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Conservation Plan for Lakes in West Bengal

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Conservation Plan for Lakes in West Bengal CONSERVATION PLAN FOR LAKES IN WEST BENGAL A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in CONSERVATION OF RIVERS AND LAKES MIb DIGANTA MAITY ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE ROORKEE . 247 667 (INDIA) JUNE, 2008 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work presented in this Dissertation report entitled "CONSERVATION PLAN FOR LAKES IN WEST BENGAL" in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in "Conservation of Rivers and Lakes" submitted in Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period between July 2007 to June 2008 under the guidance of Mr. Arun Kumar, Head of the Department, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee and Dr. Harsha Sinvhal, Professor, Department of Earth Science , Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. The matter contained herein has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree or diploma elsewhere. Date: 30th June, 2008. DIGANTA MAITY Place: Roorkee M. Tech (CRL) AHEC, IIT Roorkee This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our knowledge. (Harsha Sinvhal) (Arun Kumar) Professor, Head of the Department, Department of Earth science, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee — 247 667 (Uttarakhand) Roorkee — 247 667 (Uttarakhand) INDIA INDIA i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I heartily like to acknowledge my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to my guides, Mr. Arun Kumar, Head of the Department, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee and Dr. Harsha Sinvhal, Professor, Earth Sciences Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee for their precious guidance, continuous helps and the affectionate treatment throughout the course of this dissertation work. Their useful suggestions and meticulous scrutiny of this work are gratefully acknowledged. I wish to express my profound gratitude to Dr. M.P. Sharma, Associate Professor, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre and Dr. R.P. Saini, Associate Professor and Course Coordinator (Conservation of Rivers and Lakes), Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee for providing all the facilities at the Centre, which have made it possible for me to complete this dissertation report. I would also like to thank Sri Chunar Dey, Chief Engineer, Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, Govt. of West Bengal and Dr. Biman Bannerjee, Ex-Chief Valuation Officer, Kolkata Improvement Trust, Govt. of West Bengal for their kind help to collect necessary data for preparing this report. I am also grateful to Sri Anupam Dev Sarkar, Lecturer, Civil. Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata for his technical support in preparing this report. I am eternally indebted to my wife Maitreyee for successful handling of all household activities in Kolkata and treating our beloved son Debasruta in absence of me and for encouragement to carry out the M.Tech course. My parents deserve special acknowledgement for the source of inspiration. Finally, I would like to thank all the staff of Alternate Hydro Energy Centre who have directly and indirectly helped me in completing this dissertation work successfully. Date: 30th June 2008. (DIGANTA MAITY) ii ABSTRACT West Bengal, a riverine state of eastern India, is enriched with innumerable numbers of natural and man made water bodies like lakes, wetlands, ponds, tanks, reservoirs, creeks, salt pans etc. Amongst these water bodies, lakes assume a special significance constituting an important source of natural resources of the state, which support a number of economic and social activities like agriculture, fisheries, navigation, water supply, power generation, recreation, tourism etc. Most urban lakes in West Bengal have undergone quantitative and qualitative degradation in the last few decades. They are under increasing stress due to growing demands, urbanization and human interference in the catchments. Conditions of non- urban lakes such as ox-bow lakes are not so serious but those are also suffering with varying degree of degradation due to different reasons. Realizing their importance, some initiatives for the conservation and management of very few urban lakes are being undertaken by the Central as well as State Governments but much more need to be done in reality. Financial resources and sustainability are the major issues for the effective conservation and management of these lakes. An inventory of some of these lakes has been prepared in the present work but more resources and data are necessary for categorizing them with respect to their environmental degradation status. Ox-bow lakes constitute a major portion of water resources of deltaic West Bengal and require immediate attention for their conservation and management. In this respect so called Panchayeti Raj System at the village levels can be effectively utilized. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India, have identified some important lakes like Rabindra Sarovar, Subhas Sarovar, Mirik Lake, Kalyani Lake, Saheb Bandh, Rasik Beel etc. for their conservation and management plans. In the present work the water quality status of some of the lakes have been discussed. A Comprehensive Management Plan for the renowned Rabindra Sarovar Lake situated in the heart of Megacity Kolkata has been prepared and presented in order to enhance its environmental sustainability and life. iii CONTENTS Chapter Contents Page No. CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii ABSTRACT iii CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES x NOTATIONS & ABBREVIATIONS xi 1.0 INTRODUCTION OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL 1.1 LOCATION 1 1.2 ' CLIMATE 2 1.3 ORIGIN AND FORMATION 2 1.4 FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE 3 1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION 4 1.6 IMPACT OF DEGRADATION 4 1.7 CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES 5 2.0 INVENTORIES OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL 2.1 INTRODUCTION 6 2.2 DISTRIBUTION OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL 7 2.3 INVENTORIES OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL 9 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ON OX-BOW LAKES OF WEST BENGAL 3.1 INTRODUCTION 12 3.2 SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION 12 3.3 HYDROLOGY 12 3.4 WATER QUALITY 13 3.5 ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 15 3.6 RESOURCE POTENTIAL 17 3.7 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 18 3.8 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE 21 iv Chapter Contents Page No. 4.0 CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR SOME URBAN LAKES 4.1 INTRODUCTION 23 4.2 CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR RABINDRA 25 SAROVAR,KOLKATA 4.3 CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR MIRIK LAKE, 25 DARJEELING 4.3.1 Formation 25 4.3.2 Functions 26 4.3.3 Sources of Lake Pollution 26 4.3.4 Water Quality Status 27 4.3.5 Trophic Status 27 4.3.6 Types of Degradation 29 4.3.7 Proposed Remedial Measures 29 4.4 CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR SUBHAS 30 SAROVAR,KOLKATA 4.4.1 Environmental Status 31 4.4.2 Water Quality Analysis 32 4.4.3 Interpretation of Results 34 4.4.4 Suggestive Measures 35 5.0 COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR RABINDRA SAROVAR . 5.1 INTRODUCTION 36 5.1.1 History 36 5.1.2 Location 36 5.1.3 Functions and Importance 38 5.1.4 Scope of Present Study 38 5.2 HYDROLOGY 40 5.2.1 Meteorology and climate 40 5.2.2 Bathymetry 40 5.3 LIMNOLOGY AND HYDROBIOLOGY 43 u Chapter Contents Page No. 5.3.1 Water Quality Data 43 5.3.2 Thermal Stratification 46 5.3.3 Flora and Fauna 49 5.3.4 Eutrophication Status 49 5.3.5 Biodiversity 50 5.4 POLLUTION STATUS 53 5.4.1 Drainage 53 5.4.2 Waste Water and Solid Wastes 53 5.4.3 Air Pollution 54 5.4.4 Noise Pollution 56 5.5 VISITOR STATUS 58 5.5.1 Introduction 58 5.5.2 Findings 59 5.6 LAND USE STATUS OF LAKE AREA 59 5.7 ECHO HEALTH STATUS 61 5.7.1 Green Cover 61 5.7.2 Illumination 62 5.7.3 Security 64 5.7.4 Aesthetic Status 64 5.8 MANAGEMENT STATUS 65 5.8.1 Management Strategy 66 5.8.2 Revenue Sharing Model 66 5.8.3 Present Administrative Structure 67 5.9 SUSTAINABILTY STATUS 70 5.10 COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN 74 5.10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTIONS 75 5.10.1.1 Water Quality Improvement and Monitoring Programme 75 5.10.1.2 Bio-manipulation 76 5.10.1.3 Solid Waste Management 76 5.10.1.4 Air Quality Improvement Works 79 vi Chapter Contents Page No. 5.10.2 ENGINEERING INTERVENTIONS 81 5.10.2.1 Bank Protection Measures 81 5.10.2.2 Drainage Improvement Works 81 5.10.2.3 Beautification Works 82 5.10.2.4 Illumination & Security Improvement Works 87 5.10.3 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 88 5.10.4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND AWARENESS 89 5.11 ESTIMATION OF COST 92 5.12 FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 95 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 CONCLUSIONS 97 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 98 ANNEXURE-I: DETAILED MEASUREMENT 99 ANNEXURE-II: DETAILED ESTIMATE 102 ANNEXURE-III: SECTIONAL DRAWINGS 122 ANNEXURE-IV: DISTRICTWISE LIST OF LAKES 127 REFERENCES 141 vii LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. 1.1 Local terms used for Lakes in West Bengal 3 2.1 Distribution of Water bodies of West Bengal 7 2.2 District wise distribution of small Water bodies 8 2.3 Distribution of inland Water bodies 8 2.4 Distribution of coastal Water bodies 9 2.5 Size wise distribution of of Lakes in West Bengal 11 3.1 Seasonal fluctuation in water depths in some lakes 13 3.2 Physico-Chemical characteristics of water 14 3.3 Plankton density, diversity and biomass 15 3.4 Macro-vegetation and associated fauna 16 3.5 Benthic population density and diversity indices 16 3.6 Fish catch statistics of some lakes 18 3.7 Annual benefits derived from some lakes 18 3.8 Metals and pesticides in sediments of some lakes 19 3.9 Pesticide residue in water and soil in of some lakes 20 4.1 Details of Lake Conservation Project in W.B.
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