1., DECLARATION OF IGNATIUS CIDNN IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANTS' MOTIO:X FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT OR, ALTERNATIVELY, FOR SUMMARy ADJUDICATION ON PLAINTIFFS' AMEi'U)ED COMPLAINT 1 -BILL LOCKYER Attorney General. of the State of California 2 STACYBO"U'LWAREEURJE Senior .L\.ssistant Attorney General 3 Ct-m..rSTOPHER E. KRUEGER Supervising Deputy Attorney General 4 DOUGLAS 1. WOODS, State Bw.' Ko. 161531 Deputy Attorney General 5 13001 Street, Sl.1ite 125 P.O. Box 944255 6 Sacramento, CA 94244-2.550 Telephone: (916) 324-4663 7 Fax: (916) 324-5567 E-mail: [email protected] 8 , Attorneys for Defendall.ts ATTORNEY GENERAL 9 BILL LOCKYER., the STATE OF CALIFORl."'\fIA, and CALlFO,Rt\1JA DEPARTM:ENT OF JUSTICE 10
11 STJPERIOR COl;"'R T OF C.ALIFORNIA 12 COlJNTY OF FRESKO 13 14 EDWARD W. HUNT, in his official capacity-as CaseKo.OICECG03182 IS District Attorney of Fres.o.o County, and in his personal capacity as a citizen and taxpayer, et ai, DECLARATION OF IG)lATrr:;S 1"6 CHlNN IN SUPPORT OF DEFE:r...1>ANrS~ MOTIOJX FOR 17 SID1MARY JUDGMENT OR, Plaintiffs, ALTERNATfVELY~FOR 18 I SUMMARY ADJUDrCATION ON PLAL"'ITIFFS~ AMENDED 19 Y. CO).fpLAINT
20 Date: February 1, 2007 Time: 3:30 p.m. 2 j STATE OF CALIFORNIA, et aL, Dept: 72 22 Defendants. Before the Honorable Alan Simpson
23
24: 1, Ign.atius Chlrln) declare: 25 1. I am. a Special Agent Supervisor employed by tbe California. Department of Justice
2~ ("DOJ")~ and have been so employed f<[t the past 15 years. 111C matters set forth in this
, - 27 , declaration are true of my own knowledge~ and if called as a wimess, I coulp. and would tcst1-fy
28 I competently thereto.
1 Deal. of Ignatius Chinn in Support of Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment 01' Summary Adjudic.al:ion 1 i 2. Currcnt1y~ I am assigned to the DOJ Fireanus Division., where I l1ave been assigned for
2 the past·six years. Prior to my employment with DOJ. I was a police officer for the City of
3 Oak1and~ California for 11 years. In 1982, I. was promoted to Sergeant of Police and was
4 assigned for nine 5 I was assigned to the Burglary Section~ the Undercover Theft Recovery Unit~ the Narcotics o Section, the Auto Theft Section~ the RobbeJ.',Y Section, and the Gang Unit. During my career, I 7 have vvnttell, serve~ and assisted in the preparation and execution of hundreds of search 8 warrants for narcotics and/or dangerous dnLgs) stolen property material evidence in criminal 9 cascs~ 3.t1d machine gun and firea.nns violations. Ii) 3. Over the past 30 years, I have been lllvolved in at least 200 firearms investigations 11 involving mega! transactions~ illegal machine gun conversions. and assault weapons sales and 12 possession violations. From 1974 through 1987~ Thad au off.:duty job as a parHUne gLllHepair 13 analyst at an Oakland gun store. During my employment at this store~ I leamt:d fireanns 14 identificaHon nomenclature and repair. I attended numerous nreanns classes givcn by munerous 15 gun. manufacturers, such as Glock, Colt, and Smith and vy~esson. I also later attended l:;tw 16 enforcement fireanns classes concerning firearms violati·ons~ given by the United States .A.rmy, 17 the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco Wld F~, 18 which is noW the Bureau of .A1cohol~ Tobacco, Firear.rns and Explosives C'ATF") Investigations 19 in my present position have primarily Involved individuals who possess, buy, and sell :flrea.nns 20 illegally, either because the transactions violate ·state or federa11aw or the flrearms themselves are 21 illegal. I am fiui:ill..iarwith methods used by people to alter firearms l'ecords and illegally transfer 22 .firearms. AIso~ I am all expert:in identification of assault weapons and other dangerous and 23 deadly weapons. I have been qualified as an expert in rirearms identification and nomenclatu.Te 24 : before the Marin COllllty Grand Jury, the United States Federal Grand Jury (San Fnmcisco), the 2S United States District Court, Eastern District of California,. and the Superior Court: in the 26 following counties: Alameda., Amador, Ca1averas, EI Dorado, Lake, Los Angeles) Monterey, 27 Nevada, Kings., Fresno) Sacramento, San Francisco~ Orange. San Mateo, and Tulare. 28 4. T am familiar with this lawsuit and with the Assault Weapons Control Act (the "Act") 2 DecL ofIgnatius Chinn in Support of Defendm1:S I Motion for SUm.n:HII)' JudgmentoI Summ.:,u;1 Adjudication I desCl1bed in the lawsuit. In particular. I am familiar with the amendments to the Act estabJisbed 2. .' by Senate Bil123~ Chapter 129 of the Statutes of 1999 ("SB 23"). Among other things. SB 23 3 created Penal Code section 12276.1, which for the first time defined. assault weapons by 4 referert.ce to objective design ch.aracter.istics, in addition to the existing list of assault weapons 5 : already identified by manufactu:rer' md model. As Special Agent Superv:isor. and an assault 6' weapons expert in the Fireanns Division, I was directly involved in the initial drafting and 7 su.bsequent revisions of the assault weapoll characteristic definitiorl in the 'rDepruiment of tt S Justice Reg1J1ations foi; Assault Weapons and Large Capacity Magazines" (the "Rcgulations ). 9 , whi.ch are set forth in Chapter 12.8 of Title 11 of the CaIifomia COde of Regulations (beginning 10 with sectio1l978.10). , 11 Definition of f!FJash SuppressDrTl "12 5. Under Penal Co·de section 12276.1(a)(1)(E)~ the Legislature listed "flash suppressor" as 13 one of the fireann features that can dctennine whether a:fi.rearm is an assault weapon. III section 14 978.20(b) of the Regulations, DOJ defuled "flash sup?ressor" as meaning "any device designed._ is intended, or that functi0ns to perceptibly reduce or redirect muzzle flash iTom the shooter's field 16 ofvisjon.11 In the first, secon~ and sixth causes of action in this lawsuit, plaintiffs challenge: this 17 definition of r'flash suppressor." They claim it unlawfully alters and expands the well~estab1ishcd t 18 meaning ofllie term "flash suppressor • and, in doing so, un1~w.fu1ly exprulds the meaning of 19 Penal Code section 12276.1(a)(1)(E). Plaintiffs also claim that the definition ls fatally vague 20 :. because h does not provide specific measurement standards for determining whether particular 21 features qualify as flash suppressors. FitlaUy, plaintiffs also claim that-DOJ has issued nuings 22 . and taken actions that are inconsistent "With the definition set forth in section 978.20(b). 23 6. In regard to measurement standards, DOr's position is that the absence of a 24 ,measurement provision in the Statute and regulation does not render the "flash suppressor" 2S defInition invalid. The absence of specific measurement standards demonstrates the legislative 26 intent to include devices thai reduce or redirect any amount offlash~ and nO administrative 27 regulation may alter a. statute or enlarge or impair its scope. DOJ would thus have exceeded its 28 authQrity ifit had established a standard that permitted some percentage or amount offlash " Ii' Decl. of Ignatius Chinn in Support of Defendmts , MOti:n for Swntl1.al)' Judgment or Summa.-y Adjudication 1 suppression. 2 7. Accordingly, DOJ detennlnGS whether a particular feature or device is a -flash 3 5U.ppres~or as defined in section 978.20(0) by inspecting the device, revi~ material regarding 4 the device provided by the ma:n.ufacturer or othenyise, andlor consulting with ATF'. In particular. S DOJ determines whether a particular device is a flash suppressor under the regulatory definition 6 by following a step-by-step analysis. In nearly all instances to date, DO] has been abLe to 7 determine that the device in qU,estion is a flash suppressor in the initial stage of the analysis, 8 without needing to proceed further in the determjn.ation process. 9 8. The first step is detennination of whether the device ill question is desl@ed or 10 intended to percepL"ibly reduce or redirect muzzle flash fronl the shooter's field of vision. The 11 assigned FiremnlS Division persomlel examine the device and review material produced by the 12 rrumufacturcroftbe device to see what. the manufacturer has said publicly about i~s designed or 13 intended uses for the device. Manufacturer materials reviewed can include brochures and 14 . packaging provided witb the device, advertisi.ng materials, web sites, and point-of~sale or other 15 marketing materials. If appropriate, Firea.mJ.s Division personnel directly contact the 16 m..mufacturer to determine its intended purpose for the device. Industry pttbJications are also 17 reviewed to obtain.infonnation as to the designed or intended uses for the device. If it is 18 deteonined that the device in question was designed or intended to perceptibly reduce or redirect 19 muzzle flash from the shooter's field ofvislon~ then the device is determined to be a flash , 20! suppressor~ and the inquiry is at an end. 21 9. If, however, it is detennilled that the devic.e ill question was not designed or intended to 22 perceptibly reduce or redirect muz~le flash from the shooter's field of vision, then the analysis 23" proceeds to a detcnnination of whether the device nonetheless fonctions to perceptibly reduce or 24 redirect muzzle flash from the shooter's field ofvisiol1. Depending on the device, inspection of 25 the device may establish that it does not function to perceptibly reduce orredirect muzzle flash 26 from the shooter~s field of vision. Ifit is determined that the device in question does not function 27' . to perceptibly reduce or redirect muzzle flash from the shooter's field of vision, then the device is 28 determined not to be a flash suppressor, :and the inquiry is at an end. 4 Decl. of Ignatiu.q ChiIlll in Support ofDefen.:hmts' Motion for Summary Judgment or Summary Adjudication 1 10. If, however, at this stage,. Firearms Divisi,onpersonne1 were unable to determine 2 .. whether a particLtlar deviee functions t9 perceptibly reduce or redirect muzzle flash from the .' 3 shooter's field of vision based on inspection oillie device! they would then consult with ATF. 4 11, Plaintiffs have claimed that there is no way to deterinine whether a device functions to 5 perceptibLy reduce or redirect muzzle :flash from the shooter's field oIvision without test-fIring 6 .' the weapon~ and that test-firing is impractical.. DOJ does not perfolm any test-firing to 'determine I 7 whether a device functions to perceptibly reduce or redirect ,muzzle flash lmDl. the shooter~s field 8 of vision, and has never had any need to do so. Ifthere were any need for test-firing to detenl1ine 9 wh.ether a. particul3r device functions to perceptibly reduce or redirect muzzle flash from the 10 ' shootc.r's field of vision, POJ would rely upon ATF. Short of test-firing. ordinary available 11 methods for determining whether a particular device functions to perceptiblY reduce or redirect 12 muzzle flash from the shootel"s field of vision include inspection of the devi.ce, consultation with 13 DOr or ATF, and review of product literature provided by the marn.uactuter or distributed by tbe 14 industry. 15 12. Plaintiffs have also questioned whether it is even possible to evaluate whether a 16 particular device functions to perceptibly reduce or redirect muzzle flash from the shooter's fieJd , 17 of vision, given the possible variations in firearm and ammunition characteristics and shooter 18 usage. There are many variables as to fireanu and ammunition characteristics' and shooter usage 19 : that may! in combination~ affect whether a device functions to perceptibly reduce otJ'edirect flash 20 from the shooter·'s field of vision. As suggested by plaintiffs) such variables include the: burning 21 rate of the powder used, the length of the harre~ cartridge, caliber, bullet weight~ how the firearm 22 is held, and type of sights. lfthe se1ection of any variable makes a perceptible differcnce~ , 23 determination ofwhcther a device functions to perceptibly reduce or redirect flash from. the 24 shooter's field of vision assumes typical shooti\lg usage, and assumes the chm-acteristics of 25 commonly available firearms and ammunition. Ofcourse~ a shooter's actual usage ofa deVIce so 26 that it functions to perceptibly reduce or redirect flash from th~ shooter's field of vision would 27 render the device a flash suppressor in that instance~ even if the shooter's usage is unusual in 28 some way and features of the particular fireann and ammunition are uncommon. . 5 . Oed. of Ignatius Chinn in Support of Defendants> Motion for Summary J udgmeut or Sure::n.:U'''j Adjudicatio:t ,., I 13. Plaintiffs have claimed in this matter that, aside from the definition of "flash 2 suppressor" in the Regulations. 'I:here was already an established industry definition of the term 3 "flash suppressor" which does not include "muzzle brakes" and "compensators.1' Plaintiffs 4,' correspondingly claim tb.at DOTs definition ofrrflash suppressor" is overly broad because it 5 includes certain muzzle brakes and compensators. Prior to the Legislature's enactment of Penal 6 Code section 12276.1, h.owever, the term "flash suppressor" did not have an established mdustry 7 dcfirution, Atiached hereto as Exhibit A are true and correct copies of excerpts from [[rearms 8 reference materials that were considered by DOl in the rulem.akin.g process andlor attached as 9 exbi~i~ to plaintiffs' complaint. For the Court's ease of reference, DOJ staffhave also prepared 10 a corresponding summary entitled "Analysis of Reference Material Defll'litiol1s ofFlasb 11 StlpPl'eSsor/ which is also included as pm of Exhibit A.u These doc"Llll1ents accurately reflect , 12 the fact tha'4 prior to DOrs definition of "flash suppressor" in tile Regulations, within the 13 fiteanns indtlstry there were varied., overlappmg. and often conflicting defrnitions of the terms r 1t 14 "flash suppressor/ 11f1ash bidert " "muzzle brake· 2nd rrcompensator. In my experience as au , , 15 ; expert in the field of fireanns identification and nomenclature, I have found that there are 16 legitimate muzzle brakes and compensators that do not suppress flash. However, there are also 17 many'devices currently available to the public that are called muzzle brakes and compensators 18 that also suppress flash, both intentionally and mrintentionally. There is no established definitioll 19 of "flash suppressor1l other than what is set forth in the Regulations. 20 i 21 1. The fireranns reference materials include l'lRAIILA Glossary (1995); Jane '$ Infantry 22 Weapons (20 tb Ed. 1994-95); the' Sporting Arms and Ammunition :\1anufacturCrs~ Institute 23 (l1SAA-'\U")Non ... Fiction Writer's Guide; the SAA.lYU T~ch:nical Correspondent's Handbook(R.r::y, 1131100); Chester Mueller & Jolm Olson, Small A.rms Lexicon and Concise Encyclopedia (lst Ed, 24 1968); John Q'eic'li;DiclioIia'ryo!Weaponsand111t.litary Terms; the Assodation ofFire ann and T.ool Mark EXaJ:niners, Glossary (1969); John Manoy, Complete Guide to Guns and Shooting (1995); the 25 Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Exantiners~ Glossary (2M Ed. 1985); George C. Nontc, Jr.} Fi.rearms Encyclopedia (l973)~ W,H.B. Smith & Joseph E. Smith, The Book ofRifles (3Td Ed, 1963); 26 the United States Anny John F. Kennedy Center for Special Warfare (Airbome)~ U,S. Army Special 27 ! Forces Foreign Weapons Ha;ndbook(l Jalluary 19(7); Steindler, The Firea.rms Dictionary (1970); t/l tJo Ian V. Hogg & John Weeks, Mililary Small Arms o/the 20 Century (6 • Ed.); and Duncan Long. 28 The Comple.te. AR ... 15IMJ 6 Sourcebook. The pages ofExhibit A are numbered consecuti vely for case of reference. 6 -O~c1. ofIgnatius Chinn in Support of Dcfenclants- MOdon for Summary J'lClgment or Summary Adjlliiicatlon II 1 14. In particul3r~ pl.a~ntiffs claim that "£lash suppressor" should be defined solely by 2 reference to "design.rr and ttintcnt,rr not by referen.ce also to whether the device "functiol1str to 3 suppress flash as stated in section 97S.20(b). As stated above, though. there was no established 4 definition of II flash suppressor" before the definition wus set:in scct10tl 978.20(b), and DOJ was 5 not at liberty to deviate from. the legislative intent to include devices that suppress flash. r 9 15. Plaintiffs have also claimed in this lawsuit that DOJ)s definition of"tlash suppressor , 7 . is confusing and inconsistent because DOJ hus provided guidaJlce stating that the Springfield 8 :Y.fuzzle Break and the Browning BOSS are not considered flash suppressors by DOJ) even 9 though plaintiffs believe these devices would 'lualify as flash suppressors ilIlder the definition in 10 section 978.20(b). Beginning:in approximately 2000, DOJ has confirmed in a variety ofinfonnal 11 contexts that the Springfield Mu.zzle Break is not a flash. suppressor, based on such determination 12 by ATF. Attached hereto as Exhibit B is a true and correct copy of a letter dated August 24, 13 1999, from Edward M. Owen, Jr., Chief of AIF's Firea:rms Technology Bran~ CQnfinl1Tng such . ·1~ :. determination. In evaluating the Bro'Nlling BOSS, DOJ has determined that tbe device redirects 1S flash in a 360 degree arc around the barrel such that. on bala:llce, it floods the shooter's ficld of 16 vision ·with :El..ash. It thus does not function to perceptiblY reducc or redirect muzzlc flash from 17· the shooter's field of vision. 18 "Perman.ently Altered" Exception to 1:arge-Capacitv Magazine Definition 19 16. Under Penal Code section 12020(a)~ -it is a crime to manufacture~ impon. keep for sale, 20 '. offer for sale~ give, or lend a "large capacity magazine." The tenn "large--capacity magazine" is 21 defined inPena1 Code section 12020(c)(25) to mean "any ammunition feeding device with the 22 capacity to accept more than 10 rounds,'r but the definiTIon lists several exceptions. One 23 .. exception, listed in Penal Code section 12020(c)(25)(A), allows "ra] feediog device that has been 24 permanently altered so that it cannot accommodate more thao 10 roundS,t' Similarly) Penal Code 25 section 12276.1(d)(2) establishcs the srune exception to the definition ofttcapacity to accept morc 26 .. than 10 rounds," as that phrase is used in sectiOll12276.1. In the fifth cause of act"ion in this 27 lawsuit. plainti ffs claim that DOJ had a duty to issu.e a regulation to define the tern1. "perm:mently 28 altered" in Penal Code sections 12020{c)(25) and 12276.1 (d)(2). 7 Oecl. of Ignatl1.JS Chinn in Support of Defendants' Motion for S~ Judgment or Sllrnmary Adjudication 1 17. As originally noticed to the public, DOl proposed that the statutory term lIpenna1J.elltly 2 'alteredtt be defined to mean Hany irreversible change or alteration." After consideration ofpubUc 3 commen.t received during the inltial corrunent perio~ hQwevet~ DOJ detennincd that the 4 proposed. definition'failed to provide any additional clarity to the sta.tutory tenn "permanently , 5 altered," Furthcnnore, DOJ found that none of the alterna.tive definitions propose.d in the public (5 comments provided additional clarity while maintaining legislative intent. DOJ deten::riincd that 7 ,; the term Ilpen~ent1y altered" is sufficiently understood without further definition, 8 18. Plaintiffs complain that, ifcODStrued "overftJiter:ally,tt the term "permanently altered" 9 has no meaning or application because II [aJlter~ons ofmctal or plastic objects Me always' 10 subject to reversal, £1ven the necessary time, cxpertise~ resources, and specialized tools alld 11 equipment," DOJ does oot favor construing the term ttover-litcral1y)" however, ~lld has rejected 12 I an interpretation ofthc term to mean, II irreversible, ,. as plaintiffs propose. Plaintiffs have 13 nonetheless claimed that l'pennanently altered" should be defined in tenns of physical altet".;lt~oll 14 of the contours or cha:ractcristics offue magazine tbroughprocesses s'tLch as metalworking. 15 machining, we1rung~ brazing, soldering, or application ofbond.ing agents or adhesives. DOJ 16 agrees that snch means of altering a magazine so that it emmot accommodate more than J. 0 17 , rounds can ordinarily be perm.m).ent~ but of course DO] cannot definitively classify such methods ti 18 as "pennanent" because non~permallent a1teratio~ using such methods are p0ssib1c in given i9 instances. As determined by DOl in the regulatory process, it is simply not workable to attempt 20 to list every method by which 21 when llse of even the specified methods would not l1ecessarilyb~ pe:tmanent in every instance. 22 :,1 Dor has determined in the regulatory process that tbe better approach is to let the term stand on 23 its O'iND, according to its common understanding. 24 Detachable Magazine Enforcement 25 19. Under Penal Code section 12276.1) the Legislature listed capacity to accept a 26 "detachable niagazinetr as One of the :firearm fearures that can detemrine whether a fIrearm is an 27 assault weapon. In section 978.20(a) oftlle Regulations, DOJ defin.ed the tenu lldetachiilile 28 , magazine" to mean r'2llly ammunition fceding device tha~ can be removed readily from the 8 ' I ~Dee!. of Ignatius Chinn in Support of'OeferldaT1ts' Motion. for SlJ:mmary Judgment or Summary Adjudk:ation 1 jn= with nciihe, &.so::mhl)· .mtho fi...... m .crio<> "'" tIM ofa too! bcing """"~ " 21f 20. ill ~ St:~t-h -cmse of ~ctioo in tt-ls law~t~ pl,{lir..tiffs. Ct'ehn that DOJ hll.S' oo~ fttltm~ ~ 3' I duty 10 e,xercis~ :ruP<:r'1tSOty pcwer over distrk:t ~Lt~OmeJS iWlw.v ~ . 6)f CoTl"..p~) ii.'Om DOI dru:oo F~'!m'wy ~ 20J)1~ !es90r~ to 2.01 ruquiry fwm pw.."lfu~· COtJ~sd 71~ as to· th~ legal effect ~er ~ecti~ 97S.20{&) ot ti SC~W .crrilled t"J.lre'Cgb 'd.l¢ 1"Ccci WI:' lnto. th~ S : 'm:ag~tT¢.. :0 OI ~O~~ .:onsr.stent ?'Jith p1cip.tiifst «1UT'~"d~ s tr:ldct~. :~3t 2 rm:gatS.fl'.! 9" I~~Eciug =t~:: di....~y o.ftOO·fL.~"m ~OQ /;;f ~.o-fa.!:OQ.l for ~6v~{$UCh as·b.;:..~ JOI~ sc.~C\Y ex.an.-.:ple) isr.ota delae!1:tbl(: m~ne und(:r~1.c re-gula"'..ery de.G.'1iaon. .om obgcrvoo m;:;:t . . 1 t ~ ~"C;h a ::r'..odifi~n m:meu:~ would .M~(;les.s vioh~te the sp!:t;~ ofJj~~ law. U'I..d ob..o\:,~OO t!:;.;,: 12 t p-oss::ibm,y!hm: the 58 ~S".ri~ attome: ~ 3- -Wld p!oce~ with a pro-se¢uOon in n1e e.~:w.c~. M ~ 21 , No!hmg in· the; .DOJ l~ner .:,'.¢f¢.~cci by pktinrifIs ~~ bconsisleru wim oor5 lntenfiM ~.5 to enfi:m:e Pe.o:a.! C~ secttQ'3.12216J 01secti()O 97S.2Q.{.e.) ofthe :aegutaOOtl:S: ~ the)( s...ve 16 \\Thte~ DOJ has ceVQ' indi¢atsd.or itnpl!OO ~ it w.oo~cl Z:O~ enfC),I.'J;¢ P'emlf Code .section t 7 121i6.1 or sectiO;:l 978.2G(u) oft.~e RCgul2rio....~. or a'«!.."t ili¢ ~ct ~~'"YS wirhfu t.~ ~~te 18 ,vo!).lc. be ~ lib-:rty to take ~n i~~stent with P:emJJ C:J:dc s:ectkm '(:2276.1 .or Lbe , 19 Rti~ns. DOJ does'not eo-~~~f;f 2 m;aw.zinc ~ to a rectl:iva: by s. ~\ r~qciri~g 3. I i 21 r dedare under P(ro;31ly of p;eIjury w~ tee laws ofEbe Sta:te of CaUfomm 'C'1srt the ~il'.t; t 221 is " •• 3n ~ ( ~l'l I 26 l! 271 . 2S Ill ., Exhibit A ANALYSIS OF REFER.ENCE MA~iuAL DEFIN'ITIONS OF ~siI SUPPRESSOR: , ' " il Reference SOllrce Flash Suppr~sor FJash Hider l\IJuzzle Brake Compensator 1 DOJ RULEMAKING A muzzle attachment A muzzle attachment An attaIJhment to or None REFERENCE intended to reduce visible intended to reduce. visible _ infegral part of the barrel MATERIAL muzzle flash caused by muzzle flash caused by that traps and diverts . burning PfQPcl1anf. burning propeUanf. expanding gases and ' NRNJLA - reduces recoU. Glossary - - - 2 pOl Rm.RMAKING None - COllfc:,tl,attachment to tho Attachment to the muzzle. A device attached to a REFERENCE muzzle for concealing of a weap,?n designed to WeaP?ll barrel (usl~ally an lvlATHluAL muzzle flash from an deflect some of the. automatic weapon) to- observer. Also ,acts as a - amcrgent gases and direct di vert some oftne muzzle flash eliminat~rJo though it ' them against surfaces so as blast upward and thus is less efficient than a to generate a thrust on the counteract the tendency for Jane's Infuutry properly designed mU7.~le countering the the muzzle to rise during WCapOllB eliminator. recoil force. Widely used automatic. fire. on artillery but less popular in small arms since an {)fficient brake wi11 divert too much gas to the sides .and rear~ 10 the dl5comfort o-f the firer and his companions. ------ ...... OctolJer ., 2001 Page 1 of 9 ANM..YSIS 011 RIlFHRENCE1\U'IERlAL DEFINIIlOHSOF Fusn SUP~RISSOR - # Reference Source Flash Suppressor Flash Htder Muzzlo- B'rake Compensator 3 DOI RULBMAKlNO An attachment to the ' None Nona None REFERENCE muzzle designed to reduce MATJUQAl. mw..zle flash. - - SAAMI-Non- , Fiction Writer's Guide - 4 DOl RULEI'.fAKlNO A muzzle attachment A muzzte attachment Device at the muzzle end A device attached to the REFBRB.NCE designed to reduce muzzle designed to reduce muzzle ~ usually int~gral with the muzzle cn'd of the barrel MAmBTAL flash. Note: Aflash flash. barrel that uses the that utilizes propelling sippressor is nota " emeiging gas behind a gases to reduce recoil. - S.A.A.1fi - • silencer. - projectile to,reduce recoil. - Technical - Corrcspondcnes Handbook N October 1, ZOOl Page 2 of 9 ANAT.YSL'; oS' REFERI:Ncg l\lA.TBRIAL DEFlNlfJO~S OF FluWISUPl'Rl!SsOR - - - # Reference Source Fln'iih Suppressor Flash Hider Muz:zl~ Brake ~ompcnsator - - " 5 gg} RULEMAKINO None A muzzle attachment for a An attachment secured to A muzzle broke commonly REFERENCE gun to conceal the flame the muzzle of a gun, which used on cannon} now often MATnRIAL when it is :rued at night. may be a cannOl), rifle or - used on some types of shotgun, to utilize some of Shotguns and autol;llatic the muzzle blast to apply a weapons to reduce the forward force to the barrel upwardjuillp offue mllZ~lc Small Arms - Lexicon - at the instant the is reacting as well as recoil. It backward in recoiL - coilsists of a metal tUbe of - Basically it is a tube bore slightly larger than screwed to tho muzzle, the bullet or s'hot charge, - - having a bore of diameter ' screwed to the muzzle. Its slightly larger than tho waH has a ~eries of . bore of the barrel to enable opening at right angles to the bullet to- shot charge t'O the bore, of selected pass freely through it; The pattems~ designed to calise wall ofthu tube is provided the muzzle blast to exert '). with hol~ or slits at right forward force-jn opposition angles to the bore or ~o the backward recoil inclined backWard and Qlovcment of tho. gun when , outward at a slight angle to it is fired. - pennit a portion of the muzzle blast to thus act - against the tube and escape Komit. w October 1,2001 Page 3 of 9 ANAL YSlS or l!lHiIlRP.NCI} 1\fATQl'A'. DllFr.illIONS OF .FLAsn Smi'RF.SSOR - # Reference Source Fla.sh Suppressor Flash Hider Muzzle Bra.ke Compensator' . 6 DOJ RULllMAKlNG A device attached to the A metallic cone and/or flat A device"attached to the On some smaJt ~JIllS~ a RliFERENCH muzzle of a weapon which disks which are attached to muzzle of a weapon which device used (0 hold down lviATBRJAL reduces the amount.of - the. muzzle of a. gun to lltilizes esc:aping gas to mU7..z1e rise and reduce visible light or flash conceal the flash when it is. reduce recoil and noise, recoil. - c~ted by burning fired 8D.d to prevent propell~t gases. temporary blindness of the Dictionary of - gun crew while firing. Weapons and - . Military Tc!,1l1s - 7 DOl RULHMAKING A muizle attachment None None A device attached to or REFERENCE .designed to reduce muzzle integl'al willi the-muzzle - - MATERIAL flash. end of the barrel to utilize propelling gases for Association of counte.r-recoil. Also called Firearm and Tool a muzzle brake. Mark Examiners, 1969 8 DOJ RULllMAKlNG None None None A device attached to the REFBRENCE muzzle of a fireann to - MATEBT~L ....educe the upwnrd movement of the muzzle. - - brought about by recoil; Complete Guide to p'9wdor gases directed Guns and upward pull the mu~zle Shooting down, compensating for muzztci~p· •....•....•• - -f.>. October 1.2001 Page 4 of 9 ANALYSIS OF Rl!I'ERi2.:c£ ~fA1'RRT'\LnE~O;'iS OFFl:.;.SRStFPl'.RJ!.SS.OB. # Reference Soun:e Flash Suppressor FI~hHider l\-luZ2il~ Brake Compensator - 9 Glossary of the A muzzle attachment - None A device at or in the A device attached.to or Assoc. of Fireann designed to reduce mlJ.Zzle . muzzle end of a barrel that integral with the muzzle and Tool Mark flash. - uses the emerging gas end of the barrel to ulilize - Examiners, 1985 behind th~ projectile to .- - propel~ing g~cs for reduce recoil. counter-recOil. Also called MUZZLE BItAKE. - 10 Nonte, Firearms A device. attached to the A device attached to the A device attached to the A device fitted to the Bncyclopedia - muzzle of a firerum that muzzle of any gun for the muzzle to reduce recoil muzzle of any .firearm serves to disrupt, or reduce puqj~e of concealing (not· and~ to some extent. whose function is to reduce the amoQIlt of flame reducing) the flash or muzzle jump. Regardle:is tho upward-movement of produced upon firing. The flame generated by the of tho. vast array of sl7.eS, the muZzle hroilght about most conmlon type· bllllling propellant and_by shap~.) and internal by recoil force.'). oonsists of tuning-fork-.like . the ignition of expanding cOnfigurations t all brakes· fingers which extend. gasses as they contact the function by momentarily beyond the muzzle and oxygen-rich atmosphere. trnpping propellant gases - / vibrate under the impulse Usually a large .conical or as thoy emerge from the of firing to disrupt and tubular extension clamped milzzle. and be diverting_ - rcdu~ flash. SEBALSO to- the mw..zle. SBB ALSO .them at right angles to the - FLASH HIDER. FLASH S Ul'l'RESSOR. bore's centerline, or slightly rearwaJ.lL "--- _. VI October- I, 1001 Page 5 of 9 ANALYSlSOF REFllRE1'i~ M ...n:nTllT,J)RFllmrONS OF FLAS.H SUl'l'RESSQR, # Reference Source Flash Suppressor Flash Bider Muzzle Brake Cumpcnsator - 11 Smith & Smith~ A prong (ype mangement A device aU ached to the A device attached to the Nono TIIC Book of fitted to the muzzle of muzzle of-a rifle to reduce muzzle ofa gun,·designeu Rifles weapons whioh reduces muzzle flash. Mjs~n!Ul1ed to deflect the propelling . muzzle flash, bccause its function lS to gases emerging from the reduce, not to hide~ muzzle muzzle behind the bullet, . flash. and to utilize the energy of these gases to pull the gun - forward to wooter the - recoil Qfth~ weapon. 12 U.S. Army Special A two~ three or four prong .An attachlilent.attachcd to A device at the muzzle. of A device attached to the Forces Foreign device attached to the the mUZ?:Je of a weapon the weapon which deflects muzzleofa weapon .. which . Weapons muz:zl~ of a weapon which - which shield the muzzle the emerging pow:der due to its design al!ows the Handbook tends to cool the hot gases flash~ or a circular disk ' gases. The energy gases foHowingfue buUet as they leave the muzzle attached to the barrel just imparted by this act of out ofilia muzzle to be behind the bullet Cooling to the rear of the muzzle to· deflection puns tho deflected upward through the gases reduces the flaSh. shie[l]d tho. flash from the weapon forward to offset slots in the top surfaco of - firer. some of tho rcanvard the compensator. Tho . - motion of recoil. lower portion (lithe compensator is 8olid, so - .that while some gas - .. escapes tbulligh tlle. top, gas is also pressing against tho bottom ••.. . __ ._- 0\ October 1. ZOOl Pago6 of 9 ANALYSIS OF R£FEJ.U<..RCR MATJlru:A.LnY.liThTIlO~S or i),ASH SUP.P~OR - #I Reference Source Flash Suppressor FJas 11 Hider Muzzle ·.Brake Compensator - 13 SteindlcrJ The None.- A device that redu<:es but A device fastened to the None F~arrns docs not hide'muzzle flash. muz.:z;le of a rifl~ Dictionary - Fastened to the muzzle of sometimes to the muzzle of military small anusJ the a shotgun, that roduc~ flash hider does not-rcduce recoil & to some extent muzzle blast. ALSO also cuts down on muzzle - KNOWN AS FLASH Jump .... - SUPPRIlSSOR. 14 Mueller & Olson, None A m\lZZle attachment for a All attachment 6CCured to -Muzzle Compensator - A SlOall Arin.s gun to conceal the flamo . the muzzle of a gun, which device attached to the - Lexicon and when it is fired al night. may be a cannon, ri fie ot muzzle of a gun ba:m:l Concise shotgun, to utilize some of which utilized the escaping Encyolopedia the muzzle blast to apply it gases to oontro1 the fOtv/ned force to the barrel direction an amount of at the inBtant the gun is undesirable muzzle - reacting backward in· movement. It may also - - recoil. , •• reduce the recoil energy of Iheweapon. - '"-..I Oefober 1, 2001 Page 7 of 9 ANALYSIS 011 RBF1lRENCJ! l\fAT.ElUALDEFINITlOroIH;llI FLASU: SllnRESSOn # Rcferen~e Source Flash Suppressor Flasb Hider Muzzle Brake - Compensa~or 15 Hogg & Weeks, - Nono Muzzle attacluucnt A device fitted fo the Device attached. to, or Military Small intended to conceal the muzzle of a weapon and funning part ot the muzzte Arms of the 201h muzzle flash·from {he firer designed to deflect some of of a weapon and which I Century so us to prevent bis being the emergent gas 81ld direct diverts some of the dazzled when"firing in it against surfaces so as to escaping gas ~pwards tor I poor Hght. It can also act produce a puB on the to one side so as to cOlmtcr as a flash elimiuator but is muzzle and thus reduce the the tendency of the gun not so efficient in this role. recoil foreG. Not widely muzzle to rise or swing - ~sed on small anns. since d'uring au(omatic fire. - the gas diverts sideways - and increases· the blast and ~ noise level to the fIrer and his companions. - 16 Long. the *SeeExhibit l4.pages 172 Complett: AR- a.nd 113, wJlleh defwo - - - 15lM16 suppressors and hiders in .. Sourcebook paragraph fonns as devlces ", that minimizo muzzle flash~ and compensators - - and muzzle brakes affecting recoil. This - - reference. source .states '. most modem devices try to - combine both the. muzzle - brrucc and the flash hider to have the best of both systems. 00 Octobel" 1, }.001 Page 8 of 9 ANALYSTS OF R~ll'Jnl,1!.'iCE'[\'1AnRIAiDBFrianONS(J~ FusHSUl':\'~Il II Reference S(Jur~e Flash Suppressor Flash Hider- 1\'Iu~le Brake' Compensator - 17 Gun Digest 2002 *Sc.o Exhibit 15, adverlisement for and description of several types Qf compensators and nlli7,zle bmkes .. - .. --_.- --- \0 Oct'Obcr 1,2001 P~ge9 of 9 N -I ACTION: The working rrle<:h.mism of a C41rtridgcs, fll"l:l them, eJoct their et't"lpty ~ses CASE, CASING; The: envelope (contain firearm. Various types exIst, including sin and :epeat this cyc:le a~ long as the tl'lgger er) of ~ cartridge. For rifles and hal'1dgwns it g [e-shots, m1J Itl-l:Iarrels, revo[vers, 5lioe- or is depressed and cartridges rem2Jin ill tlie is usu 1 1 Jane's I!!t INFANTRY WEAPON·S 6 Edited by Ian V Hogg • ..',I I : :: :: Twentieth Edition 1994-95 II !. i J ~. !SBN 0 noo 1lS!} 5 ·Jillle·~~ ~ a register~d tl'ade rIl~s.: In the GSA Mid ~~ d.ejl¢:lde!lc:W . J:mt'~ Io.fQm:J~tlj):'l CtC\lll !Ilc.. 1340 Braddock PI~ce, Sul~ MO, Al~=drj~, VA Z23l':'1&51. USA All rlgbu rescMd. No p;utQfthl, pl.lbUl2ti~!lltlay be re~r()dUC~r stored ill retrkv:lJ systtJlts ~t t1'lm5rot~ in3.IJr rO~1:Jl Qf b~ ll.l\;I meaos. d~ll:c. [llcclJanical. phc;mcopyi •• 1/". rllGOrcU:Jg c;r Cltherwi$11, withQl,lt t:le priG! Wl'itten p~rmJ$.5ton (If the Pucli~!ltt~, 12 t.~llcca, ~rticulrn1y r~ U$e 01 t.~c t4tl. In da~ or local ~rea netwQt'~ are ~Y:illl!.ble on ~Pl'UQtiOIl to thc Pllbli~hets, Infrln~c:rnp.rLLot nr::tml f"I( t"n,,. ~hl't\l" .. i-l"lktv " •..:n 1..... p~ .. 1..r ...... _ ... ____ .... 1_ •• Glossary AAT Autllm.mti!;l pistol BcttD~n M'M .o.u:om.!.1Xl~1I: 'l"I'a."'Il\lorm~IQ. r-ra~ei'\ ea.ulv:i~ Of (t.l)~S~Iy) ~ ~sl!.lo.a.dln~ pi:nol 6.~~~ Glesul'\il ~ Mt(l!'l~ ~ 3. ~nd'l':)):oI;r.:lte-:2 bo~ ~nOr';;]I~ur,o~e .,QChIM gun , ml:'>'lng In pralo.~Mlon of the burr'CIl axi3. Mny be c :s~n OO'Imunltlon tr.Jr'nDOf. In which :ho bolt i3 pU3had forw.!lJ'd and gl~Dn a AmlT.1Jnltlor. u~lng ms<>lIc, Ir'I!lrt bullat part!nl tum to lock In: or ~ t:.fra~!J&p!,Il1 !;jolt in W.i~" ~!\e M~GtoMtQr mMU:!l ac:ion I~ ~ ~II'ilPI~ ~rcc~t1n", mC\l~mont Me' CoonponBr.~ Dr .a. recoil"llpc<."lItod \/lGnpon irTtoncod to l3c~lstla coefflelfflt tile: bait III ~otll.tae' b» clll11;, gl'llI C?:trll volOQ.'1y to !he Ixll~ or breeclr/:llcck dur'lrl~ MilD.:lur'o {If!l pr'¢Jo=1llo'~ <:tI.1i}'lno- power. A f~on Of rncolJ. Bn:lt knO'ffl1l1ppJlcotIQ~.I~ th~ Srol'/nlno mnc:I1'nc i1ll1J11etfN' ane o! gun, :Il~ p!'Qj~ctlle m~. ~B, l1o~IIOciorrt 6 CIGOOd bolt OM FM A w~!!pIJn In 'lMfCh t"" brooch I~ cll2le~. thO~ljjn r'oOL OI~h(]n:rinmlnCC'ller'ol!lSl~, IrriUJ.ntohomlt:ll! ~gent u~cd Codo dB,lgnrulon for to."t.v1lurr. toa~I1lChl¢r'I¢lo :;rrc!o;o nacaooEU\ ':j IQ~~~~, b~r(;>Ja ~hct t'lgget I~ P'oIII~d. in ~ma fitJ~ comrol munll:l~, ~1'111 I"Clworful then eN ",ilrtura, ua.ed In rnor\~r I>G Coublll tngglllr FUI:<) Compon311tc1" A fi:lnld' mech~"",rn Qn $O!'I'Ia ~OIQctNe ll~ W!l~~n~ In In!W.VI'l::! dooi091il~ en ~pl~i'{Q e"..arge or ~tOllXltlll:), A dD\'lco tac::h~d 10 a ~gr> ~I (u~~II~~1'l ,a.. which ilnllttJg"or:lrovld~ ~Inglo ahotl'lr() ~ncr another M~ functian en Imp.e.ee, ~ftar ~hDl'l del>:IY, llrl1:l' ~ !lIJ!omJllh:: ~3Q0I'I) ~~ Cf"MJi'l3Dm& {If tho ,rll,Iz;!le !.lla:lt Dutomatltl !I~. ~p;alrl~1l' timD of 1Jlgn1. ()! whDn It d«~~t:! ~ho proximity u~W&rd ~no t.'U$ ~un'J:t;'=tllet$nt;lencyrC)! th~ mUZZl" ~~liIr\Ict, . to nlWl during nutl;>rnmic ~r'&.. ,'. DI':!I§ A~I~tD motilln or the p~lI~ 1htOugh thD Blr, GPMQ Cl)m~~nB . CI)~ ~ II r'oQloo of low pt&:l~Ure I:oIJnlnC' tim ~l), Gonor'8J.Pu1po~1I Machine Cloun, f, ~!1D gun C3.~ RDx,r.rNT m~UM, CQmmOnl~ GO p~ c~nt TNT ~n' ~Q' ef QllOl'llllng- ~~ c 3qU~ IIg~~ ~~Ommt:c. on 11 blpOd .md : ; p!!r eant RO)(, b~t ~r'ctgortlen~ ~ary b~ cnft fir&d 1'Porn LM ~hauld~r, 0<', trl~eunteo, ~ ~ menufDcturel"s, l.atcJ~al dslIlatloon 01 the bullat ir'l flight ~ultlnQ ft'Om tho (ll)mp~n~ ~upplX'lw~CI<"I, ~P'o~ Irnporttd Iw cnc rlrHng, ~mpcund bullet Grtp~~~ Sma~ Drms b<.IlI~ m~de ~ (jltrcn:mt~ubstan~os, ~rumm8~r,IC A I~VC!I' Of' p£:Jn~r ~ Intg t!» gnp -or ~ pl::tol QC' 5Ul). onJITIp:O !l ~~rW I~ ~<1d' pm-!I.'f _I ~~ hele' ""''ttIln :t A olreu~ mQg~na in which round, arc lo.:u:IOO a>clalt\" r!l;].Qhlr..o g\ln ~o A$ to lock poolt.\I~1y the lillng 3toel ~atIo(1 ;;oo:ad 'IIi~h II ~lldlng m~tBl ~elo~, I!!Md dri~ to 1:l~ !aad IIp~ by ~ ~prln~, mQeh:m~m or ~olt unlo~~ th~ ~~~n ;5 corralt.iy hQI~ Suah ~ornltructh:m 01- tho mflS!! W'l'(ln~lIge or leoCSln Dnd [he grlp er;:.m~I'03s.ed. A~ M Ilr> eutomatlc :;.).feJy the tlore tM ~IOI"/::i~hGl>~1 [::u:ket to f;~gl'Q.~ Intfllt'.. EJootQt ~Iee to pl'C\Ian[ disch~r;;~ Ir b~w(lDpon is dropped. "lI,~O without lau~lng d~posJts, Corr.Jlonent Yih~ throw:l :ha e::Jpty cQrtrldQll case c'~~ or the Wto:l~Of'I ntror ~"I'Y,j, Clr'OQYos Cool<-ofl Splr'OJ cut:; in ~ InwiOr af th~ ba~1 W,";,:t, firm 1hil (Ccllcqul~ll, Premn~u( Moga~no P~boIl11f'l'l HlnglXl1l'amO Ammunltle<> Food ~~ern I~ which C8rtrld~!:lS Ufo held in Oooi~r<:: Of ~artridgll n~d waGpon~ Drisl~;)~lng with ~ ~ ~ I'OWII'iCl"i.~ w,~k::h:l1o bm'/ol:me:! cyilnda~ 1¢rm II ~ dcwchabl" aI' Inrogra: co n:ulner, ~~Ia De~Q.h~ Wt\f!an und rt.~ni~ion3~~b!I~ Or Sarli,,: lrom I'ntwllble ul'l~ hln.,od to Ih6 bu!l fnmiQ b)' ~ ~IVQ~ pin, In m~lnllli may 1le 01 boX or drufTl1Ci I.e;"':! MTElft P}oYo*hnlc (I'lr'O~ounQod 'Ieetl') '1'hQ conical )JfQo;ra~'''n iJr ~ bor'¢ Mnan TI~ SG,."WIlBn t " -:~,1#1 <"- • :t- J '~ A writer~s res-ouree to firearms and, ammunitioll -~ & R ~.-U := ______•• 'v ___--~~~ S""Il13N(I ARMS AND AIW~ ~LnIIJfAen/2l.f.IlS-I~SIlIIJf(.hIe. :Skit;. nu ...... Prepared as a sorviC6 ~o professlonaljom'nalists by tllo 0-. 8POnTING ARMS AND AlVlMUm~ION MANUFAOTURl!ll\SJ·INSXITlrtlll S.porUng Arms: and Al)ununiti(]n Manufactural's' Institute 11' Mils HlU Road . Newto'wn,·OT 06470-2359 'let; 203-120-4368 - Fpll:.: 203-426-1087 . '> ~'.:: .:'.' . .' • - .. • :. 'K • - • .a:t : OYLINDllR - FUJ,L GOOH_ OA.l!lBER '~-' velocity tll9.n,~tB.niJal'd car· ---- ~ . A. (,erI:lllllie{), to dcsJg(Jste the tr1dgea 01' ::lhotBhel1s ofa. (!:lven The l'Ound,' rotata.bl e pal'1, 0 r B. ''l'he pOBltion of thg~ ,I- apeomo C ~ANns MUZZLE FLASJ( PISTOL, SIlIIGJ.. E ACT,ION pl'Jnllng Ulh(tupe, nnvilt and rhe uncut..imrfaco of the bore fl'h6 mumina.tlon (fiMh) A p!al:.ol w.flGIHUllaffi that' . fbiliJlg ~i1So. 11; ol"ea.~a a Bpal'lt If a rifled barreL - r£l8ulf.}Jlg from th TECHNICAL CORRESPONDEN"rS HANDBOOK SEanON 15 GLOS'SARY OF IND,USTRY, ,TERMS II . . ) f " . . ' 2120/80 REVISED 1/31/00 '. 19 S A A: Ml SFlORTlNG ARMS AND AMMUNET.ION MANUFACTUR.ERS' !NS11TUTE. INC. TECHNICAL OA TA SHeET , S.1SIJ3S COCKJNG PIECE 1. 1n certain firearms, -the end of a Iong firing-pin or striker by which the fIrearm may be manually cocked. 2. An intemal pcrti9n of the cOcking mechantsm, whrch holds the tiring pin ·or striker in tfs cocked position against the sear. '. , ' COCK1NG ROO 'A mechanrcal means of coc:kingthe·hammerofsome firearms. ,. COCKrNG STU..Q Small lug in the cocking mechanism of.a fireann. . COEFFICreNT OF FORM A numerical term indicating the generai ,profile of a projectile. , . C;O~B . In a sho1!llder arm, the'ridge at the upper forward part of the butt stock just in back of the grip. section. . . . COM91NAitON GUN "See Gun, Combination. , COM8Us-r:rON The chemical reaction of a fuel and oxygen, usually initi.ated by a heat source. When the fue~ ls pxld!z.ed there is an evolution of tleat and orten light. COMPENSATOR. A device attached to the muzzle end of the barrel that utilizes propel,ling gases to reduce recoil. Also, see MU2ZIe Brake. . CONE, FORCING . 1. ·The tapereo lead from. the shotgun chamber diameter to the bore diameter. 2. The tapered lead ftom the bore diameterto the choke diameter. 3. The tapered entrance to the 'b9r9 in th(e rear of a revolver barrel. C,9NFORMAL GAGt: See Gage, Conformal, COOK-OFF See Cartridge Cook~Off. COPPER CLAD STEEL A composite struct~re of copper an d steel used~for t~e manufacture of certain bullet jackets. POPPER JACKETED BULLET See Bullet, Copper Jacket: CORE See Sf:.IIIet Co re. 20 'S'A AMI SPO RTlNG ARMS ANO AMMUNmON . MANUFAC'l1.JRERS' INSTmJTE, [NC. TS:CHNICAL DATA SHE~ 1S. H;O<~ . FIRlNG·PIN PROTRUSION Th,e distance the firing-pin protrudes from the 'breech face when It ls in its most fOMard posltion. FlVE:.~rN·ONE BLANK A blank ca'rtridge ttlat was designed for use 1n ~realTtl$ of different calioers. It can be used Ir caliber 38-40, 44-40, 'and 45 Colt revolvers and in caliber 3&-40 and 44-40 rifles. FrXEO AMMUNITrON See Ammunition. Fixed:. Fu\KE.POW05R See Povvder, FIake. FLASH HIDER See Flash Suppressor. . , FLASH HOLE ' 1. A hoie pierced or driLled through the center of the web ,in the primer packet in a metallic cartridge case. , 2. .The hole in the end, of a'battery cup primer. used in shotsheUs. " . " . FLASH 'SUPPRESSANT A material ~at is addeci.'tb propeiiant for the purpOSG of re.dudng muz:zle f1~5h. FLASH SUPPRESSOR. . '. A muzzie attachment designed to reduce mUZ%le flash. ' Also called Flash Hfder. FLAT NOSE J:l'ROJECl1LE See'Projectile, Flat Nose FliNT LOCi< A 'muzziefoading firearm ignition system wherein' a piece of fIint is secured to the hammer, in such a manner as. to strike ·steel upon hammer release, causing sparks which ignite powder contained in -the ignition.system, for subsequent Ignition of the m~jn pOWd:er charge. FLOOR .PLA TE The bottom of a box m~gaz[ne. May be hinged, sHding or-immovabre. FLUTING, 1. See On-Dent . 2. Longitudinal grooves in the sidewalI of a firearm chamber. S. See 8arrel1 F!uted. FLYER 1. A shot considerably outside the normal group on a target' 2. A shot considera}~l1y outside the normal range 'With regards to velocity or pre.szura. FOIL Part of a primer. See also Disc, paper. - 21 Ma!"-aO-l)O j!: ~rr:m Fr~"SMMl SAAMI S~IrtlNG ARMS At>!C AMMUNITION MAKUFACTUFt2RS'lNS'11TUTE.. lNC. raCHNlCAt.OATA SHee:r 1S.15a7~ - . - _.. ~aOUnr PUt.t.-OOV\W ..... - ... k It a bUUet is- inccrre'ctty inserted lnto 1he m~t.rlh of acase r it'may defoTm the case mQuth resrwara dOWfWlard, c;;iuslnS a A tiPs of checkering tooL ..MUl.llPLE _ .. u:AF SIGHTF .. . MUSHROO,&:\ . A desaiptive tarm for a soft point, hollow point or spadal type of ou.ltet pein.t that is d€lslgr.ea to axpand to increased sectional diametGr. MUSHROOMING· iii ...... The ad: of expanSion of a bullet upon impact with a, mrget. , MUSKET Military firearm with l<:lng barrel and fore-errd·orfoteerm extending nearly to mU2%!e. , MUSKCTCAP The ignffiotl sor.trce for mo.,zt military mU4Z1e roading rifles of the Civil War era, usuaity consiSting of a capper alJoy ClJp c:entainlng the priming mix. They are !~rger than percussion ca~ and typic211y incorporate a continuous Qr segmented flanges (VImgs) at the cup mouth fQl" easa of handling. , MU~~ ThG e-nd of a gun barra! from whicfl the butlet or shot emerges. , MUZZ1..E BlAST The reSIJrtant noiSe that occurs ~t the muzzle ora "firearm vmen the projectile le~v.es tl1e muzzle and hot gS:SQS are re!essea. . , , M~-BRe=15~· Oevice MUZZlE. ..aREAK An efectric:;j or optlcal device which sign.ais the passase ' of shot or a projec:i1e at the muzzie of a . firearm. . . M.U~LECAP A cover put gO the muzzle end of a baiTet to keep cut fcreign matter. $eeCrown. MUZZle ENERGY A proje<:tJleJs energy at the time it feaves the mUzZte of agun, 22 - 7777'1111 d, ''1' , 1m """""""'ta(I rw2JI.i¥ 2t 'ri"W'!ta:i1S t t€el A .., J '-~ ( .., Q) @J 'LeXiCOn, Ericy2r~pedia r ~~ ," .,", ".) by Chester Mueller: , atld John Olson ( FIRST EDITION 1968 . Published by Shooter's :Sible Inc., South Hackensack! N. J. , I " Distri btl ted by Follett Publishing Company 1010 W. Washington Blvd. C.mcago/ Illinois (P:-ln ted in li. S.A.) '~ ':. . '..; ~. . ' .. ' : '. .- . . . : :.,...... 23 ( com . commence. firing the comms.nd or signal to begi;n shooting at once. comparison. microscope an arra..rtgement in one ZLsse:;;nbly of ~;o micro sC<.lpes with an o!?tical ·o:.idge between them. so one-b.aJ.f of the field, see:o, ,by a ...'".iewer comes from one :nicroscope. the other half from me 'Other cone IOicroscope. First used in. firean:o.s icienti....~cation 1. the sloping portion of the rear 0: the choke pl;'(Icedures in April of 1925. at the muzzle or a shotgun, 2. the forc:ing cone in a shotgun ba..'"t'el i~ some . tim.es me:rely called ('cone", cone of dispersion the coneshaped :;:>atte.....n formed by tae paths 0: a group of shots iU:ed ~ro.rr:. a gun wlth the so.me sight setting. this pattern is cs:u.sed by' the. var~ iable fa~to:r-s such as, ammu.:o.it:.on·, 'Wi.'"1.d cr...ar~ges, gun vib:ration, etc. Also called "cone of fire" ano. "~'I..~~f ~.t::_" ~ Ol;.LMe • compensator a muzzle brake cC!.rn:tn.ox:Uy used on ca:Dllont now COone ·of fire .~ . often. used on same 'types of shotguns and auto- See :'cone' of dispersion" ( matic weapons to :red'IJPe the upward jump of the muzzle as well as :::ecoil. It consists of a. metru rube of bore slightly larg~ than the bullet or conoidal bullet shot charge, sCr;'ewed 1;0 the muzzle.. Its wall has a bullet that is cone shaped. a series of openings at right angles to the bore, of selected patterns. designed to cause the muzzle blast to ~ forward force moppoSition to the \ \ backward recoil movemen.t of the gun. when it is' fired. The Cu.tts Compensato:r :is an example. w~.& ~rM m_r~~ ,q. 'p f~ {Q1'I!...:,j ~ fl~~'" On4jc~~.fl. complete round " contact bedding all of the ammunition components, su.ch. as .the pJiimer, the propciling cb.a:rge-, the ca.,.lo'tri,dge case ~as opposed to rrcree floating") the practice· of bedding n rifle in a stock so tha~ a. presSUIe con anci. the projectile, required to the gull once. ftte fact is made between the wood a:Q.d specific: a:::eas When. assembled as one'w:Ut it is termed a "£Xed of the metal co.:cnuonents. In bolt action rilles :rOUllC"; "fixed ammtmltion"; '(shot shell"; OJ;' u:co.etallic ammunition", When loaded into a gun three specific po'b1:ts of th.e barrel a;J.d receive!."' assembly require this :orm. of CO::ltact if the sej?ara tely it is re.."'ll"1.ed I< separate loading am ml.lJJ.i'tion" . weapo:o. is to f'Ullctio:o. accurately. These are, 1 - t.~e :re.a:t'.'alost portion of the receive: ,. 2 ~ the t po:int at which the barrel j oms the receive.:; (in· component . cludi.:o.g the al"~a or the :::oecoillug) and, probably ~ an essential par: of the whole. such as the trigger most itnportant, :3 - the a!'e:s. of tbe for end tip. '~ in a gun 0;; ;my one of the numerous pal'ts tha.t In rrfree floadngJl ~ ban-el. oo1y the receiver ::loS ~ make up a firearm. ' sembly makes £irto. contact '\'lith the wood. ~ concussion continuous fire the sudd.~ and vioI~t distUrbance of the air fire coo.d:ucted at a. :normal rate -w.:.mout interrutl· caused by an eXplosion. tioll for adjust."UeIJ..t. corrections or oilier reasons. 55 24 fla fla flame staining ic. the bore. Failure to do so r~scl-:eG omy in the practice of et.b.ancmg 2. plain Stocl~ by sco:.cb~ a :;ty!'Cltech..."lic dis:play v."itho'Ut J."esults gi10iug rise tog its surface "With a blovrtorch, thereby creating to the 'IlSe of the expression for other unsuc~ in'eg'Jlar lioes wbich resemble natural figuring. cessfu.l efforts. . " , , f.Lamn:table f~hless.nonhygroscopic powder ha.s the same meaning as infl.a:r.uto..able, i.e. cap smokeless powcl.er that does not readily aosor'b able of being earily ignited. Its l,l,Se is preferred 0):' hold moistul'e ro;.d does :c;..ot Pl'oo.uce a flash to infla~ble becallSe of the. possible ambigill,ty ·upen explosipn. Used msil"Jy as a propelling J charge f flash hider a muWe attac.hment for, a gem to conceal the fl.an:I.e when it is fired at :eight. :..e: Sb.¢~ill' , flask a small flattened container Volith a narrow neck used to carry powder or shot for mu?Zle1oading fu.earw.s. flat fire flash hole , another term for Uflat trajectory fire" the hole in the pthne:r pocket througb which. the primer fla.s.1i passes to enter the powder cbarge. Its functioll is similar to that ,or the touchhole in the flilltlock.s. e==-:ae flat nose bullet flash, in the pan a bu.llet whose shape is characterized by ha10ing the flash. produced. in the pa.n of a fI.intlock by a flattened end instead of a rOU!lded nC!'se, i.e., igtrlting·tbe small powder cb.aJ:ge in the pan with it curves from its Oltctim~ diameter to a flat the sparlo:.s produced by the flint striking the end wstead of a rounded end or ""oint. Com.· : . steel ~en.. 'l'he flash if it passed through 'the manly e:::o.ployed in ca.rtrldges intended for tubu tou.cbhole ignited the propellent powder charge lar lllagazi:c~ rifles. 83 25 I, multipurpose gun muzzle bore sight a gun suitable for' a number of d:iffe:-eot tvp~ I generally a disk \\lith Cl'OSS hairs that are exactlv of target or game, • in the center of -±.e bOil."e when the d;sk is fitted mto'the muzzle cnd. of a gun. useci. 'With a "breech bore sight" to establish the a:xis or che bore, munitions See "bore sighe' a word that: embraces am.munit~ons, weapons and all other kinds of necessary war materials. muriatic acid another name for hydrochlo:::i.c acid.. mushroom the e...~ect produced by ~rtain bullets by expand. muzzle brake ing on. or shortly after itnpact. The word is rus 0 an attachment secolted to the nluz:de of a guo, usee. for some soft point or hollow point bullets, whieh ;may be a cannon, I:"me Or shotgu:u, to See 'IS)?I' and "EP" . t::tilize some' of the :::nuzzle bIast to apply a. :for. v.taI:a,force to .the oa;:rel at the inst3.llt the gLm is re:,\ctl.ng be.ckwa::d ir.. ;;;'ecoil. 13asically :1 is a musket tube scte'Wed to the muzzle I having a bore of unt.ll about 1750 all shoulder arms of sm.ooth diametel:' slightly Utrge::o t.."Itan the: bore of the bore were called muskets. The term. later was barrel to e..n.abk the bullet or shot chal'ge to pass M, applied indiscri.J:::l.fu.ateLy to rifled as well as freely through it. The waIl of the tube is provided .... ) ( . Sl1l0oth bort:ls. The name orig'..nated in the 16th "With holes or sIit$ at right angl~s to tbe bore or C%llbll"Y fo;r." a fom of arque:bus as a "m,aschetto" mclined ba~~d and outward at a slight angle in. Spanis,b., I~mousgetjj l'n. Freoch a;;J.d in England 1:0 permit a portion of the muzzle blast to thus it became m. sequence "mousquittr, r'mouskitt" act against the tub~ .a;;ac, ~:pe from it. ~ anQ eYellcually It;rn.usket". muzzle cap I muSketeel." a cap for covering the·mw..z]e e !S8 26 , , , ,( , ' I • r • • • I (1JIGlIONARY .'; I'd'< ,_.S- " , 4 ForeworclbyU. Gen. Ja~es M. Gavin" ' FWEI'P'ON' , I ' (U.S.A.~ Ret.) , " , , I ·ILI'TARY'TE:R,MS'...... , I I' I • I ,_ 1,1.' . . ~ . ,. . . ~ ,~,,', "DICK• I • ' I ": , . ~ JI I .' I .i,", I ' " " ' .. ; _~ I ~ I I ( , " 27 " , an6, ~xWl>I' Jor hl~llk ;llrrml,L1itkm, D j(!c:t:le ~Ild::\ fl1:;Jc, (2) 11/:mt fir (l1l::L~[1jtin.!: of ~ (?rj~er, p.l'OjlelHI1,L: ta.rtrl(lge r::J..~l! ••~I1C: ~ p~jcClJ[~ ~Ilcl ~ (2f:~l'~ wIl~ll ~e1kl ?N)I~tiJ~~ ~.Ie lJ~rrlb! cefL~f$tjng 1;)$ llCi ,t:DITI[lon~;lt l'ocpliJ'etl It} clJ'Op and Illllctin~ the Olio(!. (II.) ML~~a~: ef.)flsL~til~b of ; wu.rl1 Q~d ~ecti{)n ;m;i Tn irsi'e hod)' :IS.~ci:t~~c1 C()11l pnn':;I\~~ and JlmJleJI~n(s, fUJr.h~t~ co~~i.~IJ~!; d "lIlY1m;l()Ir'''''t~ ~a~ ~:lry fDr it til ~1:ldiQII, c;:o>ml)l)lJlt. .11lrg~lItt 01\(: nflpl~[1e Rr.a~~LeT. .~~:l;I>II'IP~.11It ~I,,=r~~, w,'';. ~ II' 1'...... 1 c'1f II r:'ocke W,df r·'w It,g ~Jill'CT Ilnd n Jlin l::-cr,~ }U 8H hot'tJhcr ( It; 88 W:J.~ C1" pIll~tl l\.,~ ~ ~iro( I~~s ~~i1lasive iflle:1(]e<1 to O).\;pJod~ liner ~!\S,lillg' rn~ twe Dch~t treucb(l,! 1lIle! w:ec;l ,~~ moving CArQ'Jng ~ large 11 i,gh-explo~lYo thl'ough t~a llghtcl' 11rQ~~CI:i~ ILl'mOI' of ~ IJetwe~ll l!hern. . :L")r,l gu.id~ to til C i:H;g~~ by ttr.e ~. ' oem ~~nlt The b!t,~jc, ~clmjlJj,st."1I.tlve D..."1d OomPQ!lHo Afr St~lko ~Qrc~ A ~om~l:mf<=::rtl(}n, A :n,,~h(ld Ot' ml)~l~ QF ~c~~:U U:lj~ In. most lltt'tl~ .:JJ"d se,""lc[l,~ Q£ ~c!ect'cel u.s, Ail' FOJ'~e l.Ini~ ~~" .. t"-~Y, ct>.llv~yi1~ fllf~rrn~tlon of ll:ly klllC fTO"l ~m~' l'h~ /1'1'111)" II ccmpQ])Y ilI'l)lI II C;Ot'llllla..")Q· IIppropl'Latc 8lemllllt.~ of !)er~en or l?~ee to RUQ thCl'T ~xcell~ by di. l~vol bgiQW 11 hattal1cm Olod :Wo~ ;l patoon (~~ct!o:.l Agl1 ~6t'!:, tnc tic:r.l rell't, lINuili.\tcd Odll"'~r.~~tioll ar 00J'J'0· mlQ i~ equi~CIl.t ~ :l bara:ry of :u'tf!lol'}', ~:lJlk-cr$, ~!l'lift, and commtUlrl :IpOnriollce ~j)'r:>\lgh ~<1l1mII itlU'r 'PCII'tnl .:f", d~jl'le::r t~) p;ncl ~[J:lb1c Qf ;~~n~~~, ~1J~ny.Ij~"dQ offlC4'r A t:()lttml~lutlc(1 ~lJ 28 - , 168 V~'7 pi1tQi OJ' $~gllal p~tol. The ~l1l),lt FIlii I=Mo TIl~ [Ii A:J'O toile mlm~ (01' n H:m~ pt.ools ~e:'fec:i {]f'o\Y I:¢ igr.ite ~~.cl hoI cl of 5-Jvle~ c.l)ancl ;Ul~;Qh'~~~rt anlllC"pv.n,.".. the fl~, ...... hich oumecl In plQa:. =~fOl ~OO:;l,r, FI.u,h 11,1~ V,S, AmI)' _ nMl1li~hl.B b~ ~ gla~ .IJ~ tlJ :ii;;~OI~· ~e, m~:Lt~ n 111I..... i~~,.,.zJQmool'~icr. J;l;\,~h neat bQm~1lc.mlll,,"ne mublr1p~ltHI U!o;Mo.C ~ ~iI_T1rllL~ ~ r.rD..lOhl'r;nC.D, u tl1t:Lf~L11 ~loilt'-t)fi'Wcrecl ,~"bnmrrIlC t:c:.,I;.;:,ed 1'Q~nL\R.i,,~n(:o verrJon (~ ¢:I,n~u ··.\oJnn. {'vet Im1li~tJC-It'll.'~.':il~ :lll:LCk~ uglllll.~t h'M'le'·). £1'011'1 ~th~~11 ,':Llhlrl1.':T",.(ml Ol'.~ f[~a" me"",,~ A cu.{e~' 29 , mu~l& ~rako II dcvl.:::e :J.ttncb.Ml to t.\t. . C'n:~lil of II, W~=lpO'Jl w[llo::n \l~i:ize5 1l$(l:L1l l~~ gill to r(lclu.~ ~P.cej] "lid Lmi:!~. mu;u:11) b~nt 11t'C o~plo.~klIl of It ?rnJ~ct:lo ( ~ t t!l~' mtl~:dc tJf R w.e!l.!,Otl O'l' ~ t :1 v~r:'I"':'~r;)tt d~tl1;tll!'C £rom :;,~ mU2:zlc. II'!l.I.:I:llc cOmpo.nsll~(I" A deville Iln~~h ecl ~ the mu~z!e or ~ w~a?(ln whicl1 utilb:l)3' . ~capJllg ~ 00 c:ontfiJl 'Il1~lzzIQ t:1f,ve:n~llt, mu:O::[o tI~3h Jo.. ~pU1,,= ()r- !i;llne tha t ~;Je~n~ :l.l the TIllll:7.lc of ~ gun wben a pl'D;~tlle Ie9ve~ tTle brrd, muz:;.~... [~(["r /I. lYel\l'l)l1 that i~ [o&dell rmlll IIH'lIllWI.l'.\n, mlJnJD J:1!UQ ~ r;[lvJ~~l IIIIlI f\I~ 111111 tho. 1t11l1V.h, nli~\ (lr IL l!I1HrIlHl IInci ,"l'Vo.~ II~ 11 l}r'OI'Q~tj~)II LIJ I!I!< Co11mOil /ture. A lflrnrloJ], muulo rlllg A J'lllgI1k~ n,'<:J:,Hng Il~ar me mu~:d" of II p,e~ '. m~lo wlo(llty The velocity of ~ p~j~~' HJ-=. w;~h 1'08P!!!~t 10 ~he' m utt.L~ at the j~. , ,t:tnn t til!!! pl~Clc~jls :ea V,.r:s tHe we:tpQll, MWB A. U.S, N.:J."'I rn~lof wlur.lGboo.t, 'I ~ I ,I • Mytl Th~ ~grt.:J.tlqn {O~ Soviilt Rirct~!! I, • • ,I ;H. ~... f. ~i I·.~· •'.- • '.I~. , . I" I t~H~::;:".~ ..... "", .. ~1""lt·~:- I' .~. designed by Vlao:1iuiLI' M. My.t.~!~I:H::n,=". MYII'~ See Bleo~. mv;ql .. b'~~~, {U,S. ~'»'rl,1 M)'ctKo A t:l:\.~· of JUp;\ll~~~ l:MOO.!o~ , ctL1i:!1::~ COJ'11.l'l~l"Ctl JJl ~,~1"I9W, {)f tlt~ • I. I .~.'i ;~i~~' ~·'I·I-"':~ ..... ~.~ ", ... ' . .~)o!'. fQL1f' lfu1p$ ill iliL~ dllSll. ~btca {M!jOkc, - ' 'I: .., ..,.:. "':' .>..... ,"" A8il~aro. Md Url'g[lffl'/·wel'~ 411nk hI' ar:t.i~h fDi'CeS. IUld OJ,,, (N(/d~i) ,wn:; ~lmk hy U.$, (ot~a~ dllM:'lg Wol'ld W(U' n, They h~d ; .~tlocxl' (If 33 k1>ot." a onm pJemal) t gf 173 mfin, and ~lnin ~I'lmunel\t' Q:i'JJrul:fIlg Qf 11m 8-oin. ~d eigh~ 5.L.'l. guns, Jinu- llorp~do. tubes, ;nd th~ :1i~L'iIft, , Ml'rlllcV n A ~jD.gtc.oe1'lgJne ~lnsll) ~t:llt low- ' w'lng flghtt:[Ljntet~cptot C:eve!Qp~d ir. IF!4~ \}l' tho V;J.t:lt;VI l.=~ok~Ml'tilio:b.~ (State A.ir-.' craft F~J in, F'lDl.:tncl. The Mynky , (Stl'ltm) ~ POWD~Qd \)y ~ 1.0(l5.},p en~ne lUld flew at ~p~~ ot 3M mpll. It W1\3 ~rm"d with {bUr 1~,7mm }:!fOWllJttg mll- c.hi:l~ 'g~, ' ' ~1Irt Toe: Wotld Wn~ rI Allred ~QdCl nnmQ r~ tb~ j.:J.\?ILIl"~ NwJiln:l CGNl ~:WD cnginl; torpo ,I 30 ( 1969 • • & LiS tTl iJd 31 , I I I, i . iCOMB!KATlQN GUN : A ~~~tip~e barreled fi~earm tesigned to ~~rr61e di£ferent 5izc~ ~~ typ,es of a~unition. :COMPA~ISO~ MICROSCOPE Es~eitial11 'two mic~oscopes conne~t6d to an optical bridge which alLow~ th~ viewer to' observe two objects simultaneously with 1 the same deg~ee of magnificaiion. This ~nst~ument can h~ve~ a mono~ula.''!'" o'!:' binocl;lar eye~icce. Somet-:'mes' 'referred rl tc as trCo!n'Or.1"iSOIl Hac:.::.-oscope • ~ , COMPARISON PROJECTOR , An ihs~Tument w~ich will project a mag~i~ied image onto a screen. , CCM~ENSATPR A de;'li" iCG a t"T;:a.ched to o'r :;'n.tegTal wi t:h the: m1:,Z z Le enc of the pa~rel ~D ~tilize propelling gas~s for counter-Tecoil. A:'s 0: c~11 ed' MUZ ZLE ~RAKE. , ," , , , COMPRESS lpN ~!.ARKS See ~OOLV~~K, I~PRESSED. : ' ! \' , ' CONOIDAL iSULLDT See !3ULLET, C0NO!JAL. . ~ I , , I, CO~K· apr r i J ! I COP~ER cnAJ STEEL , I A c~mDcsitd st~UCturc of copper a~d steel used for the ~n~~£~ct~:c of csrtain b~11et j2ckets. : II 6:3 ...... ------______J __ __ 32 .( LASH :10 , ?, L~ ( .... 1. A,holees} pieTced O~ drilled through ~he web i~ the ,rimer pock~t of a me~allic ca:~T~dge case. , 2. :he 'no~e in· the ~nd cf a batte~y ~~p p~ime~ usee in shot.shells. ; , I 3. T~e hole in a p~rcu~sion nipp:e. ; FLASH INHIBItOR, . ' 'i .~ A ma~erial that is added tc propel!a~t· for the purpose of ( J redu~ing, ~uz~1e'flash. FLASH SUP-PRESSOR. A muzzleI attachment designed to reduce mutzle flash. , FLAT .. 3LA~ED PR.YING TOOL A to61 with a fta~ su:face ~hich is capable of prying opc~ a door;or COV~T> such a~ a dr~wbar) sCTc~driver, tire i~on. etc. FLATS , j . I On d~uble b'~Iel, h~~ga~ frame guns, the flat ma:1ni sv~face~ hen·ea't'.h th~' :.Hlr"['"e~ chnmh::::-$ an~L en the receiver, oelo'~1 a7l.d I in fj:-ont of, the 5t:;lli~iing I,:-eech. 7he: receiver :::lcl.ts a:,"~ I' mOTe' :::ommon i y kn OWJ\ (l~ th~ "W~ t e r T~~ h 1 en . I I I I 83 .1 wm .P' 33 . \,: .~ ~ ~ . "O"'U":"F, . Senior Staff Ed~ors Harold A. l\'(uI1Z About Our Covers Ray Ordorica TI1C .::..;o:c.itins"yorId of guns and shooting L~ fined ~.;tb. a variety of tirt:lml'l:S for citt'fere::tt pl!.."POses a..'ld games.. ProductIon Manager Our rovers show just a few of the types of guns you 1 n John L. Duoba likely encounter as yOll jounwy into this wOlldcl'fu1 ficld At tiie top is R.tlger's Red Label 12~ga.uge ovetll.lJ'tder Editorial/Production Associate chambered for 2:3/4-inch sbells. It sports a. rare blued Jamie L. Puffpaff ~c:ivcr and fj:(ed Modified COll:r.i3hl C W.CMXCV b;' ORf aoo~ f110 .. 4Q!n Commt:rc.ia! Ave" The; views IlJId opinioll' Qf th-t: nul!\« e~p;'C$3cd b~NlLn ~N 1lot ne~s~r- N'ortbbrook.lL 60062.. ?tlnted;lL!h~ Unrccd SUr-u Qr ~=. All n,ghn 11y thv:;e cf the pu \llishet, ~nd no. :-espollstbi li~)' ror Sl.!Ch vlew~ will ':le It.=d, assv.rnod. No p.trt cfthis book l:Ilay be n::prod~. ~ in a l'CtrR!va1 :s}'S'CIll, or }).rnm:mel J\:rl:Iotlt' Prd$, ~n, O.~ ~do~v~ Ii~cc~ no.d -:tiS'trlhufOr tr.msmlttod ill :lily fotm or 'by ~y mc~s, dcctw.lle, m::clJ~tlj~. ll~O~· mI3ritW:r. 8nd Suro;-c. Irtdi:1l11ld Pllkllltm- M~ Ht;lll.~~ P..,:bliC(l~I;)Il,~, &L,dtI». eopyiJo.g, recorditJ.g; O't c:4h~c, witlJoat prior writl«'l ~~ioJl o~ the j~l, c~c.i\Jsiv~ c&~b:nor in. $cUlh Mci(:!l. ~U Zimb;b~. FfJrn:Gt~ p:J.bl1~. Book:! N.z.llmJtcc1. A.uI:1d3Dd, e;(ctusM:. ~bmOt" in N~ Ze:iliL"'(i.. 35 :i~' I .,f'.'1 ... ~. " ~:r ... ~on) at che mwzte of a shotgtm barrel. The purpose l$ to D(';minaIU e,pe-the qe tha.tw.mts to w:e over ,,,hen bot±:. eyes contto! the ~read of the shot pattern, for ~r ~d:.v<> look at an object.. ness :11 diff'~llt mages. Doub!e aclWn-e handgun mggemleochlwlsm in which a pdl Owke rube-a short bollow cylinder l'O,.:'lchined to p~ovide a on the trigger can perform t.~c dQl.lb:e action of mistlg the certain ~ ofc:hoke for a specifio ~ of~, :In the ha.ro:ner :md the.n d~o~ing it to f!."'e the s-hot, Most double· ,past. these t:lbes. were threaded to fie the: "Ul$ido ofa 5ingle actl GLOSSARY > at !ho A!!lQQdatlon of rlrurrn . - ilnd . ~ -- iQotmar:< 5;(arn~1'te:~s t:y tM AFTCi $ r:a.l"lcardl.::al1oi"1 ::er:'l m;~te:!l P'j r~~ Edl t:-:lrl Ce~yrl)l ht 0 19150 0 A.:s~c~iat;er: ot Fifraa,m ZI. ToO~t't'Iarlo:, ';um:,'HHS AI: Ri CiI"!::5 Re!3ervtld Ucrar,t of CQ~grus Cata.log Cart:! N\J;t"I:;er , 73·SC482 Saeond I:dHion ~Se.5 Pl.!ollsl'1e~ 111 tt".a U(1ftad StatQ~ et Ar:'iSrtC;' :oy ;wan ..Cla e~~I:1el;' F¢tm". ltLl:. 1519 SO~I;'"1. S~atf3 Stree{ O:-ili::a.r;c. I!Ul"fois 6060~ i ( 37 ,<. ) \ '::J'\ .. C OITl P 'llri:Qn 5::uar:uaL;y two mi,;roscQ~~S =:JM~c:~sd ~Q :l.1"I Q~[!c:a.1 Pdte ro.&l;CI'j:4 'l:lr).::;11 wt1lr:;:I'l :o'1~\Ows ~r.~ 'lia"",~r to oO:=o:rr'le two C01ec:ts SilT.lJ~t3:"1~<:l,.udy ....lIth tl'1a ~amo c;e.Qre~ r;,f ma;r,iti-cahc."'I. 'ihi~ lnstr~,H"'QI't~ c:.~ I'IIil.V!l • ml:)J'l:!C::'.,J\ar Of tlirlCC~1 An \tt,wum~nt wt':icn win Q rcj~e~ .;, m:a;lii!1ed (m:l.qe-cl'lto II =.:;:ree~. --, ~- C,taml' ~t'l$ til o:lr 'J)., dl~ie9 ... ttacl"Iad to or inHt~::1t wi!h !he m~l!! 'end C/ tM carrel t:'l' utl11::s :=lfCIHIW ng 1:I:Il."es tl:r .:::ount~!-n:lI:~ojl . . .a./:lCl eanll~ MU%ZL.= BRAKE.. S9~ CF,AT5R~NG, . ,~ Cllcl(·C!f :::ita CAr.TFll DO: CCOK..o Fr:. C~':lpw ClAd. St'lif A. c:cm~QllltQ ztrU1:tur~ or coppaf ana ~~e:e/ used t'iJr [h\i rr..r.\llact'i.::r" Q t :~~tai" ~!I~l Ja.=MtS. Ccm:m., A dlJlJ,ble O!HU) sml;lllrJJU::l ;:'Qwcia~ m~Cf!! of gut"l c;cftan, f')frf~qlye"rlr, Qr;d miMral Jelly al'l~ 51'! aQed 'r'11¢:t.;;l c)'Jin. C!ri(:al !~rar,dJ" ) '"' 38 ( ~' , .' .. * Fi v1I·lnoC" •• E! I a I'd:: A 1;)13nl< c:a!Ui:;e :I':&t was ce~I'iine~ IO! 1.I$!l ;M ~ire"r!r.s Q1-:li fteren t e&lit:l~fS..1! C3.~ "'~ u::eC: jn cal t';i~r ::!a·~a. ~..:a ~:?C: "S CQII reVQ~v~rs aond;~ c:alibe! ~8..lC and. ~" •.::O rrNI'!::>. Also c~u., MCVIE Sl.Ao.NK. f'l.ud AmL'l'lf,lnttlon ,;,. c:ar.rict;JEI :r;m~=:r.n4 Q~ ii. canrid'ii" =~.n. l:lr1 m &r, ;lrc> ,:ul!tant ,:IQwt::/I,Ir !ntt· :::J:r:j5r:~He(5). ." Se~ !=IOWOEP.. P:U,Ka. Flaro Sae SMOKE AING. ---. - f. A hOI~[ell pil!lrcac:! or c::ri Ill!d ~h'rOI!Q'n It.e wa::- in \:'.e r::mr:~r ~oc'to:Q~ ~t a ,71 !! ta Ii Ie eartrl!1~~ ::ase. " ";1"1 Q ;,ots In !he eM Of ) A .ma[llrt~t tr.·at is o'::;d 10 prace II :ltt! :Q: me ;:.ut'/:'CS e 01 :eau,eiMJ .T1u:::~ rtur., Flu.h SLlp~r&ncr Or. d"'Jcle ~:ur!! I, I'ling~-: Iram~ Qt,;;lls. ~ /'Ie fJat n;at I"'~ StU' faeu :lefle3tl'l the o~rr,1 .:."Iamber:s a.,d on ~he rec=iv~r, i:lelcw and In t:Ct'll ~ r 0'111 !landin, blellc."!. T~!!: r.ec:ell/~ r Ilo'l:' .are mor~ c:olT'lt;"cn!y I T qC 39 "'),, ( " ") . ...., ) .. ' , ' 1r ~ t:t-.:Jjat :S inei:rreerly tn:set!;!O 1/'l~O t:'le malJ:r. or il ca~· ~:t-:!~,,-e,ne. II m ..y Ilelorm !l'Ia case mc\W! ,·e:ar.~ar.:: 3,."'l'::' ~'"".J'W"' -- - :" ae~c:I~W'/e !arm for ::II :'Jolr ;J01M, I'ICl!Qw ,clm. ~r :lF~clll.[ ~:-'J:;~ Clr 01,111.01 i:lotnt :1':.: \:! C::1JI:i;n!!dJo o!."<.::;~ne to 1n1;;."9:l.Si';l "Sec~lcnal olame !e'~ will'! min.imum wei~h~ ICl;S ';lp~'t 1:t'1~ac~ 'Njt~ a nrl;j\!lt . ( ";l'ia 3e~ -:i t7~.::Jilr,~iClI" :If g, ~~:~et l,l:;l::(". :;:"I.;:Iac: 'Ni~:: a \a./~~!. A. Hrearm wi ttl 101'H:; :::Iar~1 a;';:] fO(~r.': Qt !Qrea .. r:1 a~ t~,.,<:. ;n~ (latl.r!), tc !l'1o.i"ntJure. 1M· e",0:::1 ell a filum', t:art~1 I~Qr:'I .... hlC;, [~.e :::1Jtle~ :r 5nc~ ~n::erO;:l:O, The re:::lutatH l'Iorsa ll': 2. I ~:'::'J"~ >It :h~ r"r'1u.!Zle -(;1 a rtt"!~rr. WI"II!.("l 1M crQje::ztlle leaves ~M mu;:z.le ;!.n~ 11\!l 1'10 ~ ~as:e~ .lre r"'(I;l.~a.CI. '. . MIJ=:~tl Broke . A. de'JlC" :11 Of I t'1 t:'1e ::'tuz:11 !rld O! i1 oar."ell"al '.:ses ~l"Ie em~/~il'la ~B.S I:i&nl n.a me ;::J~QleC~lli!l to r:Cllce .'I;!coi I. A ":C\l'~r Pill on tr." :rL1.I!::~iI ~r',=1 "r lI. ~amrl tC )(,~~o vU ~ l-cre'l~n :n.a[ter, ' ,) 40 ( I ( 41 ·' Fire: byG ( . ) This. i , deligb tive 8 Ccpyrtgi'lt © , 97:3 by Geo(g~ C. Nc.1ta • .!"r. plates Pubiished by Book Division. andd Times Mirror Magazines. 11"10.. Bl.: ariel q~o\adortS may be tJsJ?C' ir. cn~lce.' a:'tleles al"1C:: reviews. F~r ar.y oth~! guns: rtl?rtldu:tlons cf the !:)po\l. ~owevet. lncludlng electronic, ,'Tlechanical, p.'\c:,o attiC!! C:QPYin'iJ, re::ordlntl or cthe~ ~ear.~, Vi@en .oermisslon ·"T'I:Jst oe Obt2.Ll"leo. from the I'ublisher, . ' moUIl provk L=b:ary <:1 Con .. ~~s Ca:aJog fIlllmber: 73-60712 in. w: .S SN 06-013213002 . T~ e.very a.reu rest 0 A1.r gUmit r..th i men' that k these: wodci a!ltiql 'f~l (Continued en back f[~p,) ------_._--_._- I , ., \ .. ) Combin;lUa!1 Gun Pt'ob'lbl), .ht: must p1"\lt:t.k:.:Ll ~'I)rm is th~ Ddllil1g. which t:{HI~ c.aT.;'lS tht'C:~ bar~ds, the ~wo ~lpl'er. f~)l"l11ing' ~l~ypical51~i~-b)'-sid!!- 5j1U:~Ul~ wh:h ~he thh'd OU:1S of ~h:s type r.R\·e long becl"l e:meme1y ?Upu!.u.: i:'l Europe: 'oJario U~ eo mcinn.:lc-n gun .d~~19f'o~: where hL.Lntingi~ often conclucted simult.1.~eous!y for' dee:', bOill' .. (AJ OY~r·e.nd·ur..d"r. ,I'\otgl,ll'l or. 101l, ~~ICl \,Ine~~, (B) OvQr.Jil.nrl-o.:nd ~r otht:r big 1,;r;;:me, and gMm~ birds us weil. ~no\'gur. wHr. rlflo ~ ~~d~. (C) 5ltot. SeL': :\lso DRll... J..:~C. ~o.:l'1 on 14'11 w:lt."1 ri1lI!l:l und~r anC: ~t ~ldQ. i'::l) Slde--t:y·~\oe sI'lO~B u n wi:n rlf,~ 0:'\ ~op. (I:) S;de-'cY-5Id~ (lila IIr1C sl\gtgun. :!=J $jQ~oy·sl~~ ::s,",~t Compensator A, whose device n~t~ci to the·:nu:.;!:lo: of.my nrearm c;ur. wltn ~rl(, rlfl$ o.:l1Q~~. {a) Side func:tkm, is to rc:duce the UpWOLrc, movc::':Ienl of ~ne: mu.lzle h~.~jdo ~I\otll\l~ wlt, two rl!Le~ hroLlgh. ~bol.'t by recoil fOJ."Ce$. The: o:::ad:est form of this cl.~\'icc undl!~. (Hl SkJ Q.t:Y'Ald~ d.Qt.i 1:11 \! rl1\~ to see .commercial !l.pplio::zr.:;on was ;:he CUt~ Com pens lltO:", ..... Itto. :I'no':ldl!~ lJndll~. t:"larketc:t! for .~aIl}' yel!:l's by Lyman Gunsight Co. ( A compensator fir.s ovet' ¢e 1'l,'luzzie an.d uses slo~ in il'.$ O'.ll.(:r end to deflec.t, propellant g2.s,::s upward, thus pT'ovid.ing down ward thrust. to desLgt"., center of g:O'!lIi~}' I etc::. See also CUTIS COMPE:~S"'TOt. a.nd MtJ~t.:..~ SAA1 III C'J';'I:J QQ.-r;tl)l'\U,tor ..... ltn ·,Mer. (:l'IClnQela~le i:no\o;l;l t~\la$ (Ielt}. arll:. II all 3o(!.J.u~t$~l~ ~hoke. (rIg ITt). n 43 ,, Flrl~1j PI" Protru:::lcn I Flash Hider " ~'Itlrt; Fins IIr~ gen~~alLy cCl"lceal~d ~n~ not e:e.5i~y uen or ell3.':o.Lntd, Here ~ ~I'l ex~c>~ad ~avDlver. "3m mer ~S"'lt~ Z, W~~SCorl M~g 171 wl~h jrrl~Q ~I n Q t 1J~ae!' Ittt ~r,~ 1M l)l1tl n; thal ~~Its 1ro:J"1 mtJ-oh ;.Iea', t:1-.e!"e is a certa::1 :'r!i~lmL!I'n ~\:'ld maximum protruston requi;e:~l fOI' r:ffidc::"ll ~H1d u:1ifo:rrn ;>rim.::r igl'h~on. tess thiln minlIDuir. wiE PI'OCI.lr.:1: d~h(;r e.r~tic 19~ itidn t>r m~~~res -while ex-cess pm· !1"uslm:. may l~~erce the rrimc:r cup and allow gns to escape ,oat:k into the action. ' ttl some clesig'r.~. excessive pr(~trusjon will 'result in the no.-;e ( • .. of t.l;.e firing pin pr()~rtlcijng b~:rond the breech face: evr:r. when cod:.ecl. ant! thus in~rrering' with pToper feeding,'and possibly caus.ing a p:"l::'J'latuN: firing- M cne c:ar'ridge'is chambered. Typical !1!"i':.'l.g pin protr':.lsinn in Fit and rinish Ter!'l::S descrlbing pvi:r-all workmar.ship in gun.s. Generally, a g'un containing dose but s.mootb·ficting me~l P:lt"!.s. a very s:noo~r. po[i!n and, blue on :metal.surfaces, good quajj~y in~ettjilg and very clo~e litti;;J,g of wood to m~~a~, etc. wouid be regarded a.s p.aving good n~ and,5.:lis~'. '. Flanged The J3ricish cerminojogy fot' a rim-:::ed c:art.'"'idg~ cas~; thus any ri:nmed cartridge of Eri~ish. o!'~gi.n m~y be found labeled as ··.4~O/S¥4 E'la:'lged." Flash Hider A device 44 I, ..,. F~un Hi d~r I :F~tlt . e::a.t~d by the but'l'ling ?TOpel!am a!'1C by the: ign::tiorJ of ~pand .. , ing g.tJ.ses as they CO:'l~ac:r; th~ O"Xygen~rich .atmos?he~e. Ust.:.ally a large conical oi'- ~llb1,l.~r ex.t~n.sion damped to the m~z:Zle. See also FUSH SlJP.?ru:sso~ Flash SupDressor A device arr.acbed co the: m.uzzle of a fire.a:7.'l 'that ser.ves to dlsl'upt. or reduce the a..--nount of fl~me p-:,oduceci upon fi.rir.5. The rr..ost CO!l".mon type consists ohuning-f9;,k-li';<.e .fit)g~:,s w~~ch extend oe:yQnd til! muzzle and vibrac.e under !:he irnpuls.e of,fi:::lng co cilsrupta...'"'l.ci reduc: flash.. See: also ?!..ASH Ii! DER. FHnch An itlvol:..I.m.a.-y mo"ernem cx:curring either at the Ir::s~ao.t of firing or 1::t anticipaiion thc~o£. whtc.i defi<:cts. th~ g<.:n off ~rget Ol/:fore the buUec exists tho: ml;zzl~. FIinchi:'lg is gc:nerally causec by some: 'f~ F[lnt The a:'lgu!ar pic:ce of nint or similar stone or m~ner..ll de !Josh. ':lseci in a fijntl~k w strike $j:l.d. .$ from 1;..~e frizt~n. The Modern p~ng·typ6· tl.:prc::~or alP :ll.lppli~d l;J11 t~e Fir'l:"]l:;h M.6~. '1.G2c:1m l)$~;W!! [J1Ie . • •~ • I ~ : . 'J . " i I I:~ I It. ' . ., !, : .., . ~ . , CQ I'l~~tiotl:tl rllnt 1;'1 proper p 051 tlon II) ~ !rrln g (1'1 it I MICb~. , .\ I I. I flint wo\s ~mc;{! m,ld~ only by h.mel from n.aL:ral flin:. nodl!!'l. blH \ i~ nnw st~m<:tlrtu::; c:.:.: fl'l)m agitloC. c~r~.Utn !'()I'm~ ~)(' A d:,;ms~ls I stone, ~nd ~)~he,' sp~lrking m:tlr;:1'iaL I~ is a:sn calkd "gwdiir.L" L ____ --~------~.- .. ~W· .. (CamZrmuJ an hac:k fla.p.) ~. f!' ~I't./'-' 45 "'he'•• re MO(Jnt:!Ln Htmtl:'lg I Muwe BTak~ availabl<.: in ()mm 'm" grcawl'. Howt;:\'er. thaI. :.. 11\ pmc~k~J. so ,1 mcdil,Lm-Wc::1l-fhL st)o:'"tcr uf tt'\a.. ~imum :U;;G\:;'at:~' i:i \I~llLl' best heL. If lh<: ]';Eic.,' js Lcm light.' Il m,lY 'ht: a jnj' La cur!')' but it \~C)ll'l s(:~til.: ~k~'Wn quk:kl:. wh~ll }'nlL':'~ ht~ffing' :md p~iffit'l~, and it may-no.:'e :~ , Muz:zle Sell. Simpl}' 11 funneling ()r fl:u';ng of the bore at th~ m 1Jz.z.l,;:, usually producec; by C)'ltel'-zealous use: of (l. hent or tQ'l,lgh cie~lntng rod to the ext:'m ~h::l,!,the tOps oftne la11.cis, Muzzle Brake A deVice a.ttOl.ch~d to the muzzle .0 recuce recoil and, ~o some extent, ::m.:tue jum9' 'Regardless of tb~ v3St array Ot sizes. shap¢s. OLIld internal c:onfigurncions, aU brak.es ;unction by momentarily ~rappi::lg ?t"opdlact gases as they ~merge from ilie muzzle ar::.d by c.iy::rtL.~g :helX. at f!ght angles to the hore's cer.~rline, or slightJ.}' n:arwarc. , When gases a:oe diof{(!:'ted in sufficient qu:attdties, they reduce rearward thrust, and if deflec:ed n:arwa~d, exe~ forward thru.st and t.~us tend ~ c:o)J.nterbalar.ce a portion of rccoiol. Genel'all? speaking, the greater the pe:-ce:!age 0; gases divertee 167 46 _Hie) 'w'" *WOLtiGil , . ' " 'I I I ~ ( ( " ":. , LOADING AND F1RlNG i"HE MUZZLe-LOADER .~"'r , \ ., ..~ , .' 1 :' ... ~~ ( .~ \ I ~ ) ~ ":: 'P~ n C1 and th.: mor!!: nearly they appro:ach' 180 d~gre::s change in rj direction, the greater Ule: a.mount of recoil ::,~duction ?roduced, \, PraetiC:D.!'l'mhaciol"l$ gerle~ny ~revent achieving more than ,re about 40 oer cen~ recoil reduction with evc:n the best and most :l efficien.t rnuz:zle brakes. l~ is not possible to diven gas directly r~'I'ward beaus!!: of its. effec~ on ~he shooter, arid even at:l ?foaching ,.:al'w'arc. diversion can produce shock-way!!:' effects , ;... ~ on bys;andcr:s and .also gr!!:z,tly increases the i::ltensi7;y of me ~rt: mu=:;ie ~:~t. ' , (::i The disadvant:age$ of size and bulk, interfer~nce wim line of sight., incre:as~d muz21e :'~t anc!: c.iscomfon. anci c.os~ have ~ur gene:-:aUy limited the \ue of m.u:lc:: hrals.e:s c:tn convencionaI id sporting guns. On the othel:' ha'nd. *.ey hive become Vl:ry n~ widely used on military zrms. :md a~ almost ur:.iversaUy used ha on 'WeapOnli ove!' .5Q calib!!:l". h(.";' See al.o!o Ctrr":'s COM:PI::NSA"!'OR. N~~I lnt ,nto!: MuZ%le-Loader Any gut;. wi:h a solid breech which -:nus~ be h:laded t.b.rOLlgh the r.luzzie by firSt ?ouring in a charge o~ black. po'Wa.r.. foUowt!d by a projectik: (or: projectile:,s), somctirn~s I '\ ...... , .J , ,The B·ook .of RIFLES , ' VI. H. B. sMITH and JOSEPH E. SMITH " . , . , I -i'Pl, ~hi1 is ~he 1 THE STACKPOLE COMPANY !cr, D26 A.D, I H~burg, F:!.. 1 I .... ,) I, THE 1 Copyr[ghe 1946 o:~ AN ENCYt The ,Nacional' R:ne A.s~odne:o:,. ~1 a C6p}'r~gh~ e :gGtl and ~9{j~ by The Sco.ckpok Corn?a.ny 'It.c Boo~ fashion the H31'1:'isburg, Fa. corr:prehcr.si· reoo and U~! pan ion. voh.:.r , rim Pr~nti:1g. Dec:.."Ub1lt", 1948 as p~ of t and bo~h bOl Se~ond Priu~ir.~, No ... embe~, '1952. ,!Ul::~ :B eyonc Seco-nd :£riitio~, S~ll ~ember. 19(,0 reference wo This Thir< Thi~C! E,t!ido:l, April, 1963 anc. brought tr1i1.t1. Be 19i;,1, Wes! Gcrm~ ALL F;.ICBTS RESER V~D S!lO,tiIlg lifte: on postwsr For the: fir5~ , is given on LIbrary o~ Cor:.gress Co:.~~og Card. Number: 63'~25tl::: developr.':\:nt alltomatic rif of the U.S. t,he Gc:'mat. are: al~o marl to which o· pa.ges ha lie t ,Printed .1114 ,Btl'l.md in. ~h~ rlr..it~d Sta.tes of America The Boo; B~ TEE T.ELZC~H Puss, Cover the e ,sport~ng r151 include evet IiruTisburg. Pel'.nsylva.~ia is c;ncrmo1.!S dons :r::lJS t 0: Every enoct pottant chal ooo:ic coYc:"S also gives d 49 598 EOO~ Of RJ.fLES 2. fiYINC Flru...~C :Pl~, A ftrillg pin shOrter than the le!lg'6 O~ tts ~. O:-din:: m..ve1 :n me b::-:e:ch:'loc.k.. A S?~rnl $pring coned arounc the pin xtt.air.s 1iF~ ru~t. ~~ i:r. FQsxcio';l !n 6: br!=dlblodt... 'W"hen die i:npac:t of r.:..e :tJ.ar.o.~er d):'ives , .':/. Lu:np' ::'le fi::,,~ng pin fo':"...... ard, co:::;!.p:-essi~r ci:.e spring :z. In genera:J a.~y position selectee. a.~ a van tag!'.:: ?oh~t tor shooting. cil! c..i:lg the FLASH. HIDER. A device ;).tt:l.c:ned to the milzzle o~ :>. rif.~ to r~duc:c: -:n.';.l.~zle end Qr the j flash. M is-n::.;;t:.e;d, b:::a ::Sc i T.S iT.!: neuer. is ~o red.: Cle J not to hi cie. m u<:cl~ flash. wnC!~e the FLAS;H' SU:?PRESSOR. A prong t;p~ arr:1ng~mem n~led to ~h~ m\.LIzl~' of manu.ally 0: wi';;J,p.;lns which red uees muzz.le A.ash. ' , dowr.wa:'c, - unlo;:.ding : FUJ:\'7. A piec:e o( ~i!iCl. C"..It to proper size: 50 BOOK OF Rl"FL-;"S ~OUSQU:ET0::-.l'. Frenc1l a:tillery c:u-binC!:. ~ 0:; re:cO ~USHROOM :BULLET. See ..Bl,;lle~ 10. open lne -a, MUSHROOMING. "The l"¢ur.c., :airl}' ~gula:- 'e>:.pa:-..:;icn ,~~sec.. by bpa~t O:?ERATlNG '<,:xter.ds ~( 0: a bullec o~I;".\;n.r'd trom me nose ~nd flo .....-i.ng b3,ck eoward tt.~ baso, the outlet, remaini::J.g JllQstl~" in on:: ?ieo: :and. retaini~ -:;O:05~ of its origi!'ia.!. the bre:ch weigh.~ A bullet w~ich ~!'C:a.k.s into !'l,l.l.me:OUi pi-::c-:s on i.mp~ct doe~' not ,OPERA.TIN G mU$b..""'Oo~. A bullet 05 .any ~y?e may mush...'""Qoro. The:e ~ no r::.e:::.essary which clo~ conl"'&ection. between a. m'U.Shroot);l bullet and one: wr.Je'h ha..s mus=-roomed or OP"I'!CAL SIC w!'l.iclt exhihi::.s good mush:'Oor:'J.~g qUalities. See B ~U~t 10. OYE.R AND 1, M'US:i{ET·, A. ~~rm o:izi.."l2.11y a.pplicd :0 a s::.nooilibore :J..."TIl ~vented l!.~OUC bar~e: s;,:.:? l5~o 'Wb.ic.~ succeeded :''le Htl,1·qur:bui. l.ate:r ap?iiec. to all ~il~:3.ry sm.oothbol"e' of the long type with. fore-ends ex.tenc.ing ~hc leng!h of ±e b3J':r!:l. s~m la.~~t c'ul":ng ~he :.r3,'rui-:iot. Ere-II:.. siI"~glf!..5h.oG to ~ag:l.Zir:e: rine;; PAN. ;:'he $or the' 't.::~ "ri:fie:d. mu.$ltt::i:", or "rifle XI'.l!.Skc:c'· was a.pplied to s~ngie'$~ot m.ili· ':)owcier is ::.a:y rifles app2.r~nt1T' "0 cEsdnguish the:n :<:o-:n reFea.tir.g l"ifles. PAR.:<'E.'R:ZE. Mt.'ZZI.E.. Tr.,: fo~.... 'tl..rd end o~ t..."l.~ gu;: bure:l fro-:n, w:uciL the i:n.:!1e: e:t:l.e.g~s. PASTER, A MUZZ:l:..z BLA:ST. Acmospheric c.istu.h:a.nce a..e t:."l.e muuk ;ol:owing the a targr:;t. eme:cger.c:e: oE the bullet. ca~ed by ~he ~.?ansiCl~ of :'.:J.e powdc.r ga$e~ in PATCH. ~. ch,e; ai... lea.t.:je~~ c MUZZLE ERAKE. A de\'lc:: attached to ~e m.u'lzle c£ :t gu.n, desig:,.ec to Tine un& 6e!iect the ?~ope.uing gas.ea emerging i-:,om the rr.uzz.le "!'lc:hind tr.~ bullet, T'fl.m.m~c. a.n.d to mili:te the energy 01 lhe.'le g'ases ~o pull ~~e g'1,.111 ~QI'\\'a:d ~u CO\;Dter see Butle the rer;;oil oE the we:;l,pon, PE.~ETRAT MUZZ~ ENERGY. T.,e co:n?L:t~d ~'j,:rg]' o~ the bullet a~ II lea,V1!::; tb~ m"lwe Fci testi o£ the gun. USlJally m,casure~l in fop~ l>{)um~. f\ rlJn~~im) or' lJulle~ weigh: used, '\Ie1()dt}'. , ' ~lnd PE'RCUSSiO, MUZZ!..E FLASH. The incand:escer:.t flash in the air'u the :p.u:a:le of :h.e g'un PERCUSS10 ~ollowing :.he depanu;re or the bull:t; caused by the eX?<1.mion oi powder , a ur.a11 : , gases, :::e 19'nition o~ o~yge:~ in lhe :l,ir' :lnd T.h{: ex?ulsion. o~ ~1.lrnin~ in l;:se. powder graiI:1s. , hy ~e 'f i-1UZZLE·;I..OADER. A gun wrucr. can ~e l{lac.ed on!): £rom the ml!zzle. 2. ~ MUZZLE VELOCrT"i, 'See V~!dcitl' 2. ?el!et& ' _p:iml!l" N llci:ion , 12.V unCI :-O:ECK, Pcr~aining ~o bQt~leneck c;Lrr.ridg-e ~-e$. t.h3.t [ono,ltJ.,!"d pordon of cbl: [o~, fLri r caSe which is r:<.i.uced ~n 'diameter ~o hold ~i.e 'o~LEe~. S':e: Cas~ Z. , PERCUSS 1( N ! r fl :"E. In perc:,l$s L0 n..l ac;' we:/, pCln.s r :!. small tu be screw e: d i mo r.h.e breed! and jlr1lje<:ting sufEcicn tly Ot~ t.. he QU t.Sicle: 1!o p,err.lt~ seating t:1e, pe:rcussior. riECE. A, cap (i)ri:ner~ ove:- ~h.e end of ~he t'.J.lle. \'V!~en t~e pr!me:- is e: 51 j ~"~",.,,I.,,_. .", i J~ II 'r (i "") ( ") ". . '" "lhtited States Arnly . ' it , John f~~ne,dY CenterforSpeclal Warfare l ',- ",,'1*> ~1 JAirborne) ~~... -, " l'~~.- e... :. ~\. ,':-. ~t··. _. FOl"t BragSI" North,. Cotolin,a ,2S307 . .,1i¥';-""'_.. ~ r", '. . • ' .I;.,,~. \ -e~'" .... ~..... ' -=-----..::-- ~, ~,. !J~ '" 52 · , ~ ., ,-' . ~ ..... , .. - , ( "\ n ... i ;-e w~en ~~~ :0 :he ~e~~~ these,re~oilinS c~cna~~s ,are also ~~wn :,e2.:",.:~t'a. This ,ac=i.cn "cock.s!,' the ",..e.apot; ,i;' pre?~a":ior:. fc:; =i~~ng. (:~ ~ost b~lt-ied ~achin~guns ~~~s =e~r~a~e ~ov~~.t o~ th~ :o~k~ng h~~21e must be ac:~lish~c mo~e t~a~ once in o~~er := .!2:-si:£.:r:. ::h::. fi=-s,: ca::':t'idge =o~ ch2rnbe=- itqg.) Most Cocking Randles 2:=2. aut:or:.et:icaJ.ly ci.se::1.g"geci ::;':::l6 tne: r~cciling com~Oi'• .;,;,.::s ~~i:e !he ~e~pcn is fieing. Nat tQ b~ c~n=~se~ ~~~h 30:: Ra~~le wi': io:::~. is, a h.:::nole a tt.ac:he2 dine. :2:- to :be ";:1<:1 t • , A ~CI~c~et"".. : of the fi=-ing me:,·har.. !'sm a7;!~ached :0 ~~e rea':' 0= ~h.E: :>aike= c:; :iri:;lg pi':l which alZ,ows t:.his piec~ to ~e <:i:l;'3 ....'::\ t.o tae ~e~r ~Gn~ally to ~ock the fi=i~8 ~e~~a~is~_ A c.evic: e a:;:s ched t:c tb.e :'.:J.zzl'e of ~ .. Ril':.;S 7 :':bs 1 ~:,:c..ges Or f:anl5u) 'l1a:1-.i['.e~ into J:he e:-:t:er iol:' su~~z:~ ¢: ~~e ba~:::~l ei~c~~fere:l~e. Tr.is e~~ses mo~e o~ t~e ~01.!=--:~1 me :a: ::';1 ::he .a i: a::.ci in e.i':fec t ::a:lses ~h e b'a:t':,el to coc'L ~O=!l :: ap ic':!.;" ::ho"'lr'4 iz ::~e surf CP~.!.~'" A cu=,vec; G:-;r. st:ac.hed to a~ axle T,,,:i'l,icn is it::. ~'J,rn acta'::.hed ::0 a :''2.!!o:'ling :.omponent inside t~e ~ec.e.iver. AI:·tua~in.g the ~rank· ma~~ally ~a~ ~ne recciling pfi~:S ~o the rear (:ocki~g). T.~e ~!lposi'i:e er.d 0:: ::he c=G~k se!;'v~s ~s a. !.~ve~ :0 :::'Ol't.s';'tIic: recoil'::ng e~~~gy ~o a ~e~~il Sp~~~g. Zhe eompre~sed e~e~gy 0: t~e spri~g is ~het'. ,:=ansm~:-;:ed b<3:::k t;!:"J,:~:ough I:hS! ::::'::i".k to to:-c:e ::ha recoil ing y~~~s :crw~~d~ 53 2. Ine~~ia 7ype: A f~::i~g pin ~ti~h mCV~S fo~~~:d ~en, struck by a r.a'i'!lt::2::;- a::l,d is ir..?elled rea1;''Ward by ,:c-.e 'fC'll:'ee of the e;:.;plodir.g' p::i:::tet". 3. .Fixe~ ':V'Pe: A p::o~.r1..!sion f.';;;:chit'.e.d int;:o ~ne. foZlce of the ~o~t TAhi~h functions ~~e prime~ ~.e~ cbe bo~t ~as :ully cha~be~ed che. eart~ir!ge. Fot!n.d:i.e mos: b::",o~~:!)nck SUb1:i 4. S.e5t:::';:Iit'.ec ...TYR..e.~ A. £;Lr:.ng pin 'Which. is etl,ga8~d by .a sear 0:: o~'-ler device ~ich h.clds -::"e f;xing pi::. :0 -:he. ~ear as U\e bolt: moves fCl,:;"f",,"a1.7d:. t::.is aC. tict. corncres s e.s ,;;' firing P':':J. sp<: ing r.rh i.ch :crces ~he firing ?in fc~r~ w?e~ t~e =i~i~g ?in is rela£se~. An .;;:tt.ac:meu: a:t:a6-ed '!c ,the mu~.zle 0:: 8 - ,.,~aa'Oo-r. •..:h.i¢::' s~i.e1.d3 t-:,e muzzle ·=T.Qsh~ 'cr a ei~cl!lar c.isk .o:t:t:ached to ~he :rart'el just :0 the ~ear of the ~=zle tc shied the ~lash e:oi ~ba fire~. " - FLAS3' Su~PRESSOR~ , A =w ~ three oor fot;,t' prot:.g dev:tc'e .attac.hed t\:l the lr.'I.!:::zle. 0;; ~ ;:ea':lon ~ich ct!:ncs to cool :he n::lt: 8,~S'I2S as t:-'~j· leave ( be.hi:c.cl. :~e. bc.lle";. C.::Iol,ir:.g th.e gase.s l:'edl.!~es ::he fla.s::'. , ' FOLtOW!1J... A ~e~al ~l~tfo~ on Uhich che l~st ro~~d in ~he ~aga~~~e res:s~ T~e f~11o~e~ ~~anscits ~he th~us~ of tne mag~zine sp~i~ ta th~ a~nition in Che nag8ziue so that ~h~ top'ro~nd is properly ?csi~ioued fc~ feeding in:o the ~ha~be=. ' !D. ga s cp e::-a te'd 'We.apo~s ~ an e~a!'l,s;i;on c::hambe::;- !on T,.,-h~eh gas pisto~ rides. G~ne~ally, S~S ~n:e=s the g~s ~y:inde~ frQ: gas port i~' ~he oa~~el ~~~e it ~i~ges agains! the face-o= , gas "piston, to d.rive the :;Jis't:ctl. re.ar,.,-srd. Af:er a sbc~t ~e.a.i·... a mO'\Teme.n t: of .:b.e. pis t:en, ':h.e gas, is a l:o~,.. ed to ~$cap e :ron: the_ c'ha::1.~e1: • GAS PISTON~ A p~s~on O~ rod car:ieci on the fc~rd e~d of a ~ajor ~~~o~e~~ ir. a gas opetatec we~?o~. !he =_on~ enc 'of ~!a is e~closed ~y ~ne gas ¢y11~de~. Gas en!e~ing the ~yl~nder the ba=rel s~ik~s '~he :a~e of the piston d~iv~~g ~t ~ea 1-12 54 z r?9 ElSp 'III ~, A' \ ,~ .' 'MUZ~E BRJ..KE. ~. -A ~ev~ca ~~ ~e muzzle ,of t~e ~~~po~ ~.ich ieflec:s ~he ~er8- I' " ing powrie.r gas es. I':-.e e~t:-= gy i!!t?aJ;:: eC: :'y t!-.iS a,,::::: c: defl e<: !ioc. :1 pulls ~he ~eapon fc~wa~~ to c!fset some ~f t~e ~ea~wQrd motic~ ~ of ::-ac-oil. ~ .. The inc::andes~en:: flas:"l i~ the ai:- at c:he: 1'l"..l::l:2:1e c: the we.apon , I~ ~.. +.icr.' ~cct:.= s w:-:.en t:r.e bul:e t le~ves t::he barr e~. Thi.s H2o sr. ;:'s, - c~~sed by the exp~ns~on '0: t~e e~e~ging ~~~e; gases , ignition 0: F ~xY5e~ i~ che ai= a~d,ex?ulsion c= bur~in8 powd~r 8ra~ns. ~ " Ihe c o:apt:-:ed veloc.i ty ::'n :f,ee::::-?er- se~o'Q.d, (fp s), a': ·.6ic.h. the ~',- , , b~lle~ l~aves the b2=~a:. t.,is velocity ~s ~O=~t:.tad by, ~ f~:=ula -c.i.l:::.ch c.c:J.tO"!ins ;:a.:t::::-s rE!ga2;'::l,ing 'P't'Ope.U2~t: we:"g'h.!!} pl:opel:"a:ct com?osi~ion, bullet weigbt and co~f~guration~ et=~ The to~~~d'PQ~tio~ of ~ bQttl~~ec~ ca~t=~cge ~~se ~~ich is stT,el1e= i:: diarr.e'.:er I:r:a.n t:he body of t.h.e c.aS12. '!'h e radius 0 f t::te C1!r'J2 c:: the ~o se. c f .a bull ~ ':.. A nancile (~~ojec~ion) a~tached :0 t:r.e ope~ati~g ~cd~ slide o~ 'bel t wr.i\::'rI cat'. ba g=a sped ':0 l;'la'C\.u~lly o?e'O, 0':' close the !'l~eion. OF3!tI\TING )tOD. ' ".... , Dr. gas ope~~ted ~ea~ons~ t~e ~od ~hich ~cn~e~ts che gas ~i5~ f. . to ;j ther coropon~n t: S. ~e!tl the -:od. is moved ":Jy t;~e !or~e {: = cl: e .." , ,\; $as a8cins~ ~e :ace ~f the piston :t causes ~he a~t~~n :0 unlQck <:.:u~ O1len. ~~ ' OF'E~I!ONS • .I' V.. 1S 55 ., "I"f"'""'":"---...... ·.... ,,!!.:.:.:''' ____...._~ __ h_ ..... '. ~...... -,"~=;' -, F""":'-"':1"'''~~{'''''''_''''.'1''·#1~ J I ~ , THE FIREARMS DICTiONARY Copyright@ 1970 by THE STA CKPOLE COM FA N Y Published by STACKPOLE BOOKS Cameron ar:d r<.elk~r Streets Harrisburg. Pa. 17105 All rightlio ·~5~rv~. inciuding the right to reproduc:e :his nook or portiorls thereof ir: 3.11)1 form or by any m~.a.os. ctc:c~rol"lic or mechanical. im:::llJdll'1g pholccopyrng, r:cording. O~ by any infotmation storage and r<:trie.,al. system. without permission' in ,wrLting ~rom the Pi.l.o· Tisnc:'. A,II inquiries 'should be: addrr.;ssed to StackpQle SOQks. Cameron a:'1d Kdi:'er St~C=t5, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania litOS, Standard Boo~ Number 81 H-0614-1 Library of Congress Cata.iog,Card Number 75 ... 107957 PRINTED IN·U.S.A. 57 . f'''J\ • r{"">t. I l ' 1 _I: .. ) ; 1\ I ~ ( .. , . ( I, Flash Hider Flat' Sbooting . FLASH HIDER, a device that re~ FLASK. see Powder F\.ask. duces but docs not hide muzzle flash. Fastened to the muwe of military FLAT-NOSED BULLET see small annst the flash hider do~ not . Bullet, Flat-nosed. reduce muzzie:: blast. Also known as FLASH SUPPRF;SSOR. FLATS on slde-'oy~side Shotguns, FLASH HOLE small hole in the the lower barrel 'surfaces near the cI::inte:- of the primer pock'~t of a car cham b!=rs that make contact with the tridg,= case or shotsheU nuH. Through ACTION BAR FLATS. The action bar it, the primer flash ignites the powder flats a.re the flat sections which extend charge. Also see: Prime;: Pockc:~. forwa·rd from the bree;:c;:h face. r.()us , .ing at !hl:ir forward end tl1e knu.ck'k;; FL~SH INHIBITOR a coating Located in the knuckle is the hinge of potassjum sulphate is applied to pin which cl"\gages the hook' on the marty'of the cu~rentiy used smok.eless forward {toward the muzzle:) lump. pr~peltant powdc::rs to r~duce. by A Iso, see: Action." Hinged Fra m~; KniJck]e~ Lump, Hook or~ EngOsh chemical means~ the: amount or muz" zle flash (q. v. J. ~ Terms (Wa~e:-Table). ") FLASH SUPPRESSOR' see FLA·T SHOOTING .a Ite1rm that ,.r Flash Hide'I". describes, not very accuratelYI the .1 " [.. li .. :' .,II ! ) IO~ 58 " , ,'. A "' Monte udo Pad M uz;:l e ikdte MONTE CARLO LACE. ON PAD muskets. Use of the term mu.skc:.t~ as ·1 .1 a commercial dovice that allows the applied to moden hunting rifles, is ~" shooter to a.dd a Monte Cajto c::omb , inappropria.te. like device to the stock. of h is gun. , , , ML'ZZLf' the forward end of tne MORRIS·TUBE a dried tube. barrel wheTe tne: projectHe erjts. popular in England & EU'I'ope, that fits into the barre! a rifle or snot Qr Yl'UZZLE BLAST a violent & gun. The Morris Tube is ~esigned so sometimes ~oisy disturbance' caused II, , that the original sights of the firearm by the ex.i~ of the hot powder gas~ can be used, & firing as well as e,;,~ from the c:onfi~ernc:r:t of the muzz!e 'I traction system \s that cfthe gun. The of a gun after a, projectHe has left Morris Tu b(; us~s carttidge~ smaHer the.: ba.rreL than those used ncrmaUy in the fire I arm equipped with ~uch a ttJ'lng ~ys~ ; MUZZt£ BtRAKE a device fa.s ..II": tern. Also Sf!e: Barrel 1nsert. tened to the muzzle of a' rifle:. SOTr.e~ , times to the muzzle of a sh otgun. M Ot;NT .or SCO ~)F. M OtrNT L ti'tul rcdu<.:c~ rCt;(lLI (q. v.J & t~ SOniC! see Scope Ba.ses. Il.J ~ient a!~() t.:ulS down on mu.1.z1e MOVIE BLANK see Five in One - Blank. MRT ab,br. for Mtcirange Trajec- I (q. v.) tory j, "~ , , ' l: MULTI .."l~ARREL ARRA NGE M El'TS see Barrd· Arrat1ge~ rnents. Ij. l \ MULTIPLE LEAF SIGHT see Sight, Leaf. Mt:SHROOM see Bu~lett Mush~ 1 .j room . l 1 MUSKET the tc:rm originally de· 1 (q, l!. fOU:1d i scribed a smoothbore gun. w.as late:r jump J. Muzzle brakes are applied primarily to military smooth:. primarily on heavy recoil rlnes . .& i"( ! although th~y do reduce recoil & l bores. These guns had "long rOl'~nds., l were sometimc::s equipped with a bay jump, the slots £fl tht:!: br::lke lend to onet. When rifling became acc:ept=d 1 inctease muzzle blast somewhat by 1 ' som¢ muskets were made with rifled directing it backward toward the barrels &. became known as rifled shooter, ,Muzzje brak~'s are al~ it ! 156 59 ,. .. .,.., ,". . I . ")' ) I, Muzzle Cap Muule Veiocity known as compensators. Also see; which contained powde-:- & proje:ctile· Compensatot~ Cutts. & where the paper acted as wadding. MUZZLE CAP small rubber cap, MUZZLE, FALSE a short piece sometimes a loy balloon, puUed over of barrel. rifll!:d on. tbe inside & often the muzzle of a h untfng rille to pre tapered. The false mu.zzle carries vent entry of rain or snow into the. pins' WnlC('. match, coriespor,ding ·oarrc:\. Muzzle caps I;Ic:d not be re holes in the muzzle oi the rifle. The moved prior to shooting .. pins serve to align th'e rifling of the barrei with that of the false muzzle. The' false muu.le temporarily seated. MUZZLE:· CROWNING the on the top of the barrel serves only rounding-off after a mUz:zJe has been to introduce the::. buUet into the "!;lore: cut squa.re & flush. Crowning is done with minimal dama.ge: to the soft with a speci'S.l <:!'ownlng reamer. lead proje:;tHe. False muzzles are ~rittc31 Crowning protects the part used on ,~ome mUZ:7,1e-lcadtng rifles of the rifling rrom a.ccid(lnt a~· 42 IUS'!', as well as on many 0 r the Schuet"l.cn & if the muz.z1e is not squaTed~ pow rif1(!s or target rifles made by H.M. I der gas~ wiU escape prematurely, "" ~ope & ot:,er ~arrel m.akers of that ,,I thus tipping the bullet base::. as it period. lea;ves the muzzle. I I M UZZLE FLASH as the bullet MUZ·ZLE ENERGY see Energy, (eaves the .muule:. it is followed by Muzzle. hot powder gases &. also· burning ppwder par1.ic!e5. As.' tllese: make: MUZZLE JUM P, a~lu:a.~]y occurs, contact Wilh the oxygen of the air. ; , between the momcn t of ignition 0 f the incandesc:e:n nasrl bi!lcom~s ap tnl: powder in 3 cartridge or shcH & parc:n~. Also see'; Flash Hidc:::r;~ Flash Inhibitor. . the moment the: pl'oject\le \eave.~ the, ' ba-:-rel. The vertical jump or rise of MUZZLE PRQTECfOR some rio. the barrel tS too rast to affect the trajectory: Jump is sometimes mea- nes mt..!$~ be· clt':3ned fr.om the mm:. . sured as the: angle between tne bore zle. In. orde:L to prevent. acciderrtal axis befote & after firing. Also see; damage Lo the lands by the cleaning Kkk: R(:coil. . rod, a special muzzle protector should be used. Sim ii a r in desigr. to the raise muz.zl~ [see Mu:wc, Fal$e). MUZZLE LOADER atlj' firl:arm the deYice is presently not commer whl!:r(!:·· powrler. & projectile are in cially offe':'"ed. but can be made: up serted t'nto the barr~l through the easily by any gunsmith. Also' su: muzzle. While early muzzie loaders r" ~oat ?rotecto r. . used loose powder & a bul]e~ or sbot . with or without wadding •. some later MUZZLE VELOCITY abbr. muzzle loaders, used paper cartrldgoes MV,.see Velocity. M:.l.zzle. 157 60 .... I II II I ...... ---... , '''':~.~i%~:~<: >", ". II, _I '·~:~l~~~.X/~I' ~I 4.~·, ,I': ," ,_'C·;,~~·.,'L" .,-,,:' -, FULLY,· ',~~- 6THl • r " I p ~ .... ""')1 1•• I ( e Handguns .~~:J III Submach~ne Guns .\:~\~ " .~.~~, fi" Bo~t.. Act~on Rlfijes . -, ':~< 1m Autornat;c Rafles 11 Machine Guns a 'Ant!-7snk Rifles ,_. .' mAmmun,tf . ~ ~l~ . 'YffP" 61 --- 4'7 - '\II ...... -.. ,-.- 'II {I , Qr in~e~J with i!.. 'lX1:low, abo'\e, Ot' to one side af t~ :rorn the operating cy<::ie, but det:l.3l'lcii that the oha't';:l.b~r be ~!!3:P9.n. The <::ar'"..ridges art'; held d:'l:lice the: O¢): llndo impelled effec:tively sealed =:; the breech mechani.s::::l.. , .. f ~he ::r.agaz.in e mouth by a spring. " C~m.l:lor Znl¥ged-dtan-.et(::l" s~<::ti¢'::'l at the rca:- or·the ba.~: Breech l'he ren..- end of to. gur. ba."1'"el: the. entranl:e to U,e ~ wh~ch the cartridge J.s ~t1ontd ro~ li.--i!")1j. ' <::hambero ~b~ugh whk.:n the arr.:l11.l.T'.ition is loaded. Chll'ngl!i , leve,. A leve!' oX" S\V;t,.::h w:-uch ali(ow.s the firer Lo Breoc:h.l:llock Analogcu~ to 'boW in t}..a.~ it i$ ~ oom]Xlnen:. .select sl::.glj!: shoLs ~r au \.ar:'1atir: fire in ce r-Wlin t::.'p.~s or which cl~ the b:re1;l<:h: there is no riG'Qr'ClU-$ nile of weapon. A1so .::nIied. a 't.ele<::or'; =y be combined w(1-. lhc: ,deii.r-Jecn, bu.t. in. ge:1eral., a btil! t::r.plies a cylindrica; safety catch. ccmpOl'le!lt which ill revolved to lcdr::, whHe .a b~e-eeh"blocl; • is gener::lily rectsngo..:lar. mQre -m:l.SSIVe, and lock:> w:;~'l.out Cbarg~ .. A metal or "?1as!l«: frame :n whi~h ca.-t.t'idS~ a."'"e rot.:J.til:):l. . held and from whiClh they = be loadll'i· iO'lto the ma~~n~ or a we:J?Qfl.' The loaded c:.'1.:irger :s PQsttioned. op:pc$i1.e the Sufter A re::ilient c:oml=\0nent <11 tne :-ear of .u."'1, autom:al.it: n:ag;u:ine aT:;' ~e ea.rtridges are swept from u-.e cha-:-ger.lntQ w~pon against. which ~e ~o It 0:- brox:c h·bl1:lck oomes tel ';'est t.h~ mai.wr.e by 1hu~b presstl~. Common an boll·ac~ion aner ~~on, l~ a~;!Qrbs $ CyeU~ T:l.te '!'ne ~he-~ml t,kal t'at~ of f'il'e 0 r an 3.lJ.~::I3ti~ exp\CSlvf) "Bunot (1} A. smDJl·am~ bullet eon~n.:r.tl a charg~ wea?or, MSur.:Un1l a Q~~!:!nU01.:S ;md ltill".i~e supply of amzn\l.· or e.: 63 34' ( ~;.~J8 . ... mlil.&._.A~"~3Hp (. ,,-' ( (:. ;..1 . , . , ' r( " "fum!: pin or h.a:!-.mer ::;' ,.:ocked and. 1l1e!'ely oeeds to be ~(\lN:lmmlnG SI"Oec:h-l:Iloci( Tern\. useri ~o des~":he breech :elea.sed, !or.gest in o~en baIt wea.poClS whe~ th~ bolt must M.zI~ 'ne..gun An au~a.tic: ~""'eat'l':l c:apable of c.elWering Parl5~ellu.m De~cril=otive t~~ wed. fo:- VJe:;ll,p¢t)$ and ~..m':1- continuDus are. n.tt[o:c.. developed \:'1 the D~u~che Wa..t!en-1.I.t:Ld MI.lrJeor'.lloo fah:ik, BerUr..; d.e:-! .... es from thelr te!egl'll.prul: a.a.dr~$~ 'Pam- Mad1lna Pistol Amb~-g'.1aUl! ~r.n whir.:h ~. !%:e= e;lL':Ier iii. beU= Ee:oUn'. . S"lJ!.~ MIJ:c;lo T:"~ f:ont ~nd. CI f the S"UI'1 barrel. ~~Qr."'. whlc:h the ' ?rojec:tj.le' emel'ges. ;tecemr!h..e ~C)dy o! , ~, ---: " I' ") " ...... ' I· , ,', ' ...... ) __~"I ...... ---.~" J \ .. . ~"_ ... _' ..... ~ 1.. 1 .) AR-·15/M,16, S.QU'RCEBOOK, , What' , , , Shooter . :.'. '.. :: •.:~:.:. :,', .. ;. :~', ...... : .:.:. :.~. _,I '''~:: ,:'. :... '{ .,', .. ', . ~ •., ... ( '. ',~~ :;-~'.' ';:" '0 '.: ;', ~::I:-. ,,'. -:~., '.>:'~ -. : .":. -';" ... "::. J::: . :.~ ."", i :.:-: ... :.~,' ..,.,.7: - • ~,of': : : .... :'~.J. ~ - ·.~~·.1··' - ~ I .. I, • ,',._.,;.', I N.eedstb . - , -' 'uncan Long '" 65 , ~~., ~,.. J . ' ( .~ ~ ... --."~ t .. "'~I ... "..... ---.... -~ .....-...... _ .t- ,. , .... ,...... I - ( fOT use. 'Wi:n;. nfh::. tIt should be I:ce~d ~:l::.in m.a!ly 3l'd.S af th~ Ul:li~~t1 Scates, usmg ELtshlights on fir6u::II.s ,when hUDtiog is me. gal. T.Per~ arc ~"'tS of th:e coun. tryJ o.owevcr, 'Wl:~e bur.!!;ng r:1'"..coons Ot other 3..~aI.s wicll :l £Iashlight is legaL r.:o. such ~ c:::z.sz tbe fIas...~ght mol!:l,ts <:lis cussed above ~y be an i~ w~yto ~ in. tbehw:zt..) SASB StJ~-c\NJ) Mtl2'.ZU!; lB:AlO:S Flash. n:.p~()rs minimize , ~he mu::zlc£Insb, wmcll C2n ,T(:.'; Sti::,r lltI:aI:hd to 4tt A...lt...VJ. ~ mtUJlt: A prJ!Zt1:tC , ~ve ;:w:a.Y:;l swi!c:b 1$ .ttzOtmte4 an tbe ?Ja1uIgr:zard far ra.pid 4cti'latiC.tl. wit.~oltt rifianaIl's bavi::lZ to Q1:t~[ cite hold, 012 !.1&:iflJ:. w;;igb.i:o.~ only Sl.l o..l~e:s/ t:h~ T.:r.c St'~ deliver$ la/COO c:mdle:power _0 '~ be~m.. l'he £lashli;b.c also ) .r comes. wi!h a r.::lotnClltary , swi-:c:h 'on a coil:d cord tba~ em ':.',.' . caili' be -att:lched on tho: h:;nd- . T~c Sea mOUlltta £'2 AClv~~W'.!.r Outpost; II $p.edal.:!-Wcll mOWl~£.. gu:ud of the rille co ~llow th<:: ' . USCI' to ruck tee Iigb~ on t:l.d o~ :at will l'Iosi..'"ion in combat. Couscquc::l'C:1Yt mOSt without cilan,gi,ng the rifle's :positi~n. moder::: !!l,i!itary o..ndpclicc: cines n:;ve The "ri.!:: S~is buil~ to last wima solid flash supprcsso:s [also called flash hid<:l's} ah.::.m.inurn. bod.y :a.o.d rach.a.:cgc:;.~le nicad 3.~'tiicheQ to :ltei:- muz:t~es. These dey ices battaie.s. A special re,t:b~ uil.it i$m~· d~'t cOlll.ple~ly e!irn..i::iate :n.u~le.:fiash, k~ by Aave:Lt'.ll':::-'s OutpOs: =ha.~ ~. but titr:)' do te.d:t:.ce,i~ ~cia.lly with a.m. ;.bles a Use: to rl:cilaqe toe flzhlight by 'muniticn dcsi'gn~d formi:afrn:al flash and , ' piugging l:ltQ. 2. cars cigarette light:U.. The with ci£les having longer barrels. high qU2.11ty bf the Tac. Starm:akcs ;J1y oth M1.IUle brakes :red:J.ce felt recoU an d ' er Iighti:J.g system for a rifle second choice. m .. ke shoot±og a mote tllJoy;.ble experi AdYalturc:"'s Outcas!:. also offc:ts nylon ence. Compcnsa.tO!S help prevent recoil , . bushingS tor $4. pc! se: of twO that allow fol'c!S fro:r.: ilushing; the ha:rtd 1!.PW:L:c:l a~d . lmi ce.: to! ng lt1 ini-A.A: 11as h~ish:s into scope off target and a..--e generally the sam!: as ri:lg:S' or the company's bar.re:l moWlt.$ &:. r:l UZ:Z:!1: bt:a.kcs; most rn.od~ deSlps hO':h sig:l.eel lOt lilSCrs O.x' !.he'tac·Light. Be.s: ci tl:dllce·:u:.d compensate fo: recoiL 'The ~I~ for a.."l addi ciooal 513 r' Ad~"Q~e:-'s , trade-off £Or reduced reCOil and comtJensa ,OUtp05t sells a remote pressureswitcil tiott·, often is :tdded noise 3,na flas~ tnough , that ~eplac::s th-e: endcap of t.r,~ fI.a.sb.light, some mu=!!le br3lces do a pretty gocc. job turning it into an. off/on system $uit'abh: of kecpfIlg' this to a rni;::li.mu.xr... SCr.lC:: '. Tn " 66 . t··· ??\ :} . . '. -: "', .I~.'" _11_.i ...... ~ ...... -~ .. - •• -~_ ... , ...... ·fll' ...... ··-..... _· ... ·- .... ~ ...... , --... "" ... _. H~ , j '. ACCESSORIES rOI=! THe "R-t $' ( , jiir"C " ". J ll1o CUiginal MiJlS;ake ~ffu(!,d by .I:'~blan .Yrc:.'z::s. Upd&:tt¢ p(Jal!.UI.B.r(l~e:s muzzle c>rak~ with fla:h l:l!da' a~&'2lbI}'. Not~ hoodd ta.r:~ sigh: on t1Us :i/la. ('p..ac(."o C:CI.m~y , IJf Z.:abia1l EIQzhw) . fi3 67 ",~ I . ~. I •• ~"- • . 'II ~ ...... -~ 1 • ...... -..· ...... 1 I_. THe CO,~"?LEn:"It.R. T5/U1 6 SOUi=lC:BOO K: WHA; EVERY SHaOT5~ N2~DS TO kNOW -.....to( . , , ~ - s:::nith -riQ CIuk: mu=le b~ T.ois '!mit ?or ntilita...... ,. t:.S=~ ~hc O~3ln ~~ ~Qthe: is r::odc:led.;tf:=e:- cl:l.e: ~'Cylc med OD. 4lr..ilI=-y =JX1rtan~ d..~wb2Ck: it crea.~e.s ::l bright me. =nk ~o.t!S~ wi:b. ~..n holes on ei-- li g1:t li:l ni~: vision gl;:a!. , thQ;' .sid~ of ~ts ~yIind~ 'T""...ese Opatings But thee: arc titc.~ whett t:.h= laser . blcec. g;lS to the side tQ :1l%:;l;Ost eii::nio'atc aU (so =0 Gpe:J.k! • dim 13gh.t .in- shi."l~S .In. ~:\d " ll'!u::cl~ ris~. Cost is.$45 from 1.1. E3S~C::l. doors, !:he. laser wO:tks vc:y well :0 q~ek. ly ~qu.1te. a. b:'gc!'t so a slloote c.:::.."'l.. be; "on SlGa:IS , usa t~et" .in o:lIy :t IC.oI'!:u::ntwi t:f:J out shocl~ , SOt;:l1: ':lr th..: firS1; lls:: :sights for wcU::t'..r:.g .:lnd ,:d':m.i:l;J.g hls .A,3..l5. For UOiS~' n=d~he1d ~s:we::e cr:ated f~ tb'e whQ em. Op.:::\l.tC with1n the. p::tt.:an e:te'ts of , .A.P.,·lS. Th~ n::.C'~troslti= llften filled 3. rasa ,sight, it aul 'be:.;), "V1:ry use!u.l ~ ~~e stOcl:. witO. bat::a:.es =d looked ~ ins devic:::~ es.pe:::i:iily 'Wh~ orx:r.ated wit1l hug= ;~opes ;::lJ.oUtl.:c:d on top of the S"'.ms. :. JXl.omt!O.::tty ~ te:.P.le£t: On onl}' lOllg , , COSt ran illto the tI::.OUS4Il~ a£ dolW;s, ~gC: to aCqUire:3. ~t and firc:; then :and ~nl!.."i~ t:o pOw=:, the= qutckly, tu.rnedbff. ' added to the hemo,rrh2gt' t:n maney when Pric~ fer good kse."'S :ot'the time of the u,n,its 'Were 11Sed iOr p;;actice. Bur. these this wr..t!ll& ~ item $2.00 to saso ea.c:h.. wCX'S wo:kc:.d. as lligb.:rime ai."ning sys. Th~ UZli::s M~ shelf liYCs of at least 10 , ::ems ~nd pav:d the w;y £cor mote: mod yc:tr'$~ ~lld an operation=l.lLHe is 101000 or cro-a:Jd. milch smaU~-l:asc:r sights. mo.o hou..~. The Hrr: of batter.: es .ra.cge.s .E\I'eJl .modem laset sigh.::s hav::. .teany of from 30 mi':'Utes to several no'U:::s d~'Z:nd· the lj:o.i=tions or tlle {lrigiJ!l:lls but,. ing Ol: cl::.c: la. the beam is str,aignt and a 'ballistic.arch is Weaver: r.:l.g.s,. wi~ l-inc.."2. .scope rinssl CUrv~1 ~he twO 2.."'e clost: C:J.cugb. th2.~ a 0'1: in A.o;!:vtn~urer's Outpost's f'lashligh.t:: 1::lSex' mOtm~edp:t:r:... l1el to 4: bore will c.cin. , baJ:'rel mo'Uttts c~ted fer the T.:.e S~.i.t. cidc wit:h~I::, se~.a1 ine.hc:s to the: irnpa.ct Most i:l.:r.n uiact'Ul"c.."S also offe a cI wt'P of:;l, b't.!Uct over severi.ll bv.ndte:d yatds. moun.t ~,,;:!t cot!ples thdr: Iz.sers to a scope, 7his makes it prac~ica.l to ?t:'P firill~ dor..e T.lore or l~s blindly Iwhic....~ is dIC: f one on to:?,;.nd oo.c on -:hc: 0 tb,<:::r: side. p-ra-ctiaal if retw:t:ing fire towa:d :n IlZ%I 68 Exhibit B ~ . , . , ••• : (I' .' • I I~ I" ~ ~.' ~. Oe:P'A~.I!:NT OF THltTRe::.A.aURY' , IitJ~EAU OF AL.~bHOL.. 'T05lAC:C'O ANt) '~IRe:~RM$ .. , . w..~.aa.m'>l<:;'r'ON, C~ ~O::t2.6 ' .. , ' , " .' 'tuG ,2'" 1999 9030S0:BMO " I " . ,3311 I'.. ~ , , , . '." \,'1 " , , . " Mr~ Stephen P. galbr6,b~ ...... ' . ,'. At-corney at: :t.aw· ";'. , . Suite 404 ' • I " :,.'\ lOS50'Ma1c~S~reet ~, r.h../::\:~~" .. : ...... 't'r " 'Fai~faxl Virginia I .':1 ~ .. ~r.~~:~;_. .' Dear M::::--. Halbrook~. " , .',,\, \<'~'~t1\: '. • I~I .. ~::'.I:'L"";";~~ .. . : :-,: ...;~, .. ~ .... This 'is'in reply to f.:;ur letter c.ated Aug--...J.SC' 18~ 19513, ", :(" :':~~';'~~;~ wi th whIch you 8ubml~.ted a mu%zle at~achment for ." ,;, ' ~.;:,~~,:.~~}~~: classification. ,,' " , '. ~ .-\",~ .. :.'<' .,. ,- . " "', k·::\' ~. ,. I C1" ~ . I ~ .. ~ .) .... ":, Exam~nation of the S~mitted sample indicates that cae ,,' device 'is designed t.b J:'epl~ce ~he' flash' suppressor on", ,.' ': :": ~):.; ML<\. type rifles., Th./:¥rcomplete' unit' is approximately,' ".<:,:,':5i 4 3!lG' inche~ in 1~9th. ~he ~uhular portion that protrud~s ·in front od! the"barrel muzzle has an outside "~,,:~;,:'~%~,:, d'.iameter of ap:?roxitna:'~ely • '734 inches 'and an inside\ ';. ':':~,,',!,;, diamet~r of approximate~y .415 inches. 'Tne device has ,,~-~. ' .:~.. ,32 holes each epp~ox1ma~ely .152 inch in diameter. , \' " E'~ch hole is d:::l.lled.~,phro:u.gh the, outer wall of the tube at a 90 an,gle 1:~' tl'is axis of, the 'bore _ The holes are arra.~ge-d in ~lee';;;lating ro~"s of 4- ~nd, 5 holes. S'ach row off hole'e iB:~i1Parall~l to the axis cf the bore. " , 1, .:.. • ,I. .~.,..~ There are no holea o~ the bottom' of the device. Three eval slo~e,ere .cut through,the wall of the tube; , ,forward of' the rowe .,d'! holes I, at: ehe 9 0 I clock, 12 0' clock aI"!d 3 0 t c't:~C::k posit,ion. ' Each slot; is ,approximately .~so inch in length and approximately , .250 inch i~ r.eight. :: ,·t The '=ecl;~nS\ll.a= cutO~~B ~I: the' :::~a:r of the device are for ~ounting the muzile nuc which recai~s ehe'device on the muz.zle of r:he:~:rifle. These cutouts have no ~ , l (',to • • bear'ins on the defl~~:tioI'l of, muzzle gasses. ~ . , ., , ' ~ ~. . "".', " ' ',' . .,' I ," , ' " , 1 1 p' - " , . " .. , , " .:. Mr'- Stephen P. Halbrqok ,, '.~ . Th.e sample •.... as .test~d· or.. a MIA. type rifle an(,i .it. W'as fOU-:1.d t.hat the dev:Lc~,~doe,s not visibly sl':.t:p'p~ess the· flash of a ,30S Wincnester caliber cartridge'firea thro~gh ehe device. ~he.sample as sub~i~t~d ~s not consiciered a 'flash sdppregso~. 'Please be advised t::hit. t,his de-t:e.rmination is based' or:.. the sample as ~brni teec);. , If the design, eime::lsio~s I conflgura~ion or met~~d of construction are ~hang~d, .' this elassifi,cat.iort £s subj ect, 'to re"ll"iew,' . ~ •• {I. I I • I The sample is being ~turned'under. separate cover • 1I1e t.r'L!st:. ·that the fd~~gCi.ng has been responsive to your inquiry. If we ,<;a.n be of anr furt~e:t: a,'ssista.nce I , , ,.1' . please contecc us. :. :~:., 't' .. ~ " I ... I " - ... ~.". Sa:'ncerely YOl..tl:'S I , ' '. , ... : 5?1,',':,;' /J, 4h. AJ' ' '()' ~,' .' ,,:,:,/,:,<'.~ ~~ /// V~~ . D/ ".',.j:: E1.rd M. Owen~ Jr. '::r"" ..... ch J~ .' J' ,.' Chief~ Fitearme ~ec~~oloSY ~ ~~. ~' , . 1 " :.' ~ , , .. , ' , ,.' , , . , , , .'