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Original Article Available online at http://www.journalijdr.com International Journal of DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research Vol. 07, Issue, 06, pp.13314-13321, June, 2017 Full Length Research Article RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SAND SPIT GEOMORPHOLOGY AND RESTINGA VEGETATION IN SÃO FRANCISCO DO SUL ISLAND, SOUTH REGION OF BRAZIL 1 2,* 3 Cristofolini, J., Vieira, C. V. and Melo JR., J. C. F. 1Marine Biologist, Department of Biology, University of the Joinville Region 2Adjunct Professor, Environmental Science Research Program, University of the Joinville Region 3Titular Professor, Environmental Science Research Program, University of the Joinville Region ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The ocean sand beaches prove to be relevant transitional systems of the coastal zone, highly Received 24th March, 2017 dynamic and sensitive by virtue of the movement of sediments transported through the constant Received in revised form effects of the waves, coastal currents, tides and winds. The sandspits of Capri beach, São Francisco 29th April, 2017 do Sul, southern Brazil, are characterized by their high dynamics and close correlation with the Accepted 15th May, 2017 resting vegetation. The purpose of this work is to analyze the morphology of sandspit and its Published online 30th June, 2017 interaction with the resting vegetation in the structure of the landscape. The herbaceous flora was structurally characterized by means of the phytosociological method, while the geomorphology Key Words: was characterized by the obtaining of historical and oceanographic morphometric parameters. The Beach Morphodynamics, analysis of geomorphological and vegetative interaction was carried out through PCA and cluster Coastal Evolution, analysis. The geomorphological mapping identified six different geomorphological units when Herbaceous Restinga. analyzing variables related to age, width, altitude, sediment volume and dominant geomorphological process, finding a great coastline variation during the period under analysis (1957 to 2016). A total of 18 species, 11 families and a total of 323 individuals were registered in six different geomorphological units. The species Ipomoea pes-caprae and Spartina ciliata were found in all geomorphological units, characterizing their stability in the place. Statistical analysis of interaction between the geomorphological and vegetative variables demosntrated the formation of two groups of the sandspits. Copyright© 2017, Cristofolini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION Therefore, the morphodynamics study has proved to be very efficient in the management and solution of environmental The ocean sand beaches prove to be relevant transitional problems related to sandy beaches (Komar, 1976; Calliari et systems of the coastal zone, highly dynamic and sensitive by al., 2003; Araújo, 2008). A peculiar type of vegetation virtue of the movement of sediments transported through the develops in association with these sandy deposits, which is constant effects of the waves, coastal currents, tides and winds mainly conditioned to the oligotrophic nature of the soil (Melo (Calliari et al., 2003), this being subject to erosion or Jr. & Boeger, 2015). Overall, Restinga is represented by a deposicional process. The sandspit definition is used to reefer floristic-communities mosaic with strongly defined species to a sandy relief characteristic, formed by a series of coastal and structure composition, whose diversity is growing in the strands crests connected to the mainland or to an island by one sea-continent direction due to the mitigation of environmental of the edges (Suguio, 1992; Diehl, 1997). The knowledge conditions (Melo Jr. & Boeger, 2015). The sandy sediments of about the morphodynamic behavior of a specific beach allows the post-beach plot are occupied by a pioneering herbarium- the spatial-temporal monitoring of deposition or erosion herbaceous community highly adapted to the sediment cycles. Such assessment considerably increases the level of mobility. This environment is often moistened by the action of success of various activities related to coastal zone waves and by sea spray, with restrictions to the installation and management (Carter, 1988). growth of plant community (Scarano, 2002). It stands out along the Brazilian coast because it is covered by plant communities that are both characteristic and peculiar at each *Corresponding author: Vieira, C. V., part of the coast along the latitudinal gradient (Lacerda & Adjunct Professor, Environmental Science Research Program, Araujo, 1987). This vegetation, under constant stress due to University of the Joinville Region. active abiotic factors, is ecological relevant in several 13315 Cristofolini et al. Relationship between the sand spit geomorphology and restinga vegetation in são francisco do sul island, south region of Brazil processes of the ecosystem dynamics, such as sediment storage The long shore current predominant in the region of São and transportation, nutrient mineralization and recycling, Francisco do Sul island has south-north orientation. Such maintenance of biodiversity and resources, nesting area for current orientation was found in 70% of the measurements small mammals and birds, bird resources, among others performed, against 25% of occurrences to the south (Abreu, (Defeo et al., 2009). Menezes & Araújo (1999) mentioned that 2011). Rainfall in the region is 2,500mm / year. The most dry the distribution of plant species is directly linked to the months of the year are August and June, with 92.2mm and processes determining the beach profile, such as wave effects 96.4mm; while the wettest months are February and January, on the coastline, post-beach width, sediment deposition and with 281mm and 2481 mm, respectively (Pandolfo et al., granulometry. An expansion of vegetation is expected in 2002; Mello et al., 2015, 2016). Capri beach is located in the periods with increased sediments and a decrease in vegetation north of São Francisco do Sul island (Figure 1). It is 3.9km coverage is expected in erosion periods (Castellani & Santos, long, and represents a system of sandspits that isolated lagoons 2000; Hesp, 2002; Peixoto, 2005; Miot Da Siva, 2006). In this in the back barrier (Vieira, 2015). The environment is sense, it is highly important to improve the management of the composed of fine sand, particular to low-energy environments, coastal zone, which shall start to consider the historical with mixed characteristics, under dominating marine and analysis of the beach morphodynamics and the characteristics estuarine influence (Horn Filho, 1997; Abreu, 2011) of the vegetation structure in order to provide the correct use and conservation of coastal environments (Horn Filho, 2006; Obtaining geomorphological data Calliari et al., 2003). Given the above, the present work aims to identify the morphodynamic behavior of the sandspit and Aerial photos and high-definition satellite images from1957, the interrelationship with the development of Restinga 1978, 2003, 2011, 2012 and 2016 were used for the evolution vegetation in Capri beach, São Francisco do Sul, State of Santa and morphological analysis of Capri beach, in order to rebuild Catarina, Brazil. the relative position of the coastline of the beach and to estimate the ages of the sandspit. The Digital Elevation Model MATERIALS AND METHODS (DEM) was used in a scale of 1:10,000 throughout the area studied. Study Area The hydrodynamic and sedimentlogical characteristics of Capri beach is obtained in the surveys of Abreu (2011) and The island of San Francisco has a coastline of 263.61km with Haupt (2011). At the end of all the steps described above, it the occurrence of distinct hydrodynamic environments, with was possible to obtain the following information: a) Coastline exposed and semi-sheltered beaches and tidal plains with morphology for the years 1937, 1957, 1978, 2003, 2011, 2012, broad occurrence of mangroves and salt marshes (Vieira, 2016, and average age, b) Morphometry of the sandspits: Total 2015). The northern coast of the state of Santa Catarina and area, maximum, minimum and average width, maximum, the Capri beach are under the control of a microtidal regime minimum and average altitude, altimetric amplitude, sediment (amplitude <2 m), mixed with the prominent semi-diurnal volume, ratio volume/area, c) hydrodynamics: Type of regime, with an average amplitude of 0.84m, maximum of hydrodynamic exposure by wave effect, type of influence of 1.9m and minimum of 0.2 m during spring tide periods hydrodynamic processes. All cartographic information were (Truccolo & Schettini, 1999). Abreu (2011) identified that the handled in a Geographic Information System (GIS) using wave break range is < 0.5 m and classified the beach as low ArcGIS 10.2, UTM projection and SIRGAS2000 datum. energy (Jackson et al., 2002). Figure 1. Location of the Capri Beach in São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil 13316 International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 07, Issue, 06, pp.13314-13321, June, 2017 Figure 2. Geomorphological units on Capri beach, São Francisco do Sul - SC Table 1. Morphometric parameters of Capri Beach, São Francisco do Sul- SC 2 3 Geomorphological Area (m ) Altitud (m) Sand volume (m ) Ratio Mean width Mean age unit volume / area(m3/m2) Unit 1 28.011 2,42 20.745,72 0,74 13,55 4,3 Unit 2 7.146 2,03 8.392,92 1,17 16,84 9,0 Unit 3 29.680 2,78 40.784,57 1,37 16,77 20,5 Unit4 31.650 2,55 16.669,11 0,52 12,8 18,7 Unit5 18.597 2,71 32.056,90 1,72 24,64 55,0 Unit6 93.398 3,81 177.372,60 1,89 28,75 28,5 Restinga Vegetation Data collection Statistical Data Analysis A phytosociological survey of the vegetation was performed Data was analyzed using two statistical techniques: Cluster using the 1x1m plots method (Felfili et al., 2011). The plots Analysis and Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The 28 were distributed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the variables used have different measurement scales and were sandspit in all the geomorphological units in the sample area.
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