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The Four-Year Arctic Odyssey of HMS Investigator and the Mcclure
REVIEWS • 109 DISCOVERING THE NORTH-WEST PASSAGE: THE FOUR-YEAR ARCTIC ODYSSEY OF H.M.S. INVESTIGATOR AND THE McCLURE EXPEDITION. By GLENN M. STEIN. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2015. ISBN 978-0-7864-7708-1. maps, b&w illus., appendices, notes, bib., index. Available from www.mcfarlandpub.bom; order line: 800-253-2187. Softbound. US$39.95. Of all the explorers who sailed from Europe in search of the Northwest Passage, the least admirable was probably Robert McClure. He is remembered today because in 1855, the British government awarded him a knighthood and 10 000 pounds (today worth roughly $1.3 million), with half going to his men for having become “the first to have passed by water from sea to sea.” By returning alive to Eng- land, they had provided “a living evidence of the existence of a North-west Passage” (p. 240). Originally the reward had been offered, as author Glenn M. Stein notes, “for the first person who should complete the North-west Passage, by actually sailing with his ship from one ocean to the other” (p. 240). But the government, saddled with the expenses of the Crimean War, was desper- ate to staunch the spending on Arctic search expeditions. And so it recognized McClure’s tortured logic, turning a blind eye to the fact that, as Stein writes, “the Investigators had walked through portions of the route” (p. 240). In Discovering the North-West Passage, author Stein details the difficult human story behind McClure’s dubi- ous achievement. This is the definitive account of the last voyage of HMS Investigator—a tale of how a Machiavel- lian captain, obsessive and ruthless, turned his ship into a frozen hell of unjust floggings, imprisonments, starvation, scurvy, and even, for a few, miserable deaths. -
Frederick J. Krabbé, Last Man to See HMS Investigator Afloat, May 1854
The Journal of the Hakluyt Society January 2017 Frederick J. Krabbé, last man to see HMS Investigator afloat, May 1854 William Barr1 and Glenn M. Stein2 Abstract Having ‘served his apprenticeship’ as Second Master on board HMS Assistance during Captain Horatio Austin’s expedition in search of the missing Franklin expedition in 1850–51, whereby he had made two quite impressive sledge trips, in the spring of 1852 Frederick John Krabbé was selected by Captain Leopold McClintock to serve under him as Master (navigation officer) on board the steam tender HMS Intrepid, part of Captain Sir Edward Belcher’s squadron, again searching for the Franklin expedition. After two winterings, the second off Cape Cockburn, southwest Bathurst Island, Krabbé was chosen by Captain Henry Kellett to lead a sledging party west to Mercy Bay, Banks Island, to check on the condition of HMS Investigator, abandoned by Commander Robert M’Clure, his officers and men, in the previous spring. Krabbé executed these orders and was thus the last person to see Investigator afloat. Since, following Belcher’s orders, Kellett had abandoned HMS Resolute and Intrepid, rather than their return journey ending near Cape Cockburn, Krabbé and his men had to continue for a further 140 nautical miles (260 km) to Beechey Island. This made the total length of their sledge trip 863½ nautical miles (1589 km), one of the longest man- hauled sledge trips in the history of the Arctic. Introduction On 22 July 2010 a party from the underwater archaeology division of Parks Canada flew into Mercy Bay in Aulavik National Park, on Banks Island, Northwest Territories – its mission to try to locate HMS Investigator, abandoned here by Commander Robert McClure in 1853.3 Two days later underwater archaeologists Ryan Harris and Jonathan Moore took to the water in a Zodiac to search the bay, towing a side-scan sonar towfish. -
Aboriginal Rights and the Canadian Constitution, by Michael Asch
REVIEWS 157 DR JOHN RAE. By R.L. RICHARDS. Whitby: Caedmon of Whitby (9 The sixmaps are helpful, but they omit a few of the important place John Street, Whitby, England YO21 3ET), 1985.231 p. +6 maps, namesmentioned in the text. An additionaloverall map of the 31 illus., bib., index. f16.50. Franklii search expeditions would have been helpful. Richards made animportant geographical error on page 44: Theone-mile-wide John Rae was one of the most successful arctic explorers. His four isthmus seen byRae joined the Ross Peninsula, not the Penin- majorexpeditions mapped, by his reckoning, 1765 miles of pre- Boothia viously unknown arctic coastline. He proved that Boothia was a penin-sula as stated. I would have liked more detailed references in the names sula and that King William Land was an island. He was the first to already numerous footnotes, indexing of important that appear only in footnotes, and a list of the maps and illustrations. Richards obtain definitive evidence regarding the fate of the third Franklin fails to mention that modern Canadian maps and the officialGazeteer exetion. give inadequate credit to Rae, sometimes giving his names to the Rae was prepared for his later achievements by his childhood in thewrong localities and misspelling Locker for LockyerWdbank and for Orkneys and by ten years with the Hudson’s Bay Company at MooseWelbank. One of Rae’s presentations to the British Association has Factory. Of his Orkney activities Rae later said: been omitted. In a few places it would have been helpfulto have given By the time I was fifteen, I had become so seasoned as to care little modern names of birds and mammals (Rae’s “deer” are of course about cold or wet, had acquired a fair knowledge of boating, was a caribou). -
Rather Than Imposing Thematic Unity Or Predefining a Common Theoretical
The Supernatural Arctic: An Exploration Shane McCorristine, University College Dublin Abstract The magnetic attraction of the North exposed a matrix of motivations for discovery service in nineteenth-century culture: dreams of wealth, escape, extreme tourism, geopolitics, scientific advancement, and ideological attainment were all prominent factors in the outfitting expeditions. Yet beneath this „exoteric‟ matrix lay a complex „esoteric‟ matrix of motivations which included the compelling themes of the sublime, the supernatural, and the spiritual. This essay, which pivots around the Franklin expedition of 1845-1848, is intended to be an exploration which suggests an intertextuality across Arctic time and geography that was co-ordinated by the lure of the supernatural. * * * Introduction In his classic account of Scott‟s Antarctic expedition Apsley Cherry- Garrard noted that “Polar exploration is at once the cleanest and most isolated way of having a bad time which has been devised”.1 If there is one single question that has been asked of generations upon generations of polar explorers it is, Why?: Why go through such ordeals, experience such hardship, and take such risks in order to get from one place on the map to another? From an historical point of view, with an apparent fifty per cent death rate on polar voyages in the long nineteenth century amid disaster after disaster, the weird attraction of the poles in the modern age remains a curious fact.2 It is a less curious fact that the question cui bono? also featured prominently in Western thinking about polar exploration, particularly when American expeditions entered the Arctic 1 Apsley Cherry-Garrard, The Worst Journey in the World. -
Who Discovered the Northwest Passage? Janice Cavell1
ARCTIC VOL. 71, NO.3 (SEPTEMBER 2018) P.292 – 308 https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4733 Who Discovered the Northwest Passage? Janice Cavell1 (Received 31 January 2018; accepted in revised form 1 May 2018) ABSTRACT. In 1855 a parliamentary committee concluded that Robert McClure deserved to be rewarded as the discoverer of a Northwest Passage. Since then, various writers have put forward rival claims on behalf of Sir John Franklin, John Rae, and Roald Amundsen. This article examines the process of 19th-century European exploration in the Arctic Archipelago, the definition of discovering a passage that prevailed at the time, and the arguments for and against the various contenders. It concludes that while no one explorer was “the” discoverer, McClure’s achievement deserves reconsideration. Key words: Northwest Passage; John Franklin; Robert McClure; John Rae; Roald Amundsen RÉSUMÉ. En 1855, un comité parlementaire a conclu que Robert McClure méritait de recevoir le titre de découvreur d’un passage du Nord-Ouest. Depuis lors, diverses personnes ont avancé des prétentions rivales à l’endroit de Sir John Franklin, de John Rae et de Roald Amundsen. Cet article se penche sur l’exploration européenne de l’archipel Arctique au XIXe siècle, sur la définition de la découverte d’un passage en vigueur à l’époque, de même que sur les arguments pour et contre les divers prétendants au titre. Nous concluons en affirmant que même si aucun des explorateurs n’a été « le » découvreur, les réalisations de Robert McClure méritent d’être considérées de nouveau. Mots clés : passage du Nord-Ouest; John Franklin; Robert McClure; John Rae; Roald Amundsen Traduit pour la revue Arctic par Nicole Giguère. -
ARCTIC Exploration the SEARCH for FRANKLIN
CATALOGUE THREE HUNDRED TWENTY-EIGHT ARCTIC EXPLORATION & THE SeaRCH FOR FRANKLIN WILLIAM REESE COMPANY 409 Temple Street New Haven, CT 06511 (203) 789-8081 A Note This catalogue is devoted to Arctic exploration, the search for the Northwest Passage, and the later search for Sir John Franklin. It features many volumes from a distinguished private collection recently purchased by us, and only a few of the items here have appeared in previous catalogues. Notable works are the famous Drage account of 1749, many of the works of naturalist/explorer Sir John Richardson, many of the accounts of Franklin search expeditions from the 1850s, a lovely set of Parry’s voyages, a large number of the Admiralty “Blue Books” related to the search for Franklin, and many other classic narratives. This is one of 75 copies of this catalogue specially printed in color. Available on request or via our website are our recent catalogues: 320 Manuscripts & Archives, 322 Forty Years a Bookseller, 323 For Readers of All Ages: Recent Acquisitions in Americana, 324 American Military History, 326 Travellers & the American Scene, and 327 World Travel & Voyages; Bulletins 36 American Views & Cartography, 37 Flat: Single Sig- nificant Sheets, 38 Images of the American West, and 39 Manuscripts; e-lists (only available on our website) The Annex Flat Files: An Illustrated Americana Miscellany, Here a Map, There a Map, Everywhere a Map..., and Original Works of Art, and many more topical lists. Some of our catalogues, as well as some recent topical lists, are now posted on the internet at www.reeseco.com. -
The North Pole: a Narrative History
THE NORTH POLE: A NARRATIVE HISTORY EDITED BY ANTHONY BRANDT NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ADVENTURE CLASSICS WASHINGTON, D.C. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BY ANTHONY BRANDT ix PART ONE LOOKING NORTH I DIONYSE SETTLE JO A True Report of Captain Frobisher, His Last Voyage into the West and Northwest Regions, 1577 JOHN DAVIS 20 The Second Voyage Attempted by Master John Davis, 15S6 . GERRIT DE VEER 28 The True and Perfect Description of Three Voyages, So Strange and Wonderful, etc., l6ocj ABACUK PRICKETT 41 A Larger Discourse of the Same Voyage. ..1610 PART TWO SEARCH FOR THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE REVIVED 56 WILLIAM SCORESBY 64 A Voyage to the Whale Fishery, l822 JOHN ROSS 78 A Voyage of Discovery Made Under the Orders of the Admiralty, l8ig WILLIAM EDWARD PARRY 87 Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific l8ig-2O JOHN FRANKLIN 106 Narrative of a Journey to Shores of the Polar Sea VIII THE NORTH POLE: A NARRATIVE HISTORY JOHN RICHARDSON 123 Arctic Ordeal: The Journal of John Richardson GEORGE F. LYON 134 The Private Journal of George F. Lyon of the H.M.S. Hecla, 1824 ROBERT HUISH 157 The Last Voyage of Capt. Sir John Ross to the Arctic Regions, for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage, 1823-1833 ROBERT R. CARTER 168 Private Journal of a Cruise in the Brig Rescue in Search of John Franklin JOHN RAE 188 Correspondence with the Hudson's bay Company on Arctic Exploration, l844~l&55 LEOPOLD MCCLINTOGK 202 The Voyage of the Fox in the Arctic Seas PART THREE To THE TOP OF THE WORLD 226 ELISHA KENT KANE 229 Arctic Explorations: The Second Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin CHARLES FRANCIS HALL 251 Life with the Esquimaux EUPHEMIA VALE BLAKE 268 Arctic Experiences: Containing Capt. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/06/2021 12:07:02PM Via Free Access 332 Th E Dream of the North Science, Technology, Progress, Urbanity, Industry, and Even Perfectibility
5. Th e Northern Heyday: 1830–1880 Tipping the Scales In Europe, the mid-nineteenth century witnessed a decisive change in the relative strength of North and South, confi rming a long-term trend that had been visible for a hundred years, and that had accelerated since the fall of Bonaparte. Great Britain was clearly the main driving force behind this development, but by no means the only one. Such key statistical indicators as population growth and GDP show an unquestionable strengthening in several of the northern nations. A comparison between, for instance, Britain, Germany and the Nordic countries, on the one hand, and France, Spain and Italy, on the other, shows that in 1830, the population of the former group was signifi cantly lower than that of the latter, i.e. 58 vs. 67 million.1 By 1880, the balance had shifted decisively in favour of the North, with 90 vs. 82 million. With regard to GDP, the trend is even more explicit. Available estimates from 1820 show that the above group of northern countries together had a GDP of approximately 67 billion dollars, as compared to 69 billion for the southern countries. In 1870, the GDP of the South had risen to 132 billion (a 91 percent increase), but that of the North to 187 billion (179 percent increase).2 During the 1830–1880 period, the Russian population similarly grew from 56 to 98 million, representing by far the biggest nation in the West, whereas the United States was rapidly climbing from only 13 to 50 million, and Canada from 1 to 4 million (“Population Statistics”, 2006). -
Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
A University of Sussex MPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the aut hor, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details THE MEANING OF ICE Scientific scrutiny and the visual record obtained from the British Polar Expeditions between 1772 and 1854 Trevor David Oliver Ware M.Phil. University of Sussex September 2013 Part One of Two. Signed Declaration I hereby declare that this Thesis has not been and will not be submitted in whole or in part to another University for the Award of any other degree. Signed Trevor David Oliver Ware. CONTENTS Summary………………………………………………………….p1. Abbreviations……………………………………………………..p3 Acknowledgements…………………………………………….. ..p4 List of Illustrations……………………………………………….. p5 INTRODUCTION………………………………………….……...p27 The Voyage of Captain James Cook. R.N.1772 – 1775..…………p30 The Voyage of Captain James Cook. R.N.1776 – 1780.…………p42 CHAPTER ONE. GREAT ABILITIES, PERSEVERANCE AND INTREPIDITY…………………………………………………….p54 Section 1 William Scoresby Junior and Bernard O’Reilly. Ice and the British Whaling fleet.………………………………………………………………p60 Section 2 Naval Expeditions in search for the North West passage.1818 – 1837...........……………………………………………………………..…….p 68 2.1 John Ross R.N. Expedition of 1818 – 1819…….….…………..p72 2.2 William Edward Parry. -
Introduction EXPLORATION and SACRIFICE: the CULTURAL
Introduction EXPLORATION AND SACRIFICE: THE CULTURAL LOGIC OF ARCTIC DISCOVERY Russell A. POTTER Reprinted from The Quest for the Northwest Passage: British Narratives of Arctic Exploration, 1576-1874, edited by Frédéric Regard, © 2013 Pickering & Chatto. The Northwest Passage in nineteenth-century Britain, 1818-1874 Although this collective work can certainly be read as a self-contained book, it may also be considered as a sequel to our first volume, also edited by Frederic Regard, The Quest for the Northwest Passage: Knowledge, Nation, Empire, 1576-1806, published in 2012 by Pickering and Chatto. That volume, dealing with early discovery missions and eighteenth-century innovations (overland expeditions, conducted mainly by men working for the Hudson’s Bay Company), was more historical, insisting in particular on the role of the Northwest Passage in Britain’s imperial project and colonial discourse. As its title indicates, this second volume deals massively with the nineteenth century. This was the period during which the Northwest Passage was finally discovered, and – perhaps more importantly – the period during which the quest reached an unprecedented level of intensity in Britain. In Sir John Barrow’s – the powerful Second Secretary to the Admiralty’s – view of Britain’s military, commercial and spiritual leadership in the world, the Arctic remained indeed the only geographical discovery worthy of the Earth’s most powerful nation. But the Passage had also come to feature an inaccessible ideal, Arctic landscapes and seascapes typifying sublime nature, in particular since Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein (1818). And yet, for all the attention lavished on the myth created by Sir John Franklin’s overland expeditions (1819-1822, 1825-18271) and above all by the one which would cost him his life (1845-1847), very little research has been carried out on the extraordinary Arctic frenzy with which the British Admiralty was seized between 1818, in the wake of the end of the Napoleonic wars, and 1859, which may be considered as the year the quest was ended. -
Giles Land—A Mystery for S.A. Andrée and Other Early Arctic Explorers Björn Lantz
RESEARCH ARTICLE Giles Land—a mystery for S.A. Andrée and other early Arctic explorers Björn Lantz Technology Management and Economics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden Abstract Keywords Kvitøya; Andrée expedition; After the initial discovery of Giles Land (Kvitøya, Svalbard) by Cornelis Giles Arctic exploration; Svalbard; maps in 1707, it was most likely never seen by anyone again until 1876. During this lengthy period, Giles Land evolved into an enigma as various explorers Correspondence and cartographers came to very different conclusions about its probable loca- Björn Lantz, Technology Management tion, character or even existence. In 1897, when the engineer Salomon August and Economics, Chalmers University of Andrée tried to return over the ice after his failed attempt to reach the North Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden. Pole in a balloon, he passed through an area approximately 160 km north of E-mail: [email protected] Kvitøya where Giles Land was indicated on his map. Andrée searched for it, but Supplementary material there was no land in sight. The main reason why Giles Land was erroneously To access the supplementary material, positioned too far north was a conjecture by a German cartographer August please visit the article landing page. Petermann in 1872. While there was some distrust of Petermann’s conjecture at the time, many also believed it. The erroneous understanding that Giles Land was located far north of Kvitøya was only finally dismissed in the 1930s. This article examines how this misunderstanding regarding the identity and location of Giles Land could arise and become entrenched. Introduction impossible to reach for almost 170 years after its initial discovery. -
REVIEWS 163 Sherman's Whaling Logbooks and Journals 1613
REVIEWS 163 Sherman's Whaling logbooks and journals 1613-1927 at 493 pages, is just that. It eclipses the Cambridge gives the locations of several thousand manuscripts in illustrated history of archaeology by 107 pages, and rivals public collections as the basis for yet more research. even the massive Oxford companion to archaeology, at A major blank is the lack of information on the trading 864 pages. This is especially remarkable given that of whale products and the methods of processing and underwater and maritime archaeology have existed as manufacture, but I am sure when fragments can be brought recognized subfields of archaeology for little more than together from a huge miscellany of sources in England and three decades. Scotland this can be rectified. Most recently, Alex Buchan Yet the length and coverage of this new attempt to has been delving deep into Peterhead's maritime history, wrestle underwater archaeology into some manageable and Tony Barrow, with a series of papers derived from an framework is not undeserved. Underwater archaeology is unpublished doctoral thesis on Newcastle whaling, is the great leveller amongst all the fields and arcane theory revealing many of the cross-connections of vessels and of archaeology. No subfield cuts across so many time manpower between whaling ports. periods, so many techno-cultural expressions, so many Jones is to be congratulated on his tenacious work at the geographies. Someone calling himself an underwater or 'coal-face,' which, although seldom exciting in itself, is maritime archaeologist can as easily be found studying a rewarding in the end for the very reason that the results are sphinx of the sunken city of Alexandria from two millenia so useful.