106 Number 37/2020 NARDI FUNDULEA, ROMANIA ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, NO. 37, 2020 ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH www.incda-fundulea.ro Print ISSN 1222‒4227; Online ISSN 2067‒5720
Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for Culemborg, M., Richard, G.F., Visser, 2011. rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue Dissecting the genetics of abiotic stress tolerance cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 15: 473-497. in potato. Plant & Animal Genomes XIX PHYTOTOXIC AND CYTO-GENOTOXIC POTENTIAL Van der Linden, C., Gerard, Anithakumari, A.M., van Conference, San Diego, CA, January 15-19. OF Phytolacca americana ON Zea mays
Aurel Liviu Olaru, Dorina Bonea*, Elena Bonciu
University of Craiova, Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Agricultural and Forestry Technology, 19 Libertăţii str., 200421 Craiova, Dolj County, Romania *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) is an invasive weed commonly found in the Oltenia area (Romania). Considering the economic importance of maize crop, this study was carried out to investigate the phytotoxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of pokeweed extracts on maize (Zea mays L.). The seeds of maize were treated with different concentrations (5%, 10% and 20%) of pokeweed extracts, under laboratory conditions, for macroscopic and microscopic analyses, respectively. A control (distilled water) was used for comparison. All extracts significantly decreased germination, root and shoot length of maize seedling, also inhibited root cell division by the reduction of the mitotic index and by the induction of chromosomal and nuclear abnormalities in the root cells of maize. Chromosome stickiness, C-mitosis, piknosis, laggards, micronuclei and nuclear erosion, were observed. Thus, the present study suggests that the allelochemicals in the extracts of P. americana have a highly toxic potential on maize, so prevention and control of this invasive plant in the agricultural fields, are really necessary.
Keywords: allelopathy, invasive plant, maize, pokeweed.
INTRODUCTION rapid development since the mid-1990, becoming a popular topic in ecology, nvasive alien species are considered a agronomy, and other areas of inquiry in I threat against biodiversity all around the recent years (Cheng and Cheng, 2015). world. Once entered into a recipient Allelochemicals are liberated by different ecosystem, an invasive plant can occupy plants parts (roots, leaves, flowers, fruits) by large areas creating problems for the native leaching and volatilization, as well as from flora and fauna. In cultivated areas, they can the soil through the decomposition of plant cause economic losses to farmers by residue and root exudation (Pisula and reductions in crop yields and crop quality Meiners, 2010; Rajendiran et al., 2014). (Bhuler et al., 1998) Phytolacca americana (Phytolaccaceae L. Several reports have shown that family) synonyms: P. decandra, P. vulgaris, allelopathy plays a key role in invasion common names: pokeweed, pocan, process, particularly when invaders release pokeberry, scoke, garget, pigeonberry. compounds that reduce germination, growth P. americana is a herbaceous perennial plant, and/or reproduction of neighbouring plant native to the eastern part of North America. species, as well as of the same species, This invasive plant got into Europe in the in both natural and agricultural systems 17th century. It was first cultivated in areas (Bich and Kato-Noguchi, 2014; Callaway and around the Mediterranean Sea, since 1650 Aschehoug, 2000; Inderjit-Seastedt et al., and from 1770 it started to spread out from 2008). Bordeaux (France). Later it started to spread Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon to the northern and eastern parts too (in the by which one plant produces allelochemicals Mediterranean countries, the Benelux states, that inhibits the growth of other plants in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, the vicinity. The study of allelopathy Hungary, Ukraine, southern part of Russia increased in the 1970 and has undergone Croatia, Serbia-Montenegro, Romania and ______Received 19 September 2019; accepted 17 November 2019. First Online: December, 2019. DII 2067-5720 RAR 2020-23 108 Number 37/2020 ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
Bulgaria (Balogh and Juhász, 2008). The MATERIAL AND METHODS frugivorous bird species represent the primary vector for the diffusion of this Plant material and preparation of the species (Guzzetti et al., 2017). aqueous extracts Pokeweed is now emerging as an invasive Experiment was conducted in 2018 in the weed in agricultural crops of Oltenia Laboratory of Breeding plants at the Faculty (Romania), because the local ecological of Agronomy in Craiova. The seeds of maize conditions favour its growth (Niculescu and („P0937‟ hybrid) were purchased from seed Cismaru, 2013). From agricultural point of company DuPont Pioneer (Pioneer Hi-bred, view pokeweed is considered to be a weed in Romania). Pokeweed plants (P. americana) its native range, for example in maize, were collected in November, at their mature soybean and other crops with no tillage stage (with fruits), from the areas (Balogh and Juhász, 2008). It is known that, surrounding cultivated fields (Oltenia area). generally, the weeds affect the growth and The aboveground parts were dried at room development of maize when they coexist in temperature (25-30°C) and ground with the agricultural fields. Depending on the electronic grinder into powder. degree of infestation, weeds can reduce The aqueous extracts were prepared maize yield up to 90% (Dalley et al., 2006). according to modified method of Norsworthy Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important (2003), from fresh and dry material, by cereal crop of the world, holding second mixing 200 g of plant powder with 1000 ml position after rice in terms of production. It is of distilled water. This mixture was kept for used as food, fodder and a raw material in 24 h at room temperature and filtered through industries. In Romania, maize was produced filter paper. The obtained extracts were on 2,405 thousand hectares with the diluted with distilled water to obtain three production of 14,326 thousand tons and final concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20%. -1 average yield of 5.9 tons ha , in 2017 (FAO, The effects of the extracts were compared 2017 http://www.fao.org). with the control (distilled water, considered 0%). Allelopathic potential of pokeweed on The final seed germination was calculated different crops such as Cassia mimosoides, using the formula: Brassica pekinensis, Plantago virginica, Digitaria sanguinalis (Kim et al., 2005 a;
Yang et al., 2012), has been previously reported. After seven days, root and shoot length Allelochemicals reported in P. americana were measured. are phenolic compounds (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic Treatments of the maize seeds with acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, aqueous extracts and cinnamic acid), triterpenoidal saponins, Maize seeds were disinfected with 1% triterpene alcohol, lignanes, flavonoid setc NaOCl (4% NaOCl commercial bleach), for (Kim et al., 2005 a, b; Ravikiran et al., 2011; 20 min., then rinsed three times with distilled Williams et al., 2002). water (Siddiqui et al., 2009). Twenty-five As far as we know, no information is seeds were placed in sterilized plastic available about the allelopathic effects of casseroles on top of filter paper. In each pokeweed on maize. Therefore, in the present casserole we added 15 ml of aqueous extract, study we investigated the allelopathic effects while distilled water was used in control. of pokeweed on germination and seedling The plastic casseroles were placed in the growth of maize. Also, given a lack of grow the chamber (Binder KBF 720, references about cytotoxic and genotoxic Binder manufacturer, USA) at 25°C, 80% potential of pokeweed, we investigated these humidity and in the dark, for 7 days. All effects to maize by cytological study. treatments had four replications.
108 Number 37/2020 09 ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH P P Phytolacca americana ea mays Bulgaria (Balogh and Juhász, 2008). The MATERIAL AND METHODS frugivorous bird species represent the Cytogenetic analysis Statistical analyses primary vector for the diffusion of this Plant material and preparation of the he mai e roo ips were fi ed i a he ob ai ed da a were a a ysed species (Guzzetti et al., 2017). aqueous extracts mi ure of acia ace ic acid ( ) a d s a is ica y wi h o e way a a ysis of Pokeweed is now emerging as an invasive Experiment was conducted in 2018 in the e ha o i a o ume ra io of 3 for hours aria ce ( ) usi ce 007 weed in agricultural crops of Oltenia Laboratory of Breeding plants at the Faculty a room empera ure he differe ces be wee rea me mea s (Romania), because the local ecological of Agronomy in Craiova. The seeds of maize or chromosoma a a ysis he roo ips were compared usi he es a conditions favour its growth (Niculescu and („P0937‟ hybrid) were purchased from seed were hydro ysed i mo for mi probability level of 0.05 (Săulescu and Cismaru, 2013). From agricultural point of company DuPont Pioneer (Pioneer Hi-bred, a d ra sferred for co ouri s a e i a basic Săulescu, 1967) view pokeweed is considered to be a weed in Romania). Pokeweed plants (P. americana) fuchsi e so u io i co ce ra io of 0 its native range, for example in maize, were collected in November, at their mature he ip ( 3 mm) of he roo was he cu a d RESULTS AND DISCUSSION soybean and other crops with no tillage stage (with fruits), from the areas p aced o a ass s ide i a drop of (Balogh and Juhász, 2008). It is known that, surrounding cultivated fields (Oltenia area). ace ocarmi e so u io he microscopic Effect of aqueous extracts on seed generally, the weeds affect the growth and The aboveground parts were dried at room s ides were prepared usi he s uash germination and seedling growth development of maize when they coexist in temperature (25-30°C) and ground with ech i ue a commo procedure for he P. americana a ueous e rac e er ed the agricultural fields. Depending on the electronic grinder into powder. chromosomes s udy i p a cy o e e ic i e a si ifica y phy o o ic effec o he degree of infestation, weeds can reduce The aqueous extracts were prepared s ides for each aria were a a ysed for ermi a io of he Z. mays seeds (p ≤ 0.05) maize yield up to 90% (Dalley et al., 2006). according to modified method of Norsworthy ca cu a i he mi o ic i de a d he o a or he co ro he ermi a io was Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important (2003), from fresh and dry material, by ab orma i ies fre ue cy comprisi bo h he de ree of i hibi io of he ermi a io cereal crop of the world, holding second mixing 200 g of plant powder with 1000 ml chromosoma aberra io s a d uc ear i creased wi h he i crease of he position after rice in terms of production. It is of distilled water. This mixture was kept for a oma ies s ides were e ami ed usi a co ce ra io s of e rac s bu we ca say used as food, fodder and a raw material in 24 h at room temperature and filtered through op ica russ microscope wi h di i a camera ha a he used co ce ra io s ed o a industries. In Romania, maize was produced filter paper. The obtained extracts were ( russ ma ufac urer ambur erma y) dras ic i hibi io of he mai e ermi a io on 2,405 thousand hectares with the diluted with distilled water to obtain three he i o ic de ( ) was ca cu a ed as he hi hes co ce ra io of 0 resu ed production of 14,326 thousand tons and final concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20%. he umber of di idi ce s per umber of i 73 ( 3 cm) reduc io i ermi a io -1 average yield of 5.9 tons ha , in 2017 (FAO, The effects of the extracts were compared obser ed ce s ( is es o 997) usi he o er he co ro ( ab e ) he e rac s of 2017 http://www.fao.org). fo owi formu a P. americana a a co ce ra io s i hibi ed with the control (distilled water, considered 0%). Allelopathic potential of pokeweed on The final seed germination was calculated he roo e h a d shoo e h of Z. mays compared wi h he co ro a d he de ree of different crops such as Cassia mimosoides, using the formula: Brassica pekinensis, Plantago virginica, i hibi io i creased wi h i creasi a ueous his s udy we e a ua ed mi o ic Digitaria sanguinalis (Kim et al., 2005 a; e rac s co ce ra io he co ro he aberra io s (s ic i ess a ards i osis) Yang et al., 2012), has been previously roo e h a d shoo e h was 3 cm a d uc ear a oma ies (py osis micro uc ei reported. After seven days, root and shoot length a d 3 cm respec i e y he hi hes a d ce s wi h uc ear erosio ) Allelochemicals reported in P. americana were measured. co ce ra io of 0 de ermi ed reduc io he i de of he o a ab orma i ies ( ) are phenolic compounds (gallic acid, of he roo e h a d shoo e h wi h was ca cu a ed usi he fo owi formu a protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic Treatments of the maize seeds with 9 (3 cm) a d 7 3 ( 37 cm) acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, aqueous extracts compared o he co ro a ue ( ab e ) and cinnamic acid), triterpenoidal saponins, Maize seeds were disinfected with 1% triterpene alcohol, lignanes, flavonoid setc NaOCl (4% NaOCl commercial bleach), for (Kim et al., 2005 a, b; Ravikiran et al., 2011; 20 min., then rinsed three times with distilled Table 1. ffec of P. americana a ueous e rac s o ermi a io a d seed i row h of mai e Williams et al., 2002). water (Siddiqui et al., 2009). Twenty-five ermi a io ( ) oo e h (cm) hoo e h (cm) As far as we know, no information is seeds were placed in sterilized plastic P. americana e rac s ( ) available about the allelopathic effects of casseroles on top of filter paper. In each ( ) ( ) ( ) pokeweed on maize. Therefore, in the present casserole we added 15 ml of aqueous extract, 0 ( o ro ) 90 3 0 3 0 3 study we investigated the allelopathic effects while distilled water was used in control. 3 9 0 3 3 0 0 of pokeweed on germination and seedling The plastic casseroles were placed in the 0 3 0 07 9 0 3 growth of maize. Also, given a lack of grow the chamber (Binder KBF 720, references about cytotoxic and genotoxic Binder manufacturer, USA) at 25°C, 80% 0 3 9 3 0 37 0 9 potential of pokeweed, we investigated these humidity and in the dark, for 7 days. All Note si ifica at probability level ≤0 0 a dard error effects to maize by cytological study. treatments had four replications.
0 umber 37 0 0
Effects of extracts of P. americana on ( ) i he roo meris ema ic ce s i o ic mitotic index and chromosomal i de showed a s eady decrease wi h aberration assay i creasi co ce ra io s of a he e rac s y o e e ic a a ysis re ea ed ha i he hi hes a ue of he mi o ic i de compariso wi h co ro e posure of ( 9 ) was recorded a he Z. mays o e rac s of P. americana a co ce ra io a d he owes a ue of he a co ce ra io s produced si ifica mi o ic i de (9 ) was obser ed a he (p ≤ 0.05) reductions of the mitotic index 0 co ce ra io ( ab e )
Table 2 ffec of po eweed e rac s o mi o ic i de ( ) of mai e
P. americana e rac s o a o o a o ( ) ( ) of obser ed ce s of di idi ce s ( ) 0 ( o ro ) 3 3 3 39 0 7 9 0 0 9 3 0 7 0 9 0 93 Note si ifica at probability level ≤0 0 a dard error
pp ica io of e rac s of he po eweed ( 9 3 ) he mos commo chromosoma cha ed he orma cyc e of e e s of aberra io s were pi osis mi osis a d mi osis i Z. mays roo ip ce s a d i duced s ic i ess her ypes of aberra io s he appeara ce of some chromosoma such as a ards micro uc ei uc ear ab orma i ies he hi hes a ue of ( ) erosio were a so obser ed ab e 3 a d was recorded a co ce ra io of 0 i ure (a f)
Table 3. re ue cy of chromosoma aberra io i o a umber of obser ed ce s i duced by po eweed e rac s i roo ip ce s of mai e
hromosoma aberra io a d uc ear a oma ies ( ) P. americana o a o of o a o of e rac s ( ) di idi ce s aberra ce s ( ) P
0 ( o ro ) 3 0 ( 0 0) 3(30 0) ( 0 0) 0 0 0
0 ( ) ( 3 ) ( 9 ) ( 3 ) (7 7) 3( )
0 3 9 ( 0 7) 7( ) (3 ) 0(3 ) ( 9) 3( 0 3)
0 9 3 ( 7) ( 0) ( ) 9(37 ) ( 3) ( 3) Note o a ab orma i ies i de ( ) ic i ess mi osis a ards P Pi osis icro uc ei uc ear erosio
0 umber 37 0 0 P P Phytolacca americana ea mays
Effects of extracts of P. americana on ( ) i he roo meris ema ic ce s i o ic mitotic index and chromosomal i de showed a s eady decrease wi h aberration assay i creasi co ce ra io s of a he e rac s y o e e ic a a ysis re ea ed ha i he hi hes a ue of he mi o ic i de compariso wi h co ro e posure of ( 9 ) was recorded a he Z. mays o e rac s of P. americana a co ce ra io a d he owes a ue of he a co ce ra io s produced si ifica mi o ic i de (9 ) was obser ed a he (p ≤ 0.05) reductions of the mitotic index 0 co ce ra io ( ab e )
Table 2 ffec of po eweed e rac s o mi o ic i de ( ) of mai e
P. americana e rac s o a o o a o ( ) ( ) of obser ed ce s of di idi ce s ( ) (a) (b) (c) 0 ( o ro ) 3 3 3 39 0 7 9 0 0 9 3 0 7 0 9 0 93 Note si ifica at probability level ≤0 0 a dard error
pp ica io of e rac s of he po eweed ( 9 3 ) he mos commo chromosoma cha ed he orma cyc e of e e s of aberra io s were pi osis mi osis a d mi osis i Z. mays roo ip ce s a d i duced s ic i ess her ypes of aberra io s he appeara ce of some chromosoma such as a ards micro uc ei uc ear (d) (e) (f) ab orma i ies he hi hes a ue of ( ) erosio were a so obser ed ab e 3 a d was recorded a co ce ra io of 0 i ure (a f) Figure 1 ome chromosoma aberra io s a d uc ear a oma ies i duced by he e rac of P. americana o Zea mays s ic y chromosomes i a a e ophase (a) mi osis (b) py osis (c) a ards (d) micro uc eus (e) ce wi h uc ear erosio (f) Table 3. re ue cy of chromosoma aberra io i o a umber of obser ed ce s i duced by po eweed e rac s i roo ip ce s of mai e e opa hy is a a ura eco o ica e a ( 000) he phe o ic compou ds are hromosoma aberra io a d uc ear a oma ies ( ) mecha ism a y i asi e species produce a e ochemica s ha i duce he i crease of P. americana o a o of o a o of ar e amou s of a e ochemica s hus he o ida i e e ymes ac i i y ha i as e rac s ( ) di idi ce s aberra ce s ( ) P i creasi heir abi i y o i ade p a s co se ue ce he ce wa i ifica io commu i ies ( der i eas ed e a 00 reduci he roo row h 0 ( o ro ) 3 0 ( 0 0) 3(30 0) ( 0 0) 0 0 0 im e a 00 a) his s ra e y is ow as ar e umber of chemica s were fou d 0 ( ) ( 3 ) ( 9 ) ( 3 ) (7 7) 3( ) a mechanism or a theory of “novel weapons o be prese i differe or a s of he 0 3 9 ( 0 7) 7( ) (3 ) 0(3 ) ( 9) 3( 0 3) hypothesis” (Callaway and Ridenour, 2004) P. americana p a he prese ce of phe o ic he a e opa hic e perime a sys em compou ds i he eaf i he berries a d i 0 9 3 ( 7) ( 0) ( ) 9(37 ) ( 3) ( 3) u der abora ory co di io s is commo y he seeds hrows a i h o i s i hibi ory Note o a ab orma i ies i de ( ) ic i ess mi osis a ards used (simp e rapid) o s udy he o ic effec s ac i i y ( im e a 00 b aba i e a . P Pi osis icro uc ei uc ear erosio of some o ious chemica s ( orsi a d 009 oo a d a 979) bde mi id 0 ) he phy o o ic effec of some species i his s udy phy o o ic effec s of he Phy o accaceae fami y o he row h a d po eweed e rac s were e a ua ed by de e opme of some p a species i c udi a a ysi he seeds ermi a io a d o a ricu ura species (bu o o mai e) seed i s row h of mai e a ueous has a ready bee repor ed i ma y scie ific e rac s si ifica y i hibi ed seeds papers or e amp e he Phytolacca ermi a io roo a d shoo e h of mai e americana e rac s dras ica y i hibi ed he his may be due o some a e ochemica s ermi a io of Lactuca indica a d prese i he e rac s of po eweed which Sonchusoleraceus seeds ( im e a 00 b) caused he dea h of embryos or pre e ed seed ermi a io a d seed i row h of row h of seed i s ccordi o errarese Brassica pekinensis, Plantago virginica a d 2 um er 2020 R R C R R RC
Digitaria sanguinalis ( an et al , 20 2) reported y Caetano ereira ( ), who llah et al. (20 ) reported that Phytolacca noticed that the py nosis occurred at latbenia e tracts inhi ited Triticum aestivum considera le fre uency in mai e cells under and Brassica napus seed ermination and aluminium influence n severe cases of seedlin rowth stic iness, the lac of chromosome separation ur study confirmed that P. americana determined the formation of sin le or multiple had a stron phytoto ic potential, inhi itin py notic nuclei which culminated in full the ermination and rowth of mai e chromatin de eneration ccordin to seedlin s ende eira et al. (200 ), py nosis Cyto enoto icity was estimated y (py notic nuclei placed in the cell centre) is an o servin some cytolo ical parameters, such a normality enerally caused y chromosome as the mitotic inde and presence of stic iness he presence of C mitosis chromosomal a normalities n this study, a errations is commonly associated with we o served that all concentrations of spindle poisonin ( hahin and l moodi, P. americana a ueous e tracts determined a ), the presence of stic iness reflectin si nificant reduction of the mitotic inde hi hly to ic and usually irreversi le effect that compared to the control pro a ly leads to cell death ( l hamery et ery few studies are availa le for cyto al , 2000) and la in of chromosomes is due enoto icity of invasive species on mai e, to a normal spindle activity ( era and and for P americana cyto enoto icity we ur ard, 20 2) icronuclei can e a result of have not found i lio raphic references acentric fra ments, la ard chromosomes or derrahman ( ), and onea et al even a malfunctionin spindle ( udha ar et (20 ), showed that the Peganum harmala al , 200 ) e tracts and Ambrosia artemisifolia, ur study showed that the a ueous respectively, reduced the mitotic inde value e tracts from the aerial part of the to Zea mays and induced the occurrence of P. americana species induced a stron some a normalities, such as multinucleated mito depressive effect, inhi itin the early cells, C metaphases and stic y, rin , rowth of the mai e seedlin s fra ment and rid e type chromosomes ccordin to min (2002), the cyto CONCLUSIONS enoto ic level of some components chemicals in a plant or environmental e tract can e he results of the present study indicated determined ased on the increase or decrease that all the tested e tracts si nificantly of the mitotic inde in the cells e posed to decreased the ermination, the root len th the tested chemicals, which constitute an and shoot len th of mai e seedlin s appropriate test in io monitorin studies he e tracts proved to e hi hly effective in o investi ate the enoto ic potential, erodin the chromosomes of mai e, ecause chromosome a errations and fre uency of they produced si nificant reductions in cells with micronuclei have een considered the mitotic inde and induced chromosomal an efficient indicator of the cyto enetic and nuclear a normalities in the root cells effects ( onciu et al , 20 Carita and of mai e o, we o served the presence arin orales, 200 rishna and ayashi, of chromosome stic iness, C mitosis, 2000) pi nosis, la ards, micronuclei and nuclear n our study, a hi her percenta e of erosion a normalities ( ) in meristematic roots of hus, the present study showed and mai e were o served for the 20 and 0 cautions that the po eweed has a stron concentration rom this point of view, phytoto ic and cyto enoto ic potential, and py nosis was the type of the chromosomal for this reason it is opportune to prevent a erration that recorded the hi hest fre uency and control this invasive plant in the at these concentrations imilar results were a ricultural fields
2 um er 2020 R R C R R RC R R C C C Phytolacca americana ea mays Digitaria sanguinalis ( an et al , 20 2) reported y Caetano ereira ( ), who llah et al. 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iness reflectin identification of a phytotoxic substance from the 22(2) 2 24 si nificant reduction of the mitotic inde hi hly to ic and usually irreversi le effect that emergent macrophyte Centrostachys aquatica is es o, , Allium test for screening compared to the control pro a ly leads to cell death ( l hamery et otanical tudies, chemicals; evaluation of cytological parameters 0 s40 2 0 4 00 n unchen , orsuch , u hes ery few studies are availa le for cyto al , 2000) and la in of chromosomes is due ( ds ), lants for nvironmental tudies 0 enoto icity of invasive species on mai e, to a normal spindle activity ( era and onciu, , ir as, , ontanetti, C , ushen , , Karaismailoğlu, M.C., Liu, D., enicucci, , oca Raton, ew or CRC ewis u lishers and for P americana cyto enoto icity we ur ard, 20 2) icronuclei can e a result of esnya, , opescu, , Romanovs y, , chiff, http d doi or 0 20 42004 ch have not found i lio raphic references acentric fra ments, la ard chromosomes or S., Ślusarczyk, J., Souza, C., Srivastava, A., Sutan, u etti, , alim erti, , runi, , a oni, C , derrahman ( ), and onea et al even a malfunctionin spindle ( udha ar et , apini, , 20 An evaluation for the erri, , assoni, , an ivvani, , ell li, standardization of the Allium cepa test as , a ra, , 20 Bioprospecting on invasive (20 ), showed that the Peganum harmala al , 200 ) plant species to prevent seed dispersal cientific e tracts and Ambrosia artemisifolia, ur study showed that the a ueous cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assay Caryolo ia, ( ) 20 Reports, ( ) respectively, reduced the mitotic inde value e tracts from the aerial part of the onea, , onciu, , iculescu, , laru, , nder it eastedt, R , Callaway, R , olloc , , to Zea mays and induced the occurrence of P. americana species induced a stron 20 The allelopathic, cytotoxic and genotoxic aur, , 200 Allelopathy and plant invasions: some a normalities, such as multinucleated mito depressive effect, inhi itin the early effect of Ambrosia artemisiifolia on the traditional, congeneric and bio-geographical germination and root meristems of Zea mays approach iolo ical nvasions, 0( ) 0 cells, C metaphases and stic y, rin , rowth of the mai e seedlin s im, , ohnson, , ee, , 200 a fra ment and rid e type chromosomes Caryolo ia, ( ) 24 2 huler, , et er, , Riemenschneider, , Phytotoxicity of Phytolacca americana leaf ccordin to min (2002), the cyto CONCLUSIONS art ler, R , Weed management in short extracts on the growth and physiological response enoto ic level of some components chemicals rotation poplar and herbaceous perennial crops of Cassia mimosoides ournal of Chemical in a plant or environmental e tract can e he results of the present study indicated grown for biofuel production iomass ioener y, colo y, ( 2) 2 2 4 4(4) 4 im, , ohnson, , ee, , 200 determined ased on the increase or decrease that all the tested e tracts si nificantly Phytotoxic effects and chemical analysis of leaf of the mitotic inde in the cells e posed to decreased the ermination, the root len th Caetano ereira, , a liarini, , rasil, , artins, , Influence of aluminum in extracts from three Phytolaccaceae species in the tested chemicals, which constitute an and shoot len th of mai e seedlin s causing chromosome stickiness in maize South Korea ournal of Chemical colo y, ( ) appropriate test in io monitorin studies he e tracts proved to e hi hly effective in microsporocytes aydica, 40 2 0 o investi ate the enoto ic potential, erodin the chromosomes of mai e, ecause Callaway, R , schehou , , 2000 Invasive rishna, , ayashi, , 2000 In vivo rodent plants versus their new and old neighbors: a micronucleus assay: protocol, conduct and data chromosome a errations and fre uency of they produced si nificant reductions in interpretation utation Research, 4 ( 2) cells with micronuclei have een considered the mitotic inde and induced chromosomal mechanism for exotic invasion cience, 2 0( 4 ) 2 2 era, R , ur ard, , 20 2 High mitotic activity an efficient indicator of the cyto enetic and nuclear a normalities in the root cells Callaway, R , Ridenour, , 2004 Novel weapons: of polo-like kinase 1 is required for chromosome effects ( onciu et al , 20 Carita and of mai e o, we o served the presence invasive success and the evolution of increased segregation and genomic integrity in human competitive ability rontiers in colo y and the epithelial cells ournal of iolo ical arin orales, 200 rishna and ayashi, of chromosome stic iness, C mitosis, Chemistry, 2 ( ) 42 2 42 2 2000) pi nosis, la ards, micronuclei and nuclear nvironment, 2 4 44 Carita, R , arin orales, , 200 Induction of endes ieira, , endes onato, , a liarini, n our study, a hi her percenta e of erosion chromosome aberrations in the Allium cepa test , o alle, C , 200 Abnormal meiotic a normalities ( ) in meristematic roots of hus, the present study showed and system caused by the exposure of seeds to behavior in Brachiaria brizantha (Poaceae) mai e were o served for the 20 and 0 cautions that the po eweed has a stron industrial effluents contaminated with azo leading to microspore degeneration Caryolo ia, dyes Chemosphere, 2( ) 22 2 (4) 402 concentration rom this point of view, phytoto ic and cyto enoto ic potential, and orsi, , delmi id, , 20 Allelopathic py nosis was the type of the chromosomal for this reason it is opportune to prevent Chen , , Chen , , 20 Research progress on the use of plant allelopathy in agriculture and the activity of Eucalyptus globulus leaf aqueous a erration that recorded the hi hest fre uency and control this invasive plant in the physiological and ecological mechanisms of extract on Hordeum vulgare growth and at these concentrations imilar results were a ricultural fields allelopathy. rontiers in lant ciences, 020 cytogenetic behavior ustralian ournal Crop 0 fpls 20 0 020 cience, 0( ) 4 um er 2020 R R C R R RC
a avi, , rahim adeh, , a avi, , merican urasian ournal of cientific Research, ahramian, , 200 In vitro antioxidant 4(2) 4 activity of Phytolacca americana berries hahin, , l moodi, , Induction of harmacolo yonline, numerical chromosomal aberrations DNA iculescu, , Cismaru, , 20 Invasive plants synthesis using the fungicides nimrod and from agricultural crops in Oltenia area nalele rubigan-4S Vicia faba L utation Research, C undulea, 0 2 2 ( ) orsworthy, , 200 Allelopathic potential of wild udha ar, R , in e owda, , enu, , 200 radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) eed Mitotic abnormalities induced by silk dyeing echnolo y, (2) 0 industry effluents in the cells of Allium cepa isula, , einers, , 20 0 Relative allelopathic Cytolo ia, ( ) 2 2 potential of invasive plant species in young llah, , a , , ir a, , 20 Phytotoxicity disturbed woodland ournal of orrey otanical evaluation and phytochemical analysis of three ociety, ( ) medicinally important plants from Pakistan Ra endiran, , oumiya, , udaroli udha, , 20 4. o icololo y and ndustrial ealth, ( ) Allelopathy and cytotoxicity of aqueous extracts of Lantana camara L. on Zea mays L. Var. Cauvery- illiams, , Rosner, , Conrad, , oller, , 244 nternational ournal of ood, riculture and eifuss, , Chi a, , urun i a, , raus, eterinary ciences, 4( ) , 2002 Selected secondary metabolites from the Ravi iran, , Ra u, , enu opa, , 20 Phytolaccaceae and their biological/pharmaceutical Phytolacca americana a review nternational significance Recent Research evelopments ournal of Research in harmaceutical and hytochemistry, iomedical ciences, (2) 42 4 oo, , an , , . A new phenolic Săulescu, N.A., Săulescu, N.N., 1967. Câmpul de aldehyde from the seeds of Phytolacca americana experienţă ditura ro Silvică, Bucureşti orean ournal of harmaco nosy, 0(2) ( n Romanian) 4 iddi ui, , hardwa , , han, , e hvanshi, an , , ian , , hou, , an , , an , , 200 Allelopathic effect of different , 20 2 Allelopathic activity of the extract from concentration of water extract of Prosopsis Phytolacca americana - an invazive alien plant juliflora leaf on seed germination and radicle ournal of colo y and Rural nvironment, 2 (2) length of wheat (Triticum aestivum Var-Lok-1). 4