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Shannon E. Duffy, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Directed By ABSTRACT Title of Document: AN ENLIGHTENED AMERICAN : THE POLITICAL IDEOLOGY OF THOMAS HUTCHINSON ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY CRISIS Shannon E. Duffy, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Directed By: Professor Alison G. Olson, Professor Emeritus Department of History This dissertation examines the political, social and philosophical views of Massachusetts’ last royal governor, Thomas Hutchinson, as expressed in his 1764- 1773 work, the History of Massachusetts-Bay . It is my contention that this work provides unique insights into the ideology of this important eighteenth century figure, and the values that would motivate him during the Revolutionary crisis. Years before the turmoil of the Revolutionary crisis began, Hutchinson had already given deep reflection to many of the same political and philosophical issues that would resurface in the imperial struggle. Hutchinson’s historical work, written for both colonial and English audiences, provides significant insight into Hutchinson’s political ideology and value system as that struggle opened. I will concentrate my analysis on Volume One, the part of Hutchinson’s work written before 1765. This thesis will focus on three issues covered in the first volume: Massachusetts’ struggle for religious orthodoxy in the seventeenth century, the colony’s early Indian wars and relations with the Indians, and the colonists’ century- long struggle with England over their original charter. My dissertation will demonstrate that Hutchinson’s worldview was, no less than many of his adversaries in the Revolution Crisis, that of a man of the Enlightenment, and an American with both deep roots and great pride in his native land. Throughout Volume One of the History , Hutchinson stressed the importance of balanced government, the necessity of a just and impartial rule of law, the need for moderation and republican virtue in government, and the dangers of prejudice and popular passion. His views on a wide variety of issues grew, at least in part, out of his understanding of Massachusetts’ colonial past, and his immersion in the literature of the American Enlightenment. These views were clearly revealed in the History , a work which has until now been under-utilized as a key into the man’s ideology. AN ENLIGHTENED AMERICAN: THE POLITICAL IDEOLOGY OF THOMAS HUTCHINSON ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY CRISIS By Shannon E. Duffy Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2008 Advisory Committee: Professor Alison Olson, Chair Professor Herman Belz Professor Arthur Eckstein Professor Whitman Ridgway Professor Nancy Struna © Copyright by Shannon E. Duffy 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the work of Dr. Alison Olson, my advisor, who has not only reviewed endless drafts of this work, but has also been a constant source of support and encouragement. I am also deeply indebted to Dr. Warren Billings, my Master’s thesis advisor, for his ruthless but cogent editorial help. Dr. Kenneth Margerison at Texas State University provided invaluable aid in the revision process. Dr. Arthur Eckstein did me a tremendous favor by agreeing to join the defense committee on extremely short notice, despite the topic being entirely out of his field, when another committee member discovered a scheduling conflict. I am extremely grateful for his willingness to do this for me. I have benefitted from the wisdom of Dr. Herman Belz, who reviewed an earlier version of my introduction and chapter one and enunciated, in approximately fifteen minutes, a thesis statement that had eluded me for five years. I would also like to thank Dr. Mary Brennan of Texas State, who also reviewed chapter one of this work, and Mr. Charles Settle, P. E., who reviewed an earlier draft of chapter four. This dissertation would not have come about without the significant financial support I received throughout the research and writing process. The H. B. Earhart foundation gave me monetary support for several years during my research. I was able to spend summers working in the Boston-area archives with the aid of funding from the Massachusetts Historical Society’s Andrew Mellon Summer Research Fellowship and the University of Maryland’s Hearst Summer Fellowship. I am also quite indebted to the archivists at the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Boston Public Library’s Rare Books Room, the New England Historical ii and Genealogical Society, the Boston Athenæum, and the Library of Congress. Peter Drummey, the Stephen T. Riley Librarian at the MHS, spent numerous hours helping me locate records. Dr. Malcolm Freiberg was an enormous help, not only by securing funding for my research and by helping me navigate the MHS holdings, but also by allowing me to see his unpublished manuscript biography of Thomas Hutchinson. Ms. Mary E. Fabiszewski, the Senior Cataloger at the MHS, went above the call of duty in helping me replace manuscript records that I had previously copied, after they were destroyed when my New Orleans office was flooded in Hurricane Katrina. I would also like to thank the CSM Graduate Colloquium and the MHS Colloquium for allowing me to present early versions of my research at their symposia, Loyola University history chair Dr. David Moore for granting me office space and library privileges after Katrina furloughed my job, and Texas State history chair Dr. Frank de la Teja for his support and encouragement in the final phases of this project. I am indebted to Dr. John Ferling, Dr. Joseph Ellis, Dr. Bernard Bailyn, and Dr. Mary Beth Norton for their advice when I met with them in Boston. My dissertation committee, Dr. Nancy Struna, Dr. Whitman Ridgway, Dr. Herman Belz, and Dr. Arthur Eckstein, provided me with invaluable comments and suggestions. My friend Dr. Paul Burton and Dr. Leo Nicoll, Loyola University’s resident medievalist, helped me with translations of the governor’s Latin quotations, while Dr. Sara Butler helped me with the French quotations. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Jill and Charley Duffy, for the innumerable hours they spent copy-editing and reviewing drafts of this work, and my sister, Erin Duffy, for just being there with constant words of encouragement. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements....................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents......................................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... v Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2: A Man of the American Enlightenment .................................................... 25 Chapter 3: The Religious Schisms.............................................................................. 59 Chapter 4: Indian Affairs .......................................................................................... 110 Chapter 5: The Charter Struggles ............................................................................. 145 Chapter 6: Conclusion............................................................................................... 180 Note on Sources ........................................................................................................ 188 Select Bibliography................................................................................................... 195 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AHR American Historical Review AAS American Antiquarian Society AAS Proc. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society BPL Boston Public Library CSM Colonial Society of Massachusetts CSM Pub. Colonial Society of Massachusetts Publications Eg. Egerton Manuscript Collection, British Museum Eng. Hist. Rev. English Historical Review HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationary Office JAH Journal of American History JBS Journal of British Studies JER Journal of the Early Republic JMH Journal of Modern History Mass. Arch. Massachusetts Archives MHS Coll. Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society MHS Proc . Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society MHS Massachusetts Historical Society NEHGR New England Historical and Genealogical Register NEHGS New England Historical and Genealogical Society NEQ New England Quarterly PRO Public Record Office, London, England NYHS New York Historical Society RIHS Rhode Island Historical Society WMQ William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Thomas Hutchinson was the last royal governor of Massachusetts and a Loyalist who died an exile in England in 1780. Unlike other leading Loyalists, Hutchinson came from an old-line Massachusetts family, which had been in the province almost from its inception, and had played key roles in its government throughout its history. 1 As governor of America’s most turbulent province, 1 The Hutchinsons arrived in colonial Massachusetts in September 1634, in the persons of Mistress Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643) and her husband, William (1586-1642). Puritan followers of the preacher John Cotton, Anne and William were already fairly wealthy upon their arrival in the New World, and were assigned one of Boston’s most valuable plots of land. (Thwing Manuscript Filing Index, based on Suffolk Deeds and Boston Town Records, MHS). William prospered in business, and Anne
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