fund-raising event, which bene­ Central Junior College, Union. fited the restoration fund for the house, featured quality art objects, Wentzville Missouri Community crystal, silver and furniture for sale. Historical Society The Society and Civil War Round The Society sponsored the annual Table of Kansas City sponsored the tour of historic places on October 17. fifth annual Battle of Westport tour The tour featured the Sappington on October 24-25. Local historians House, Soulard Market, the De Menil related the events of the battle at the Mansion and Jefferson Barracks, all Harris-Kearney House where a display in the St. Louis area. included guns and artifacts from the Weston Historical Museum battlefield. The 3-hour bus tour fea­ Members met on November 1 at tured 25 sites where the battle occurred the Weston Christian Church for the in October 1864. Participants witnessed annual covered-dish dinner, business a reenactment by mounted soldiers of session and program. Milton F. Perry, a major engagement of the battle and Clay County historian, gave a lecture visited an authentic Civil War camp.

Delights of Life in London.

Knob Noster Gem, June 8, 1922. The worst fog in 20 years was experienced in London when 900,000 tons of soot were suspended in the atmosphere in which 7,000,000 people attempted to live, work, and worst of all, to get about, a short time ago. . . . Fire engines called by duty went through the pitch-black streets preceded by a man on foot with a lantern. Busses adopted the lesson of the wagon trains that crossed the Western plains during the gold rush and traveled in convoys of nine or ten, also led by a man on foot with a light. The busy traffic centers were marked by from four to ten hugh acetylene torches which pierced the surrounding darkness for not more than fifteen feet. ... A freakish incident occurred when two women, lost within two squares of home, were directed by a blind veteran whose misfortune made him impervious to fogs in a district he knew by heart. Historical Notes and Comments 215

GIFTS

Isabel Price Allen and Ebert J. Reiter, Canton, donors: Material on the Alderton family; family records of the Price, Worrell and West families, compiled by Isabel Price Allen; and two volumes of material on rural schools of Lewis County, collected by donors, loaned for copy­ ing. R* Marion B. Arpee, Harlingen, Texas, donor: "The Letters of Jane Robinson Hardey, From 1866-1873." R John Arthaud, Columbia, donor: Meadville Messenger, August 19, 1904, three issues of Wheeling Gazette, 1906, Wheeling Star, October 28, 1921, and several issues of Wheeling Democrat, 1904-1905, N; yearbooks, Wheeling High School, 1924, and Chillicothe High School, 1908-1909. R Judge Donald Barnes, Sedalia, donor: "History of the Circuit Court of Pettis County," by donor. R Dr. T. D. Boaz, Jr., McLean, Virginia, donor: Garrett Henry Renneker (1830-1877) and His Descendants, by donor. R William M. Boyd, Fulton, donor, through Trenton Boyd, Columbia: Programs, Kingdom of Callaway County Fair, 1979 and 1981. R Mrs. William L. Bradshaw, Columbia, donor: Notes on the Paquin family. R Mrs. Ruth Kroll Brauner, Jefferson City, donor: Village of St. Martins 1827-1976. R Bernard M. Brown, Sullivan, and Fred Geisler, Columbia, donors: "The General: Sketch of Major General William S. Harney's Life and Mili­ tary Career." R Walter Bryant, Columbia, donor: Dixon, Missouri, 1869-1969. R George Luther Caley, Smyrna, Delaware, donor: "The Liebharts of York County, Pennsylvania and Newton County, Mis­ souri." R James L. Campbell, Edmond, Oklahoma, donor: Enloe Cemetery, Moniteau County, compiled by donor. R Barbara J. Carr, Columbia, donor: "Thomas Hart Benton's 'Year of Peril'," thesis by donor. R Proctor N. Carter, Joplin, donor, through Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Rolla: Photographs relating to mines and mining, Joplin and Jasper County. E

*These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: R refers to Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; M, Manu­ scripts Collection; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. 216 Missouri Historical Review

Mrs. Lois E. Davis, Moberly donor: Color photographs concerning General Omar N. Bradley and related loca­ tions. E Mrs. Rachel Dawson, Caruthersville, donor, through Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Rolla: Photograph of Moark Mill, Caruthersville, 1900, loaned for copying. E Emma Dornan, Versailles, donor: Hoist [Richardson] Cemetery, Morgan County. R Jerry T. Duggan, Kansas City, donor: A Brief History of 822 in the Kansas City Club, by donor. R Mrs. Vera Haworth Eldridge, Liberty, donor: Missouri Press Women, Papers, 1962-1977. M Florence Hert Goodrich, Nokomis, Florida, donor: Catalogs, Megquier Seminary, Boonville, 1899 and Prairie Home Institute, 1888-1889. R Mrs. H. E. Hetzler, Webster Groves, donor: Turley Family Records. R Harold L. Hodges, Topeka, Kansas, donor: Galena Christian Church, Galena, Missouri, Records, 1887-1959. M Mrs. Lawrence H. Hoenig, Columbia, donor: Photograph relating to Armstrong Christian Church, 1911, loaned for copy­ ing, E; History of Armstrong, Missouri, Howard County. R Walter Hoops, St. Louis, donor: Message of Governor R. M. Stewart to the General Assembly, 1861, printed in German. R Mrs. Ruth Whaley Jenkins, Jefferson City, donor: The Dobbs and Related Families, by Cecil Jenkins. R Clyde G. Johnson, Boonville, donor: "Clan Johnston of Missouri 1819, Pioneer Family, Cooper County: Genealogi­ cal History." R Dr. John Paul Jones, Athens, Tennessee, donor: Photographs relating to Brunks Comedians, traveling tent show, 1920s, loaned for copying. E KC One Realtors, donor, through Jean Jeffrey, Leawood, Kansas: Prints of drawings of four homes in the Kansas City area. A Thomas Million King, San Jose, California, donor: Family charts of Johnson King of Andrew County, Mo., and Thomas Car­ roll King. R Donald B. Kraft, Jackson, donor: Annotated index of items in Cape Girardeau Democrat, 1891, N; profile of Adam Kraft. R League of Women Voters of Missouri, St. Louis, donor: Law and Equality: An Analysis of the Impact of the Equal Rights Amend­ ment in Missouri. R Historical Notes and Comments 217

Lorah Vale Liley, St. Louis, donor: "Scattered Memories at the Turn of the Century," by donor. R Rush H. Limbaugh, Cape Girardeau, donor: Reflections on Life and Law During Three Score and Five Years July 3, 1916-July 3, 1981, by donor. R John H. Longwell, Columbia, donor: Records and Memories, by donor. R Mrs. Sallie Merrifield, Hardin, donor: Fortney family cemetery listings, Boone County. R Ella Miller, Buffalo, donor, through Western Historical Manuscript Col­ lection-Rolla : Postcard of headquarters of General Price, Springfield, Mo., loaned for copying. E Missouri Dental Association, donor, through Mary K. Sims, Jefferson City: Numerous issues of the Association's Bulletin/Journal, R Faith Marie Moore, Independence, donor: "Hollingsworth and Allied Families," compiled by donor. R Bernice Auld Morton, Troutdale, Oregon, donor: The Morton Family, by donor. R Bonnard Moseley, Columbia, donor: Lincoln University yearbook, 1980-81. R Arthur Paul Moser, Springfield, donor: Directories of Towns, Villages and Hamlets Past and Present of Boone, Linn, Montgomery, Randolph, Sullivan and Warren counties, Missouri; "Some Random Reflections of My Life," all by donor. R Siegmar Muehl, Iowa City, Iowa, donor: 1840s letters of Eduard Muhl, a German-American newspaperman, with biographical sketch and translations by donor. M Monte Nevins, Columbia, donor: Over 50 topographic maps of Missouri. R Mrs. Virginia B. Nichols, Columbia, donor: "Climbing the Douglas-Roddy Family Tree," compiled by donor. R Mrs. Carl J. Otto, Washington, donor: Miller-Stephens Family Papers, 1812, 1861-1941 and Hugh Stephens Papers, 1921-1960. M Dixie Painter, St. Joseph, donor: "Index of Deaths Taken From the St. Joseph Daily Gazette, July 1, 1868 to Dec. 31, 1875," compiled by donor. N Chester W. Ray, Marceline, donor: Photographs of Memorial Stadium and view of Columbia, 1928, Ej news­ paper clipping concerning Marceline, Mo., school stadium and donor. N Mrs. Marilyn Robbins, Trenton, donor: Sheet music for "Our Great America" and "Happy Birthday America!" both by donor. R 218 Missouri Historical Review

Mrs. Virginia Hunt Robertson, Columbia, donor: Photographs of John Wormeley Carter, Rear Admiral Joel Bright, W. A. Bright and Joel Haden, E; materials on the Bright, Carter, Alexander and Haden families, R; Hunt Family Papers. M Mr. and Mrs. William Kenneth Rutherford, Lexington, donors: Genealogical History of the Gassaway Family, compiled by donors. R Joy Naylor Ryckman, Helena, Montana, donor: Material on the Naylor family. R Kevin and Cyndy Scantlan, Columbia, donors: Inscriptions from Bowen and Pope cemeteries in Gasconade County, Mo. R Myrtle Nolte Schlickelman, Liberty, donor: The Borgstadt Family Tree, compiled by donor. R Adolf E. Schroeder, Columbia, donor: Text of slide-tape programs, Missouri Origins: The Landscape of Home, by donor. R J. B. Schwabe, East Alton, Illinois, donor: Material on the Cottle family. R Mary E. Tesreau, Ste. Genevieve, donor: Booklets on the history of First Baptist Church, Ste. Genevieve. R Edward J. Thias, St. Louis, donor: Framed limited edition print, "Union Covered Bridge Near Paris, Mo.," by donor. A J. Joseph Trower, Jefferson City, donor: St. John's United Church of Christ, Bern, Mo. 1869-1969. R Herb Waeckerle, Kirkwood, donor: Photographs relating to Jesse James and James farm, Clay County; slide of Ste. Genevieve Bank. E John R. Walker, Rockville, Maryland, donor: Letters to Roxanne George of Boonville, 1888-1904. M Western New Mexico University Museum, Silver City, New Mexico, donor: Photograph of Wilk's Band, Concordia, Mo. E Darrel K. Whipple, Rainier, Oregon, donor: A Whipple Family History, by donor and Judith C. Whipple. R Paul White, Lebanon, donor: Index to the Histories of Webster County, Missouri, by Anna Belle Chris­ ty. R Mrs. Sherman Williams, Unicoi, Tennessee, donor: Material on the Callaway family. R Mrs. John Sam Williamson, Columbia, donor: Tuesday Club, Columbia, Missouri, Records, 1921-1929, 1946-1972, M; yearbooks of Tuesday Club. R Mrs. Ilene Sims Yarnell, Versailles, donor: "Historical Information About Central Missouri Area, as Found in News­ papers, Records, etc.," by donor. R Historical Notes and Comments 219

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Ashland Boone County Journal August 13, 20, 1981—Old area photographs. Bethany Republican-Clipper August 19, 1981—"Oldest Bethany [First Christian] church to observe 140th anniversary of founding." Bolivar Herald-Free Press August 6, 1981—Final article of a three-part series on the history of the railroads in Polk County, by George Francis Hooper. Boonville Daily News July 31, 1981—"Historic Dick-Kobel cabin [in Cooper County] unlikely to attract tourists," by Sharon Korte. August 11, 12, 19, 26, September 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, October 7, 14, 21, 28— "Remembrances from the Friends of Historic Boonville," a series, featured historic sites and events of the area. Butler Bates County News-Headliner August 6, 13, 1981—A two-part article on the history of the Kingdom of Amarugia in Cass County. These and the articles below by Reva Stubblefield. September 3—"A mansion [built by J. C. Clark] with a distinguished past." September 10—"W7hen fur trading flourished in this area." October 1— "Fond memories for former school teacher [Cecil Nicolay]." Camdenton Reveille August 21, 1981—"A Glance Back With Benage and Addie Moulder: Farmer, School Teacher Recall Early Years." Canton Press-News Journal August 20, 1981—Old area photograph. Carl Junction Standard August 13, 1981—Old area photograph. Clinton Democrat August 6, 1981—"Historic [W. C] Bronaugh Home Will Be Auctioned Off At [Henry County] Courthouse Door." Clinton Eye August 20, 1981—Old area photograph. Columbia Missourian August 7, 1981—"A walk through time The history of Columbia lies beneath its gravestones [of Abraham J. Williams, John C. Conley, J. W. 'Blind' Boone and Luella St. Clair Moss]," by Mark Goodman. Concordia Concordian August 20, 1981—"The First Grade—60 Years Ago [at St. Paul's Lutheran town school]," by Nora Hartwig. Crane Chronicle August 20, 1981—Old area photograph. October 29—"In The Spotlight . . . Wissman Mill Was Located on Leake Property," by Kathy Dearing. 220 Missouri Historical Review

Crane Stone County Republican August 20, 27, 1981—Old area photographs. Doniphan News August 13, 1981— "History Surrounds The Wrights [in old Doniphan State Bank building]." August 13—Old area photograph. Edgerton Platte County Citizen August 21, 1981—Old area photograph. Edina Sentinel September 2, 29Si-"History of Novelty begins in 1838." October 7—"Bethel Colony rich in history," reprinted. El Dorado Springs Star August 20, 1981—"The Hendricks' family Pioneer family traces Cedar County roots to 1858." September 10—"Roscoe [in St. Clair County] Rich heritage, historic past," by Joyce Reed Sterling. El Dorado Springs Sun July 23, 1981—A Special Souvenir Edition commemorated the town's cen­ tennial and featured numerous historical articles. Fayette Advertiser August 26, 1981—" 'Visitors' to Early Fayette Tour South Side of Courthouse Square," by Martha Eikermann. Fayette Democrat-Leader August 15, 1981—Old area photograph. Flat River Daily Journal September 1, 1981—"The [Sam] Hildebrand place A quiet home [in St. Francois County] from violent times," by Sherry Greminger. Gainesville Ozark County Times August 6, 13, 20, 27, September 3, 10, 17, 24, October 1, 8, 22, 29, 1981— "Ozark Reader Fireside Stories of the Early Days in the Ozarks," a series by Silas C. Turnbo. Greenfield Advertiser August 13, 1981—"Early history of So.[uth] Greenfield recalled as town prepares to celebrate 100th anniversary," by Hilda Wallace. August 20—Old area photographs. Hannibal Courier-Post July 31, 1981— "Small facts built Hannibal's heritage," reprinted. August 8—Old area photograph. August 8—"Private funds purchased home for [Mark] Twain museum," by Mary Lou Montgomery. Hermitage Index August 20, 27, 1981—Old area photographs. Houston Herald & Republican August 27, 1981—"[Texas County] Courthouse Destroyed by Fire Twice in History." Iberia New Iberian August 19, 1981—Old area photograph. Historical Notes and Comments 221

Jackson Cash-Book Journal August 19, 1981—"Bollinger Mill dedicated as historical site." August 19—Old area photograph. Joplin Globe August 9, 1981—"Racine A Town That Grew by 'Accident'," by Wally Ken­ nedy. August 10—" [Civil War] Battle of Wilson's Creek," by Fred G. Hughes. Kahoka Media August 19, 1981—Old area photograph. August 26—"Folklore Preserves History of [Battle of] Athens." Kansas City Times August 21, 28, September 4, 11, 25, October 9, 16, 1981-"Post Card From Old Kansas City," by Mrs. Sam Ray, featured respectively: Swan Lake in Mount Washington Park; first City Hall, later police headquarters, 4th and Main; Boley Building, 12th and Walnut; first public high school in Liberty; Santa Fe Trail and marker in Penn Valley Park; North Pleasant Street in Independence; and Loretto Academy on 39th Street. Kennett Daily Dunklin Democrat August 14, 1981— "Hunter-Dawson [Home in New Madrid]: A Romantic View of the Bootheel 100 Years Ago," by Elaine Garrison. Kirksville Daily Express & News August 5, 1981—"Travelers Hotel May Again Become Hub Of Community," by Todd Eschmann. Lamar Democrat August 18, 1981—"Flooding may have been reason for fair on square," by Reba Young. August 27—Old area photograph. Lathrop Optimist August 14, 1981—Old area photograph. Lebanon Daily Record August 12, 1981—Old area photographs. Leeton Shield August 13, 1981— "Pioneer Spirit The Egbert Family." Lexington News August 21, 1981— Historic view of Lexington. Louisiana Press-Journal August 10, 1981-"[Stark & Co.] Ad Of 1878 [in Louisiana fair booklet] Speaks Plainly." August 10, 13—Old area photographs. August 20—"[Walter Alvin 'Junior' Boyd] Is Mo. [Sports] Hall Of Fame Choice." Maiden Press-Merit August 13, 1981—"Things I Remember About Maiden," by Robert E. (Bob) Legan, reprinted. Marble Hill Banner-Press August 20, 1981—Old area photographs. 222 Missouri Historical Review

Marthasville Record August 21, 1981— "Marthasville's Founding and Founder [Dr. John Young]," by Ralph Gregory. Mt. Vernon Lawrence County Record August 20, 1981—Old area photograph. August 20—"Jimson Weed Journal [recollections of high school in the late 1920s]," by Eugene Carl. Mountain Grove Journal August 13, 20, 27, 1981—A series of historical articles and old photographs relating to the town of Norwood in its centennial year. August 20—"School days in the 20's," by Mabel Lovan. August 27—"[First Baptist] Church [of Mountain Grove] to mark 100 years," by the Rev. Herbert Clinton. Nevada Daily Mail August 17, 1981—A special section, "Sheldon Centennial Edition" featured several articles on the history of the town. New Haven Leader September 9, 1981—"The Caldwell Place A Future for the [Franklin] Coun­ ty's Past," by Marie Egley Watkins. Oak Grove Banner September 17, 1981— This special edition, "Oak Grove Centennial 1881- 1981," featured several historical articles. Owensville Gasconade County Republican September 2, 1981—" 1900-vintage hotel here to be restored by [Gasconade] County Historical Society for offices, museum." This and the articles below by Bob McKee. October 7—"Early documents recount four sites of county seat." October 14—"Early county explorers found Indian villages, evidence of civilized race of 'Mound Builders'." October 28—"Historical figures played a role in county history." Ozark Headliner August 13, 1981—Old area photographs. Pacific Meramec Valley Transcript September 30, 1981—A Special Progress Edition featured several historical articles on Pacific and Franklin County, Palmyra Spectator October 21, 1981—"Philadelphia, Missouri featured in the Inquirer," re­ printed. Puxico Weekly Press August 5, 1981-"1865 The Fort At Bloomfield-Part II," by Ivan McKee. Richmond Daily News August 3, 17, 24, September 8, October 19, 1981-"Ray's [County] Historic Sites," a series. August 7—Old area photograph. August 13—"Reader remembers great football revival at Hardin [High Scool in 1928]." Historical Notes and Comments 223

St, Louis Post-Dispatch August 9, 1981—"De Soto [in Jefferson County] Heart Of The Heart Of The Country," by Florence Shinkle, photos by Scott Dine. Salem News August 13, 1981—"Sally Blackwell: Recognized by Bonnet and Willow Bas­ ket [recalls past in Hawkin's Bank area]," by Kathy Love. August 20—"Dot Dot Dash: Salem Resident [Gertrude Byington] First Woman Mo-Pac [Missouri Pacific Railroad] Telegraph Operator," by Kathy Love. Sarcoxie Record August 20, 1981—"Practice [of George H. Bragdon, M.D.] Leaves Imprint." Sedalia Democrat September 13, 1981— "Warm memories of Pettis County's 'collective farm' [1938-1943]," by Dee Cain, photos by John Hartman. Shelbyville Shelby County Herald August 19, 1981—This issue featured several articles on past Old Settlers Day reunions. Sikeston Daily Standard August 5, 1981—"Southeast Missourians [under Brigadier General Jeff Thompson] make narrow escape [in 1862]," by Mason Emerson. Steele Enterprise August 13, 1981—Old area photograph. Stockton Cedar County Republican August 20, 1981—Old area photograph.

Tarkio Avalanche October 22, 1981-"\881 to 1981 Westboro Methodists Celebrate," by Mrs. Glacie Collins. Unionville Republican October 21, 1981—"Powersville School—over 60 years of history [in Putnam County] compiled by former students."

Viburnum Quad County Star August 20, 1981—"A Small Band Of Union Troops Led Confederate Soldiers A Merry Chase From Pilot Knob To Leasburg [in 1864]," by Irene Monti.

Vienna Gazette-Adviser August 19, 1981— "Vichy Springs: Forgotten Natural Wonder [in Maries County]," by Laura James. October 14, 1981—"Vichy Was Once A Boom Town," by Laura James.

Washington Missourian October 7, 1981—"Early Settlers of Franklin County [Charles Reinhard]," compiled by Ralph Gregory. Waynesville Pulaski County Democrat August 20, 27, 1981—"Early History Of Pioneer Pulaski County Families By Mrs. Hicks." 224 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Heritage, October/November, 1981: "Mark Twain In Paradise [Ha­ waii]."

Annals of the Association of American Geographers, June, 1981: "Early Fencing on the Middle Western Prairie," by Leslie Hewes and Christian L. Jung.

Antiquing, September, 1981: "Oregon Trail—Old Route to the West," by Fran- cesca Hughes.

Bittersweet, Fall, 1981: "Rail Fences Their History and Construction," by Todd Waterman; "Happy Holidays Halloween and Thanksgiving [celebrations in the Ozarks]," by Vickie Hooper; "It's A Lost Art Farron Atkins' Experi­ ences as a [Frisco] Railroad Telegrapher [in Lebanon, Mo.]"

Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter, September, 1981: "[Carondelet Branch] Library and [John S.] Bowen House To Get Markers."

Cherry Diamond, Missouri Athletic Club, St. Louis, September, 1981: "A Treas­ ure Saint Louis Art Museum," by Robert W. Duffy.

Clayton Magazine, Fall, 1981: "The Taste of James Jamieson At Home in a Work of Art"; "Olympian Way [Forsyth Boulevard] Paves Clayton Claim to Fame [in 1904 Olympic marathon]."

Crossroad Magazine, June/July, 1981: "[Independent Electric Machinery Co. of Kansas City, Mo.] 75 years—spanning an industrial age."

Dallas County Historical Society Newsletter, 1981: "Elixir ... a 'hoax' town," by Dawn Erickson.

Farm & Home Go-Getter, August, September, October, 1981: "Legends of Farm & Home [Savings Association]," a series.

Gateway Heritage, Summer, 1981: "James S. McDonnell and His Company: A Vision of Flight and Space," by Raymond F. Pisney; "St. Louis Women Garment Workers: . . . Photographs and Memories [of the 1930s]," by Katharine T. Corbett; "Neosho ... Its Part in a [Missouri] Confederate Dream," by Georgia Cook; "Journey up the Missouri River . . . [by James Mackay] Before Lewis and Clark," by Patrick F. McMillin.

, Fall, 1981: All the articles in this issue commemo­ rated the 175th anniversary of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Greene County Historical Bulletin, January-March, 1981: "[Springfield] Was City's Name Borrowed or Linked to Spring, Field?" by Lucile Morris Upton, reprinted; "Historic Day House, Built in 1875, Has Seen Urban Bustle Come and Go [in Springfield]."

Historic Kansas City Foundation Gazette, August/September, 1981: "The Stones of Jorgen Dreyer," by Patricia Lawson; "A Kansas City Architect: Edgar Faris," by Sherry Piland. Historical Notes and Comments 225

Interim, September/October, 1981: "St. Mark's [Episcopal Church, St. Louis] building 'a unity rich in symbolism'."

Jackson County Historical Society Journal, Summer, 1981: "Longfellow His Idol Uncle Tom Kincaid Is Remembered For His Poetry and His Philosophy," by George Berkemeier.

Kansas City Genealogist, Summer, 1981: "Carroll County, Missouri," compiled by Nita Neblock.

Kansas City Magazine, September, 1981: "City Market: Where The Selling Never Stops," by R. G. Gentry.

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, October, 1981: "Old Mount Pleasant Barry County's First Court House Located Near Pierce City," by Fred G. Mieswinkel.

Lincoln Herald, Spring, 1981: "Carl Schurz Reconsidered," by Hans L. Trefousse.

Maramec Miner, July, 1981: "Maramec History," a series.

Midwest Motorist, September-October, 1981: "King Cotton still reigns in the Bootheel [of Missouri]," by Savannah Furman.

Missouri County Record, August, 1981: "Old Politics Live On In Missouri Names," by Tim Coughlin, reprinted.

Missouri Folklore Society Journal, Volume II, 1980: "Mary Alicia Owen, Col­ lector of Afro-American and Indian Lore in Missouri," by William K. Mc­ Neil; "Traditional Types of Nicknames in a Missouri French Creole Com­ munity [Old Mines]," by Rosemary Hyde Thomas; "A Missouri Dunkard Community [Rockingham in Ray County]," by James M. Shirky; "German- American Folklore in Missouri: John G. Eberhard's Deutsch-Amerikanische Volkserzahlungen," by Robert G. Brady.

Missouri Life, May-June, 1981: "Across our wide Missouri Elusive River Rapids that Swept Missouri to the Brink of War [over state's northern boundary]," by Bob Priddy; "A Boom Town Derailed [Meta]," by Richard Antweiler; "Reliving a Rowdy Past [in St. Joseph]: Jesse [James] and the [Pony] Express," by Jeff Gordon; "Anheuser-Busch: Brewing a Name For Itself," by Kevin Horrigan; "A [James L. Dalton] Home Filled with Memories To House a Town's [Poplar Bluff] Culture," by Stephen Freeman.

, September, 1981: "Missouri Homes The House at 100 Madison Street A tour of the Governor's Mansion with First Lady Carolyn Bond," by Diana Reese Gard, photos by Bill Helvey; "Across our wide Missouri Show-Me Heroes Met Their End [at the Alamo] Fighting for the Lone Star [Texas liberty]," by Bob Priddy; "Strange Lights in the Nights of a Century Past," by Bruce Reynolds; "[H. L.] Mencken & Mis­ souri: Clashing Personalities," by Michael Abrams; "[University City] The Town that Roars," by Stephen Freeman. 226 Missouri Historical Review

, October, 1981: "Missouri Homes [Lemp Mansion] Elegant and Eerie: The Haunting Legacy of a St. Louis Brewer," by N. L. Hammen, photos by John Lafferty; "Across our wide Missouri The Artist [Charles Marion Russell] Who Dreamed of Being a Cowboy," by Bob Priddy; "Hannah Cole and Her Fortress of Courage," by Tom Ladwig; "[Bennett Spring] Waters for Spawning Fish and Folklore," by Richard Antweiler.

Missouri Municipal Review, July, 1981: "The Fastest Growing City in the State St. Peters, Missouri," by Shirley Foster: "Manchester's New City Hall [in the historic Lyceum building]," by Charles Feldman.

, September, 1981: "University City—75 Years of Progress," by Victor A. Ellman.

Missouri River Journal, Summer, 1981: "Early Bonnots Mill," by Mary Matthews.

Ozarks Mountaineer, September-October, 1981: "Who Was Moses Austin?" by Dan Saults; "Appreciation day for a country doctor [Claude W. Cooper]— The Medicine of Love," by Clara Williams; "The Webster Hotel [in Marshfield, Mo.]," by Martha McGarth.

Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly, October, 1981: "Willard F. James"; "Lorene Kearney Wagster," by Mayme Hamlett.

Platte County Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin, Summer, 1981: "Platte County's 'Round Barn' 1878-1941," by America B. Lowmiller.

Powerlite, Kansas City Power & Light Company, September 7, 1981: "E. R. Weeks as interesting a pioneer as Edison."

Presbyterion: Covenant Seminary Review, Fall, 1980: " 'Please Help, Mr. Lincoln!" Dr. McPheeters, Pine Street Presbyterian Church, [St. Louis] and Civil Religion," by Joseph H. Hall.

Ray County Mirror, September, 1981: "School Memories of Hardin," by Lee Meador; "Pigg's Recollections on Floods [in 1951]," by Boyd Pigg; "1903 Flood Among Our Worst," by Lee Meador; "Rail Travel All But Dis­ appears," by Lee Meador.

Rural Missouri, September, 1981: "The [Civil War] battle of Wilson's Creek," by Steve Rudloff.

, October, 1981: "Presidency nothing [for David Rice Atchison] to lose sleep over," by Henry N. Ferguson.

Saddle & Bridle, August, 1981: "Famous Horses of the Past Lady Jane," by Lynn Weatherman.

St. Louis, August, 1981: "Whiskygate in St. Louis [in the 1870s]," by John Lindenbusch.

, September, 1981: "Robert E. Lee to the Rescue [port of St. Louis]," by John Lindenbusch. Historical Notes and Comments 227

_, October, 1981: "Rotunda Artistry The Old Court­ house frescoes have a checkered past," by John Lindenbusch.

Saint Louis Commerce, September, 1981: "Another of the city's distinctive neigh­ borhoods . . . Cabanne," by Norbury Wyman; "St. Louis gave birth to the [United] Brotherhood [of Carpenters and Joiners of America] union car­ penters mark century of progress," by Steve Williams.

, October, 1981: "St. Louis' early auto makers from carriages to cars," by John Lindenbusch; "Two more of city's distinctive neighborhoods . . . Compton Hill and Shaw," by Norbury Wayman.

St. Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly, Fall, 1981: "The Old Stone Church on Geyer Road: Des Peres Presbyterian," by Maryhelen Wilson.

School and Community, September, 1981: "125 Years of History [for Missouri State Teachers Association] The Way We Were-1856," by Marge Scherer; "Steamboat School [run by Rev. John Berry Meachum in the 1850s]," by Antonio F. Holland; "Those Were the Days [in 1856]," by Marge Cunning­ ham.

, October, 1981: "Those Old-Time [Missouri State Teachers Association] Conventions," by Marge Scherer; "Those Were The Days [in 1927]," by Marge Cunningham.

Springfield! Magazine, September, 1981: "Springfield's Oldest Industry Reyco [Industries, Inc.] Favored with Longevity, Employee Loyalty," by Judith Cox Ermold; "Your Neighbor's Faith Instrumental Music Split Leads to Formation of Church of Christ," by Barbara Merrick Southwick.

, October, 1981: "Your Neighbor's Faith [growth and development of the Churches of Christ in Springfield]," by Barbara Southwick.

Thornleigh Review, August, 1981: "William H. Powell and the Citizens Na­ tional Bank of Sedalia," by William B. Claycomb.

Today's Farmer, August, 1981: "Trinity Lutheran Church [of Egypt Mills in Cape Girardeau County] has active congregation," by Carol Brost.

, September, 1981: "Revivals played key role in Johns Chapel [Fundamental Methodist Church] history [in Greene Coun­ ty]," by Carol Brost.

, October, 1981: "Bethany Christian Church upholds rural traditions [in Nodaway County]," by Carol Brost.

Union Electric News, October, 1981: This special issue featured "Celebrating the first 50 years: Bagnell Dam."

Waterways Journal, September 12, 1981: "Golden Eagle Ferry Continues [Mis­ sissippi] River Tradition [crossing between St. Charles County, Mo. and Golden Eagle, 111.]," by Bill Morrison; "St. Louis Was Waiting for the President [William Howard Taft] in 1909," by James V. Swift. 228 Missouri Historical Review

West Plains Gazette, July-August, 1981: "Myrtle [in Oregon County] Celebrates 100 years of Ozarks Living," by Clara Williams; "The Famous Talkie Tent Show [traveling movies] 'On the Road' with Forrest & Oneta Glass," by Jim Cox.

, September-October, 1981: "Scatter Shooting: One For the Ladies [memories of life in West Plains, 1900-1925]," by Olive Kingsbury; "Harry & Dorotha Reavis 'Blessed Are the Peacemakers'," by Jim Cox; "South Missouri's Grand Gulf [in Oregon County]," by Joe Senn; "Gazette Gallery [old photographs of the area]"; "L. E. Smith's Family Heroes Romantic Tales of West Plains' Pioneers [C. T. Bolin and Nehemiah S. Burgess]"; "So Long to an 'Old Citizen' The Thorn- burgh House Comes Down"; "Lycurgus M. Starkey Spartan Servant of God."

White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Summer, 1981: "Early Gearhart [family] Letters," sent by Ruth Ryser; "The Knox and Brandon Families—Ancestors of John H. McClary," by Christa Chaney Barton.

Spiritual Partnership

Canton North-East Reporter, November 10, 1853. A certain preacher was holding forth to a somewhat wearied congregation when he "lifted up his eyes," to the gallery, and beheld a youngster pelting the people below with chestnuts. Dominie was about to administer ex cathedra, a sharp and stringent reprimand for this flagrant act of impiety and disrespect, but the youth, anticipating him, bawled out at the top of his voice: "You mind your preaching, daddy, and I'll keep 'em awake."

Free Tuition at the State University Next Session

Mississippi Valley Democrat and Journal of Agriculture, August 24, 1899. Except in the junior and senior years of law and the last two years of med­ icine, tuition in all departments of the State University, on and after 1 Sep­ tember, 1899, will be free. The only charge will be a library fee of $5.00 and small laboratory deposits to cover the cost of materials actually used by the student. For the junior and senior years of law and the last two years of med­ icine the fee will be $50 a year. Now this means that throughout the College course of four years ... in the Normal Department, in the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, in Shop work and in Drawing, in the courses in Civil Engi­ neering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering, Sanitary Engineering, Mining Engineering, and Architecture, as well as in the first two years of Medicine, tuition will be absolutely free. Historical Notes and Comments 229

GRADUATE THESES RELATING TO MISSOURI HISTORY

CENTRAL MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY, 1981 EDUCATION SPECIALIST THESIS Mason, Roger W., "A History of Ozark Airlines."

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA, 1981 MASTERS THESIS Mernitz, Susan Curtis, "Church, Class, and Community: The Impact of Indus­ trialization on Lexington, Missouri, 1870-1900."

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-KANSAS CITY, 1981 MASTERS THESIS Bruce, Janet Lee, "The Kansas City Monarchs: Champions of Black Baseball."

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, 1981 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Mcintosh, Wayne Vann, "Private Dispute Resolution in the St. Louis Trial Court of General Jurisdiction, 1820-1977."

Try and Say It

Knob Noster Gem, March 23, 1922. An automobile in Belgium is known as a "suelpanrdelooszontrapoorvegpetrolcumrytuig." Literally translated, it means "fast-horseless-without-rails-petrol-vehicle."

Married While You Wait—Leap Year

Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly, April, 1981. The usual fee allowed for Justices of the Peace for a marriage ceremony is two dollars. From January to May 1st 1916, Judge W. W. Corbett will perform the ceremony in his usual happy style where the lady makes the proposal for half price, one dollar. The Judge will not humiliate the bride by a statement to that effect but he will know by the bride simply asking what the fee is.

Twice-A-Week Democrat, December 31, 1915 230 Missouri Historical Review

IN MEMORIAM BEAMAN, MRS. Lois, St. Louis: Feb­ HAZARD, LELAND, Pittsburgh, Penn­ ruary 2, 1920-August 31, 1981. sylvania: July 7, 1893-August 17, 1980. BEUKEMA, WILLIAM J., St. Louis: HERLINGER, JOHN E., Warrenton: August 3, 1901-January 31, 1981. March 17, 1905-February 17, 1980. BIEBER, DR. RALPH P., St. Louis: HUNT, CLIFF P., Boonville: Octo­ May 9, 1894-July 23, 1981. ber 2, 1896-May 17, 1981. JEZZARD, PAUL H., Springfield: Jan­ BOWDEN, MRS. ROSE M., Brookfield: September 16, 1903-May 13, 1981. uary 10, 1890-October 9, 1980. LALLY, KENNETH J., Blue Eye: Sep­ BOYLE, DR. PAUL O., Columbia: Jan­ tember 15, 1909-January 18, 1981. uary 3, 1911-January 3, 1981. LARSON, CARL, Cabool: October 5, CLEAVELAND, JUDGE ALTON B., Chilli- 1899-May 21, 1980. cothe: October 2, 1883-January 30, MCCLAIN, MRS. MABEL E., Canton: 1981. March 1, 1896-April 1, 1981. CONSTANT, MRS. ALBERTA WILSON, MATHIAS, RICHARD F., St. Louis: Oc­ Independence: 1908-July 21, 1981. Au­ tober 21, 1908-February 14, 1981. thor of Paintbox on the Frontier: The MERCURIO, MRS. J. K. L., St. Louis: Life and Times of George Caleb Bing­ August 19, 1910-May 26, 1981. ham. MUCKERMAN, CHRISTOPHER J., Web­ COOPER, MRS. MARGARET D., St. Louis: ster Groves: October 27, 1881-May 17, September 21, 1906-October 5, 1981. 1981. COULTER, E. MERTON, Athens, Geor­ NIELSON, EDWARD W., SR., Overland: gia: July 20, 1890-July 5, 1981. October 22, 1894-June 9, 1980. DENT, ALICE, Salem: May 18, 1898- NORRIS, LLOYD R., North Kansas August 20, 1980. City: April 19, 1910-September 4, 1981. DRAY, ERNEST A., Savannah: Octo­ QUALLS, MRS. GUSSIE, Oronogo: ber 25, 1901-June 19, 1981. March 5, 1903-July 2, 1981. DUNHAM, JOHN D., Osborn: April 7, RICHARDS, NORMA JEANNE, Etowah, 1908-May 5, 1981. North Carolina: December 15, 1925- EPPERSON, ROBERT B., Lafayette Hill, September 18, 1981. Pennsylvania: August 7, 1901-Decem­ SHERRILL, REV. OWEN, Danville, Cali­ ber 3, 1980. fornia: December 22, 1909-Septem- FUERHOFF, HENRY, St. Charles: Ju­ ber 16, 1979. ly 19, 1903-September 18, 1980. SMYTH, MRS. L. B., Brookfield: Feb­ GOLDSBY, LEO F., Independence: Jan­ ruary 7, 1897-June 15, 1980. uary 17, 1931-December 27, 1980. SPRADLING, MRS. H. A., Carthage: October 11, 1894-February 25, 1980. GOLL, JUDGE CHARLES H., Webb City: May 28, 1907-July 10, 1981. SUTTON, MRS. EVELYN B., Bloomfield Hills, Michigan: July 29, 1889-June 14, GOODSON, E. O., JR., Lee's Summit: 1981. December 4, 1899-February 7, 1979. VAUGHN, MAJ. GEN. HARRY H., Alex­ GRANT, COL. CARL E., Ballwin: Ju­ andria, Virginia: November 26, 1893- ly 18, 1912-April 12, 1981. April 20, 1981. GRICE, CLARENCE LEE, Columbia: WHALEY, DR. RAYMOND W., De Soto: June 4, 1898-October 4, 1981. December 3, 1903-Oc.tober 8, 1979. HALL, DAVID N., Kansas City: April WHITTON, REX M., Kansas City: Au­ 21, 1899-November 14, 1980. gust 7, 1898-July 7, 1981. Historical Notes and Comments 231

BOOK REVIEW

Missouri's Literary Heritage for Children and Youth: An Annotated Bibliography of Books about Missouri. By Alice Irene Fitzgerald (Columbia & London: University of Missouri Press, 1981). 256 pp. Illustrated. Map. Indexed. $21.00.

Missouri has a wealth of noted authors, many of whom wrote books about their state for children and youth. Some of the best known include Mark Twain and Laura Ingalls Wilder, contem­ poraries Rhoda Wooldridge, Gertrude Bell and Loula Grace Erd- man and poets Eugene Field and Sara Teasdale. This bibliography contains 301 books about Missouri, written by 230 different authors, 107 of whom are regarded as Missouri writers. Designed to help teachers, librarians, parents and children select enjoyable and informative reading about the state, the bibli­ ography fills a long-felt need for reference material about this important body of literature. In the listing, author-compiler Alice Irene Fitzgerald included books identified with Missouri because of their setting, characters or events which were important to the state. These books can be read by young people up to age 14, or the books can be read or told to them. Included are both fiction and nonfiction, poetry and a few textbooks, ranging from recent publications to out-of-print and rare editions. The stories cover approximately the period from the 1760s to present day and represent the entire geographic area of the state. The book also contains a bibliography of useful, related material, such as films, magazines and handbooks, a selected bibli- 232 Missouri Historical Review ography, a Missouri author index, a title index and a literary map of Missouri. Black and white drawings and engravings from literary works mentioned in the listing appropriately illustrate this volume. Selec­ tions are arranged alphabetically according to the authors' name. Bibliographical information includes the illustrator, photographic credits, publisher, copyright date, number of pages, the suggested age level and an identification of genre. Most titles are appropriate for age level 5-14, however, some young adult books are considered because of their historical significance or value as a reference book. Out-of-print books also are designated. All have been read and annotated by Ms. Fitzgerald. In some cases, the author points out other versions for older readers, such as the story of Sweet Betsy from Pike. She also occasionally notes other book selections for more balanced reading of certain subjects, such as Alexander Majors biographies and the Pony Express. At least one article is included in the bibliography—Jean Bell Mosley's "The Summer I Learned to See," published in the Readers Digest. Some book selections may surprise the readers. No doubt listed for their historical significance are Jerena East Giffen's First Ladies of Missouri, Harry M. Hagan's This Is Our . . . Saint Louis and Paul C. Nagel's Missouri: A Bicentennial History. The readers probably could suggest other books which they would consider equally as valuable and appropriate for children's reading. But such are the shortcomings of a bibliographic work. Some readers will wish, as did this reviewer, that Ms. Fitzgerald had included more information about the Missouri authors. The location of their homes and dates of their writings would have added even more interest to the bibliography. Alice Irene Fitzgerald certainly is qualified for the task of assembling the material in this volume. She has a B.S. in Educa­ tion, as well as the M.Ed, and Ed.D., from the University of Mis­ souri. A professor emeritus of Education at the university, she taught graduate and undergraduate courses in literature for chil­ dren and youth. She has written numerous magazine articles on various aspects of literature for young readers. A member of the Missouri State Teachers Association, she served on the Reading Circle Committee, which compiles the association's Selected List of Children's Books. While this book will be particularly valuable for teachers, librarians and parents, college teachers of courses in children's Historical Notes and Comments 233 literature also will find the volume most useful. Would-be authors too, interested in writing for juveniles, will find the book enjoy­ able and inspiring to read.

State Historical Society of Missouri Mary K. Dains

Not a Chance

The College Farmer, January, 1926. During vacation Norwood made for Jimmy a blind date. When the time came for the new experience and Jimmy was taken around and duly introduced, the girl excused herself to answer the telephone. Says Norwood, taking ad­ vantage of the momentary absence, "I shoved you in—now swim."

Missouri's First Railroad

Missouri School Journal, January, 1910. The first railroad in Missouri was a track five miles in length, laid from Richmond to a point on the Missouri river opposite Lexington, some time between 1849 and 1851. It was made of timber, the rails being of sawed oak and the ties of hewed oak, and was operated by horse power.

Moving of Troops

Columbia Weekly Missouri Sentinel, June 24, 1852. A detachment of U. S. Cavalry, commanded by Maj. Sanders, passed through Columbia on Friday morning, from Jefferson Barracks to some post on the Oregon route. They numbered one hundred and sixty. Quite an interesting incident occurred in our street as they were passing through—illustrating that beautiful principle in our government which holds the military in subordination to the civil power. As the troops were entering the town by the Eastern terminus of Broad­ way, the Sunday School Procession was approaching from the west. Both lines meeting near the Presbyterian Church, the troops were ordered by the officer to halt and dismount, while the Sunday School procession filed off to the right and entered the Church. An American officer knows well how to dispense with ease and grace the civilities of a gentleman. 234 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK NOTES

Vanguard of Expansion: Army Engineers in the Trans-Missis­ sippi West 1819-1879. By Frank N. Schubert (Washington, D. C: U. S. Government Printing Office, n.d.). 160 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Notes. Indexed. $4.50. Frank N. Schubert, a historian with the Historical Division, office of the Chief of Engineers, has prepared a compact narra­ tive of the Corps of Engineers activities in the trans-Mississippi West during the early history of the United States. His first chap­ ter includes Major Stephen H. Long s historic expedition of 1819- 1820. Henry R. Schoolcraft, David Bates Douglass and Lewis Cass's expedition are commented upon, as well as the important part played by Secretary of War John C. Calhoun. Remaining chapters include information about John C. Fremont's expedition, the Mexi­ can War reconnaisance, the boundary surveys, the southwestern reconnaisance, the Pacific Railroad surveys, the northern frontier and the later surveys conducted in the 1860-1870s. Particular emphasis is given George M. Wheeler's work west of the one hundredth meridian. This informative and attractively illustrated softbound book may be purchased for $4.50 from the Superintendent of Docu­ ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.

Hermann Maifest Pageants 1952-1964. By Anna Hesse (New York: Copens Press, 1980). 188 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $4.00. The Brush & Palette Club of Hermann provided the impetus for this softbound publication which includes the narration of thirteen pageants conducted for the Maifest. Anna Hesse, a long­ time member of the club and an active participant in the history of Hermann and Gasconade County, prepared the stories. The Maifest came into being because the Brush & Palette Club wanted to retain Hermann's historic buildings. To raise money for the preservation effort club members over the years have pro­ duced pageants as part of the Maifest festivities. The club's suc­ cess has allowed it to buy and restore the Pommer-Gentner and Strehly houses. The pageants included in this volume contain much of Her­ mann's history and name the people who have played important parts in the community's heritage. Hermann Maifest Pageants Historical Notes and Comments 235 may be purchased for $4.00 from the Brush & Palette Club, Inc., 1027 Stone Hill Highway, Hermann, Missouri 65041.

McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920. By Rene J. Francillon (London, England: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1979). 721 pp. Illus­ trated. Not indexed. $40.00. The author of this corporate history includes useful informa­ tion about the McDonnell Douglas Corporation, its forebears and the history of over 80 aircraft designed and built by the companies. In the sections devoted to the origin and history of the company brief biographical sketches of Donald Wills Douglas and James Smith McDonnell appear. Aircraft included in the history are: Douglas World Cruiser, Northrop Gamma, McDonnell Doodle­ bug, Douglas Skyhawk, McDonnell Phantom and McDonnell Doug­ las DC-10. Francillon does not restrict himself to a technical survey. He includes marketing problems and the various economic and politi­ cal conditions which affected projects, plans and production. The illustrative materials that accompany the text are lavish and vol­ uminous. Readers who enjoy aircraft history will find this hard­ bound volume a welcome addition. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920 may be purchased for $40.00 from Merrimack Book Service, 99 Main Street, Salem, New Hampshire 03079.

A Century of the Symphony. By Richard E. Mueller (St. Louis, Missouri: Knight Publishing Company, 1979). 206 pp. Illustrated. Indexed. Bibliography. Notes. Appendixes. $6.95. Founded in 1880, the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra is the second oldest permanent symphony orchestra in the United States. This beautifully illustrated hardback volume gives only limited coverage to the early years and to the past twenty years of the symphony. Most of the attention focuses on Vladimir Golschmann, conductor from 1931 through5 1958. Special lists include guest soloists during the Golschmann years; members of the orchestra, 1907-1908 through 1978-1979; works premiered by the orchestra, 1907-1908 through 1977-1978; and discography of the orchestra, 1920-1978. Chapter notes and a bibliography complete the work. Author Richard E. Mueller is a history teacher and native 236 Missouri Historical Review

St. Louisan with an appreciation of music. His research for this book fulfilled a requirement for the Ph.D. degree in History from Saint Louis University. The book may be purchased for $6.95, plus $1.50 for postage and handling, from Richard E. Mueller, 377 N. Taylor, St. Louis, Missouri 63108.

Packets On Parade. Written and illustrated by Marilynne Brad­ ley (St. Louis, Missouri: Sunrise Publishing Company, Inc., 1980). 36 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. Bibliography. $14.95. This hardback, 11x8/2 book Packets On Parade includes a ten- page history of packet boat travel on the Mississippi River from 1861 to 1950. The historical account places special emphasis on the St. Louis-based Eagle Packet Company, organized by two brothers Henry and William Leyhe. Twelve watercolor repro­ ductions by Marilynne Bradley comprise well over half of the volume. The book is available at most Missouri bookstores or from Sunrise Publishing Company, Inc., 10617 Liberty, St. Louis, Mis­ souri 63132. It sells for $14.95.

The Town That Coal Built, Rich Hill, Missouri, 1880-1980. Edited by Randy and Ellen Bell (Shawnee Mission, Kansas; Kes- Print, Inc., [1980]). 144 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $22.00. Editors Randy and Ellen Bell did not intend to write a com­ prehensive history of this Bates County community. It is a com­ memorative book of Rich Hill's first 100 years. Old Rich Hill lay a couple of miles north of the present city. When businessmen heard news of the good coal fields nearby, they founded the Rich Hill Townsite Company in 1879. Edwin Brown became manager of the railway and mining enterprises. He platted the original portion of the present city, and a large number of old Rich Hill residents relocated. In a short time the city grew to 1,500 people and reached a population of 5,000 within three years. Short chapters feature coal mining, businesses, organizations, churches, schools and "Remember When . . ." Family histories comprise some 100 pages, and many excellent photographs enhance the hardback book. Historical Notes and Comments 237

The Town That Coal Built may be purchased for $22, plus $2 for postage and handling, from the Rich Hill Mining Review, 521 Park Avenue, Box 49, Rich Hill, Missouri 64779.

Andrew County—A Community. By the Andrew County His­ torical Society (Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Publishing Com­ pany, 1980). 558 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Indexed. $40.00. Andrew County is a typical Midwest rural community in the northwest corner of Missouri, originally part of the Platte Purchase. It is believed to have been named for Andrew Jackson, seventh president of the United States. Composed of ten major chapters, the hardback book includes the "Historic Community," the "Rural Community," the "Business Community," the "Community's Organizations," the "Religious Com­ munity," the "Governmental Community," the "Military Commu­ nity," the "Educational and Cultural Community," the "Recreational Community" and the "Community of Families." Many excellent photographs illustrate this well-researched historical volume. Andrew County—A Community may be ordered for $40, plus $2.50 for postage, from the Andrew County Historical Society, Box 12, Savannah, Missouri 64485.

Moniteau County, Missouri Family History Book, A History of Moniteau County and Its People. By the Moniteau County His­ torical Society (Dallas, Texas: Taylor Publishing Company, 1980). 584 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $35.00. Moniteau County means "The Country of the Great Spirit," or "God's Country." An interesting story is told regarding the nam­ ing of this central Missouri area. Manito or Monito is the Indian name for the Great Spirit or Deity. Near the mouth of the Moniteau (Manito) River, between the bluffs and the Missouri River, the first settlers found on a rock column a sculpture and painting of a colossal figure of unknown origin. Indians worshipped at the site. Railroad builders later destroyed this unusual relic of ancient inhabitants. The origin of the county's name is included in the "General History" section of this hardback volume. That chapter also con­ tains the histories of communities, clubs, churches and schools, legends, tall tales and miscellaneous stories. Other sections feature 238 Missouri Historical Review

"Families of Moniteau County, Past & Present," "Memorials" of families and men who gave their lives in defense of their country in World Wars I & II and the Korean conflict and "Business His­ tories." Compiled by the Moniteau County Historical Society, the volume contains many excellent photographs. It may be purchased from the Moniteau County Courthouse, California, Missouri 65018. If ordered, send $35.00, plus $3.00 for handling.

Thias' Pencil Sketches of Missouri. By Edward J. Thias (St. Louis, Missouri: Sunrise Publishing Company, Inc., 1981). 159 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $14.95. St. Louis-born architect-artist Edward J. Thias presently teaches watercolor painting and house design at the Meramec Campus of St. Louis Community College. Previously he taught at Washington University, St. Louis, where he had studied fine arts and graduated from the school of architecture. In this hardbound volume of draw­ ings Thias has pictured Missouri's varied regions. Among the draw­ ings are: Chatillon-DeMenil Mansion, Sandy Creek Covered Bridge, Hermannhof Winery, Sedalia Public Library, Hemphill Ginning & Delinting Mill and the Governor's Mansion. Altogether Thias pre­ pared seventy-nine drawings and brief descriptions. This attractive book may be purchased for $14.95, plus $1.00 for handling from Sunrise Publishing Company, Inc., 11652 Fair- grove, Maryland Heights, Missouri 63043.

Frenchtoivn. By John Rodabough (St. Louis, Missouri: Sunrise Publishing Company, Inc., 1980). 200 pp. Illustrated. Bibliography. Not indexed. $21.00. Frenchtown is the story of a St. Louis neighborhood that en­ compasses present-day Soulard and LaSalle Park. The author begins this history with sketches of the people who inhabited French- town's stately mansions and comprised the French community south of early nineteenth-century St. Louis and ends with a contempo­ rary view of the neighborhood. Those familiar with the history of St. Louis will be reminded of such personages as Gabriel Cerre, Julia Soulard, Rene Paul, Tullia Paul, Sophie Chouteau, William Russell, Thomas Allen and Daniel Page. Rodabough also includes a chapter on the black Historical Notes and Comments 239 aristocracy and discusses Pelagie Rutgers and the Clamorgans. Joseph Nash McDowell, the eccentric doctor who founded a medi­ cal school and led a fascinating life professionally am1 personally, is also given a place in the narrative, as are the various ethnic groups which settled in the area. Rodabough ends this volume with a personal view of the area and describes briefly the renovation and urban renewal work completed. He depicts Frenchtown as being as livery today as it was in the early years. Frenchtown's narrative is complemented by numerous attrac­ tive illustrations. The hardbound volume may be purchased for $21.00 from John Rodabough, 11409 Concord Village Lane, St. Louis, Missouri 63123.

1842-1882: Forty Years of History at the James Farm, Kearney, Missouri. By Martin McGrane (Pierre, South Dakota: The Caleb Perkins Press, 1981). 40 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. Bibliography. $3.50. By late April 1882, life was never quiet and simple again around the James Farm in Clay County, Missouri. A bounty hunter killed the famous outlaw, Jesse James, on April 3, 1882. Zerelda Samuel, James's mother, had the body buried in a corner of her yard. Until her death in 1911, she entertained mobs of curious sightseers with interesting accounts of her sons, Frank and Jesse James. Their stories and those of the Youngers and Fords have become one of the most-told chapters in American history. This paperback book recounts the deeds of the outlaws and is illustrated with family portraits and views of the James home. It is available at the James Farm, area bookstores and museums. Copies also may be ordered for $3.50, plus 50 cents for postage and handling from The Caleb Perkins Press, 105 Lakeview Drive, Pierre, South Dakota 57501.

Apple-Source

Missouri Ruralist, April 11, 1981. Apples have their seed in Missouri. Both the Red Delicious varieties were introduced by the Stark Brothers Nurseries of Louisiana, Mo., in 1895 and 1915, respectively. A recent publication of the State Historical Society is Historic Missouri: A Pictorial Narrative. This 140-page pictorial history con­ tains over 400 illustrations and accompanying captions. Historic Missouri should be of genuine interest to teachers and students of Missouri history and the general public. To purchase a copy, send $1.75 in check or money order payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Mis­ souri 65201.

1IISTOBIC

* °™*"Lr. or »W»" This publication is available in microform.

University Microfilms International

Please send additional information Name Institution . Street City. State Zip_

300 North Zeeb Road 30-32 Mortimer Street Dept. PR. Dept. P.R. Ann Arbor. Mi. 48106 London WIN 7RA U.S.A. England The State Historical Society of Missouri's telephone number has been changed to (314) 882-7083. HISTORIC MISSOURI CHURCHES

First Presbyterian Church, Marshall

In April 1840, the Missouri Presbytery met in Columbia and appointed three preach­ ers as a committee to organize Presbyterian churches at Marshall and Arrow Rock. As a result, the Rev. William Dickson and the Rev. Benjamin W. Reynolds organized the Presbyterian church at Marshall on August 31, 1840, with twelve members. The con­ gregation initially held religious services in the courthouse. In 1855, trustees for the church acquired two lots on the south side of the public square. Five years later the congregation erected a frame 40^ x 90/ building upon these lots at a cost of $2,500. The Civil War caused disruption or regular services. Federal soldiers occupied the structure for a barracks and stables beginning in 1862. After the courthouse burned in 1864, the county court took over the church building for use by the courts. The property also served as a school. During these years, the church as an organization had ceased. The structure needed repairs when the county returned it to the elders in 1868. Following repair of the frame building, the Rev. James A. Quarles conducted services which led to reorganization of the Marshall church with seventeen members on Jan­ uary 10, 1869. Two years later the Presbyterians sold the lots on the square and started construc­ tion of a more substantial church on property on East North Street. Built of local sandstone, the one-story structure of Early Gothic Revival design featured pointed arch windows, pressed metal interior walls and ceiling, an auditorium seating 400 and a corner bell tower with wooden spire. The congregation occupied the unfinished "Rock Church" in 1873, and the building program continued. After payment of the debt on the property, the dedication service was held on November 12, 1882. Church member­ ship had increased from 50 in 1871 to about 200 in 1890. During the 1890s the con­ gregation built an addition to the south of the church which housed classrooms and a kitchen and removed the spire from the bell tower. In 1906 the session changed the name of the church to "The First Presbyterian Church of Marshall, Missouri." An annex to the east, constructed in 1927 of stone matching the original building, provided space for a classroom, pastor's study, social hall and what later became the "Little Chapel." Extensive repairs to the building also were made at that time. The congregation has retained much of the original integrity of its historic build­ ing. In 1971 special services commemorated the centennial of the rock church. Six years later, the First Presbyterian Church, the oldest surviving church building in Marshall, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.