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Evaluation of Alternative Weed Hosts and Management Strategies for Soybean Cyst Nematode in South Dakota Pawan Basnet South Dakota State University

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Evaluation of Alternative Weed Hosts and Management Strategies for Soybean Cyst Nematode in South Dakota Pawan Basnet South Dakota State University South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018 Evaluation of Alternative Weed Hosts and Management Strategies for Soybean Cyst Nematode in South Dakota Pawan Basnet South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Basnet, Pawan, "Evaluation of Alternative Weed Hosts and Management Strategies for Soybean Cyst Nematode in South Dakota" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2684. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/2684 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE WEED HOSTS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE IN SOUTH DAKOTA BY PAWAN BASNET A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the Master of Science Major in Plant Science South Dakota State University 2018 i iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis dissertation is an important landmark in my academic career at South Dakota State University. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Emmanuel Byamukama for believing in me and also for his support, patience, and care during my research. I appreciate his insightful advice and guidance which has inculcated the qualities of a researcher within me. I also owe my appreciation to my advisory committee members Dr. Sharon Clay, Dr. Shaukat Ali, Dr. Senthil Subramanian and graduate school representative Dr. Suzette Burckhard for their valuable suggestions, feedback, and advice which has strengthened my work and has assisted me in achieving this accomplishment. I am heartily grateful to South Dakota Soybean Research and Promotional Council for funding this project. I am also indebted to valuable academic and moral support from Dr. Gary Hatfield, Dr. Dalitso Yabwalo, Dr. Febina Mathew, and Dr. Marie Langham. My deepest gratitude to Richard Geppert who helped me in weed sample collection and connecting me to the soybean growers in various counties of South Dakota. He also has provided his endless support for water bath setup, greenhouse activities and troubleshooting of common issues at the greenhouse and at the laboratory. I owe special thanks to Connie Tande for providing me a good training in the field of SCN and lab regulations. I acknowledge the institutional support throughout my research and course-taking during my master’s program. I express my gratitude to all my professors and colleagues in the iv Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science for the support. It would be a lot more difficult to complete this work within the stipulated time without the support of former and current lab members Dr. Rawnaq Chowdhury, Krishna Acharya, Collins Bugingo and Paul Okello (Dr. Mathew’s Lab). Special thank goes to my family, friends, and relatives back in my beautiful country, Nepal, for their unceasing love, encouragement and moral support. I am heartily grateful to my parents for their sacrifices in raising me through penury, inculcating moral and humane values and helping me able to stand at this point in my academic career pursuits. I am also thankful to my friends at South Dakota State University for emotional support during my difficult situations. Finally, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all the people associated directly and indirectly in my research and academic pursuits. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii LIST OF TABLES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ix ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xi 1 Chapter 1: Literature review ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1. Soybean History ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.2. Production and Economy ------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 1.3.1. Soybean cyst nematode------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 1.3.2. Origin and distribution of SCN--------------------------------------------------------- 4 1.3.3. Lifecycle and infection process of SCN----------------------------------------------- 5 1.3.4. Symptoms and detection measures----------------------------------------------------- 7 1.3.5. Race and HG type ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 1.3.6. SCN crop hosts--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 1.3.7. Weed hosts-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 1.3.8. Role of weeds in HG type diversity---------------------------------------------------- 12 1.4. SCN interaction with other pathogens--------------------------------------------------- 14 1.5. SCN Management -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 1.6. Justification of the study------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 2: Determination of alternative weed hosts of soybean cyst nematode 28 vi in South Dakota-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 2.1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 2.2. Methodology-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 2.3. Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 2.4. Discussion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 2.5. Acknowledgments-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 3: Reproduction of Heterodera glycines Types on Field Pennycress, Henbit 51 and Purple Deadnettle in South Dakota------------------------------------------------------- 51 Abstract-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 3.1. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 3.2. Material and methods---------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 3.3. Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 3.4. Discussion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 3.5. Acknowledgments-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 4: Effect of Flooding on the Reproduction of Soybean Cyst Nematode on 72 Soybean------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 4.1. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76 4.2. Material and methods---------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 4.3. Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79 4.4. Discussion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 vii 4.5. Acknowledgments-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 General conclusions----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 Literature cited----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii ABBREVIATIONS ANOVA = analysis of variance bi = billions bu = bushel 0C = degree Celsius cm = centimeter df = degree of freedom FI = female index ft = feet ha = hectares HG = Heterodera glycines in = inches LSD = least significant difference m = meters mi = millions Mmt = Million metric tons Mt = Metric tons P = probability Spp. = species ix LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Distribution frequency (%) of different weed species sampled from previously soybean cyst nematode positive fields during fall 2016 and spring 2017. (Total number of fields = 48) -------------------------------------------------------------43 Table 2.2. Soybean cyst nematode density (expressed in eggs per 100 cc of soil samples) obtained from the respective sampled counties of South Dakota in fall 2016 and spring 2017 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 Table 2.3. Average number of soybean cyst nematode cysts formed on weed roots after inoculation with SCN eggs and the respective female index for weed samples in the greenhouse SCN host confirmation experiment-----------------------------------------------49 Table 3.1. Effect of weed species on reproduction of Heterodera glycines after inoclulated with HG type 0, 2.5.7 and 7 -------------------------------------------------------64 Table 3.2. Reproduction of HG types 0, 2.5.7 and 7 across three weed species under greenhouse conditionson-------------------------------------------------------------------------65
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