DOCSLIB.ORG

Network Matters

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Network Matters OUTLETS MATTER AN ENTHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF AN ORGANIZED CLANDESTINE CHINESE IMMIGRANT SOCIAL NETWORK IN THE UNITED STATES A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ___________________________________________________________ By SHUDONG ZHANG Professor John Galliher, Dissertation Supervisor December 2009 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the Dissertation entitled OUTLETS MATTER AN ENTHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF AN ORGANIZED CLANDESTINE CHINESE IMMIGRANT SOCIAL NETWORK IN THE UNITED STATES Presented by Shudong Zhang, A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor John F. Galliher _____________________________________________________________ Professor Jay Gubrium _____________________________________________________________ Professor Tola O. Pearce _____________________________________________________________ Professor Wayne Brekhus Professor Edwards H. Hunvald Jr. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply grateful to all of my committee members for their time and commitment to this dissertation. I am especially thankful to my adviser Dr. John F. Galliher, whose gracious support throughout my academic years has not only enlightened me, but also allowed this project and my dream for academic achievement to become a reality. Dr. John Galliher has guided me through with valuable guidance, constant support, tolerance, and encouragement during the course of this research. It has been a very productive learning experience to work with him under his wisdom and love. Special appreciation is also extended to my committee members who provided invaluable help for me in the completion of the project and throughout my academic program: Professor Ibitola Pearce, Professor Jay Gubrium, Professor Wayne Brekhus, and Professor Edward Hunvald for their time to review my work, gave me helpful comments, and served on my committee. I want express my appreciation to Dr. Colin Wark, and all other colleagues for their insightful advice and help. Appreciations are extended to many other people who help me in this project. ii This project is dedicated to my parents, my sister and my family for their love, support, and inspiration. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………….…ii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………vi I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………1 Problem Statement………………………………………………………....1 Background…………………………………………………………….…..3 Purpose of the Study……………………………………………………...15 Research Questions……………………………………………………….16 Significance of the Study…………………………………………………18 Outline of Research Methods…………………………………………......20 Chapter Summary…………………………………………………………21 II. REVIEW OF THE LETERATURE…………………………………...…23 Overview……………………………………………………………….…23 The history of Chinese immigration in the US……………………….…..23 The current status of Chinese immigrants………………………….…….25 The landmark case of Golden Venture…………………………………...29 Theoretical Frameworks………………………………………………….30 III. DATA, PORPOSED RESEARCH MODEL, AND METHODOLOGY..40 Overview: Data Sources, Data Collection, and Analysis………………...40 Interviews and Field Trips………………………………………………..41 Research Data, Method Design and Methodology……………………….43 Site Selection, Subject Selection, Data Collection, Subject Protection…..43 Representativeness and Reliability………………………………………..46 iv Secondary Sources of Data ……………………..………………..……..48 IV. AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF CHICAGO‘S LABOR PLACES...48 V. FINDINGS……………………………………………….……………...54 Introduction of Findings...………………………………...…………….55 Discussion of Findings………………………………………………….55 Summary of Study Findings……………………………………………74 VI. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………75 VII. IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS, AND FUTURE STUDIES……....77 Sample Size and Representativeness…………………………….……...77 Study Limitations and Future Studies…………………………….……..77 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………..….80 APPENDIXES………………………………………………………..….….89 A: In-depth Interview Core Questions……………………...…….…..89 B: Cast of characters…………………………………………………..…90 C: Transcript of Interviews (16 subjects) & (Representative Narratives)……………………………………………………………….…....92 VITA……………………………………………………………………....100 v OUTLETS MATTER AN ENTHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF AN ORGANIZED CLANDESTINE CHINESE IMMIGRANT SOCIAL NETWORK IN THE UNITED STATES Shudong Zhang Dr. John Galliher, Dissertation Supervisor Abstract Recent government statistics shows an astonishing figure of illegal Chinese workers coming into the US every year. Reportedly, it represents only a portion of the Chinese illegally residing in the United States. There exist multiple layers of barriers, such as the Pacific Ocean and other cultural and language obstacles. The question would be why, how, and who kept coming? The ethnographic study of Chinese workers is to reveal the patterns of social network that has been operating well in the process. The network is a broader sense network from societal level, including three dimensions: nodes, ties and outlets. The network must also be treated as the mediator for economic incentive in order to fully understand illegal Chinese immigration in the US. The study also finds that cultural and network patterns are the most important determinant of the illegal Chinese Immigrant to US. A social network analysis exhibits that the network structure is so special and encompasses at least four key outlets in the system. vi These findings have important theoretical and practical implications. The research contributes to the theoretical development in light of discovering a unique three dimensional network pattern within Chinese ethnic immigrants‘ culture, different from the universally accepted traditional two elements network analysis-either in a ―whole ecological network‖, or an ―egocentric network‖. In practice, the study findings strongly suggest the significance of such network as to immigration culture. It provides the bedrock for the whole system and gives rise to the issue of illegal immigration. Namely, if the criminal justice system cuts the sustainable network off at any level, there would be no more illegal Chinese immigrants. The findings show specifics of the type of social network that is the fount and matrix of Chinese clandestine immigration systems. vii "I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this Government, I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. …We have before us many long months of toil and struggle. -Winston Churchill May 1940 I. Introduction. Statement of the Problem This dissertation will analyze the network patterns of illegal Chinese immigrants primarily in the last twenty years. In particular, it will be an attempt to present not only who are the major players in the network, but how, and why illegal Chinese have kept coming to the US in the last two decades based on it. From a sociological perspective, it will serve as an endeavor of comprehensive investigation into the complex issue of illegal immigration, social networking, and ethnic culture. My analyses are premised on three types of data sources. Two are primary sources, and one is secondary source. The primaries include in-depth interviews with sixteen Chinese immigrants currently living in the US. They all came to the States without proper documentation, namely they entered the states illegally, but have all obtained legal status after going through successful immigration legal proceeding. The other primary data come out of my participant observation of several labor markets inside Chinatown at the cities where I focused my research. I paid several visits to these fields specifically to collect the data. The secondary data are ―mass media‖ sources. They include numerous newspaper articles about Chinese illegal immigration in New York Times dated during the last two decades. 1 The basic research question is: what is it that is special about illegal Chinese immigration, who are the major players in the network, and why and how have they kept coming to the US? In researching the primary data I intend to track individual‘s life experience as to what has to be told and what can be discovered. Through their narratives and my observation in the field my primary goal is to flesh out cultural patterns of illegal Chinese immigration in the last twenty years. The time period was chosen because it is the span in which most Chinese illegal immigrations occur.1 The year 1989 was a landmark year for China, as well as to the western world. It was in the year that Tiananmen Square Protest2 for democracy was bloodily cracked down by the Party. However, it did echo the call for reformative policy and tear open the gate to a period of time when the Chinese people escaped ―the Caged Era‖3 (1949-1978), broke through ―the Gated Era‖4 (1978-1989), and entered into ―the Open-Door Era‖5 (1989-2009) with gradual but steady increase of 1 Statistics from previous researchers estimated around 300,000 Chinese were smuggled into US from 1991-2000, among which about half entered during one three-year period in 1991, 1992, and 1993. Other sources, including those in the US intelligence community put the estimate at around 30,000 a year. 2 Tiananmen Square protest for democracy erupted in 1989 and created a period of political confrontation between the Party and the public. The movement was rapidly cracked down by the Party. But it did gradually change the political and economic culture in China since then. For details please see: Tiananmen
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2015 Inventory of Library by Categories Penny Kittle
    2015 Inventory of Library by Categories Penny Kittle The World: Asia, India, Africa, The Middle East, South America & The Caribbean, Europe, Canada Asia & India Escape from Camp 14: One Man’s Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West by Blaine Harden Behind the Beautiful Forevers: Life, Death, and Hope in a Mumbai Undercity by Katherine Boo Life of Pi by Yann Martel Boxers & Saints by Geneluen Yang American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang The Orphan Master’s Son by Adam Johnson A Fine Balance by Rohinton Mistry Jakarta Missing by Jane Kurtz The Buddah in the Attic by Julie Otsuka First They Killed My Father by Loung Ung A Step From Heaven by Anna Inside Out & Back Again by Thanhha Lai Slumdog Millionaire by Vikas Swarup The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri Unaccustomed Earth by Jhumpa Lahiri The Rape of Nanking by Iris Chang Girl in Translation by Jean Kwok The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan The Reason I Jump by Naoki Higashida Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea by Barbara Demick Q & A by Vikas Swarup Never Fall Down by Patricia McCormick A Moment Comes by Jennifer Bradbury Wave by Sonali Deraniyagala White Tiger by Aravind Adiga Africa What is the What by Dave Eggers They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky by Deng, Deng & Ajak Memoirs of a Boy Soldier by Ishmael Beah Radiance of Tomorrow by Ishmael Beah Running the Rift by Naomi Benaron Say You’re One of Them by Uwem Akpan Cutting for Stone by Abraham Verghese Desert Flower: The Extraordinary Journey of a Desert Nomad by Waris Dirie The Milk of Birds by Sylvia Whitman The
    [Show full text]
  • Submitted for the Phd Degree at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
    THE CHINESE SHORT STORY IN 1979: AN INTERPRETATION BASED ON OFFICIAL AND NONOFFICIAL LITERARY JOURNALS DESMOND A. SKEEL Submitted for the PhD degree at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1995 ProQuest Number: 10731694 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731694 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 A b s t ra c t The short story has been an important genre in 20th century Chinese literature. By its very nature the short story affords the writer the opportunity to introduce swiftly any developments in ideology, theme or style. Scholars have interpreted Chinese fiction published during 1979 as indicative of a "change" in the development of 20th century Chinese literature. This study examines a number of short stories from 1979 in order to determine the extent of that "change". The first two chapters concern the establishment of a representative database and the adoption of viable methods of interpretation. An important, although much neglected, phenomenon in the make-up of 1979 literature are the works which appeared in so-called "nonofficial" journals.
    [Show full text]
  • YOUR SOURCE for CT Fishing Information
    Share the Experience—Take Someone Fishing • APRIL 8 Opening Day Trout Fishing 2017 CONNECTICUT ANGLER’S GUIDE INLAND & MARINE FISHING »New Marine Regulations for 2017 See page 58 YOUR SOURCE For CT Fishing Information Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection www.ct.gov/deep/fishing FISHING REGULATIONS GUIDE - GA TRIM: . 8˝ X 10-1/2˝ (AND VARIOUS OTHER STATES) BLEED: . 8-1/4˝ X 10-3/4˝ SAFETY: . 7˝ X 10˝ TRIM TRIM SAFETY TRIM BLEED BLEED SAFETY BLEED BLEED TRIM TRIM SAFETY SAFETY SAFETY SAFETY TRIM TRIM BLEED BLEED TRIM TRIM TRIM BLEED BLEED SAFETY SAFETY Client: Progressive Job No: 16D00890 Created by: Dalon Wolford Applications: InDesign CC, Adobe Photoshop CC, Adobe Illustrator CC Job Description: Full Page, 4 Color Ad Document Name: Bass ad / Fishing Regulations Guide - GA and various other states Final Trim Size: 7-7/8˝ X 10-1/2˝ Final Bleed: 8-1/8˝ X 10-13/16˝ Safety: 7˝ X 10˝ Date Created: 11/7/16 2017 CONNECTICUT ANGLER’S GUIDE INLAND REGULATIONS INLAND & MARINE FISHING Easy two-step process: 1. Check the REGULATION TABLE (page 21) for general statewide Contents regulations. General Fishing Information 2. Look up the waterbody in the LAKE AND PONDS Directory of Services Phone Numbers .............................2 (pages 32–41) or RIVERS AND STREAMS (pages 44–52) Licenses .......................................................................... 10 listings to find any special regulations. Permits ............................................................................ 11 National Saltwater Registry Program ............................. 11 Trophy Fish Award Affidavit ............................................ 12 Trophy Fish Awards ......................................................... 13 Bait and Tackle Shops .................................................... 14 Law Enforcement ............................................................ 16 Are The Fish I Catch Safe To Eat? .................................. 17 Aquatic Invasive Species .........................................
    [Show full text]
  • FAO Aquaculture Newsletter 32
    In the morning of 26th December 2004, a devastating Tsunami of incredible magnitude struck 12 countries in South East and South Asia, East Africa and the Indian Ocean. This natural disaster caused varying degrees of damage to lives, livelihoods, infrastructure and economies in India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Somalia and the Seychelles. The countries worse hit were Indonesia and Sri Lanka; India and Thailand also suffered significant damage. The incident, which occurred for only a few minutes in each country, took more than 290 000 lives and devastated many fisheries and coastal aquaculture in all the affected countries. Reports indicate that in Sri Lanka over 70 percent of the coastal fishing capability has been lost, and in Banda Aceh in Indonesia, besides serious damage to fisheries, almost 50 000 ha of aquaculture facilities have been destroyed. The Thai and Indian marine cage culture and shrimp aquaculture (including hatcheries) sectors have also suffered significant damages. The loss in human life is staggering and can never be adequately compensated, but rebuilding the fisheries and aquaculture sector is possible and necessary. In partnership with other agencies, FAO is helping affected countries by providing emergency assistance for relief, rehabilitation, planning and rebuilding of the fisheries sectors under an agency-wide, multilateral assistance programme supported by many countries and development agencies. In doing so, FAO will ensure that the relief and rehabilitation efforts will improve the capacity of the local people to be better prepared for similar natural disasters. The assistance programme is implemented in accordance with the national rehabilitation and rebuilding plans, and in collaboration and consultation with the stakeholders.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Michigan Invasive Species Grant Program
    2020 Michigan Invasive Species Grant Program MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES MISSION STATEMENT "The Michigan Department of Natural Resources is committed to the conservation, protection, management, use and enjoyment of the state's natural and cultural resources for current and future generations." NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION STATEMENT The Natural Resources Commission (NRC), has the exclusive authority to regulate the taking of game and sportfish, and is authorized to designate game species and authorize the establishment of the first open season for animals. The NRC holds monthly, public meetings throughout Michigan, working closely with its constituencies in establishing and improving natural resources management policy. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR) provides equal opportunities for employment and access to Michigan's natural resources. Both State and Federal laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, disability, age, sex, height, weight or marital status under the U.S. Civil Rights Acts of 1964 as amended, 1976 MI PA 453, 1976 MI PA 220, Title V of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 as amended, and the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act, as amended. If you believe that you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility, or if you desire additional information, please write: Human Resources, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, PO Box 30028, Lansing MI 48909-7528, or Michigan Department of Civil Rights, Cadillac Place, 3054 West Grand Blvd, Suite 3-600, Detroit, MI 48202. For information or assistance on this publication, contact: Michigan Department of Natural Resources Office of Grants Management P.O. Box 30425 Lansing MI 48909-7925 Phone: 517-284-7268 This publication is available in alternative formats upon request.
    [Show full text]
  • Rotunda ROM Magazine Subject Index V. 1 (1968) – V. 42 (2009)
    Rotunda ROM Magazine Subject Index v. 1 (1968) – v. 42 (2009) 2009.12.02 Adam (Biblical figure)--In art: Hickl-Szabo, H. "Adam and Eve." Rotunda 2:4 (1969): 4-13. Aesthetic movement (Art): Kaellgren, P. "ROM answers." Rotunda 31:1 (1998): 46-47. Afghanistan--Antiquities: Golombek, L. "Memories of Afghanistan: as a student, our writer realized her dream of visiting the exotic lands she had known only through books and slides: thirty-five years later, she recalls the archaeoloigical treasures she explored in a land not yet ruined by tragedy." Rotunda 34:3 (2002): 24-31. Akhenaton, King of Egypt: Redford, D.B. "Heretic Pharoah: the Akhenaten Temple Project." Rotunda 17:3 (1984): 8-15. Kelley, A.L. "Pharoah's temple to the sun: archaeologists unearth the remains of the cult that failed." Rotunda 9:4 (1976): 32-39. Alabaster sculpture: Hickl-Szabo, H. "St. Catherine of Alexandria: memorial to Gerard Brett." Rotunda 3:3 (1970): 36-37. Keeble, K.C. "Medieval English alabasters." Rotunda 38:2 (2005): 14-21. Alahan Manastiri (Turkey): Gough, M. "They carved the stone: the monastery of Alahan." Rotunda 11:2 (1978): 4-13. Albertosaurus: Carr, T.D. "Baby face: ROM Albertosaurus reveals new findings on dinosaur development." Rotunda 34:3 (2002): 5. Alexander, the Great, 356-323 B.C.: Keeble, K.C. "The sincerest form of flattery: 17th-century French etchings of the battles of Alexander the Great." Rotunda 16:1 (1983): 30-35. Easson, A.H. "Macedonian coinage and its Hellenistic successors." Rotunda 15:4 (1982): 29-31. Leipen, N. "The search for Alexander: from the ROM collections." Rotunda 15:4 (1982): 23-28.
    [Show full text]
  • The Virginia Wetlands Report the Virginia Wetlands Report
    Summer 2004 TheThe VirginiaVirginia Vol. 19, No. 2 WetlandsWetlands ReportReport Preserving The Bay’s Living Shorelines A Growing Grass-roots Effort By Tom Barnard he shores of the Chesapeake Bay, particular, the complex interrelated na- tions between the upland riparian envi- T and in particular the myriad of ture of the upland and aquatic systems. ronments (e.g. the forested buffer) and smaller creeks and guts that run inland However, the “armoring” of the shore- the marshes, tidal flats and shallow off its four major rivers, have for thou- line against erosion, with the accompa- water habitat. This, in turn, can lead to sands of years been buffered and pro- nying loss of most of the living aspects the drowning of fringe wetlands as sea tected from the forces of erosion by of the shoreline, continues at an ex- level rises and the marsh can not move communities of salt tolerant landward (up slope) or trap sedi- grasses, sedges and shrubs, collec- ments running off the land, to com- tively called tidal marshes. At the pensate for the rising water levels. same time, these natural communi- The eventual result is that the ties have served important ecologi- marsh is drowned and lost from the cal functions, as nurseries, habitat system. There are alternative ap- and primary food source for valu- proaches available which utilize able bay fauna such as fishes and “softer” more natural shoreline blue crabs. They also serve to filter treatments or incorporate aspects sediments and other pollutants of the living landscape while mini- running off the adjacent uplands.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth Performance, Length-Weight Relationship of Snakehead Fish Channa Striata (Bloch) Fed with Different Diets
    International Journal of Zoological Investigations Vol. 4, No. 1, 81- 87 (2018) _______________________________________________________________________________________ International Journal of Zoological Investigations Contents available at Journals Home Page: www.ijzi.net ISSN: 2454-3055 Growth Performance, Length-Weight Relationship of Snakehead Fish Channa striata (Bloch) Fed With Different Diets Sugumaran E.1*, Shabeena B.2 and Radhakrishnan M.V.3 1Department of Zoology, Anand Arts and Science College, Thiruvannamalai, Tamilnadu, India 2Hebron Matriculation school, Manchampoondi, Thiruvannamalai, Tamilnadu, India 3Department of Zoology, Chikkanna Government Arts College, Tiruppur, Tamilnadu, India *Corresponding Author Received: 7th june 2018 Accepted: 22nd June 2018 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: A ninety day feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of different diets on the growth, specific growth rate of Murrel Channa striata. Triplicate groups of C. striata with average initial body weight of 11.02 g were fed with three isonitrogenous diets of 2% of wet body weight. Maximum weight gain was recorded with diet having 59.75% rice bran, 10.50% mustard cake, 12.25% groundnut cake, 10.25% soybean meal, 1.5% vitamin-mineral mixture and 0.5% salt with specific growth rate of 0.413. Keywords: Channa striata, Formulated diets, Growth, Length–Weight relationship ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • China Assessment October 2001
    CHINA COUNTRY ASSESSMENT October 2001 Country Information and Policy Unit CONTENTS 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.5 2. GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.26 Geographical area 2.1 - Jiangxi province 2.2 - 2.16 Population 2.17 Names / Surnames / clan names 2.18 - 2.20 Language 2.21 - 2.26 3. HISTORY 3.1 –3.54 pre-1993: 3.1 - 3.2 1966-76 Cultural Revolution 3.3 - 3.5 1978-89 and economic reform 3.6 - 3.9 1989 Tiananmen Square 3.10 - 3.12 Post-Tiananmen 3.13 -3.14 1993-present: 3.15 - 3.33 Crime and corruption 3.15 - 3.24 Criminal activity 3.25 - 3.28 Government leadership 3.29 Economic reform 3.30 - 3.34 Currency 3.35 1999: Anniversaries 3.36 - 3.37 International relations 3.38 - 3.39 "One country, two systems" issues 3.40 - 3.54 Relations with Taiwan 3.40 - 3.43 Hong Kong: 3.44 - 3.46 Elections 3.47 Dissidence 3.48 -3.50 Mainland born children 3.51 Vietnamese boat people 3.52 Macao 3.53 - 3.54 IV: INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE 4.1 - 4.49 Government and the Constitution 4.1 - 4.20 Political structure 4.4 General overview 4.6 - 4.10 Village committees 4.11 - 4.19 Neighbourhood committees 4.20 Legal framework 4.21 Criminal Law 4.23 Criminal Procedure Law 4.25 State Compensation Law 4.25 Regulation changes 4.28 Appeals 4.29 Land law 4.34 Security situation 4.37 - 4.33 Shelter and investigation 4.38 Re-education through labour 4.39 Police 4.40 - 4.46 Armed Forces, Military conscription and desertion 4.47 - 4.49 5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Model Minority Myth and Unauthorized Asian Immigrants
    An Invisibility Cloak: The Model Minority Myth and Unauthorized Asian Immigrants Denny Chan* Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1281 I. The Case for Unauthorized Immigration as a Latino Issue ............................... 1282 A. Evidence from the World Wide Web ..................................................... 1283 B. Legislative Evidence ................................................................................... 1283 C. Public Commentary .................................................................................... 1287 II. Reasons Why Latinos and the Unauthorized Are Conflated ........................... 1288 A. Powerful Numbers and Rapid Growth ................................................... 1288 B. Geographic Proximity ................................................................................ 1290 C. Economic Factors ....................................................................................... 1290 D. Classism and Colorism .............................................................................. 1291 III. Asian Americans and Unauthorized Immigration ............................................ 1293 A. Discrimination Against Asian Americans and Asian Immigrants ...... 1293 B. Asian Immigrants with Unauthorized Status ......................................... 1295 C. The Model Minority Myth at Work ......................................................... 1298 Conclusion: Thoughts on Interracial
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics of Chinese Human Smugglers: a Cross-National Study, Final Report
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Characteristics of Chinese Human Smugglers: A Cross-National Study, Final Report Author(s): Sheldon Zhang ; Ko-lin Chin Document No.: 200607 Date Received: 06/24/2003 Award Number: 99-IJ-CX-0028 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE HUMAN SMUGGLERS ---A CROSS-NATIONAL STUDY to the United States Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Grant # 1999-IJ-CX-0028 Principal Investigator: Dr. Sheldon Zhang San Diego State University Department of Sociology 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92 182-4423 Tel: (619) 594-5449; Fax: (619) 594-1325 Email: [email protected] Co-Principal Investigator: Dr. Ko-lin Chin School of Criminal Justice Rutgers University Newark, NJ 07650 Tel: (973) 353-1488 (Office) FAX: (973) 353-5896 (Fa) Email: kochinfGl,andronieda.rutgers.edu- This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Insight TF Nstlr
    November 2005 ■ No. 7 SUMMARY Beginning with immigration inspectors who patrolled on horseback, border US Border Enforcement: enforcement traditionally has focused on the Southwest border. The issue From Horseback grew in prominence during the 1970s following the implementation of per- to High-Tech country limits on legal immigration and the earlier termination of the US- Deborah Waller Meyers Mexican Bracero program. Border Patrol funding has grown more than I. Introduction 500 percent over the last two decades, as legislative and policy Borders are a concrete representation of a nation’s statehood, changes (including 1986 immigration as each state seeks to control entries into its sovereign terri- reform and a new 1994 border tory. Indeed, the ultimate responsibility of a government is to control strategy of “prevention safeguard the security and well-being of its citizens. In the through deterrence”) specified minds of the American public, the term “border enforce- concentrated and enhanced personnel ment” conjures images of Border Patrol agents in green uni- and technological resources. During forms, trying to prevent the entry of drugs, thugs, and illegal this time, immigration control and immigrants along a relatively uncontrolled, and at times drug enforcement efforts at the chaotic, US-Mexico border. And for most of the 20th century, border became intertwined, and that was an accurate characterization, as enforcement military tactics and equipment were resources were allocated in that manner. adapted for both efforts. Genuine border enforcement, however, consists of integrating The scope of border enforcement the work, resource allocation, and information capacity of all efforts widened approaching the ports of entry—including northern and southern land bor- millennium to include the northern ders, airports, and seaports—as well as the territory between border, airports, and seaports.
    [Show full text]