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Home , Appalachian Plateau, Government of Virginia

STUDIES 2015 CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK (CONDENSED) – STUDY GUIDE VS.2 VIRGINIA GEOGRAPHY, NATIVE PEOPLES

STANDARD VS.2A Coastal Plain () • Flat land VIRGINIA’S BORDERING STATES • Location near Atlantic Ocean and Locations of places can be described in relative terms. (includes Eastern Shore) Relative location may be described using terms that show • East of the Fall Line connections between two places such as “next to,” “near,” Piedmont (land at the foot of mountains) “bordering.” • Rolling hills Bordering bodies of water • West of the Fall Line • Atlantic Ocean • Chesapeake Bay • Old, rounded mountains • Part of Appalachian mountain system • Located between the Piedmont and Valley and Ridge regions • Source of many rivers Valley and Ridge • Includes the Great Valley of Virginia and other valleys separated by ridges (The Blue Ridge Mountains and the Valley and Ridge Regions are part of the Appalachian mountain system.) Bordering states • Located west of Blue Ridge Mountains • • Appalachian Plateau • Located in • • Only a small part of the plateau is located in Virginia • • North Carolina STANDARD VS.2C STANDARD VS.2B VIRGINIA’S RIVERS AND WATERWAYS VIRGINIA’S FIVE REGIONS Water features were important to the early . Virginia can be divided into five geographic regions. Many early Virginia cities developed along the Fall Line, Geographic regions have distinctive characteristics. the natural border between the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) Terms to know and Piedmont regions where the land rises sharply and where the waterfalls prevent further travel on the river. • Fall Line: The natural border between the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and Piedmont regions, where The four major rivers that flow into the Chesapeake waterfalls prevent further travel on the river Bay are separated by peninsulas. • Plateau: Area of elevated land that is flat on top The Chesapeake Bay separates the Eastern Shore from the mainland of Virginia. Terms to know • Peninsula: A piece of land bordered by water on three sides. – The Eastern Shore is a peninsula bordered by the Chesapeake Bay to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Geographic regions

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STANDARD VS.2D AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGE GROUPS American Indians were the first people who lived in Virginia. American Indians lived in all areas of the state. There were three major American Indian language groups in Virginia. Christopher Columbus called the people he found in the lands he explored “Indians” because he thought he was in the Indies Water features (near China) Atlantic Ocean Artifacts such as arrowheads, pottery, and other tools that – Provided transportation links between Virginia have been found tell a lot about the people who lived in and other places (e.g., Europe, Africa, Caribbean) Virginia. Chesapeake Bay American Indian identities have always been closely – Provided a safe harbor connected to the land. American Indians did not believe in – Was a source of food and transportation land ownership. James River – Flows into the Chesapeake Bay – Richmond and Jamestown located along the James River York River – Flows into the Chesapeake Bay – Yorktown located along the York River

Potomac River – Flows into the Chesapeake Bay Three major language groups – Alexandria located along the • Algonquian languages were spoken primarily in the region; the were a part of this Rappahannock River Tidewater Powhatan group. – Flows into the Chesapeake Bay • Siouan languages were spoken primarily in the – Fredericksburg located on the Rappahannock Piedmont region – the Monacan were part of this River group. Each river was a source of food and provided a pathway for • Iroquoian languages were spoken in Southwestern exploration and settlement of Virginia. Virginia and in Southern Virginia near what is today • Lake Drummond North Carolina; the Cherokee were a part of this group. – Located in the Coastal Plain STANDARD VS.2E (Tidewater) region INDIANS ADAPT TO ENVIRONMENT FOR – Shallow natural FOOD, CLOTHING SHELTER lake surrounded by the Dismal Virginia’s American Indians worked with the climate Swamp and their environment to meet their basic wants. • Dismal Swamp Many American Indians lived in towns situated along – Located in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) region the rivers, which made for good farming, good fishing, and easy travel. – Variety of wildlife Virginia Indian cultures have changed over time. Climate in Virginia • The climate in Virginia is relatively mild with distinct seasons—spring, summer, fall, and winter—resulting in a variety of vegetation.

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• Forests, which have a variety of trees, cover most of Archaeologists study all kinds of material evidence left from the land. Virginia’s American Indians are referred to people of the past. as Eastern Woodland Indians. Werowocomoco was a large Indian town located on the York Environmental Connections River, used by Indian leaders for several hundred years before The kinds of food American Indians ate, the clothing they the wore, and the shelters they had depended upon the English settlers came. It was the headquarters of the leader, seasons. Powhatan, in 1607. • Foods changed with the seasons. Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in • In winter, they hunted birds and animals and lived on North America. Archaeologists have discovered the site of the foods stored the previous fall. original fort. • In spring, they hunted, fished and picked berries. The recovered artifacts give archaeologists clues about the • In summer, they grew crops (beans, corn, squash). interactions of English, Africans, and Indians in early Virginia. • In fall, they harvested crops and hunted for foods to preserve and keep for the winter. STANDARD VS.2G • Animal skins (deerskin) were used for clothing. INDIANS IN VIRGINIA TODAY • was made from materials around them. Shelter American Indian people have lived in Virginia for Native peoples of the past farmed, hunted, and fished. thousands of years. They made homes using natural resources. They used Virginia Indians have contributed to the animal skins for clothing. Commonwealth of Virginia and the nation. Today, most native peoples live like other . Their American Indians, who trace their ancestry family history back cultures have changed over time. to before 1607, continue to live in all parts of Virginia today. STANDARD VS.2F – Virginia Indians live and work as modern Americans. VIDENCE AT EROWOCOMOCO E W & – Many practice ancient traditions and crafts while JAMESTOWN incorporating new customs over time. – The current state-recognized tribes are located in Archaeology is regions throughout Virginia. another way that helps people The tribes maintain tribal museums and lands on which they understand the past. hold public festivals called powwows. Recent – The powwow is a way of teaching American archaeological digs Indians and visitors about their culture, past and have recovered new present. material evidence Today, Virginia Indians maintain their strong cultural heritage about through drumming, singing, dance, art, jewelry, clothing, Werowocomoco and crafts, pottery, and storytelling. . Virginia Indians contribute to American society as active citizens who vote, hold office, and work in communities.

VS.3 JAMESTOWN

STANDARD VS.3A Explain the reasons for English colonization • England wanted to establish an American colony to REASONS FOR COLONIZATION increase her wealth and power - to compete with other European nations. Some European countries, including England, were in competition to increase their wealth and power by • England hoped to find silver and gold in America. expanding their empires to America. • An American settlement would furnish raw The first permanent English settlement in America was materials while opening new markets for trade. Jamestown, founded in 1607 as an economic venture.

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Jamestown STANDARD VS.3D • Jamestown was primarily an economic venture. 1619 - GENERAL ASSEMBLY • The stockholders of the Virginia As Jamestown grew, Virginia’s system of government Company of London financed the evolved. settlement of Jamestown. System of government • Jamestown, founded in 1607, became the first permanent English settlement in British North In 1619, the of Virginia called a meeting of the America. General Assembly. • The General Assembly included two citizen STANDARD VS.3B representatives, called burgesses, from each of the REASON FOR JAMESTOWN LOCATION divisions of Virginia along with the governor’s council, and the governor. The location and physical characteristics of the • They met as one legislative body. At that time, only Jamestown site influenced the decision to settle there. certain free adult men had a right to take part. The English believed the natural resources at The current Virginia General Assembly dates back to 1619 Jamestown would benefit England. with the establishment of the General Assembly and its When the settlers arrived in 1607, they founded Jamestown burgesses in Jamestown. on a narrow peninsula bordered on three sides by the James • It was the first elected legislative body in English River. North America giving some settlers the opportunity – Today, Jamestown is located on an island in the to take part in controlling their own government. James River due to the of the Jamestown peninsula. By the 1640s, the burgesses became a separate legislative Reasons for site choice body, called the House of • Instructions from England told the settlers to go Burgesses. inland and find a suitable place for their colony. • They met separately • The location could be easily defended from attack by from the Governor’s sea (Spanish). Council as one of the • The water along the shore was deep enough for ships two legislative bodies to dock. of the General Assembly. • They believed they had a good supply of fresh water. • Natural resources from Jamestown included timber STANDARD VS.3E and iron. AFRICANS & WOMEN ARRIVE STANDARD VS.3C Virginia became a more diverse colony by 1620. VIRGINIA COMPANY CHARTERS Portuguese sailors captured African men and women from what is present-day The King of England had the power to grant charters Angola. allowing settlement in North America. • The legal status of these early Importance of Virginia charters African men and women as either The King of England granted servants or slaves in Virginia is charters to the Virginia Company unknown. of London to: • Africans arrived in Virginia against their will in 1619. • establish a settlement in • The arrival of Africans made it North America possible to expand the tobacco • define the physical economy. boundaries of the colony The arrival of women in 1620 made it • extend English rights to the settlers possible for the settlers to establish and a more colony families permanent in Virginia.

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STANDARD VS.3F STANDARD VS.3G JAMESTOWN HARDSHIPS ENGLISH & POWHATAN The English settlers found life in Virginia harder than The native peoples and the English settlers in Virginia they had expected. established trading relationships and for a while had positive interactions. Hardships faced by the settlers initiated relationships with the • The site they chose to live on was marshy and lacked Captain John Smith trading native peoples. safe drinking water. • A drought at the time of settlement reduced the – The native peoples traded food fur, and leather amount of food available to everyone in Virginia with the English in exchange for tools, pots, and copper for jewelry. • The settlers lacked some skills necessary to provide for themselves. The native people contributed to the survival of the Jamestown settlers in several ways. • Many settlers died of starvation and disease. • Powhatan, chief of many tribes, provided leadership Changes that resulted in survival to his people and taught the settlers survival skills. • The arrival of ships bringing supplies • Pocahontas, daughter of Chief and new settlers Powhatan, served as a contact • The forced work program and strong between the native peoples and the leadership of Captain John Smith, and English. • The development of new settlements • The native peoples showed the that spread away from the unhealthy settlers how to plant corn and environment of Jamestown. harvest tobacco. • The emphasis on agriculture Over time, the native peoples realized the English settlement would continue to grow. – The native peoples came to see the settlers as invaders who would take over their land VS.4 LIFE IN THE VIRGINIA COLONY

brought to the Virginia colony and enslaved to STANDARD VS.4A work on the plantations. AGRICULTURE & SLAVERY – The Virginia colony became dependent on slave labor, and the dependence lasted a long time. The success of tobacco as a cash crop transformed life in the Virginia colony and encouraged slavery. STANDARD VS.4B Terms to know CULTURE REFLECTS ORIGINS • Cash crop: A crop that is grown to sell for money rather than for use by the growers The culture of colonial Virginia reflected beliefs, customs, and architecture of Europeans, Africans, and • The economy of the Virginia colony depended on American Indians living there. agriculture as a primary source of wealth. Although a colony of England, Virginia developed a – the agricultural Tobacco became most profitable unique culture different from that of England. product because it was sold in England as a cash crop. Culture of colonial Virginia The successful planting of Whenever people settle an area, they change the tobacco depended on a landscape to reflect their culture and customs. Examples steady and inexpensive of architecture that reflect different cultures include . source of labor • barns – For this reason, • homes African men, • places of worship (e.g., churches) women, and children were Place names reflecting culture • English—Richmond

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• American Indian - Roanoke • Credit: Buying a good or service now and paying for it later • Debt: A good or service owed to another • Saving: Money put away to save or to spend at a later time Few people had paper money and coins to use to buy goods and services. – Barter was commonly used instead of money. Settlement areas – Tobacco was used as money. A tobacco farmer could use his tobacco to pay for goods and • English and other Europeans settled primarily in services. Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and Piedmont regions. Farmers and other consumers could also buy goods and • Germans and Scots-Irish settled primarily in the services on credit and pay their debts when their crops were , which was along the migration harvested and sold. route. • Africans were brought primarily to the Coastal Plain Colonial Virginia had no banks (Tidewater) and Piedmont regions to work in tobacco fields which required a great deal of labor. STANDARD VS.4E • Prior to the arrival of the settlers, American Indians EVERYDAY LIFE lived throughout Virginia. Resources were used in colonial Virginia to produce the – After the settlers arrived, most were forced goods and services that people needed. inland. Everyday life was different for whites, enslaved African Migration and living in new areas caused people to adapt old Americans, and free African Americans in colonial Virginia. customs to their new environment. People living in colonial Virginia depended on natural, human, STANDARD VS.4C and capital resources to produce the goods and services they needed. CAPITAL MOVES TO WILLIAMSBURG Food: A variety of factors explain the reasons for moving • Food choices were limited Virginia’s capital. • Meals were made of local produce and meats Reasons why the capital was moved from Jamestown to Williamsburg Housing: • Most people lived in one-room homes with dirt floors • Drinking water in Jamestown was contaminated by seepage of salt water. • Some wealthy people (farmers) lived in large houses • Unhealthy living conditions caused diseases. Clothing: • Fire destroyed wooden and brick buildings at • Women in households made clothes for family Jamestown. members • Williamsburg was an already established town. • Most clothing was made of cotton, wool, and/or leather. STANDARD VS.4D Most white Virginians made their living from the land as small MONEY, BARTER, CREDIT farmers. – A owned )., Money was not often used in the early Virginia colony. few large farms (plantations Most enslaved African Americans worked tobacco, crops, and Because farmers could not pay for goods until their livestock. crops were harvested, credit was important in Virginia. – Enslaved African Americans were denied basic Terms to know rights. • : A medium of exchange (currency, which Money – Some free African Americans owned land but includes coins and paper bills) were denied basic rights. • Barter: Trading/exchanging of goods and services without the use of money

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VS.5 THE

• Some free African Americans fought for independence in the STANDARD VS.5A American Revolution. REVOLUTION; INDEPENDENCE Contributions of Virginians during the Conflicts developed between the colonies and Great Britain over how Revolutionary War era the colonies should be governed. • George Washington provided military leadership by serving as commander- The Declaration of Independence gave reasons for independence in-chief of the Continental Army. and ideas for self-government. • provided political The colonists and the British Parliament disagreed over how the colonies leadership by expressing the reasons should be governed. for colonial independence from Great • Parliament believed it had legal authority in the colonies, while the Britain in the Declaration of Independence. colonists believed their local assemblies had legal authority. • inspired patriots from other colonies when he spoke • Parliament believed it had the right out against taxation without representation by saying, “…give me to tax the colonies, while the liberty or give me death.” colonists believed they should not • The Marquis de Lafayette, a French nobleman, volunteered his be taxed since they had no service to the Continental Army during the American Revolution. representation in Parliament. – The king of France provided French troops, ships and money. The by Declaration of Independence, written – The Marquis de Lafayette contributed to the victory at states that Thomas Jefferson, authority to Yorktown. govern belongs to the people rather than to kings and that all people are created equal James Lafayette, an enslaved African and have rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. American from Virginia, served as a spy in the Continental Army during STANDARD VS.5B the Revolutionary War. – He successfully requested his REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS freedom after the war with the Virginians made significant contributions during the Revolutionary support of the Marquis de Lafayette. War era. STANDARD VS.5C American Indians, whites, enslaved African AMERICAN VICTORY AT YORKTOWN Americans, and free African Americans had various roles The last major battle of the Revolutionary War was fought at during the American Yorktown, Virginia. Revolution. The American victory at Yorktown resulted in the surrender of the British Varied roles of American Indians, army in 1781, which led to an end to the war. whites, enslaved African While this victory did not end the war, it was the last significant military Americans, and free African battle involving British forces and the Continental Army. Americans in the Revolutionary War era The war ended with the in 1783. • Virginia patriots served in the Continental Army and fought for independence, leading to the British surrender at Yorktown. STANDARD VS.5D • Some American Indians fought alongside the Virginia patriots, while VIRGINIA’S CAPITAL MOVES others fought with the British. A variety of factors explain the reasons for moving Virginia’s capital. • Some Virginians were neutral and did not take sides while other Virginians remained loyal to Great Britain. Reasons why the capital was moved from Williamsburg to Richmond • Women took on more responsibility to support the war effort. • The population was moving westward for more opportunities. • Some enslaved African Americans supported the British who • Richmond was a more central location. promised them freedom. • Moving to Richmond increased the distance from the sea and possible attack by the British

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VS.6 VIRGINIA AND THE NEW NATION

The Virginia Statute STANDARD VS.6A for Religious Freedom, WASHINGTON, MADISON written by Thomas Jefferson, states that George Washington is called the “Father of Our Country” and all people should be James Madison is called the “Father of the Constitution.” free to worship as they The actions and ideas of Virginians formed the basis for please. the new constitutional government of the . STANDARD VS.6C George Washington, a Virginian, was elected as the first President of the United States of MIGRATION WEST America. Geography influenced the movement of people and – He provided the strong ideas as Virginians moved to and beyond the Virginia leadership needed to help frontier. the young country and After the American Revolution, Virginia’s agricultural base provided a model of began to change, and as a result large numbers of Virginians leadership for future and to presidents. moved west the deep South to – Thus, he is often called the find better “Father of Our Country.” farmland and new James Madison, a Virginian, believed in the importance of opportunities. having a United States constitution. He kept detailed notes • during the Constitutional Convention. Tobacco farming – His skills at compromise was hard helped the delegates reach on the agreement during the soil, difficult process of writing causing the Constitution of the many United States of America. farmers to look west and south for new land to farm. – This earned him the title “Father of the • The development of the cotton gin led to the opening Constitution.” of new lands in the south and attracted settlers from Virginia. STANDARD VS.6B • The mechanical reaper allowed farmers to grow MASON, JEFFERSON more wheat with fewer workers, which forced many Virginians to leave the state in search of jobs. The Virginia Declaration of Rights • Virginians migrated into western territories looking and the Virginia for large areas of land and new opportunities. Statute for Religious • As Virginians moved, they took their enslaved people, Freedom provided traditions, ideas, and cultures with them. significant rights. • Many enslaved African Americans were sold to The Virginia Declaration of people who lived in other southern states Rights, written by George Mason, states that all Virginians • Settlers crossed the through have many rights, including freedom of religion and freedom the Cumberland Gap as they migrated to new lands of the press. in the west

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VS.7 CIVIL WAR

STANDARD VS.7A Creation of West Virginia • Conflict grew between the eastern counties of DIFFERENCES DIVIDE THE STATES Virginia that relied on slavery and western counties that did not favor Because of economic differences between the North slavery. and South, they were unable to resolve their conflicts and the South seceded from the United States. • Many disagreements Virginians were divided about secession from the between the two Union, which led to the creation of West Virginia. regions of the Differences between northern and southern states state led to the • The economy in the northern part of the United creation of West Virginia. States was industrialized, while in the southern part it was agricultural and relied more on slave labor. STANDARD VS.7B • Northern states wanted the new states created out of VIRGINIA’S ROLE IN WAR the western territory to be “free states,” while the southern states wanted the new states to be “slave Virginia played a significant role in the Civil War and states.” became a major battleground between Union and Confederate troops. Events leading to secession and war Major Civil War battles fought in Virginia • Nat Turner led a revolt against slavery in Virginia. • The first Battle of Bull Run (or Manassas) was the first major clash of the Civil War. • Abolitionists campaigned to end slavery. • Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson played a major role in this battle. • Harriet Tubman supported a secret route that escaped • General Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Army of , defeated Union troops at enslaved African , Virginia. Americans took; it became Fredericksburg known as the “Underground Railroad.” • Richmond was the capital of the Confederacy. It fell to General Ulysses S. Grant and was burned by the Confederacy near the end of the war. – Fires were set by retreating Confederate forces to keep war supplies from approaching Union forces. • President • John Brown led a raid on Abraham Lincoln the United States Armory used the Union (Arsenal) at Harpers navy to blockade Ferry, Virginia (present- southern ports. An day West Virginia).. important sea – He was trying to battle between the start a slave Monitor (Union) rebellion. and the Merrimack (Confederate), two iron-clad ships, took place in – He was captured and hanged. Virginia waters near Norfolk and Hampton. • After Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the – The battle was fought to a draw. United States in 1860, some southern states seceded from the Union and formed the “Confederate States • The Civil War ended at Appomattox Court House, of America.” Virginia, where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to Union General Ulysses S. – Later, Virginia seceded and joined them. Grant in April, 1865.

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• Most white Virginians supported the Confederacy. STANDARD VS.7C • The Confederacy relied on enslaved African WHITES, AFRICAN AMERICANS & INDIANS Americans to raise crops and provide labor for the army. American Indians, whites, enslaved African Americans, and free African Americans had various roles during the • Many enslaved African Americans sought freedom by Civil War following the Union Army where many found work. – Some women and men provided labor, and some Varied roles of whites, enslaved African Americans, free men fought for the Union Army. African Americans, and American Indians during the Civil War • Some free African Americans joined the Union Army • Many American Indians did not take sides during the and Union Navy Civil War. • VS.8 RECONSTRUCTION

STANDARD VS.8A Terms to know • Segregation: The separation of people, usually based EFFECTS OF RECONSTRUCTION on race or religion Virginians faced serious problems in rebuilding the • Discrimination: An unfair difference in the treatment state after the war. of people During Reconstruction, African Americans began to have Terms to know power in Virginia’s government, and black and white men • Reconstruction: The period following the Civil War in could vote and hold office. which Congress passed laws designed to rebuild the country and bring the southern states back into the After Reconstruction, these gains were lost when “Jim Crow” Union Laws were passed by southern states. Problems faced by Virginians during Reconstruction – “Jim Crow” Laws established segregation or separation of the races and reinforced • Hundreds of thousands of freed African Americans prejudices held by whites needed housing, education, clothing, food, and jobs. • Virginia’s economy was in ruins: Effect of “Jim Crow” laws on the lives of African Americans and American Indians – had no value. Money included – . Banks were closed • experiencing unfair poll taxes – Railroads, bridges, plantations, and crops were and voting tests that were destroyed. established to keep them from – Businesses needed to be rebuilt. voting; Measures taken to resolve problems • difficulty voting or holding public office; • The Freedmen’s Bureau was a federal government • being forced to use agency that provided food, public schools, and separate, poor-quality medical care for freed African Americans and others facilities and services, in Virginia. such as drinking fountains, restrooms, and restaurants; and • Sharecropping was a system common in Virginia after the war in which freedmen and poor white farmers • attending separate schools. rented land from a landowner by promising to pay Segregation and discrimination had an impact on: the owner with a share of the crop. • Housing STANDARD VS.8B • Employment SEGREGATION & “JIM CROW” • Health care • Political representation The freedoms and rights promised to African Americans were slowly taken away after Reconstruction, • Education and it would take years to win them back. “Jim Crow” laws had an effect on African Americans and American Indians.

10 | Page – They facilitated the growth of small towns to STANDARD VS.8C cities. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT • Other parts of Virginia grew as other After the Civil War, industry and technology, industries developed. transportation, and cities began to grow and contribute to Virginia’s economy. • deposits were mined in the Virginia began to grow in many areas after the Civil War and Appalachian Plateau. Reconstruction. • The need for more and better roads increased. • Virginia’s cities grew with people, businesses, and • Tobacco farming and tobacco products became factories. important Virginia industries • Railroads were a key to the expansion of business, agriculture, and industry. VS.9 20TH CENTURY AND BEYOND

The U.S. Constitution was amended in 1920 to give women STANDARD VS.9A the right to vote. VIRGINIA’S ECONOMY TRANSFORMS – Maggie L. Walker was an African American leader from Virginia who supported equal rights During the 20th century and beyond, Virginia changed for women. from a rural, agricultural society to a more urban, industrial society. The was a period of worldwide harsh economic conditions during the 1930s. During the early 20th century, agriculture began to change. – Many Virginians lost their jobs, farms, homes, • Mechanization (the tractor) and improvements in and businesses. transportation changed farming. – The federal government established New Deal • Crop prices were low. programs to provide employment and ease Growth of Virginia’s cities many hardships. • People moved from rural to urban areas for economic opportunities. STANDARD VS.9C • Technological developments in transportation, DESEGREGATION & MASSIVE RESISTANCE roads, railroads, and streetcars helped cities grow. After World War II, African Americans demanded • Coal mining spurred the growth of Virginia equal treatment and the recognition of their rights as During the 20th century, Northern Virginia has American citizens. experienced growth due to increases in the number of As a result of the Civil Rights Movement, laws were federal jobs located in the region. passed that made racial discrimination illegal. th st In the late 20 century and the early 21 century, Terms to know Northern Virginia and the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) • Segregation: The separation of people, usually based region have grown due to computer technology. on race or religion Virginia’s population has become increasingly diverse as • Desegregation: Legal end of racial segregation people have moved to Virginia from many other states and countries. • Integration: Full equality of all races in the use of public facilities STANDARD VS.9B Desegregation and Massive Resistance in Virginia WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE & GREAT DEPRESSION • Barbara Johns, a 16-year-old high school junior in Farmville, Virginia, led a student against As Virginia became more urban and industrial, it strike segregation in 1951. became more connected with the rest of the United States and was greatly impacted by major national events. – The case, Davis v. Prince Edward, became of one of the five cases reviewed by the U.S. With the New Deal, the federal government began to Supreme Court when it declared segregation take on a much larger role in the daily lives of Virginians.

11 | Page unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education. STANDARD VS.9D • The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1954 (Brown v. IMPORTANT VIRGINIANS Board of Education) that “separate but equal” public schools were unconstitutional. Many individuals from Virginia have had social, political, and economic impact on life in Virginia during the twentieth century and beyond. Citizens who made political, social, and/or economic contributions • Maggie L. Walker was the first African American woman to establish and become a bank president in the United States. • All public schools, including those in Virginia, were • Harry F. Byrd, Sr., as governor, was ordered to desegregate. known for a “Pay As You Go” policy for road improvements, and he • Virginia’s government established a policy of modernized Virginia state Massive Resistance, which fought to “resist” the government. desegregation of public schools. • Oliver W. Hill, Sr., was a lawyer and • Some schools were closed to avoid desegregation. civil rights leader who worked for • The policy of equal rights of African Americans. Massive – He played a key role in the Resistance Brown v. Board of Education failed, and decision. Virginia’s public schools • Arthur R. Ashe, Jr., was the first were African American winner of a major integrated. men’s tennis singles championship. • Harry F. Byrd, – He was also an author and Sr., led a eloquent spokesperson for Massive Resistance Movement against the social change. desegregation of public schools. • A. Linwood Holton, Jr., as , promoted racial equality and appointed more African Americans and women to positions in state government than previous governors. • L. , as governor of Virginia, was the first African American to be elected a state governor in the United States.

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• Chemical goods STANDARD VS.10A • Motor vehicle parts and trucks THREE BRANCHES OF VIRGINIA GOVERNMENT Fertile soil and a favorable climate make agriculture an important industry in Virginia. Virginia state government is made up of three parts (branches) that ensure Virginia laws agree with the state • Chickens (broilers), beef, milk, turkeys, and hogs are constitution. Virginia’s leading livestock products. The government of Virginia is divided into three branches. • Soybeans, corn, tobacco, tomatoes, apples, and peanuts are among Virginia’s • The General Assembly is the legislative branch of leading cash crops. the Virginia government that makes state laws. It is divided into two parts—the Senate and the House of – Tobacco, once the basis of Delegates. Virginia’s economy, has been replaced by livestock and • The governor heads the executive branch of the livestock products as the state government. The executive branch makes sure state’s most valuable source that state laws are carried out. of agricultural income. • The judicial branch is the state’s court system. Access to deep water ports and proximity to the Chesapeake – The judicial branch decides cases about people Bay and the Atlantic Ocean make shipbuilding, fishing, accused of breaking the law and whether or not crabbing and oyster harvests possible. a law agrees with Virginia’s constitution Historically, the success of Appalachian coalfields is due to STANDARD VS.10B the expansion of railroads that transport coal to piers in Tidewater for shipment to both domestic and international PRODUCTS & INDUSTRIES markets. Available resources (natural, human and capital), as – Today, coal is less crucial to Virginia’s economy well as geography, are major factors in what is produced as businesses and individuals shift to other in the state. sources of energy. Major products and industries change over time as STANDARD VS.10C people and businesses buy different goods and services TRANSPORTATION & TECHNOLOGY Selected examples of products and industries important to Virginia’s economy Advances in transportation, communications, and Top products and services for Virginia include: technology have facilitated migration and led to economic development in Virginia. • Architectural or engineering services Industries in Virginia produce goods and services used • Banking and lending throughout the United States and the world • Computer programming or systems design Virginia’s transportation system (highways, railroads, and air • Food products transportation) moves raw materials to factories and finished • Shipbuilding products to markets. The service industry is important to Virginia’s economy. – Virginia exports agricultural and manufactured Virginians earn income through jobs in products, including tobacco, poultry, coal, and • Private health care, computer programming or large ships. systems design, and engineering. Virginia has a large number of communications and other technology industries. • Government services including operation of public schools, hospitals and military bases. Tourism is a major part of Virginia’s economy. Manufacturing (making goods on a large scale using Because many federal workers live and/or work in Virginia, machinery) is also a top industry. Top manufactured products the federal government has a significant impact on Virginia’s in Virginia include: economy. • Ships Virginia has increased trade relationships with other • Tobacco products countries. • Beverages (such as soft drinks)

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