CONSERVATION PLAN FOR LAKES IN WEST

A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in CONSERVATION OF RIVERS AND LAKES

MIb DIGANTA MAITY

ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE ROORKEE . 247 667 () JUNE, 2008 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work presented in this Dissertation report entitled "CONSERVATION PLAN FOR LAKES IN " in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in "Conservation of Rivers and Lakes" submitted in Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period between July 2007 to June 2008 under the guidance of Mr. Arun Kumar, Head of the Department, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee and Dr. Harsha Sinvhal, Professor, Department of Earth Science , Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. The matter contained herein has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree or diploma elsewhere.

Date: 30th June, 2008. DIGANTA MAITY

Place: Roorkee M. Tech (CRL) AHEC, IIT Roorkee

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our knowledge.

(Harsha Sinvhal) (Arun Kumar) Professor, Head of the Department, Department of Earth science, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee — 247 667 (Uttarakhand) Roorkee — 247 667 (Uttarakhand) INDIA INDIA

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I heartily like to acknowledge my sincere gratitude and indebtedness to my guides, Mr. Arun Kumar, Head of the Department, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee and Dr. Harsha Sinvhal, Professor, Earth Sciences Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee for their precious guidance, continuous helps and the affectionate treatment throughout the course of this dissertation work. Their useful suggestions and meticulous scrutiny of this work are gratefully acknowledged.

I wish to express my profound gratitude to Dr. M.P. Sharma, Associate Professor, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre and Dr. R.P. Saini, Associate Professor and Course Coordinator (Conservation of Rivers and Lakes), Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee for providing all the facilities at the Centre, which have made it possible for me to complete this dissertation report.

I would also like to thank Sri Chunar Dey, Chief Engineer, Metropolitan Development Authority, Govt. of West Bengal and Dr. Biman Bannerjee, Ex-Chief Valuation Officer, Kolkata Improvement Trust, Govt. of West Bengal for their kind help to collect necessary data for preparing this report. I am also grateful to Sri Anupam Dev Sarkar, Lecturer, Civil. Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata for his technical support in preparing this report.

I am eternally indebted to my wife Maitreyee for successful handling of all household activities in Kolkata and treating our beloved son Debasruta in absence of me and for encouragement to carry out the M.Tech course. My parents deserve special acknowledgement for the source of inspiration.

Finally, I would like to thank all the staff of Alternate Hydro Energy Centre who have directly and indirectly helped me in completing this dissertation work successfully.

Date: 30th June 2008. (DIGANTA MAITY)

ii ABSTRACT

West Bengal, a riverine state of eastern India, is enriched with innumerable numbers of natural and man made water bodies like lakes, , ponds, tanks, reservoirs, creeks, salt pans etc. Amongst these water bodies, lakes assume a special significance constituting an important source of natural resources of the state, which support a number of economic and social activities like agriculture, fisheries, navigation, water supply, power generation, recreation, tourism etc.

Most urban lakes in West Bengal have undergone quantitative and qualitative degradation in the last few decades. They are under increasing stress due to growing demands, urbanization and human interference in the catchments. Conditions of non- urban lakes such as ox-bow lakes are not so serious but those are also suffering with varying degree of degradation due to different reasons. Realizing their importance, some initiatives for the conservation and management of very few urban lakes are being undertaken by the Central as well as State Governments but much more need to be done in reality. Financial resources and sustainability are the major issues for the effective conservation and management of these lakes.

An inventory of some of these lakes has been prepared in the present work but more resources and data are necessary for categorizing them with respect to their environmental degradation status. Ox-bow lakes constitute a major portion of water resources of deltaic West Bengal and require immediate attention for their conservation and management. In this respect so called Panchayeti Raj System at the village levels can be effectively utilized.

Ministry of Environment and , Government of India, have identified some important lakes like Rabindra Sarovar, Subhas Sarovar, Mirik Lake, Kalyani Lake, Saheb Bandh, Rasik etc. for their conservation and management plans. In the present work the water quality status of some of the lakes have been discussed. A Comprehensive Management Plan for the renowned Rabindra Sarovar Lake situated in the heart of Megacity Kolkata has been prepared and presented in order to enhance its environmental sustainability and life.

iii CONTENTS

Chapter Contents Page No. CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii ABSTRACT iii CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES x

NOTATIONS & ABBREVIATIONS xi 1.0 INTRODUCTION OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL 1.1 LOCATION 1

1.2 ' CLIMATE 2 1.3 ORIGIN AND FORMATION 2 1.4 FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE 3 1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION 4 1.6 IMPACT OF DEGRADATION 4 1.7 CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES 5 2.0 INVENTORIES OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL 2.1 INTRODUCTION 6 2.2 DISTRIBUTION OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL 7 2.3 INVENTORIES OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL 9 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ON OX-BOW LAKES OF WEST BENGAL 3.1 INTRODUCTION 12 3.2 SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION 12 3.3 HYDROLOGY 12 3.4 WATER QUALITY 13 3.5 ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 15 3.6 RESOURCE POTENTIAL 17 3.7 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 18 3.8 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE 21

iv Chapter Contents Page No. 4.0 CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR SOME URBAN LAKES 4.1 INTRODUCTION 23 4.2 CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR RABINDRA 25 SAROVAR,KOLKATA 4.3 CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR MIRIK LAKE, 25 4.3.1 Formation 25 4.3.2 Functions 26 4.3.3 Sources of Lake Pollution 26 4.3.4 Water Quality Status 27 4.3.5 Trophic Status 27 4.3.6 Types of Degradation 29 4.3.7 Proposed Remedial Measures 29 4.4 CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR SUBHAS 30 SAROVAR,KOLKATA 4.4.1 Environmental Status 31 4.4.2 Water Quality Analysis 32 4.4.3 Interpretation of Results 34 4.4.4 Suggestive Measures 35 5.0 COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR RABINDRA SAROVAR . 5.1 INTRODUCTION 36 5.1.1 History 36 5.1.2 Location 36 5.1.3 Functions and Importance 38 5.1.4 Scope of Present Study 38 5.2 HYDROLOGY 40 5.2.1 Meteorology and climate 40 5.2.2 Bathymetry 40 5.3 LIMNOLOGY AND HYDROBIOLOGY 43

u Chapter Contents Page No. 5.3.1 Water Quality Data 43 5.3.2 Thermal Stratification 46 5.3.3 Flora and Fauna 49 5.3.4 Eutrophication Status 49 5.3.5 Biodiversity 50 5.4 POLLUTION STATUS 53 5.4.1 Drainage 53 5.4.2 Waste Water and Solid Wastes 53 5.4.3 Air Pollution 54 5.4.4 Noise Pollution 56 5.5 VISITOR STATUS 58 5.5.1 Introduction 58 5.5.2 Findings 59 5.6 LAND USE STATUS OF LAKE AREA 59 5.7 ECHO HEALTH STATUS 61 5.7.1 Green Cover 61 5.7.2 Illumination 62 5.7.3 Security 64 5.7.4 Aesthetic Status 64 5.8 MANAGEMENT STATUS 65 5.8.1 Management Strategy 66 5.8.2 Revenue Sharing Model 66 5.8.3 Present Administrative Structure 67 5.9 SUSTAINABILTY STATUS 70 5.10 COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN 74 5.10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTIONS 75 5.10.1.1 Water Quality Improvement and Monitoring Programme 75 5.10.1.2 Bio-manipulation 76 5.10.1.3 Solid Waste Management 76 5.10.1.4 Air Quality Improvement Works 79

vi Chapter Contents Page No. 5.10.2 ENGINEERING INTERVENTIONS 81 5.10.2.1 Bank Protection Measures 81 5.10.2.2 Drainage Improvement Works 81 5.10.2.3 Beautification Works 82 5.10.2.4 Illumination & Security Improvement Works 87 5.10.3 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 88 5.10.4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND AWARENESS 89 5.11 ESTIMATION OF COST 92 5.12 FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 95 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 CONCLUSIONS 97 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 98 ANNEXURE-I: DETAILED MEASUREMENT 99 ANNEXURE-II: DETAILED ESTIMATE 102 ANNEXURE-III: SECTIONAL DRAWINGS 122 ANNEXURE-IV: DISTRICTWISE LIST OF LAKES 127 REFERENCES 141

vii LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No. 1.1 Local terms used for Lakes in West Bengal 3 2.1 Distribution of Water bodies of West Bengal 7 2.2 District wise distribution of small Water bodies 8 2.3 Distribution of inland Water bodies 8 2.4 Distribution of coastal Water bodies 9 2.5 Size wise distribution of of Lakes in West Bengal 11 3.1 Seasonal fluctuation in water depths in some lakes 13 3.2 Physico-Chemical characteristics of water 14 3.3 Plankton density, diversity and biomass 15 3.4 Macro-vegetation and associated fauna 16 3.5 Benthic population density and diversity indices 16 3.6 Fish catch statistics of some lakes 18 3.7 Annual benefits derived from some lakes 18 3.8 Metals and pesticides in sediments of some lakes 19 3.9 Pesticide residue in water and soil in of some lakes 20 4.1 Details of Lake Conservation Project in W.B. 23 4.2 List of lakes identified by NIE 24 4.3 Water Quality Parameters of Mirik Lake 28 4.4 Trophic Status of Mirik Lake 29 4.5 Land use pattern of Subhas Sarovar Area 30 4.6 Water Quality Parameters of Subhas Sarovar 32 4.7 Analysis of Sludges and Bottom sediments 33 4.8 Trophic Status of Subhas Sarovar 34 5.1 Limnological parameters for Rabindra Sarovar 41 5.2 Physico-Chemical Analysis of Water 45 5.3 Physico-Chemical Analysis of Water 45 5.4 Bacteriological analysis of water 46 5.5 Chemical analysis of bottom sediments 46 5.6 Biological analysis of flora and fauna 49

viii Table No. Title Page No. 5.7 Biodiversity Profile 52 5.8 Population density of Macro-invertebrates 52 5.9 Pre- AAQM Data in front of Nazrul Mancha 55

. 5.10 Determination of AOD for the Monitoring Area 55 5.11 Post-monsoon AAQM Data 55 5.12 Ambient Noise Levels in and around Rabindra Sarovar 56 5.13 Ambient Noise Standards 57 5.14 Pattern of Use 59 5.15 Demographic Pattern of Visitors 59 5.16 Current land use pattern (Ownership wise) 60 5.17 Land Use Pattern of KIT Owned land 60 5.18 Distribution of Land among Lease Holders 60 5.19 Distribution of Land among License Holders 61 5.20 Distribution of Water body 61 5.21 Distribution Land Area as per Use 66 5.22 Authority of Decision-making and Management Policies 69 5.23 Administrative Divisions 69 5.24 Details of Revenues Earned by KIT during 2004-05 71 5.25 Total Maintenance Costs during 2006-07 73 5.26 Estimation of Solid Wastes for Vermi-composting 77 5.27 Proposed Administrative Structure 89 5.28 Abstract of Estimated Cost 93 5.29 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost 94 5.30 Expected Annual Generation of Revenues 95

ix LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page No. No. 1.1 Location of West Bengal 1 3.1 Degradation of ox-bow lakes 20 4.1 Mirik Lake 26 4.2 Google Image of Subhas Sarovar 31 5.1 Location of Rabindra Sarovar in the city of Kolkata 37 5.2 Google Earth view of lake 39 5.3 Bathymetric map for basin A and B of Rabindra Sarovar 41 5.4 Index Map of Rabindra Sarovar Area 42 5.5 Location of Water Sampling Stations 43 5.6 Temperature profile for sampling stations of basin A 47 5.7 Temperature profile for sampling stations of basin B 48 5.8 Location of Air and Noise Sampling Stations 57 5.9 Land Use Pattern of Rabindra Sarovar 63 5.10 Solid Waste Segregation using respective Receptacles 78 5.11 Proposed Drainage Improvement Works and 80 Vermi-Composting Plants. 5.12 Proposed Beautification Works 83 A-1 Cross-section of Sewer line 123 A-2 Cross-section of Manhole 123 A-3 Cross-Section of Car Parking Floor 124 A-4 Cross-Section of Jogger's Track 124 A-5 Details of Vermi-Composting Plants 125 A-6 Existing Bank Protection Works 126 A-7 Proposed Bank Protection Works 126 A-8 Cross-Section of Erosion Control Work 126

x NOTATIONS & ABBREVIATIONS

AE Assistant Engineer AHEC Alternate Hydro Energy Centre AAQM Ambient Air Quality Monitoring AOD Aerosol Optical Depth AOT Aerosol Optical Thickness B.F.S. Brick Flat Soling BOD Bio chemical oxygen demand BRC Bengal Rowing Club B/W Brick Work C Centigrade C.C. Cement Concrete C/C Centre to Centre CLC Contractual Labour Core CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp CFU Colony forming Unit CPCB Central Pollution Control Board COD Chemical Oxygen Demand C.I. Cast CMP Comprehensive Management plan CURC Calcutta University Rowing Club cm Centimeter Cu Copper Cum Cubic Meter Cd Cadmium Cr Chromium dB Decibel DGHC Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council D.P.C. Damp. Proof Course DO Dissolved Oxygen

xi E East EMP Environment Management Plan FC Faecal Coliform FCC Fixed Colour Composite FTL Faster-than-light FRPM Fine Respirable Particulate Matter gm Grain GIS Geographical Information System G.I. Galvanized Iron G.L. Ground Level GoI Government of India ha Hector HLWM High-level water mark Hg Mercury HPSV High Pressure Sodium Vapour IITR Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee IMC Indian major Carp IPS Indian Patent Stone IRS Indian Remote Sensing IS Indian Standards ITC Indian tobacco company IWMED Institute of Management and Ecological Design I&WD Irrigation & Waterways JU Jadavpur University KIT Kolkata Improvement Trust KMC Kolkata Municipal Corporation KMDA Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority Km Kilometer Kg Kilogram Leg Equivalent Sound Level 1 Liter

xii LED Light-emitting Diode LISS Linear Imaging Self-scanning LPSV Low Pressure. Sodium Vapour L/S Lump Sum mm Millimeter m Meter mg Milligram µg Microgram MPN Most Probable Number MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest MSL Mean Sea Level M.T. Metric Ton N North NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NBU University NLCP National Lake Conservation Programme No Number Nos. Numbers NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide NO3 Nitrate NRCD National River Conservation Directorate NIE National Institute of Engineering NEERI National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute NGO Non Government Organisation NRCD National River Conservation Directorate. NRPM Non-Respirable Particulate Matter O&M Operation & Maintenance OSD Officer-On-Special Duty PPP Public Private Partnership Pb Lead ppb Parts per billion pptr . Parts per trillion PM Particulate Matter PO4 Phosphate PWD Public Works Department Oty. Quantity R.C.C. Reinforced Cement Concrete RPM Respirable Particulate Matter RS Remote Sensing R.S Rabindra Sarovar Rs. Rupees SAE Sub-Assistant Engineer SDI Shanon Diversity Index SPCB State Pollution Control Board SPVA Super Patterned Vertical Alignment Si. Serial Sq. Square Sqm. Square Meter STP Sewage Treatment Plant SWM Solid Waste Management SWRE School of Water Resources Engineering TD Temperature-Depth TKN Total Kjheldal Nitrogen TMC Thane Municipal Corporation TS Transfer Station TSPM Total Suspended Particulate Matter TDS Total Dissolved Solids TSS Total Suspended Solids WB West Bengal WC Western Circle WBPCB West Bengal Pollution Control Board WHO World Health Organization

xiv CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL

1.1 LOCATION

West Bengal, a province of eastern India, located between 21°31'00" -27°13'05" N Latitude and 85°49'25" - 89°53'00" E Longitude, covers an area of 88,752 Sq. Km with a population of about 8 Cores. Geography of West Bengal is diverse, consisting of high peaks of Himalaya in the northern extremes to coastal regions of down south, with regions such as Chotonagpur plateau and -Damodar delta intervening in between them. This is only state in India where mountains and sea, plains and plateaus, rivers and all are found.

LOCATION OF WEST BENGAL AMI+u & KASHMIR' IN INDIA N

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Fig.1.1-Location of West Bengal (Ref: www.mapsofindia.com)

1 1.2 CLIMATE

The is characterized by the tropical hot and humid monsoon type having annual average rainfall of about 1500 mm. The northern districts of this state receive a heavy rainfall of 2000 mm whereas the western districts get a medium rainfall of 1200 mm. The average temperature during summer varies between 30° to 40° C and during winter it ranges between 9° to 17° C but on northern mountains the temperature sometimes falls below the freezing point. Because of this unique diversity in physiographic and climatic conditions, different types of both natural and man made lakes are found in West Bengal along with other types of inland and coastal water bodies such as ponds, tanks, reservoirs, seasonal waterlogged 'impoundments, , , marshes, saline and brackish estuaries, creeks, salt pans, aquaculture ponds, lagoons, bays etc.

1.3 ORIGIN AND FORMATION

Geographically, West Bengal can be divided into four distinct regions such as and Duars in the north, alluvial flood plain in central segment, plateau region in the western part and coastal region in the south. In the Duars region of Himalaya, mainly covered by , hardly any natural lake has originated from tectonic activity and damming of valleys by material transported by landslides or fluvial action, instead very few man made lakes along with seasonal waterlogged type water bodies are present. In the Terai belt, consisting with two districts namely and Coochbehar, natural cut-off meanders/ox-bow lakes along with some man made lakes predominate. In the central part of the state, covered by the districts of Malada, Dinajpur, , Nadia etc., as may be demarcated by the very low gradient alluvial flood plain of river Bhagirathi and its tributaries, natural flood plain ox-bow lakes are abandoned. The western plateau region, consisting with north-western Midnapur, , and Birbhum districts, generally called Rarh Bengal, contains least numbers of natural lakes due to the presence of highly permeable laterite soil strata. Rather, the seasonal monsoonal climate with high spatial and inter-annual variability along with regional topography of this part has necessitated, since historical times, the creation of large number of man made lakes and reservoirs to store surface run-off. Along the coastal region of Bay of Bengal, back water lakes and lagoons, which are formed by coastal sedimentary processes over thousands of years, are scarce, instead other type of water bodies are distributed along . the 220 Km coastline of the southern part of two districts

2 namely 24-parganas and Midnapur. Most of these lakes assume special significance considering their varieties, vastness, life supporting systems and enriched biodiversity. Various local terms are used for these lakes according to their formations, extents and characteristics which are shown in Table 1.1. Some important lakes of West Bengal are Rabindra & Subhas Sarovar of Kolkata, Kalyani lake of Nadia, Mirik lake of Darjeeling, Rasik beel of Coochbehar, Saheb-bandh of Purulia, Moti jheel of Murshidabad, Krishna sayar of Burdwan, Kechenda dighi of etc.

Table 1.1: Local terms used for Lakes in West Bengal

Terms Type of Water Bodies represented Baor Small/ Medium Lakes Beel/Talao Ox-bow Lakes Sayar Shallow, small Lakes Dighi Deep, small Lakes Sarovar Shallow, medium Lakes Jheel Usually large and deep Lakes

1.4 FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE

In West Bengal, both natural and manmade lakes constitute an important natural resource (20% of fresh water resources of the . state, rivers not included), performing various functions depending upon their location, nature and extents. Most of the natural ox-bow lakes in the deltaic flood plain of the state serve the purpose of flood mitigation, ground water recharge, agriculture and pisciculture. The manmade lakes in the western plateau are generally used for harvesting rain water in relatively water scarce zone for the purpose of supplying water mainly for drinking and irrigation. Some urban lakes associated with open spaces and greeneries play important role in maintaining the healthy environment and also provide facilities like recreation, landscaping etc. Few lakes are important in sustaining biodiversity of the region through their abilities to support flora and fauna whereas some lakes possess tourism and socio-cultural and religious values. However, some lakes also support several other functions such as navigation, power generation, aquaculture, aesthetics etc. Thus, the lake water resource of West Bengal play important role in its sustainable development.

3 1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

However, like all other lakes in India, most of the lakes of West Bengal, irrespective of their origin, characteristics and extents, are in different states of environmental degradation due to various anthropogenic activities in the catchment areas such as deforestation, overgrazing, intensive agriculture, urbanization and industrial developments. Most important and common form of degradation is deterioration of water quality due to organic pollution from disposal of domestic waste water, and solid wastes. Eutrophication is another major and most widespread problem as a result of enrichment of nutrient loads entering with the run-off from catchments. Urban run-off is causing pollution by bringing toxic substances and particulate matters into the lakes. Siltation of the lakes due to sediment load in the run off caused by erosion is also a serious problem. Invasion of exotic species of aquatic weeds such as water hyacinth, excessive water abstraction, shoreline modification, encroachment, in-lake activities (bathing, idol immersion and disposal of religious offerings), intensive aquaculture, tourism etc. are also equally responsible for the rapid degradation of lake ecosystems during recent decades.

1.6 IMPACT OF DEGRADATION

This degradation has both direct and indirect consequences on the environment of the state. As for example, reduction in areas and depths of ox bow lakes in the Gangetic delta by siltation, affects their potentials for flood mitigation and ground water recharge. As a result, events of frequent floods in some parts of the district Murshidabad, Nadia and 24-Parganas during rainy season regularly occur which have the direct impact on human lives and properties. Inadequate ground water recharge has direct consequences on the arsenic affected areas of . Beside this, depletion of ground water storage also has a detrimental impact on the overall crop production potential of the state thereby affecting its economy. Degradation of water quality in some urban lakes affects drinking water supplies, human health and recreational use. The loss of fisheries and other biota, due to eutrophication or toxic pollution have socio-economic impact on the people. This is very important fact because large number of population in West Bengal survives only on the pisiculture. Another impact of lake degradation is on the decline in tourism which provides sustenance to numerous people.

4 1.7 CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION MEASURES

Therefore considering their ecological, hydrological, socio-economic, cultural and other associated values, the lakes of West Bengal require conservation and restoration measures according to their status and extent of degradations. Generally conservation and management plans for lakes are associated with several actions to be taken together. Many problems and causative factors have to be addressed and obviously, no amount of money or time can be enough to undertake restoration of as these lakes individually. In this aspect, prevention of further degradation followed by restoration, if required, may be adopted for management of the lakes. The lakes, which have undergone less amount of damage, deserve immediate attention as preventive action. On the other hand, severely degraded lakes require immediate management and restoration measures as applicable for most of the urban lakes in West Bengal. It is therefore necessary to identify, select and prioritize the lakes through the preparation of inventories of lakes of West Bengal before any conservation and management plan is undertaken. As such, some efforts have been attempted under the present study which has been discussed in the following Chapter.

Only very few polluted and degraded lakes in major urban areas and tourist places have been identified under National Lake Conservation Programme (NLCP) sponsored by Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Govt. of India, for the preparation of management plans and their rehabilitation, but limited work has been done till date. Some lakes have been recognized as "Wetlands of International Importance" under the RAMSAR Convention. A list of such lakes of West Bengal has been provided in Chapter 4.

5 CHAPTER-2

INVENTORIES OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Water bodies, large enough in area and depth, are generally termed as lakes irrespective of their formation, ecology, hydrology etc. But, after RAMSAR Convention (1971), much confusion has been caused by the introduction of the term `Wetland' which nowadays, covers all types of water bodies including the lakes. According to Brijgopal & Chauhan (2003), wetlands are relatively shallow (maximum depth 3m, average depth < 2m) water bodies, transitional between terrestrial and deep water ecosystems, which can support high productivity and biodiversity (in terms of flora & fauna) and have the natural potential to treat waste waters. On the other hand, lakes are generally deep (average depth > 3m) water bodies containing large volume of waters with low productivity and biodiversity, with little or no potential of treating the waste waters hence their water quality deteriorate. Therefore apart from morphological, hydrological and other associated features, both lakes and wetlands have functional differences and therefore it is important and necessary to make distinction between lakes and wetlands for their conservation and management point of views.

All the lakes, either natural or man made, during the course of geological time scale, undergo varying degree of environmental degradation like siltation, eutrophication etc. due to various natural and anthropogenic influences and therefore loose their characteristics resulting in gradual transformation into wetlands. This conversion is generally termed as `Aging Processes', the rate and extent of which depend upon the processes responsible for their formation as well as to the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the catchment areas. Due to aging processes, all the functional values and potentials of lakes to support livelihood to the benefitted communities are gradually lost unless and until some conservation and management action plans are undertaken in due time in order to prevent their degradations as well as to maintain the ecological balance of the surrounding environment. Thus strategies and approaches for the conservation and management of lakes and wetlands must be different. As such rational approach to distinguish the water bodies through systematic

0 classification and inventories have become inevitable. In this chapter, an effort to identify and inventorying the lakes amongst all other water bodies in West Bengal in a suitable manner has been attempted so that they can be used as future references.

2.2 DISTRIBUTION OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL

During the year, 2000, a comprehensive study for mapping of water bodies in West Bengal, through the application of Remote Sensing (RS) technology using IRS 1B LISS II multispectral, multi-temporal, synoptic FCC data on standard photo transparent sheet of 1992-93 on 1:50000 scale, was carried out by the Institute of Wetland Management and Ecological Design (IWMED), West Bengal (WB), under the sponsorship of MoEF. In certain cases where cloud free data for this period are not available IRS lA LISS I data on standard photo transparent sheet of 1989-90 was utilized. RS data of both pre and post monsoon were used, in order to assess the seasonal variation in the extent of water bodies. During this study various types of water bodies were identified and classified along with the estimation of their areas whose distributions are given in the following tables.

Table 2.1: Distribution of Water bodies of West Bengal

Pre- Post- Total monsoon monsoon Type Area Nature Nos. Nos. Area Area

(ha) (ha)

Natural 3486 33342 80366 Inland > 2.25 ha 6056 Man-made 2570 16254 35139

Natural 750 315042 315042 Coastal > 2.25 ha 1026 Man-made 276 44142 44142

Total 7082 408780 474689 -bource: I W MUJ, W li

Altogether 7082 nos. of water bodies (area of each one > 2.25 ha) is present in the state which occupies more than 5% of the total geographical area. If 56307 nos. of small (area < 2.25 ha) water bodies are considered in a cumulative manner then this value is about 6%.

7 Table 2.2: District wise distribution of small Water Bodies (Area < 2.25 ha)

Name of District Numbers Darjeeling 185 Jalpaiguri 567 Coochbehar 557 Dinajpur 3192 Malda 1546 Murshidabad 2327 Birbhum 7559 12471 Bankura 8610 Purulia 4307 Midnapur 7660 Hoogly 3176 Nadia 998 Kolkata 10 24-Parganas 2442 700 TOTAL 56307

*Source: IWMED, WB

Table 2.3: Distribution of inland Water bodies (Area>2.25 ha)

Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon Nature Types Number Area (ha) Area (ha) Ponds/Lakes 326 4011 13348 Flood plain/Ox-bow Lakes 1489 7335 23895 Natural Waterlogged (Seasonal) 1358 6923 28050 /Marsh 313 15073 15073 Total 3486 33342 80366 Reservoirs 358 9465 22655 Tanks/Lakes 2098 5508 10908 Man-made Waterlogged 36 190 397 Abandoned Quarries 63 325 413 Ash ponds/Cooling Ponds 15 766 766 Total 2570 16254 35139

Gross Total 6056 49596 115505

*Source: IWMED, WB Table 2.4: Distribution of coastal Water bodies (Area>2.25 ha)

Total Nature Types Number Area (ha)

Estuary 48 112993 Lagoon 2 47 Creek 150 1600 Tidal flat/Mud Flat 165 11523 Natural Sand/Beach/Spit/Bar 70 7087 Wetland 289 177268 Marsh 11 2268 Others 15 2256 Total 750 315042 Salt Pans 12 1418 Man-made Aquaculture Pond 264 42724

Total . 276 44142 Gross Total 1026 359184

*Source: IWMED, WB

2.3 INVENTORIES OF LAKES IN WEST BENGAL

As such taking into consideration the above classification, it is very difficult to identify and distinguish the lakes because of the similarities between the lakes and other type of water bodies such as large ponds, tanks, reservoirs, waterlogged areas, ash/cooling ponds, aquaculture pond and lagoons. Therefore, for selection and preparation of inventories of lakes in West Bengal, following considerations have been made under the present task.

1. Water bodies of individual permanent water bound area >10 ha have been considered.

2. Large natural ponds/man made tanks and reservoirs (area >10 ha) with sufficient depths have been considered. as lakes.

3. Waterbodies such as seasonal waterlogged areas, ash/cooling ponds, abandoned quarries, aquaculture ponds, estuaries and creeks have not been considered as lakes.

4. All water bodies, either natural or man made, irrespective of size, having maximum depth less than 3 m, average depth less than 1.m, and dominated by aquatic vegetation (submerged or emergent vegetation), have been considered as wetlands. As per above considerations or limitations, whatever may be, the district wise and size wise distribution of all the lakes, whether natural or man made is shown in the Table-2.5. Inventories of some of the lakes have been prepared on the basis of extensive search made of the published papers, books and available reports, management plans, gazetteers and websites. The inventory lists these water bodies with their names, geographical co- ordinates, Topo-sheet no., location and area which are shown in Annexure-IV.

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cd cad ' yfl ;o v 'b d b'° U U c 88o o

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11 CHAPTER-3

LITERATURE REVIEW ON OX-BOW LAKES OF WEST BENGAL

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Gangetic West Bengal represents the deltaic reaches of the river Ganges, where the river course passes through alluvial plains of a very low gradient, resulting in extensive changes in floodplain configuration. Very often, the rivers change their courses or break down into distributaries. In the process, river meanders are cut-off to form ox- bow lakes. All these lakes, associated with the river courses, irrespective of their origin, are called floodplain lakes. Locally these lakes are called as heel . or baor. Physiographically, these heels can be grouped into two main categories. Those retaining continuity with the parent river are termed as open/live, while others which are cut-off are known as closed/dead.

3.2 SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION

Referred to the Table 2.4, these lakes, covering an area about 24000 ha, form 21% of freshwater area in the state. There are altogether 487 nos. of this type of lakes, having areas 10 ha or more, distributed all over the state, amongst which almost 75% are found in the flood plain region of river Bhagirathi covering the districts of Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, Hooghly and 24-Parganas as shown in Table 2.5. The average depths of these lakes vary from 3-8 m in summer and 4-12 m in the monsoon.

3.3 HYDROLOGY

Seasonal renewal in the water balance due to river inflow and direct precipitation on catchments as well as outflow in the form of flushing, evaporation or seepage play a vital role in sustaining the natural ecosystems in these lakes. These water bodies expand and contract. The existence of a riverine connection means lake has an open ecosystem, but many lakes have a closed basin with little scope for water renewal, resulting in nutrient accumulation. Thus water residence time becomes an important parameter for the health of these lakes as they become more susceptible to the environmental degradation like eutrophication. Any discrepancy between gain and loss of water over an annual cycle

12 will result in a change in lake water volume and consequently the lake level. Water level fluctuations in some of the lakes are given in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Seasonal fluctuation in water depths in some lakes

Name Maximum Maximum Depth District Summer Monsoon Fluctuation of Lakes Depth (m) Depth (m) (m)

Barokobla Bardhaman 7.00 10.00 3.00 Haruabhanga Bardhaman 4.00 7.00 3.00 Kalobaur Bardhaman 3.25 8.50 5.25 Mogra Beel Nadia 2.25 5.0 2.75 Garapota Nadia 5.25 8.5 3.25 Badardaha Murshidabad 11.50 12.05 1.15 Goraichar Coochbehar 4.50 6.80 2.30. Gopalpur 24-Parganas 10.75 17.00 6.25 *Source: Parameswaran & Vass

3.4 WATER QUALITY

These lakes are extremely rich in nutrients as reflected by the high values of organic carbon, available nitrogen and phosphorous in the sediment. The tropical warm waters of these lakes are generally productive and support rich biotic communities. Water quality parameter like dissolved oxygen is more or less high (4.0 to 13.0 mg/1) with high ranges of alkalinity and hardness, indicating rich biogenic production potential of these lakes. Similarly, the levels of pH, specific conductivity and nutrient load in respect of some of the lakes point towards high production efficiency at the primary producer level. A characteristic feature of lakes is the high levels of chloride and nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates and silicates which are limiting nutrients in many other locations. The water quality parameters of some lakes are shown in Table 3.2.

13

S o o o o 0 0 bo O\ \o O\ O1 O v1 a cn N cF N - - N N - N N N

fl 00 O O O O O O O O N O O O O O O O O O O

M ^ N MN 0O 0 5 0 O O O ON — O O O Om z s a o 0 0 0 0 0 C) 0 0

' > u 1 O o tn o In a in w p O' C' 00 0O1 N N N C N N to M N 1 M in N C U Li w Cd In N V) M 00 ' N M '1 bra e~ ~D i 00 In 00 [t — N .t N N •-- N N N N m M M U r.+ C0 Li =_ y ice+ V L 0 00 Cc i. 00 O in N N In In V Cd Cd V 3 41 •~ O O O O C) C) C) O C) ... O Ql vl v1 W) O N If in In

O E a - c 'r '.o N in - - 00 .-V

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In In '-" N• - - to N o 0 U [~ t z vi ~o 0 0 Sri in r [~ F °~ — N N M M N N N N

Cd Cd v 'fl Cd Cd Li Cd Cd Cd — 6. 6. ° ° O o Cd Cd °o °o U U Z z x x N N

Cd Cc

v ~ O O f~. Z I- •C •b 0 cd Q" ed C ~. 0 Cd . .~ C C7 as a, a A ¢ 0

14 3.5 ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS

Flood plain ox-bow lakes are highly dynamic ecosystems supporting rich and diverse biotic communities. Being shallow, the temperature of water follows closely the atmospheric temperature and penetration of incident radiation deep into the water allows for high level of production of these lakes which indicates better fish yields. The form of many small and large lakes favours extensive development of marginal and submerged vegetation. With optimum values of light, temperature and alkalinity, the macrophytes play a major role in governing the biotic components and primary production in the lakes. The deposits of the decaying weeds at the bottom contribute to the richness of the soil in terms of detritus and benthic organisms. Most of the closed lakes are in a transit phase of swamp formation with a preponderance of submerged, emergent and floating macrophytes. Such lakes harbor rich benthic and weed-associated invertebrate fauna and fishes. The distribution of various biotic communities in some lakes is shown in Tables 3.2, 3.3 & 3.4.

Table 3.3: Plankton density, diversity and biomass

Name of SDI II Biomass (gm/m3) Mean Density Lakes Summer Winter Summer Winter Summer Winter

Bandardaha 16143.29 17408.93 2.4952 2.2177 3.92 2.78

Beloon 25.05 1453.81 2.7587 2.5748 - 0.96

Palda 131.29 5696.65 2.4990 2.4050 0.42 1.14

Baror 26.92 280.99 3.1660 2.2180 - -

Kole 8.45 6.67 2.5394 2.3289 - -

Dekole 55.78 399.30 2.5299 1.5173 - -

Akaipur 286.35 1699.05 2.2614 2.3583 1.28 1.76

Gopalpur 4658.28 26952.30 0.9117 1.1043 2.64 4.18

T~ource: rarameswaran & vass, luul

15 Table 3.4: Macro-vegetation and associated fauna

Name of Biomass/ m2 Dominant Fauna Dominant SDI Fauna Lakes (Dry Wt.) Species No./ mz Group (Mean)

Khoradoba 84.60 Ceratophyllum 77.0 Insects 0.824 Goraichar 84.60 Ceratophyllum 96.0 Insects 1.207 Bandardaha 18.44 Najas 440.0 Molluses 4.993 Beloon 349.65 Hydrilla 163.0 Insects 0.888 Palda 54.73 Vallisneria 344.0 Insects 1.141 Baror 389.56 Hydrilla 465.5 Insects 1.325 Kole 21.49 Eichhornia 52.5 Molluses 0.997 Dekole 360.00 Hydrilla 74.0 Insects 1.071 Akaipur 51.02 Eichhornia 2831.5 Insects 1.312 Gopalpur 32.26 Vallisneria 937.5 Molluses 1.107 *Source: Parameswaran & Vass, 2002

Table 3.5: Benthic population density and diversity indices

Name of Mean Density Mean Dominant Groups Lakes (Units/ m2) SDI

Khorardoba 290.0 1.4103 Oligochaetes Goraichar Beel 330.0 2.2339 Gastropods Bandardaha 933.5 1.1043 Gastropods / Chironomids Beloon 502.5 1.5756 Chironomids Palda 535.0 1.6352 Gastropods Baror 826.5 1.4596 Oligochaetes Kole 90.0 0.6502 Gastropods Dekole 1065.0 1.2495 Chironomids

Akaipur 763.3 1.1236 Oligochaetes/ Chironomids / Polychaetes

Gopalpur 3665.0 1.2550 Gastropods *Source: Parameswaran & Vass, 2002

16 The plankton. of is represented by Cyanophyacae (blue-green algae) and Chlorophyceae (green algae), followed by the Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), in addition to the zooplankton. Shallow lakes have poor plankton, compared to medium and deep ones. In many beels, carbon fixation takes place primarily by macrophytes. In absence of substantial fish populations to consume them, plants decay and contribute to the bottom detritus. Organically, rich lake bottoms encourage fast colonization by benthic organisms. Detrivorous, insectivorous and malacophagus species of fishes are very common in these types of lakes ecosystems. Benthos in these lakes is generally dominated by mollusks, insct larvae, nymphs and oligochaetes.

3.6 RESOURCE POTENTIAL

These lakes generally possess high potential for in situ fish production. It is estimated that in comparison with annual average recorded fish yield of 0.5-75 kg/ha/yr in open water lakes and reservoirs, the average annual yield from floodplain/ox-bow lakes is 160 kg/ha/yr and if small scale subsistence fishing is also taken into account, yields higher than this value can be expected. The fisheries, are dominated by carps and catfishes. The main species encountered in the beels are Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cyprinus carpio, Hypopthalmicthys moli trix, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Labeo calbasu, among Indian and exotic carps. Catfishes are represented by Wallago attu and Mystus aor. Other groups present are murrels, featherbacks, air-breathing catfishes and climbing perch. The variations encountered in fish composition of beels in general are given in Tables 3.5.

Economic benefits from fishing in case of two lakes in the district 24-Parganas during the year. 1988-89 are presented below:

1. beel: Area 90 ha, production 27 ton, input cost Rs. 44000 per annum, gross annual income Rs. 550000. No. of families supported is 92.

2. Padmapukur beel: Area 40 ha, production 35ton, gross annual income Rs. 544000. No. of families supported is 130. These lakes are also used for deriving other benefits like irrigation, jute-wetting, cattle grazing etc. On the basis of economic analysis conducted in some lakes during the year'2000, the benefits as obtained are shown in the Table 3.6.

17 Table 3.6: Fish catch statistics of some lakes

River Area Fish catch Yield Name Type System (ha) constituents (Kg/ha) Gopalpur Open Ichamati 131 IMC /Exotic/Misc. 575 Akaipur Closed -do- 30 IMC, Misc. 859 Palda Open Jalangi 200 IMC 875 Baror Closed Churni 30 Exotic 240 Bandardaha Open Bhagirathi 440 Misc. 325 Beloon Closed Behula 200 IMC 24

■ IMC-Indian major Carp *Source: Parameswaran & Vass,2002

Table 3.7: Annual benefits derived from some lakes

Name No. of Household Economic Benefits (Rs.) Benefitted Fishing Irrigation Jute- Total Haruabhanga Beel 250 160000 160000 0 32000 Kalobaur Beel 360 144000 70000 20000 23400 Barokobla Beel 130 300000 40000 0 34000 `Source: llas et at., 2000

3.7 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

Most of the ox-bow lakes in West Bengal, are considered as biologically sensitive areas as they have a vital bearing on the recruitment of populations of fishes in the riverine ecosystem and provide nursery grounds for numerous fish species, besides a host of other flora and fauna. Traditionally, fish harvesting of these lakes have been considered as a renewable natural resource, available for maximum exploitation and able to provide a source of state government revenue. But at present, these lakes are under a continuous or accelerated process of habitat degradation and loss with little habitat rehabilitation and enhancement resulting the disappearance of many lakes. Remaining lakes are eutrophic and silt laden as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors. inappropriate hydraulic structures and agricultural

18 practices increase the sediment and nutrient load in lake basins, which increase the risk of eutrophication and eventually cause deterioration of water quality. Large scale agro- forestry and agricultural land use for irrigation of crops result in the reduction of water level and accumulation of salts in closed lakes.

The practice of cultivating rice close to lake margins affects biotic communities including fisheries and many birds, which feed on aquatic organisms. The need to control insects pests has prompted the use of insecticides, leading to contamination of water, sediment and the entire food chain with toxic chemicals. Incidences of metal and pesticides accumulation in lakes are depicted in Tables 3.7 & 3.8. It has been found that the fish food organisms such as plankton and benthos are very sensitive to these chemicals, as compared to fish. Fish reproduction is adversely affected by the deposition of sediments in the marginal areas of the lake bed, which constitute their breeding grounds. The most deleterious effect of excessive siltation is the blanketing effect on river/lake bed, resulting in decrease in, or total elimination of benthic communities.

Table 3.8: Metals and pesticides in sediments of some lakes (µg/gm)

Parameter Garapota Padma

Mercury 0.26 0.03

Copper 8.46 2.32

Zinc 47.9 38.9

Total DDT 0.037 BDL

Total HCH 0.293 0.013

* BDL- Below detectable limit *Source: Parameswaran & Vass, 2002

19 Table 3.9: Pesticide residue in water and soil in of some lakes

Water (pptr) Soil (ppb) Name t-HCH t-DDT Aldrin t-HCH t-DDT Aldrin

Gopalpur 0.25 1.04 16.8 Nil Nil Nil

Dekole 0.75 Nil Nil Nil 0.455 Nil

Kol 0.60 Nil 11.2 Nil 0.014 Nil

Bandardaha Nil Nil Nil 0.004 Nil Nil

Akaipur - - - 0.118 1.014 Nil

Khoradoba - - - 11.786 0.004 Nil pptr- parts per trillion / ppb- parts per billion *Source: Parameswaran & Vass, 2002

Figure 3.1: Degradation of ox-bow lakes *Source: Das et al., 2000

20 3.8 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE

Ox-bow lakes in West Bengal, not only supplement human dietary requirements but they are also integral components of the hydrological system which operate within the geomorphological unit of the drainage basin. Existing lakes need to be conserved, degraded lakes need rehabilitation and the `lost' one needs restoration. The management of these ecosystems should not be restricted to lakes themselves, but should be extended to the entire catchment, as part of manipulation of the whole basin. Therefore, integrated catchment management or basin development approach is necessary to overcome these challenges. This approach requires both a series of technical steps and, perhaps more importantly, the initiation of a process of collaboration between the basin management authority and the people of the catchment. Some of the measures underpinning integrated catchment management are:

1) Identification and quantification of all water resources and water-related resources along with all existing demands in the entire basin and estimation of future demands under different scenarios.

2) Assessment of water-related problems, their root causes, and options for sustainable solutions including the utilization of functions as appropriate and also financial mechanisms.

3) Working with and for the entire community of water users in the basin including species of flora and fauna.

4) Identification of management strategies that maximize benefits, minimize conflicts and profit from the multiple use of water resources such as

■ Formulation of land use policy within the catchment towards agriculture, forestry and urbanization

■ Weeds and silt removal by mechanical methods and catchment area treatment

■ Rational use of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides in the catchment

21 M Creation of buffer zone/ restricted zone along the lake margin

■ Optimization of exploitation of fishery resource along with water use

■ Implementation of rules and regulations

■ Public participation and People's awareness (PA & PP)

5) A focus on sustainability, i.e., the maintenance of the natural capital of the catchment and long term options for management which are likely to include the maintenance and enhancement of lake functions.

Such steps for integrated management clearly require appropriate institutions and organizational structure to be established and adequately financed. This obviously requires a suitable legislative framework. However, in addition to these bureaucratic procedures, there is a need for the process of integrated management to be conducted:

■ in an open and flexible manner

■ with a free of information between all parties involved

■ in a spirit of collaboration and cooperation

■ with maximum contact and communication within and between organizations

■ with a necessarily large amount of time and energy devoted to the process

22 CHAPTER-4

CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR SOME URBAN LAKES

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Realizing the importance of maintaining the lakes in their good ecological health, the National Lake Conservation Programme (NLCP) was started in 2001 with the objective to restore and conserve polluted and degraded lakes in urban areas and tourist places. The activities covered included prevention of pollution, in situ lake cleaning, catchment area development, lake front eco-development. Public awareness and participation was also made a part of conservation programme.

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) subsequently identified forty seven lakes in thirteen states in which three lakes from West Bengal were included as shown in the Table 4.1. Identification of lakes for Conservation and Restoration was also made by National Institute of Ecology (NIE), New Delhi, 2003. A list of such lakes has been given in the Table 4.2.

Table 4.1: Details of Lake Conservation Project in W.B. approved under NLCP

Date of Approved Cost SI. No. Lake District Sanction (Cores)

1. Rabindra Sarovar Kolkata 2002-03 6.96

2. Mirik Lake Darjeeling 2004-05 4.01

3. Subhas Sarovar Kolkata - -

* Source: AHED

Apart from this, some other lakes have been identified under the. present study. which needs immediate attention. The details of such lakes are provided in the inventory list of the Annexure-IV. These lists include both natural and man made lakes situated in urban, semi-urban as well as rural Bengal. Major urban lakes such as Rabindra Sarovar and Subhas Sarovar are under administrative control of Kolkata Improvement Trust (KIT), whereas semi-urban lakes such as Santragachi Beel, Kalyani Lake etc. are administered by concerned . Rural lakes such as Bandardaha, Bellon,

23 Palda, Khorardoba, Kole, Padma, Rasik beel etc. are under the jurisdiction of concerned district authorities namely Zilla Parishad.

Table 4.2: List of lakes identified by NIE

Sl. No. Name

1. Akaipur beel 2. Bandardaha beel 3. Bansdanga beef 4. Beldanga baor 5. Bellon beel 6. Berar beel 7. Berbani beel 8. Bhomra beet 9. Boror beel 10. Chamardaha baor 11. Chatlia beel 12. Dekole beel 13. Dooma beel 14. Garapota beel 15. Ghurnamari beel 16. Goraichera beel 17. Haripur beel 18. Jaleswar baor 19. Kalyani lake 20. Kalinga beel 21. Khorardoba 22. Kol 23. Kulia 24. Mathura beel 25. Mogra beel 26. Padma beel 27. baor 28. Palda beel 29. Petropole beel 30. S antragachi lake 31. S enchal lake 32. Sindranibeel 33. Sonadaha beel *Source: Brijgopal & Chauhan (2003)

Till date, some conservation and restoration measures for only two lakes viz. Rabindra Sarovar and Mirik have been 88ndertaken but it is necessary to prepare

24 Till date, some conservation and restoration measures for only two lakes viz. Rabindra Sarovar and Mirik have been undertaken but it is necessary to prepare comprehensive management plans for these lakes. A report on Subhas Sarovar was prepared by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) during 2002, but no conservation measures is yet to be undertaken. State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) has carried out water quality monitoring of some lakes and many studies and researches have been done by Institute of Wetland Management and Ecological Design (IWMED), School of Water Resources Engineering (SWRE) of Jadavpur University, National Environmental Engineering and Research Institute (NEERI) etc. regarding the environmental status of different lakes but their conservation and management action plans are awaited to be prepared from the competent authorities. In the following sections, some conservation measures for few lakes in West Bengal have been discussed.

4.2 CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR RABINDRA SAROVAR, KOLKATA

A detailed report has been prepared for this lake separately in the next Chapter.

4.3 CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR MIRIK LAKE, DARJEELING

Mirik Lake (Fig 4.1) is situated at Mirik hill town in sub-division of Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The geographical coordinate of the lake is 26°54'00" N and 83°13'00" E. It is located at an altitude of 1767 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL), and approximately midway between Silliguri and Darjeeling on the road.

4.3.1 Formation

Previously, Mirik lake was a small natural one (2.02 ha), formed within the flat portion of Mirik valley by perennial springs and rain water, which was subsequently impounded by construction of a weir/dam during 1979. The flat stretch forms the eastern bank of the lake, while the western bank is comprised of hill slopes covered with forest vegetation. After its conversion into a big lake (16 ha) supported by the pleasant climate throughout the year, the small town of Mirik became a popular tourist spot resulting rapid expansion of the town in the vicinity of the lake. Therefore, the lake always -experiences a pressure of human on its ecosystem. The area, under the jurisdiction of Mirik Municipal Corporation, is overall controlled by Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC).

25 Figure 4.1: Mink Lake *Source: KMDA

4.3.2 Functions

On the western side of the lake, Mechi river flows which demarcates the Indo- border. The lake is situated in a valley encircled by hill ridges with extensive natural drainage network. The catchment area consists of residential areas, vacant lands and commercial activities, comprising mainly of hotels, restaurants and other shops. Roads of the town are bound towards the lake on all sides. As a whole, the lake and its surroundings support various functions such as boating, recreation, morning walk and jogging, fair, picnic and many others.

4.3.3 Sources of Lake Pollution

The lake and its surrounding areas are under acute pressure due to unregulated anthropogenic activities resulting the degradation of water quality below the water quality criteria for class 'B' as recommended by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). In order to protect the lake, it is included under NLCP, sponsored by MoEF, GoI. The major identified threats are as follows:

■ Point sources: Direct discharge of waste water into the lake.

26 ■ Non-point sources: Washing, bathing, disposal of solid wastes, cleaning of vehicles, storm water, etc.

■ Erosion of bank

■ Indiscriminate use of lake surroundings by picnic parties.

■ Encroachment of lake area by construction of hotels.

4.3.4 Water Quality Status

In order to generate a baseline data on present status of water quality, NEERI in collaboration with School of Water Resources Engineering (SWRE) of Jadavpur University (J.U) and Zoology Department of North Bengal University (NBU) conducted detailed investigations during 2005-200-6. Sampling of lake water was done for the analysis of different Physico-chemical, Bacteriological and Biological parameters during summer, Post-monsoon, Monsoon and winter periods. The average values of those parameters are shown in the Table 4.3.

The salient findings of the water quality assessment of the lake are as follows:

• There is continuous anthropogenic pressure on the lake causing environmental degradation.

• Physico-chemical characteristics of water do not fulfill the bathing water quality as specified by CPCB.

■ Phosphorous levels, main factor responsible for eutrophication, are in alarming state.

4.3.5 Trophic Status

On the basis of the above water quality data the trophic status of the lake can be determined with respect to the available standards. The parameters which are necessary to evaluate trophic status are transparency, chlorophyll and phosphate. The evaluation (Table-4.4) confirms that the hyper-eutrophic condition Mirik Lake.

27 Table- 4.3: Water Quality Parameters of Mirik Lake

Characteristics Parameters Range

Temperature (°C) 12 - 25

pH 5.3-7.0

Secchi Disc Transparency (cm) 22.0 - 43.0

Conductivity (mmhos/cm) 50.0 - 130.0

TSS (mg/1) 12.0 - 49.0

DO (mg/I) 5-9

BOD (nigh) 2.5 - 35.0 Physico-Chemical COD (mg/1) 7.0 -30.0

Alkalinity (mg/l as CaCO3) 24.0 - 44.0

Total Hardness (mg/l as 11.5 -21.6 CaCO3)

Sulphate (mg/1) 2.3 - 16.3

Total Phosphate (µg/1) 60.0 - 159.0

Chlorides (mg/1) 11.4-24.9

Heterotrophic Bacteria 300.0 - 39000.0 (MPN/100ml)

Bacteriological Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) 200.0 - 28000.0

Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) 60.0 - 4300.0

Phytoplankton Density 3300.0 - 26600.0 (Unit/ml) Chlorophyll-a (µg/1) 98.0 -165.0 Biological Zooplankton Density (Unit/m3) 67.0 - 480.0

Chinese long fish, American front, Nekton Silver Carp, Cypinus, Catfish

*Unpublished data Table 4.4: Trophic Status of Mink Lake

Status Secchi Disc Depth Chlorophyll- Total Phosphorous (m) a (µms) (µgll) Oligotrophic >5 <2 <10 Mesotrophic 1.6-5.0 2-10 10-30 Eutrophic 0.7-1.6 10-30 30-60 Hypereutrophic <0.7 >30 >60 Mirik Lake 0.22-0.43 98-165 60-159 *Unpublished data

4.3.6 Types of Degradation

■ Deterioration of water quality.

■ Eutrophication.

■ Sedimentation resulting remarkable decrease in water area and depth.

■ Odor, fish kill and possible prolification of mosquito breeding.

■ Possible source of pathogens causing cholera, typhoid, scabies etc.

4.3.7 Proposed Remedial Measures

■ Interception and diversion of municipal waster water through construction of suitable Sewage Treatment Plant (STP).

■ Removal of nutrient rich superficial sediments of lake bottom and desiltation of the banks.

■ Uprooting and removal of Macrophytes.

■ Siphoning of hypolimnetic water from the lake.

■ Water circulation and aeration.

■ Chemical treatment for removal of phosphates and algae.

■ Biomanipulation.

■ Hydrologic regulation of water retention time through use of sluices.

■ Shoreline plantation.

29 ■ Removal of encroachments.

■ Regular cleaning of lake area and removal of solid wastes.

■ Control in indiscriminate picnics and fairs by enforcement of prevailing rules and regulations.

4.4 CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR SUBHAS SAROVAR, KOLKATA

Subhas Sarovar (Latitude 22°34'30" N and Longitude 88°24'30" E), under the administrative control of KIT, represent the lung of some fringe areas of eastern Kolkata with massive environmental fillip.' The water body (16 ha), surrounded by parks and gardens (24 ha) with extensive tree plantation, is utilized mainly for sports, recreational and cultural activities. The lake is given on rent to the Department of Fisheries of Govt. of W.B. Its ecosystem is playing a key role in maintaining the oxygen balance and its two islands have also possess potential for attracting the tourists as well as constitute an excellent habitat for diverse species for life. Moreover, this ecosystem is acting as a natural sink through the removal of pollutants from the surrounding environment. The lake was identified for conservation and management plan under NLCP, MoEF during the year, 2000. But till date no conservation and management work has been undertaken for it. The total land use pattern of the lake area is shown in Table-4.5.

Table 4.5: Land use pattern of Subhas Sarovar Area

Si. No. Uses Area in ha

1 • Swimming pool with pavilion, gallery and other ancillary structures, 1.50 under W.B. Sports Authority

2. Football ground, cricket coaching centre, basket ball & volley ball 4.25 campus

3. Learner's swimming pool 0.25

4. KMC/KIT storeyard 0.40 5.. Area left for public use 17.25 6. Clubs and Institutions 0.35 7. Water area of Sarovar 16.00 Total Land and Water Area 40.00

*Source: KMDA

30 Fig. 4.2: Image of Subhas Sarovar * Source: Google Earth

4.4.1 Environmental Status

Presently, water of the Sarovar is intensively used for bathing, washing, cleaning and community purposes by a large number of people who live in the nearby slum area adjacent to the lake. Solid wastes including plastic wastes are also being dumped beside the lake water by the visitors. Another major problem is indiscriminate idol immersion activities during puja festivals of the Bengali communities.

As such there is no point-source of pollution entering into the lake. The lake has limited aquatic macrophyte growth but above non-point sources of pollution have resulted the degradation of the lake water quality below Class `B' as prescribed by CPCB. The identified sources of pollution for the lake are summarized below:

R Washing of clothes, utensils & bathing.

■ Cleaning of vehicles.

■ Dumping of waste materials including religious offerings, immersion of idols etc.

■ Erosion of bank.

31 The consequences of the lake pollution are given below.

■ Deterioration of water quality.

■ Eutrophication.

■ Siltation

■ Odour, fish kill and possible prolification of mosquito breeding.

■ Presence of high levels of pathogens.

4.4.2 Water Quality Analysis

In order to assess the extent of deterioration of water quality of Subhas Sarovar, a study was carried out by KMDA during February'2002 for both water and bottom sediment/sludge samples and the average values of different parameters has been given in the Tab1e4.6&4.7.

Table 4.6: Water Quality Parameters of Subhas Sarovar

Class `B' Characteristics Parameters Range Requirements

Physico- Temperature (°C) 26.3-27.0 Chemical pH 7.01-7.38 7.0-8.5

Secchi Disc 70-220 100 Transparency (cm)

TSS (mg/1) 7.0-33.0 -

DO (mg/1) 4.0-6.3 2.0-5.0

COD (mg/1) 80-220 10-30

Nitrate Nitrogen 0.05-0.13 < 0.1 (mg/1) TKN (mg/1) 1.0-2.0 -

Total Phosphorous 60-210 10-35 (mg/m3)

32 Heavy Metals Below Detection _ Limit Total Bacteriological 290-2470 - Count CFU/ml Total Coliform 140 to >1600 < 1000 (MPN/100ml) Bacteriological Fecal Coliform 20 to >1600 < 1000 (MPN/100ml)

Fecal Streptococcus 21-350 < 1000 (MPN/100ml) Total Plankton - 14900-37000 - Counts (Unit/m3) Chlorophyll-a (µg/1) 12.45-97.0 - Biological Chlorophyll-b (µg/1) 1.48-6.42 -

Algal Biomass 0.75-6.69 - (mg/1) *Source: KIVIDA

Table 4.7: Analysis of Sludges and Bottom sediments of Subhas Sarovar

Parameters Range

pH 6.72-7.20

Organic Content (%) 5.75-7.50

Organic Nitrogen (%) 0.06-0.17

Total Phosphorous (%) 0.020-0.072

Ash Content (%) 94.25-93.15

Sludge Mineralization (%) 0.16-0.19

*Source: KMDA

33 Table 4.8: Trophic Status of Subhas Sarovar

Total Secchi Disc Depth Chlorophyll-a Status (m) (µg/l) Phosphorous (µg/l) Oligotrophic >5 <2 <10

Mesotrophic 1.6-5.0 2-10 10-30

Eutrophic 0.7-1.6 10-30 30-60

Hyper-eutrophic <0.7 >30 >60

Subhas Sarovar 0.7-2.2 12.45-97.0 60-210

*Source: KMDA

4.4.3 Interpretation of Results

From the above results obtained by analysis of the water and sludge samples, the following points can be inferred.

■ The lake water quality fails to conform with the Class `B' Standards of CPCB in all parameters except transparency, oxygen, pH and fecal Coliform (Table- 4.6).

■ Absence of heavy metals indicate that lake water is free from industrial pollution.

■ Bacterial profile is very high in the lake due to very high proportion of nutrient contents. Results of fecal Coliform and fecal streptococcus indicate that lake water is used for domestic sanitation/waste disposal purpose.

■ The species diversity index (range 1.151 - 1.682) reflects the degree of variety of total plankton and hence the status of stability of the lake ecosystem.

■ The index of dominance (range 0.228 - 0.452) indicates that the lake ecosystem is under some kind of environmental stress.

■ Result of bottom sediments (Table 4.7) of lake indicates very high level of nutrient and algal biomass. Percent mineralization value indicates that the conversion of organic nitrogen into inorganic nitrogen is by the process of anaerobic digestion.

34 ■ The trophic status of the lake (Table-4.8) indicates that the lake is in Hyper- eutrophic condition.

4.4.4 Suggestive Measures

The following measures have been required for betterment of the water quality as well as- for its surroundings.

■ Regular sweeping and cleaning of lake area through suitable arrangement of disposal of solid wastes.

■ Strict banning of all the activities like washing, bathing, cleaning, dumping of wastes, immersion of idols etc. within lake area through enforcement of prevailing rules and regulations.

• Construction of railing/boundary wall with provision of adequate securities against illegal entrance.

■ Total beautification of lake area.

■ Protection of bank with creation of vegetative cover including earth filling.

■ Addition and improvement of existing toilet and urinal facilties.

35 CHAPTER-5

COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR RABINDRA SAROVAR

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.1.1 History

"Rabindra Sarovar" lake is popularly known as the "Lungs of Kolkata". In the early 1920s, about 78 ha of marshy jungles were converted to a major Environmental Reserve by the Calcutta Improvement Trust (CIT), without compromising the basic `natural character' of the land. Their intention was to develop the area for residential use — improving the roads, raising and leveling some of the adjacent land and building, lakes and parks. Excavation work was undertaken with the plan of creating a huge lake. Originally known as Dhakuria Lake, in May 1958, CIT renamed the lake as Rabindra Sarovar, as a tribute to the great Bengali writer and Nobel Laureate, .

5.1.2 Location

Rabindra Sarovar is located between Longitude 22°30'30" - 22°30'42" N and Latitude 88°21' - 88°22' E in the southern corner of Megacity Kolkata. It is well connected to the rest of the city through roads, surface rail and tube rail. It is only 30 Km from Kolkata Airport and .12 km from Howrah Railway Station. It is bounded by the following thoroughfares:

• Southern Avenue to the North

• Sealdah-Budge-Budge Railway Line to the South

• South End Park Road to the East

• Sarat Chatterjee Road & S.P.Mukherjee Road to the West

Road connecting the Prince Anwar Shah Road on South and Southern Avenue on North, through the Lake Gardens flyover cuts across the site in North-South direction, thus dividing it into two unequal parts. It is accessible from North and East through Southern Avenue and Sarat Chatterjee Road respectively. However, limited pedestrian 36 access from South and East also exists. Vehicular access from these sides, although possible, is rarely used.

...15. 4 ITMM

/ LEGEPID HCaVl: Wr c s ~ ~/~145'AY + (7 LCOM.WAY /- ' Rh'fR CN1°L 6ti"E GUi fA PUl! dw e° LOCZW 1901[1ISTk4 MWMD1 •

\ WATEA Wix tm $30 Lsiel PLACE Cf TOAST tirEF{Sr

Fig. 5.1: Location of Rabindra Sarovar in the city of Kolkata (*Source-KIT)

Besides the dense residential surroundings (Kolkata has very fast urban growth and highest population density in India, 24760/Sq.Km, Census 2001), a few commercial, 37 institutional and religious pockets have evolved over the time in the vicinity viz. Menoka Cinema Hall, several restaurants, Automobile Show Room, Birla Academy of Art & Culture, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Sri Sankara Hall, Naba Nalanda School, the highly revered Hindu shrine Lake Kali Bari, the famous Japanese-Buddhist Temple etc. All these landmarks make the place a good package for tourists to the cultural capital of India.

5.1.3 Functions and Importance

This is the only National lake in West Bengal and an important ecosystem for its bio-diversity, aesthetic beauty and multifarious features like recreation, amusement etc. Apart from the water spread area, its surrounding open landmass is also an integrated part of this lake ecosystem, which provides several cultural and recreational facilities. It plays an active role in maintaining the oxygen-balance of the environment and acts as a natural sink for removal of pollutants from the surroundings. Unfortunately, in spite of its environmental, recreational and aesthetic values it had received little attention in the past. Like a majority of artificial lakes in the country, it is also suffering environmental degradation. Water pollution is on the rise, owing to an increase in tourist flow and habitation around the lake along with other sources of pollution.

Realizing its importance, MoEF, GoI has included this lake under NLCP for its preservation during the year 2002-2003. It has also given the International importance under RAMSAR Convention. The green bench of Calcutta High Court has taken particular interest (2004) to understand remodeling effort of Rabindra Sarovar as part of the NCLP. Recently MoEF has sanctioned Rs.4.0 Cores in order to undertake its comprehensive development plan.

5.1.4 Scope of Present Study

Rabindra Sarovar has carved a niche of its own among the highly demanded scarce open-space resources of the city due to its greeneries and aesthetic value. However, the value of this rare asset in an urban setting is perceived but not valued appropriately.

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5.2 HYDROLOGY

5.2.1 Meteorology and climate

The lake area is situated in the typical tropical hot and humid zone. The average temperature during summer varies between 30° to 40° C and during winter it ranges between 9° to 17° C. The annual average rainfall of Kolkata is about 1500 mm. The source of water of the lake is the rainfall falling over its surface as well as inflow from its catchment area of 47 ha. Some times during heavy rain, the lake overflows causing submergence of surrounding land areas.

5.2.2 Bathymetry

The entire water area of 31 ha is divided into four basins with different morphometry and denoted by basin A, B, C and D as illustrated in the Figure 5.3. The portion A and B constitutes the main lake portion interconnected by small narrow channel. C and D are two isolated water bodies. The larger water body, i.e. basin B has water area of about 17.1 ha and three small islands within it. The next larger water body marked basin A, having water area of 6.7 ha, has one island within it. The mean length and width of the basin B (bathymetric map: Figure 5.4) are 1082 m and 184 m respectively while the maximum depth and the mean depth of this basin are 5.7 m and 3.5 m. respectively. The mean length and width of the basin A (bathymetric map: Figure 5.4) are 642 m and 149 m respectively while its maximum depth and the mean depth are 6.5 m and 3.6 m respectively. The small channel connecting these two basins has length 20 m and width 8 m with a mean water depth of 1.0 to 1.3 m. There is a road-bridge over this channel to connect Lake Gardens with Southern Avenue. The basin C represents the smallest part of the lake and is named as Lotus pond. This basin is around 150 m long and 60 m wide. The last portion D is used as public swimming pool. The depths of basins C & D are somewhat less than the main lake portion and are not considered in this study from conservation view point. 40 Depth (in) A 0 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 13.51 3.5 i.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.0

*Source: KIT

Fig. 5.3: Bathymetric map for basin A and B of Rabindra Sarovar

The limnological parameter of the lake is given in the Table 5.6.

Table 5.1: Limnological parameters for Rabindra Sarovar

Si. Limnological characteristics Unit Basin-A Basin-B 1. Latitude 22 34'N

2. Longitude S 88 23' E 3. Lake altitude (M.S.L) (m) 6.00 6.00 4. Lake water area (x iO4 m) 6.70 17.10

5. Lake water volume (X iO3 m) 207.6 532.2 6. Maximum length (m) 643.0 1085.0 7. Maximum effective length (m) 304.8 379.2 8. Mean length (m) 642.0 1082.0 9. Effective length (m) 297.6 396 10. Maximum width (m) 149.0 269.0 11. Maximum effective width (m) 142.0 144.0 12. Mean width (m) 102.0 184.0 13. Maximum depth (m) 6.50 5.70 14. Mean depth (m) 3.60 3.50 15. Shoreline length (m) 1426 2642.4 16. Total shoreline length (m) 1584.4 3280.8 17. Maximum Secchi-Depth (m) 1.46 1.50 *Source: KIT

41 42 5.3 LIMNOLOGY AND HYDROBIOLOGY

5.3.1 Water Quality Data

Water samples were collected from 16 sampling stations of the lake as shown in Figure 5.5 for determining physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of lake water. The water quality parameters of the samples taken at different locations have been analyzed to assess the water quality of Rabindra Sarovar and to identify the eco-services that can be provided and what kind of improvements or intervention will be needed to maintain the standards specified at the national level and worldwide. The analysis results have been summarized in Tables 5.6 to 5.8.

a 010 p 12 0

4

Fig. 5.5: Location of Water Sampling Stations

The average Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 day, 20°C) of the lake water has been found to be 5.16 mg/l (min. 2.5 mg/l and max. 6.5 mg/1). As sewage/ sullage are not getting discharged in the lake (this has been verified during site survey), the contribution of organic load in the lake could be from residue of aquatic plants and solid wastes. It is expected that B.O.D of the lake water will get reduced in future after taking lake management plan.

The average pH values of the lake water are 7.84. The pH of the lake water is remaining slightly in alkaline range which also substantiates the growth of algae in the lake. The algal growth is not very high as the BOD of the lake water ranged between 2.5 to 6.5 mg/l. The algae in the lake are growing due to photosynthesis to maintain symbiotic relation with bacteria.

43 The average Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level in the lake is 7.7 mg/l at average temperature of 20°C. A favorable bio-environment for fish is maintained in the pond at present. The average Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the lake have been estimated to be 233 mg/l. The average chloride concentration in the lake remains to be 103.19 mg/l. This indicates that ground water infiltration is minimum.

The average Ammoniacal Nitrogen (as N) in the lake water has been found to be 0.17 mg/1 which is comparatively remaining at lower level. This indicates that the lake water is not polluted with sewage. Higher Ammoniacal Nitrogen may cause deleterious effect in the pond with the risk of fish kill during daytime. The average value of Phosphorous (as P) in the lake water has been estimated to be 0.11 mg/l.

The bacteriological analysis was conducted in the laboratory to access Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform. Samples were collected from 10 locations of the lake on 4t, 9' and 14' February 2008. The Total Coliform (MPN count) was varied from 5100 to 550 per 100 ml. In the above locations, the Faecal Coliform (MPN count) was varied between 2900 and 400 MPN per 100 ml. The variation in coliform counts suggests localized contamination of the lake water. The average TC and FC accordingly has been found to be 3100 per 100 ml and 1000 per 100 ml respectively as depicted in Table 5.8.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has classified surface water as per water quality criteria and designated best-use. Using the same standard the Rabindra Sarovar Lake can be classified as class `D'. However, if the lake water could be protected from organic pollution through implementation of environmental management plan in a short- term measure, the lake could be upgraded to class `C' in near future. By undertaking Comprehensive Management Plan as a long-term measure, Rabindra Sarovar could be further upgraded to class `B'.

The analysis of bottom sediments, carried out by KIT as shown in Table 5.5 indicates presence of some heavy metals in the sedimentary deposit at the bottom of the lake which could be due to disposal of solid waste, immersion of idols etc. It needs to be mentioned that over past few years the water quality has improved but target should be to improve it to grade B from current status of grade D.

44 Table 5.2: Physico-Chemical Analysis of water (Sampling date -14.01.2008)

SI. Parameters St.-1 St.-2 St.-3 St.-4 St.-5 St.-6 St.-7 St.-8 No. 1. Temp. (°C) 19.8 19.9 19.9 20.0 19.9 20.0 20.0 20.1

2. pH 7.96 7.96 7.94 7.89 7.87 7.73 7.65 7.72

3. Conductivity (pS) 415 315 397 412 402 323 394 397

4. Turbidity (NTU) 1 3 1 4 3 4 2 2

5. TDS (mg/1) 247 235 232 241 228 227 224 226

6. BOD (mg/1) 6.5 6.5 6.0 5.5 6.5 5.5 2.5 4.5

7. COD (mg/1) 31.5 33.0 19.5 29.8 26.1 19.7 20.3 16.6

8. DO (mg/1) 7.80 8.10 8.50 8.30 8.60 7.70 8.40 7.10

9. NH4-N (mg/1) 0.22 0.14 0.18 0.15 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16

10. PO4-P (mg/1) 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.06 0.18 0.03 0.12 0.10

11. Chloride (mg/1) 55.70 42.30 61.20 47.50 54.40 44.90 133.3 138.4

Table 5.3: Physico-Chemical Analysis of water (Sampling date -23.01.2008)

SI. Parameters St.-9 St.-10 St.-11 St.-12 St.-13 St.-14 St.-15 St.-16 No. 1. Temp. (°C) 19.9 19.8 19.9 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.2

2. pH 7.46 7.70 7.93 7.89 7.90 7.85 8.05 7.94

3. Conductivity(pS) 384 407 413 387 393 408 395 377

4. Turbidity (NTU) 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

5. TDS (mg/1) 239 227 261 215 236 233 231 222 6. BOD (mg/1) 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.5 4.5 5.0 5.5

7. COD (mg/1) 15.9 28.6 17.3 22.9 23.5 30.8 23.2 18.8

8. DO (mg/1) 9.20 7.50 7.80 7.60 6.80 6.40 6.30 7.7

9. NH4-N (mg/1) 0.16 0.12 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.15 0.16

10. PO4-P (mg/1) 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.14 11. Chloride (mg/1) 113.6 137.3 151.8 141.5 152:6 126.7 149.5 100.4

45 Table 5.4: Bacteriological analysis of water

Date Sampling Total Coliform (TC) Faecal Coliform Salmonella Location (MPN/100 ml) (FC) (MPN/100) 0/02/2008 Station-11 5100 2900 Absent 04/02/2008 Station-13 3200 1800 -do- 04/02/2008 Station-6 1750 950 Present 04/02/2008 Station-1 3050 920 Absent 08/02/2008 Station-4 5100 250 Present 08/02/2008 Station-2 5200 210 -do- 08/02/2008 Station-9 5350 570 -do- 08/02/2008 Station-5 3100 910 -do- 11/02/2008 Station-l0 2950 890 Absent 11/02/2008 Station-14 3200 1100 -do- 11/02/2008 Station-12 2750 970 -do- 11/02/2008 Station-15 3000 1050 Present 14/02/2008 Station-7 1050 610 -do- 14/02/2008 Station-16 550 400 -do- 14/02/2008 Station-3 650 660 -do- 14/02/2008 Station-8 3000 1750 Absent Average 3062 ~s 3100 996 -1000

Table 5.5: Chemical analysis of bottom sediments (mg/kg) as dry weight

Sample Zn (mg/Kg) Cd (mg/Kg) Pb (mg/Kg) Cr Cu Basin B 79.82 1.11 38.7 26.1 25.8 Basin A 102.3 1.56 42.3 29.2 30.6 'FSource: Ku

5.3.2 Thermal Stratification

Both the basins A and B of the lake are under the same meteorological conditions. The two basins are connected by narrow channel which allows flow of water between the basins. The temperature profile along the vertical-depth at different stations for both the basins has been measured during the study period of Jan- Feb 2008. The measured Temperature-Depth (TD) profiles for lake are reasonably in good agreement on different dates excepting a few cases as observed in Figure 5.6 and Figure 5.7. The reasons for these variations are mainly due to lesser depth of the lake at the monitoring station. The nature of temperature structure in both the basins, however, remains the same. This strongly suggests that the possibility of error in measurement of temperature distribution is minimum, and the result further substantiates the validity and usefulness of the data for 46 model analysis. However for the present study, it has not been possible to observe meticulously the climatic behaviour particularly during the nights previous to the date of observation and also in between the days of observation, e.g. stormy, windy, calm, chilly, warm etc. The Temperature-Depth relationship as observed may get altered due to anthropogenic disturbances of the water-body, such as rowing.

Statlaa-1 Station-3 Temperature (°C) Tempentme (°C)

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 • 0

0.5 0.5 Depth Depth (m) 1 (m) 1

1.5 1.5

2 2

25 2.5

Statload St IIoo-5 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 0

0.5 OS Depth Depth (m) (m) 1

1.5 IS 2 2 H2 25 25

Statloo-7 Station-8 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 0

0.5 0.5 Depth Depth (m) (m) 1

1.5 1.5

2 2

2.5 2.5 Fig. 5.6: Temperature profile for six different sampling stations of basin A

47 Statlo -9 Statloo-l0 Tcmpentore(°C) Temperature(°C)

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 0

0.5 Depth (m) 05 Depth I (m) I

Is 1.s

z z

2.5 z.5

Stationll Statloo-12 Temperature (°C) Temp tore (°C)

18 19 20 21 22 2J 24 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 0

0.5 0.5 Depth Depth (m) 1 (m) 1

l.5 1.5

2 2

2.5 2.5

Smtloo-14 Station-IS Temperature( Temperature (°C) 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0

0.5 Depth 0.5 (m) I Depth (m) I

1.5 1.5

2 2

2.5 2.5

Fig. 5.7: Temperature profile for different sampling stations of basin B

48 5.3.3 Flora and Fauna

The biological analysis of flora and fauna has been presented in Table 5.6.

Table 5.6: Biological analysis of flora and fauna

Station No. Chlorophyll A Chlorophyll B Total Plankton (mg/m3) (mg/m3) Count 1. 55 11 190 2. 59 10 285 3. 67 12 360 4. 68 9 430 5. 107 10 490 6. 101 9 320 7. 96 11 505 8. 64 10 365 9. 92 12 500 10. 98 10 400 11. 106 11 370 12. 113 13 280 13. 74 15 375 14. 65 14 510 15. 72 10 445 16. 103 9 235

The above results show that concentration of Chlorophyll A & B as well as Total Plankton Counts is not so high. Rather the concentrations support the current status of water quality criteria as grade 'D'.

5.3.4 Eutrophication Status

From the analysis of the water samples at various locations, it has been observed that the lower concentrations of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P) indicate limited nutrient enrichment and hence less or slight extent of eutrophication of the lake water. As such there is no algal bloom found in the lake rather floating macrophytes predominate in some locations which are removed periodically in order to improve water quality. During the field survey (January — February, 2008) it was observed that water hyacinth removal operation in progress.

49 5.3.5 Biodiversity

Diversity of the organisms in an ecosystem is very much informative for evaluating its present condition. Larger diversity indicates the good health of the system and vice-versa. Phytoplankton being the major primary producer in the aquatic system plays the key function for maintaining the ecological equilibrium. To assess the present status of the lake, some study on biodiversity has been carried out for two months of January and February, 2008.

In Rabindra Sarovar, 11 genera of phytoplankton/periphyton have been found. Apart from the phytoplankton and periphyton, there are several macroscopic phyto- components often termed as aquatic macrophytes have an immense role to maintain the stability of ecosystem. They have great contribution for maintaining dissolved oxygen and nutrient cycling, sustaining biodiversity and mitigating pollution. Total 15 species of b1 ~•'rnacrophytes.have been found in the lake. L ~~ l 'aquatic invertebrate fauna dominating the lake habitat were majority p a ton' and macro-invertebrates which included annelids, insects and molluscs. A to . •3' species of zooplankton belonging to 4 major groups viz., Rotifera, Cladocera, tracoda and Copepoda have been identified from Rabindra Sarovar.

The aquatic vertebrates inhabiting the lake are mainly reptiles, amphibians and fishes. 3 species of reptiles belonging to 2 families comprising of turtles, lizards and snakes are found to be associated with the lake. 5 species of toads and frogs (amphibians) have been found abundant in the lake ecosystem. 25 species of fishes belonging to 11 families have been found from the lake. About 21 species of birds belonging to 13 families have been observed. They comprised of water birds mainly dwelling in the lake islands as well as species present in the surrounding land area. The biodiversity profile of the lake has been summarized in the Table 5.7.

To understand a particular biotic community it is very important to work out certain indices. In this study Margalef's index (1958) and Shannon-Weiner index (1949) have been estimated for the purpose of community analysis of the macro-invertebrates as shown in Table 5.8.

d=(S-1) / log N 50 Where, d= Margalef's index.

S= Total no. of species.

N= total of importance values.

This index commonly varies between 1 and 5, larger the index value a more healthy body of water. In the present study, Margalef's index for the month of January and February are 3.49 and 3.51 respectively. These high values reflect the suitability of habitat for the organisms and a relatively stable community.

H=E (n; / Nt) In (n; / Nt)

Where, H= Shannon-Weiner index.

n; importance value of each species.

Nt= total of importance values.

The values of this index can theoretically range from 0 to oo. However, values normally. range from 0-4. Wilhm and Dorris (1968) after examining diversity in a range of polluted ..: and unpolluted streams concluded that the values of H >3 indicated clean water, values in the range of 1-3 were characterized by moderate pollution and values less than I...... characterized heavily polluted condition.

The value of H, calculated for macro-invertebrates of Rabindra Sarovar are 2.45 and 2.43 respectively for the aforesaid months. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the lake is under some environmental stress due to the effect of pollution.

During survey, it is known that tree stock and green patches of the area have reduced over time. Some information is available on depletion of Tree stock over time. In the KIT owned land area in the year 1989 tree stock was 1899 (Mody and Sarayogi 1989) while current stock is 1459. By density count the tree density per acre has reduced from 25 to 19. There were 46 species with 12 dominant varieties. Current health of the environmental resources: water, green cover, tree line provides limited potential to attract biodiversity, migratory birds as compared with the standards for such a ecological site. Moreover concrete edges, constructed along the banks in some locations, have stopped

51 soil erosion but have killed natural growth of aquatic biodiversity and water recharge through the embankments and side wall of the lake.

Table 5.7: Bio diversity Profile

Type Name. No. of No. of No. of Groups Families Species Phytoplankton/ Periphyton 4 - 11

Macrophytes 5 - 15 Flora Herbaceous - - 40

Tree - - 45

Zooplankton 4 - 23

Macro- invertebrates 6 - 30 Fauna Invertebrates I.Reptiles 2 3 2.Amphibians 3. Fishes - 11 5 Birds - 13 21

Table 5.8: Population density of Macro-invertebrates

. Population Density Groups Name of species (mean No./m2) January February

Oligocheata Limnodrilus hoffrneisteri 566 527 Branchiura sowerbyi 132 114 Coleoptera Hydrocoptus subvittulus 61 59

Diptera Chiromid larvae 173 242

Gastropoda Bellmya bengalensis 497 185 Gabbia orcula 1055 993 Digoniostoma cerameopoma 264 201 Thiara scabra 209 176 Thiara granifera 598 687 Thiara tuberculata 376 355 Brotia costula 437 362 Gyraulus labiatus 362 418

Bivalia Lamellidens marginallis Pisidium 235 239 clarkeanum 330 515

52 Total 14 5295 5073

Margalef's index - 3.49 3.51

Shannon-Weiner - 2.45 2.43 index

5.4 POLLUTION STATUS

5.4.1 Drainage

Due to the lack of proper drainage system, during heavy rains, the lake sometime overflows resulting submergence of the adjacent land area. Again due to lack of proper surface drains surrounding the lake water body, the run-off of the catchments flow into the lake thus act as a non-point source of pollution. Drainage improvement is particularly needed in the area near Ashoke Malhotra Coaching Centre and at the Clock Crossing near Nazrul Mancha.

5.4.2 Waste Water and Solid Wastes

Field visit of the entire area for finding out the point sources reveals that there are three clubs viz. Calcutta Rowing Club, Lake Club and Bengal Rowing Club are situated adjacent to the bank of the lake to avail of the opportunity of the lake for Rowing.

All the above mentioned clubs are old and engaged in sports (Rowing and indoor games) and social activities. The club authorities regularly let out their club premises to outside for holding various reception parties and social functions other than club's own function. As per order of Hon'ble Green Bench of Kolkata High court, arrangements have been made by the clubs to regularly dispose of their waste products into the KMC open road side vat (near Lake Kalibari). As such club premises, in general were found to .be clean. Solid wastes are not thrown in the lake from the clubs as stated categorically by the club officials. However, cleanliness of the kitchens of the clubs needs to be improved. Though Rabindra Sarovar has been declared by WBPCB as plastic bag free zone, no restriction has been imposed by the clubs for curbing the use. The clubs are not recycling organic waste to convert it into compost through vermiculture.

The clubs are connected to sewerage system of KMC. No sewage therefore enters into the lake from the clubs. All the clubs are having required numbers of toilets to be 53 used during peak crowded days. The storm runoff from the clubs are, however, find its way directly into the lake. However the following salient features have been identified posing serious threat to lake environments:

• Public nuisance: this includes open urination in lake as well as littering in and around the lake.

• Solid waste generation from hawkers in lake area and dumping of solid waste in lake by certain irresponsible public.

■ Use of lake area by school / office clubs and others and thus generating solid waste and spreading these in uncontrolled manner.

■ Burning of dry leaves and refuse to cause air pollution, especially acute in winter

■ A valve chamber having two big diameter pipes with valves near defunct toilets (CMDA, 1986) located at the south east corner of the lake was observed. It is to be ensured that the pipe lines not discharging to the lake.

■ It is also observed that concrete embankment is located along 75 % of the lake periphery disturbing pond ecology.

5.4.3 Air Pollution

An Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) work was carried out at two selected stations during the year 2007, organized by KIT, one at Najrul Mancha and the other one in front of Rabindra Sarovar Site Office of KIT, in the lake region. The objective was to assess the extent of air pollution in the lake area. The parameters monitored were:

■ Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM or PM10).

■ Fine Respirable Particulate Matter (FRPM or PM2.5).

• Non-Respirable Particulate Matter (NRPM).

■ Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM).

■ Tropospheric Ozone (03).

■ Sulphur Dioxide (SO2). 54 ■ Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2).

■ Aerosol Optical Depth or Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOD or AOT).

The results of monitoring have been given in the following Tables.

Table 5.9: Pre-monsoon AAQM Data in front of Nazrul Mancha

Parameters Concentration (µg/m3) RPM TSPM SO2 NO2

Actual 148.68 233.12 6.81 52.14

Permissible 100.00 200.00 60.00 60.00 (24-hourly Average Value as per NAAQS)

*Source: KIT

Table 5.10: Determination of AOD for the Monitoring Area

Site Names Filter Channels (nm)

340 500 870 936 1020

Najrul Mancha 1.44333 1.009 0.515 0.46333 0.411

Site Office 2.682 2.24978 1.68683 1.60694 1.52717

* Source: KIT Table 5.11: Post-monsoon AAQM Data

Name of Sites Parameters Najrul Mancha Site Office RPM 88 111 FRPM 54 34 NRPM 74 60 TSPM 162 171

SO2 5.5 7.0 Chemically determined NO2 24 45

Continuously determined average NO2 27 38

Continuously determined average 03 30 24

*Source: KIT 55 The following observations have been made through AAQM.

■ Ambient TSPM concentration during pre-rainfall period was found to be above the permissible limit in the study area. ■ Concentration of RPM was observed to be well above the permissible limit during pre-rainfall monitoring which has reduced considerably after rainfall. ■ The 03 concentrations obtained for the sites have been found to be very low.

N The average value of Aerosol Optical Depth or the Aerosol Optical Thickness calculated for the respective filter channels at the two sites given in the Table-5.11 are appreciably high. The probable way of reducing the AOT values is by reducing the pollution burden in the area. ■ The concentration of two other important criteria air pollutants viz. SO2 and NO2 were observed to be well below their respective permissible limits.

5.4.4 Noise Pollution

In recent years, noise, as an environmental component, has been receiving increased attention. Experts believe that exposure to an environment having continuous noise levels in excess of 90.0 dBA can introduce loss of hearing and irreversible changes in nervous system. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a maximum 45.0 dBA as the safe noise level for a city. Rabindra Sarovar Area, located at the heart of the city, Kolkata, should be made free from disturbances caused by noise interferences to restore its ecological importance. Ambient noise level monitoring programme was exercised at four different locations (MS-1 to MS-4) in and around the lake area during first week of February, 2007 and the field data are given in the following Tables.

Table 5.12: Ambient Noise Levels in and around Rabindra Sarovar

Station No. Station Name Equivalent Sound Equivalent Sound Level (Leq) in dBA Level (Leq) in dBA MS-1 Entrance of Padmapukur Park 63.7 48.2 (Behind Nazrul Mancha) MS-2 At the entrance of Rabindra Sarovar 70.9 49.7 Site Office of KIT MS-3 Mosque 51.8 41.3

MS-4 Beside Bengal Rowing Club 60.2 44.6 *Source: KIT

Table 5.13: Ambient Noise Standards

Area Code Category of Area Max. Leq (dBA) (Day Max. Leq (dBA) time) (Night time) A Industrial 75.0 70.0 B Commercial 65.0 55.0 C Residential 55.0 45.0 D Silence 50.0 40.0 *Source: KIT

SeretBoseRoad SOUTHERN AVENUE

SeretChdbecjeeRoad 0 3P.Mt iujeeRoed > J ❑ B

A~ ❑ Sealdsh —~

RAILWAY LINE MS2 MS3 Budge-Budge Leke Gadea9 • MS-4 Prince Anwar ShahRd.

Fig. 5.8: Location of Air and Noise Sampling Stations

The noise monitoring data reveals following observations.

■ During day time Equivalent Sound Levels (L~y) monitored at MS-1, MS-2 & MS-4 were observed to be above the respective maximum permissible limit of 55.0 dBA for residential area. The monitoring station MS-2, being located by the side of Lake Gardens Flyover, was found to be worst affected mostly due noise generated by vehicles plying over the flyover. Station MS-1 and MS-4 were relatively less affected due their isolation from the nearby roadways. However, Station MS-3 has got minimum noise interference (below maximum permissible limit) because of nearly complete isolation from the local noise sources.

57 ■ Leq measured during night time for stations MS-3 and MS-4 were observed to be below the respective maximum permissible limit of 45.0 dBA for residential area, where as for stations MS-1 and MS-2 the observed Leq s remained slightly above the limit. These monitoring results undoubtedly corroborate this fact that, the vehicles plying over the roads surrounding the Rabindra Sarovar area are the potential source of noise interferences within the study area.

5.5 VISITOR STATUS

5.5.1 Introduction

The lake and its surroundings regularly experience continuous pressure of tourists, visitors and other floating population coming from different parts of the city. Therefore it is necessary to assess the carrying capacity of the lake environment to support humans, including its capacity to assimilate the wastes for production and consumption. Previous studies (Mody and Saraogi 1989) have already shown that the area is functioning much below the carrying capacity leaving scope for addition to tree population either by WHO standard or by per acre density cover. So far as human population density is concerned the estimates of visitors in the park, which was ranging from 250-4000 (peak time) persons also was considered well under the carrying capacity. Here, thumb rules like allowing one person per 20 Sqm of land area, one car per 20 Sqm etc. have been considered.

To review the current activity scenario a survey of the visitors and the neighborhood (Households/Business) was conducted by on the basis of:

A) Visitation Rate- Usage Pattern of the water body and the adjoining open space.

B) Visitation Pattern- It includes demography of the visitors

1. Affordability of the visitors, through, within park cash expenditure pattern and expenditure on similar recreational facilities in the city.

2. Commercial vending and income earning pattern of the vendors.

3. Activity Pattern with respect to space and time of use

58 5.5.2 Findings

The visitor survey has revealed the different types of user pattern in the Rabindra Sarovar area which are shown in the following Tables.

Table 5.14: Pattern of Use

Si. No. Purposes % of People 1. Games 18 2. Morning Walk 37 3. Relaxation/Leisure 22 4. Physical Exercise 23

Table 5.15: Demographic Pattern of Visitors

% of People Si. No. Time of Survey Age 10-20 20-30 Above 30 1. 7.30 A.M. 26 8 68 2. 12.00 Noon 21 47 32 3. 6.00 P.M. 10 76 14

Personal survey revealed that most of the people believe in overall improvement of the area as a result of "Comprehensive Management Plan" if undertaken.

5.6 LAND USE STATUS OF LAKE AREA

The land area surrounding the lake is partially covered with trees and shrubs along with parks, informal playgrounds, football and cricket stadium, auditorium complex, open gardens, jogger's pathways and blacktop roads, visitor amenities like public toilets etc. whereas the lake and isolated water bodies are used for swimming, rowing and other aquatic sports. The total area (78 ha) is under the administrative control of KIT.

Currently 36% of the total land. area has been either leased out or licensed to several institutions (clubs, educational institutions, sports organizations). The land used by lease and license holders has the built structures and 75% of the embankments are concrete. The lake reflects the many expression of nature and attracts different people at different times of the day who use the area for various recreational purposes. At present 59 KIT has shared lake-water right with various private organizations under the lease and license agreements. Few have the right to use the lake for water-based sports and commercial activities like rowing. The details of land use pattern of both land (47 ha) and water body (31 ha) areas are shown in the following Tables.

Table 5.16: Current Land Use Pattern (ownership wise)

Type of Ownership Area (ha) KIT controlled 30.0 Leased area 9.3 Licensed area 7.7 Total 47.0 *Source: KIT

Table 5.17: Land Use Pattern of KIT owned land

Type of Uses Area (ha) Nazrul Mancha (semi-open air theatre & auditorium) 0.8 Store yard (waste dumping ground) 1.1 Padmapukur/Lotus pond (beautified enclosed water body with value added aesthetic 2.8 Balance Open space and roads with access to public 25.3 Total 30.0

*Source: KIT

Table 5.18: Distribution of Land among Lease Holders

Lease Holders Leased Area (ha)

Calcutta Rowing Club 0.60 Lake Club 0.60 Bengal Rowing Club 0.60 Calcutta University Rowing Club 0.40 Indian Life Saving Society 0.40 Calcutta Sports Association 0.30 Lake Friends 0.15 NC Naval Unit 0.06 Chakra Baithak 0.09 Stadium 6.10 Total 9.30 *Source: KIT Table 5.19: Distribution of Land among License Holders

License Holders Area (ha)

Calcutta Cricket Coaching Centre 1.04

Dhakuria Cricket Coaching Centre 0.30

Barun Barman Cricket Academy 0.26

Asok Malhotra Cricket Academy 0.90

District School Sports Association, South 0.80 Calcutta

Tollygunge Yuba Sangha 0.60

Safari Park 3.80

Total 7.70

*Source: KIT

Table 5.20: Distribution of Water Body

Type of Ownership Area (ha)

Lake area (KIT Controlled) 30.05

Indian Life Saving Society 0.40

Calcutta Sports Association 0.40

Lake Friends 0.15

Total 31.00

*Source: KIT

5.7 ECHO HEALTH STATUS

5.7.1 Green Cover

The lake area has both tree stock and green patches. Both the components have reduced over time. In the KIT owned land area in the year 1989 tree stock was 1899 (Mody and Sarayogi 1989) while current stock is 1459. By density count the tree density

a per acre has reduced from 25 to 19. There were 46 species with 12 dominant varieties. Current health of the environmental resources: water, green cover, treeline provides very limited support to attract biodiversity and the migratory bird's extent is nowhere near standard for such a ecological site. Shrubs like Crotons, Acalypha, Muraya exotica hedge, Pedilanthus edging are observed in certain pockets. However, lack of coherence in plantation is evident. Concrete edges have stopped soil erosion but have killed all natural growth of aquatic biodiversity and water recharge through the embankments and side wall of the lake.

5.7.2 Illumination

The existing lighting system at Rabindra Sorovar is primarily conventional one, installed to illuminate roadway around the lake through overhead poles of 2.1 m height and with spacing about 30 m center to center. Another lighting system consisting of Post- top lantern and Bollard has been installed around the Padmapukur mainly for beautification. Some luminaries (single high pressure sodium vapour lamp, SON) of about 7.0 m height are also installed at some places.

The identified problems in illumination pattern of the area are as under:

■ There is no visual guidance indicating Entry & Exit points from Rabindra Sorovar.

■ Parking zones are almost shaded by large trees and requires separate lighting system.

■ After evening some portions of eastern part and major portion of western part of the lake are not safe for walking due of total darkness.

• Floodlight fittings were installed in some places to illuminate small grounds & cricket academy near the boundary walls in southern side of lake.

• Entire lake area needs security lighting arrangement.

■ Scope of up gradation exists with the use of different types of lighting systems in the entire lake area.

62 w o C

D od

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04

0 'd w w 5.7.3 Security

Proper security arrangement of the .lake area need to be specially considered as normal police patrolling will not be suffice as compared to its vastness. Also the site has innumerable major and minor access points (vehicular gates as well as pedestrian wicket- gates) which pose serious challenge in the maintenance, operation and management of the site. The integrity of the park and the lake is threatened due to this reason. Some accesses have been closed down by barbed wire, while some ill-defined accesses continue to be used by local people for cutting corners.

The entire Rabindra Sarovar area is physically segregated by the Borough Road and the Prince Anwar Shah Road flyover that divides it into two unequal parts: the larger Eastern stretch and the smaller Western stretch. The two parts are only linked by the lake which flows uninterrupted below the culvert. This renders the park incomplete in terms of usage and interferes with its overall & effective security. The segregated parts (specially the Eastern stretch) are further fragmented by leased/licensed pockets of several Institutions/ organizations, posing hindrance in both physical and visual connectivity within the site. The web of views which originally tied the site together has been disrupted through the separation of the Park into different areas of management and control, and the creation of an arbitrary network of paths and boundaries. The separation and loss of view result in the lack of coherence between the different aspects of the landscape.

5.7.4 Aesthetic Status

The presence of water in the form of the lake is the centre of all developmental activities not only because of its being the central attraction and the main draw of the site, but because it is so integral to the site, unique in expression and ecologically significant. It is this lake that imparts character and identity to the site. The increasing pollution and deteriorating water quality threatens this fundamental aspect, negatively affecting both bio-diversity as well as aesthetics of the site. Inappropriate land-use of major part of the southern stretch (along railway corridor) and north-west part of the site (opposite to Menoka cinema Hall) being used as dumping ground of junk materials like Hume pipes, pre-cast concrete blocks etc., family quarters for staff, school for under-privileged

64 children, PWD Office, Water Wing of Civil Defense etc. adversely affects the lake environment.

The range of signage, seats and Park furniture such as litter bins vary around the site, with no apparent set standards. In instances where parts of the Park have been leased, there is no apparent control over signage. Several structures including toilet blocks are unusable. Many of the existing visitor amenities like seating, shelter (including certain bus-shelters), drinking water fountains etc are damaged, non-operational and dilapidated.

In general, with the busy and noisy traffic corridors all around, the condition near the boundary may be stated to be poor both from the security and aesthetics points of view. A more detailed scrutiny is stated under. Existing boundary wall towards the Rail corridor at south is fairly strong and of uniform height, except for the stretch close to Tollygunge Railway Station, where the high embankment of the railways provide easy access to trespassers, who scale down the wall to enter the Park. The eastern boundary wall is a mix-match of the individual residential property boundaries and displays heterogeneous character. The northern and western boundary walls abutting Southern Avenue, Borough Road and Sarat Chatterjee Road maintain more or less uniform character with low M.S. fencing. However, the fences at the western periphery of the eastern stretch are missing and the park is used as a thoroughfare by locals.

5.8 MANAGEMENT STATUS

Kolkata Improvement Trust (KIT), a trustee body by virtue of Bengal Act V of 1911 is the custodian of development of Rabindra Sarovar. The KIT is entrusted with the responsibility of managing the area. It undertakes policy decisions and implementation measures pertaining to finances, contracting, and maintenance, cleaning mechanism and is responsible for rendering and maintaining amenity service and value in the area. The leased and licensed lands are taken care of by the lease and license holders while rest of the area is maintained by KIT including electrical and civil works. Cleaning and maintenance work is presently contracted out on a six-monthly basis subject to the approval of the Officer-on-Special Duty (OSD). Sweeping of roads is undertaken daily. Water Body is not cleaned regularly. Land is taken care of by the permanent KIT employees. Drainage and all infrastructures, public utilities are the responsibilities of the KIT. The clubs in the area fall under the jurisdiction of the KIT. During any breach of 65 laws or complaints relating to the activities of the clubs, the AE, R.S has the authority to enforce propriety. Currently there are a large number of violations especially in terms of maintenance of embankments, structure expansion, maintenance, and activities.

5.8.1 Management Strategy

It is interesting to note that KIT has been following an innovative mechanism of management of the land and water area through PPP for many years. Table 5.21 is the reflection of the current PPP management strategy. Management of the lake area is done by KIT in 64% of the total area, Private Users (Leasees and Licensees) take care of 23 % of the area and the State Government is maintaining the remaining 13% area.

Table 5.21: Distribution Land Area as per Use

Name of User Area (ha)

Land for Public Use (KIT Controlled) 30.05

Land under Private Use 10.85

Land under State Govt. Use (Stadium) 6.10

Total 47.00

*Source: KIT

5.8.2 Revenue Sharing Model

Rabindra Sarovar Area maintenance cannot be managed by government initiative only. KIT's management plan has, thus, been guided by the philosophy that an institutional arrangement involving private sector may help in better management of the area. KIT worked out a revenue-sharing model in the framework of a lease-licensing fee structure. The underlying criterion of this revenue-sharing model was to work out the rental payable by the license and leaseholders in the area as a certain proportion of the property tax in Rabindra Sarovar on the basis of the real estate valuation in the neighborhood.

Private lease and license holders pay a rent and by agreement they have some restrictions on their activities that can be conducted commercially. State government also pays rent to KIT for use of the natural capital, which has been rented out. However, 66 having followed this revenue-sharing model, it is clearly evident that KIT has failed to encourage private parties to participate in the management plan. Moreover, the revenue accrual through existing private contributions (rent/ license fee) is very low and hence is unable to cover the maintenance cost incurred by KIT for creating public service in the Rabindra Sarovar area. The current amount of subsidy is 71%. This renders the management system, unsustainable, both economically and environmentally.

5.8.3 Present Administrative Structure

The existing administrative framework of KIT indicates that it runs like any mainstream government-run service sector without any specially designated management principles and administrative structure suited exclusively to Rabindra Sarovar management and maintenance. Presently, thus, the management and administration of Rabindra Sarovar is executed by the personnel . who . comprise the main administrative structure of KIT on a time-sharing basis. This results in high administrative cost.

The present structure and guiding management principles reveal that there are certain inherent inefficiencies in the system. The structure is highly hierarchical and problems of multi-tasking, multi reporting and multi-window operations are seen to exist in the system. These make administration complicated with multiple nodes and lead to increase in transaction cost as well as coordination failure thus adding to inefficiency. The problems stated above are clearly explained below with details of the hierarchical structure of KIT.

■ The Assistant Engineer, Rabindra Sarovar, is the executing authority pertaining to all policies regarding the management of Rabindra Sarovar. This post, in its turn, is accountable to the Executive Engineer, the Chief Engineer and ultimately to the highest authority of KIT, the Officer-on-Special-Duty.

■ The Assistant Engineer although being the head of the Technical Staff (Rabindra Sarovar), all the other categories of personnel of Non-Technical Wing (Plumber, Pump Operator, Contractual labour Core, Peon, Mali etc) are also accountable to the Assistant Engineer. However, the Non-Technical Wing, at the initial level, is accountable to the Mate who in turn is answerable to the Work Assistant, Sub- Assistant Engineer and finally to the Assistant Engineer, Rabindra Sarovar.

67 ■ In this administrative mechanism, one clearly observable fact is that although different categories of the non-technical staff are laid down officially in this division in the present system due to vacancies their job description is often not clearly defined.

■ Information on shortage of fund and shortage of staff are reported the most. Therefore, often the staff has to exercise multiple responsibilities and the administrative procedures, hence, have been made flexible for operational convenience. This gives rise to the problem of lack of appropriate accountability and lack of defined responsibilities.

■ The Electrical Wing and the Survey Wing are not entrusted with the sole responsibility of Rabindra Sarovar. They exercise responsibilities pertaining to other sites also. The survey wing, called the South. Survey, is looking after the entire southern part of the city.

■ The Technical Division, responsible for the exclusive management and maintenance of Nazrul Mancha Auditorium, is headed by the Assistant Engineer, Nazrul Mancha. The Assistant Engineer is accountable to the Executive Engineer.

■ Permission for using the amenity centers, cultural programme halls are issued from Head Office. The management thus becomes complicated and centralized.

■ Multiple agencies of management give rise to the lack of coordination and hence inefficiency in the managerial procedures and decision-making.

The above inefficiencies suggest that presently, there is no focused maintenance strategy for Rabindra Sarovar.

A detailed description of the Administrative components of KIT, principles of responsibility-sharing and decision-making is given in Table 5.22. Table 5.22: Authority of Decision-making and Management Policies

Officer-On-Special- Duty

Engineering Valuation Estates Law Accounts GD Per$onnel division Chief Engineer Chief Valuer Estate Law FACAO Secretary Personnel Manager Officer Officer * Source: 1K1T

The above divisions are entrusted with the regular management responsibilities. These divisions are responsible for policy-making and taking decisions pertaining to general management structure and procedures for all areas under KIT. So, Rabindra Sarovar is not the exclusive responsibility of these divisions comprising the top administrative brass at KIT. As per contemporary state-of-the art management systems, KIT does not maintain a specialized management scheme for the maintenance of Rabindra Sarovar at the uppermost level of administration. However, the following divisions, located in the Rabindra Sarovar area, have the sole responsibility of executing policies pertaining to Rabindra Sarovar. However, the Electrical Wing and South Survey Division have other areas to attend to besides Rabindra Sarovar.

Table 5.23: Administrative Divisions

Non- Engineering South Survey Engineering Electrical Technical Patrolling Division (Staff Strength Division (R.S) Wing Staff (Nazrul Mancha) =10)

AE Plumber Lake Sergeant AE AE Survey Superintendent SAE Pump- Park Patrol SAE SAE Operator Man Work Assistant CLC Watch and Work Assistant Mate (2) Ward Staff Mate Peon Mate Electrician (7/8) Gardener Sub-Staff

*Source: KIT The above administrative structure, both at the decision-making and executive levels, suggest that the sharing of responsibility has been made among many players, thus, imposing a huge management cost on the institution. Moreover, the divisions entrusted with the sole responsibility of Rabindra Sarovar are not given the authority of decision-making pertaining to various aspects like contracting, tree planting, water body cleaning which deem the greatest attention especially since they relate to natural capital enhancement and maintenance in the area.

Officer On Special Duty (OSD) 1 Chief Engineer

Deputy Chief Engineer

Executive Engineer (EE)

Assistant Engineer (AE) 1 Sub- Assistant ngineer (SAE)

Work T-sistant

Peon, Plumber, Pump Operator, Mate, etc.

Fig. 5.9: Administrative Management Hierarchy

The rationale of efficiency demands that the structure be made simpler with specifically defined job responsibilities. Presently, there exist a number of posts for a particular kind of job, imposing a substantial financial burden on KIT. While natural capital maintenance constitutes the most vital responsibility especially with regard to keeping up and enhancing the natural capital stock in the area, there is no provision for permanent /temporary staff in the KIT administrative structure for this task.

5.9 SUSTAINABILTY STATUS

Currently the financial burden for maintenance of the natural capital is borne by the KIT, which is making it increasingly financially unsustainable. Increasing expenditure is not matched by the revenue earnings from leaseholders and licensees who are using the lake premises for private profit-earning. Sustainability of current management is threatened due to L'] ■ Present non-revenue generating eco-service provision by KIT.

■ Poor revenue generation from leasees and licensees Non-payment of KMC's share which is 2% of property tax earnings.

■ All this leaves a gap of 71% if income and expenditure needs to be balanced as is evident from Table 5.27 & 5.28.

■ High expenditure burden on KIT.

■ Lack of genuine investment in natural capital stock maintenance leading to deterioration of eco health and service flow of the lake.

■ Lack of Users' participation in maintenance of Rabindra Sarovar is not included under the present system.

Given the current PPP and the administrative structure the costs are much higher than revenue generated and are, thus, unsustainable. The total revenue earned is Rs. 35 Lakhs (Year 2004-05) while total cost liability is Rs.1.2 Cores (Year 2006).

Table 5.24: Details of Revenues Earned by KIT during 2004-05

Sources of Revenue Present License fees per year (in Rs.)

License fees of Clubs Bengal Rowing Club 93192

Calcutta Rowing Club 88356

sake Club 91212

Calcutta University Rowing Club 26136

CC Naval Wing 5940

ational Cultural Association 8496

Chaka-baithak 8376

71 ndian Life Saving Society 36396

Calcutta Sports Association 27300

ake Friends 10656

Total 396060

Lent paid by Clubs including Service Tax 390120

License Fees from Cricket Club of Dhakuria 17500 Sports Coaching Clubs

ollygunge Juba Gosthi 17500

shoke Malhotra Cricket 17500 Foundation

Calcutta Cricket Coaching Centre 17500

District School Sports Association 17500

arun Barman Cricket Academy 17500

Total 105000

Auditorium Charges azrul Mancha 2089170

Charges for Film 108000 Shooting

Fee from RS Stadium 450000

Government Grant Nil

Total Revenue 3538350.00 Generated

*Source: KIT

72 Table 5.25: Total Maintenance Costs during 2006-07

Cost Heads Amount (in Rs.) / Year

Direct Costs

Free Planting 12500

Cleaning of Park/ Open areas / Land 360000 Body

Cleaning of water body 175000

Gardening

Solid waste Disposal 17500

Contractual Expenses (Rabindra Sarovar ) toads

mbankments

Lights

encing

Building construction

Shelter

lectrical

Total Contractual Expenses 2150000 ndirect Costs Salary component of Non-technical staff

Mali 780675

Mali helper 138306

CLC 435396

Light up helper V 93507

rboricultural officer 241221

Sign Painter 130890

Total 1819995

73 Total (Direct + Indirect) Costs 4534995

Physical Capital Maintenance Pumps Electrical charges (paid to CESC) 871423

Total 871423

Salary Component Not Included in 7221488 Other Categories Gross Total Costs 12627906

*Source: KIT

5.10 COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN

In the previous sections, the present status of Rabindra Sarovar in terms of ecology, environment and management perspective has been studied. From this study, it can be easily concluded that this vital `ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVE' is more or less under varying degree of degradation and needs immediate attention for its conservation followed by effective management strategies in order to ensure the long term sustainable development of the area. The issues and challenges have been identified and the site conditions also have the potential to support future development strategies. In this section, a comprehensive development and management plan of the total area has been suggested. The tentative costs required for this plan has also been estimated.

In the `Comprehensive Management Plan' for Rabindra Sarovar, following interventions are recommended.

(A) Environmental: This includes

■ Water Quality Improvement and Monitoring Programme.

■ Bio-manipulation.

■ Solid Waste Management.

■ Air Quality Improvement Works.

(B) Engineering: This includes

■ Bank Protection Measures. 74 ■ Drainage Improvement Works.

* Beautification Works.

N Illumination & Security Improvement Works.

(C) Institutional Development.

(D) Public Participation & Awareness.

5.10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTIONS

5.10.1.1 Water Quality Improvement and Monitoring Programme

At present the lake water quality can be classified as class `D' of prescribed Water Quality Criteria by CPCB with a slightly eutrophic or highly mesotrophic condition. However if the lake water could be protected from organic pollution through implementation of environmental management plan in a short term measure, the lake could be upgraded to class `C' in near future. By undertaking of Comprehensive Management Plan as a long term measure, Rabindra Sarovar can be upgraded to class `B'. Invasive plant awareness and regular monitoring is critical for timely identification and stopping new invasions.

The following measures can be considered.

■ Control of water hyacinth:

Manual removal of water hyacinth on regular basis is recommended to keep Rabindra Sarovar free from water hyacinth. It is suggested that 25 laborers could be engaged for manual removal of water hyacinth from the lake at least once in a week.

■ Regular monitoring of lake water

It is necessary for the assessment of water quality and as such, any concerned Government or Private organization can be employed by the lake management authority for undertaking monthly. sampling and testing of lake water. This will help in keeping regular vigil to any positive or negative change in the water quality.

75 ■ Installation of water fountains

Installation of floating water fountains are recommended in order to revive the ecological and hydrological cycle through increased aeration of the water as well as to increase the overall aesthetic beauty of the lake.

5.10.1.2 Bio-manipulation

The following measures are suggested:

■ Different fish species along with Grass Carp should be introduced for effective utilization of food from different niches of the lake. This fish culture should be done in a proper manner. ■ Unused energy generated from food chain and energy flow is deposited as organic matter at the bottom of the lake, which is utilized by the benthos. Taking into consideration the vast load of detritus available in the system and also the eutrophication of the lake, the culture of fishes like—Mrigel, Common Carp, Silver Carp, Magur, Koi, Rohu, Telapia, Lilentica etc. should be introduced. This culture will also help in reduction of weed as well as will open an avenue for revenue generation.

5.10.2.3 Solid Waste Management

For waste management outside the site, all un-segregated community refuse is dumped near the road-side boundary wall across Calcutta Cricket Coaching Centre, which is a source of deplorable visual as well as environmental pollution. As far as Rabindra Sarovar is concerned, its solid waste is proposed to be segregated at source into bio- degradable and non-biodegradable waste (glass, metal, fabric, plastics etc.). The former is proposed to be disposed off at the compost pits and the latter is to be disposed off into the designated KMC receptacle marked with `recyclable' sign and pictographs for easy understanding. The neighborhood would also have to be made conscious for disposing off their wastes in respective receptacles as shown in the Figure 5.10. In fact, if KMC adopts this practice city-wise, the piling garbage of the city would remarkably change.

The proposed SWM measures include:

76 A) Vermi-Composting: It is proposed to convert organic waste generating in Rabindra Sarovar area to organic compost through Vermiculturing. Accordingly a land has been earmarked in the south-western part of Rabindra Sarovar for the purpose as shown in Figure 5.11. The organic waste generating in the clubs, eating-houses and water hyacinth (day- to- day lifting for maintenance of the lake) etc. could be converted into compost. A brief estimation of the above proposal is furnished below:

Table 5.26: Estimation of Solid Wastes for Vermi-composting

SL Description of Item Quantity No. 1 Quantity of organic waste generating from Calcutta Rowing Club, Lake Club 62.50 K g. and Bengal Rowing Club: 500 person @ 125 gm/capita/day

2. Quantity of waste hyacinth collection per day (average) 35.01 Kg.

Total 97.50 Kg Say 100 Kg.

Waste loading rate in Vermiculturing unit = 750 gm/ m2/ day

Hence area of Vermiculture unit = 133 m2.

Providing 2 Nos. 12 m x 12 m Vermiculture unit.

[2 Nos. of Vermiculture units will remain in operation; waste loading will be done in each unit in alternate days.]

Total area of Vermiculture unit: 24 m x 12 m.

B) Development of rational Solid Wastes Management System: This is needed in Rabindra Sarovar area for keeping the area clean. Accordingly litter bin will have to be placed at regular space interval and at suitable locations of the lake area. Primary collection vehicle will operate in the lake area for collection of solid waste from litter bins. The solid waste will be transferred in containers of skips of KMC in nearby primary transfer station (Southern Avenue) everyday. The organic waste as well as floating water hyacinth will be collected separately for disposing the same at vermiculture units.

77 C) Other Measures:

■ Plastic free zone: Carrying of plastic bag in Rabindra Sarovar area has been banned by WBPCB. Strict compliance of the same will be necessary in lake area. Development of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials for awareness and motivation of visitors of lake area for keeping the area clean. ■ The roads inside the Sarovar area should be washed with water regularly. Street sweepings should be collected in the container suitably located for collection of solid wastes. ■ Erection of display boards at certain specific locations for public awareness. Participation of stakeholders needs to be ensured for keeping the area litter-free. ■ Proper training and utilization of personnel engaged in solid waste collection and disposal process.

■ Collection and vermi-composting should be done by one agency. ■ Segregation: Four kinds of bins will be used for source segregation such as for Green Wastes, Brown wastes (like all other organic wastes), Bottles, Cans, Waste paper, and Packaging materials. Since plastics will be banned so no need to keep provision for plastic waste. This is in conformity with participatory waste management and polluter pay principle. ■ In order to control the dumping of solid wastes by certain public, both the sides of the bridge connecting the flyover should be fenced with bar rakes with centre to centre spacing of 40 mm up to a height 4 m from the bridge surface.

Fig. 5.10: Different types of Receptacles 78 5.10.1.4 Air Quality Improvement Works

The major source of pollution for the study area seems to be the vehicular emissions, the quality of which can only be improved by reinforcing vehicular emission norms and use of cleaner auto fuels, which basically do not fall under the purview of the present work. To minimize such emissions from vehicles plying in and around Rabindra Sarovar area following measures has been proposed.

■ Proper traffic management is to be ensured. Water fountains can be installed within the Sarovar area, especially in the regions adjacent to the roads and avenues.

■ As a long term measure a green belt should be developed surrounding the Sarovar area, especially in the regions adjacent to the roads and avenues by planting trees having good dust collection efficiency viz. Sins (Albizzia lebbek Benth), Chatim (), Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba), Simul (Bombax ceiba Linn), Krishnachura (Caesalpinia pulcherrima Linn), Shisu (Dalbergia sisso Roxb), Gulmohar (Delonix regia Rafin), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globules Labill), Bakul (Mimusops elengi L.) and Debdaru (Polyanthia longifolia (Sonner)).

■ Particulate loading in ambient air can be minimized by providing fountains along the boundaries of the lake area adjacent to the roadways.

■ Unpaved areas should be provided with grass covers to bring down the quantity of dusts rising from such areas mostly due to wind and human movements.

■ Burning of refuse, especially dry leaves should be strictly prohibited within the Rabindra Sarovar area.

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5.10.2.1 Bank Protection Measures

■ Undertaking of remedial measures of ecological restoration of water-edge area by demolishing major part of the existing masonry embankment up to a depth of 1 m

from surface and replace with good earth finished to a slope of 1:11/2.

■ Stabilization of the water-bank with grass turffing work with other marginal plantations as directed at site. ■ Provision of small gabion structure at two/three layers along with generation of grass cover at some important locations of the catchment area viz, grass mounds etc.

5.10.2.2 Drainage Improvement Works In order to combat with the problem of water-logging in the area, following measures are proposed as shown in Figure 5.11.

■ The surface drain which was earlier laid for conveyance of wastewater of Govindapur Area to Lake (South-West reach) needs to be totally blocked. ■ Storm sewer is needed to be laid in the southern portion of A-basin from Western side of Lake Gardens Flyover up to the KMC Sewer Line under Sarat Chatterjee Road near Children's park near Tollygaunge Side. ■ In order to drain out the storm water of the middle portion of the Northern Flank of Rabindra Sarovar (B-basin), storm sewer line is to be laid from Calcutta Cricket Coaching Club up to the West Corner of the Public Swimming Pool along the peripheral road of the lake. The storm sewer will be connected to the existing Southern Avenue KMC sewer through the link road between Safari Park and Children Park. ■ Storm water line along the rest of the peripheral road between the western corner of the Public Swimming Pool and Lake Road gate needs to be. connected to the existing KMC sewer of the Lake Road. ■ After the installation of the proposed storm water line four existing outlets opposite to Safari Park should be controlled by penstock gate.

1:11 5.10.2.3 Beautification Works (a) Parks and Gardens: There are no. of green areas in Rabindra Sarovar, which at present remain unattended because of paucity of fund and adequate staffs. There is immense scope for development of these areas for beautification in order to convert the entire area as a place for eco-tourism. The proposed landscaping work for Parks and Gardens are is shown in the Figure 5.12:

■ Renovation of existing parks like Safari Park, Padmapukur and other Children's Parks near Lake Gardens Flyover, Nazrul Mancha, Stadium complex etc. with children's play equipments, garden benches, gazebos, litterbins, statues etc.

■ Development of new Children's Park and Gardens at the other open spaces.

■ Installation of Fountains at some identified location beside the borough road and along the fencing of the Southern Avenues.

■ Intensive Landscaping with grass cover and Plantation with indigenous plants that are both flowering and fruit-bearing, evergreen and deciduous, tall and spreading.

(b) Water Bodies

■ Introduction of various water related recreational activities such as Boating, Lake Cruising in Water-bus/ Bubble-ride.

■ Installation of Water Floating. & Foaming Jets and Boats.

■ Placement of Feature Fountains in the lake for aeration of the water. c) Amenities:

■ Jogger's track- New jogger's track around the lake periphery of 1.5 m width and 4000 m length is proposed.

■ Car Parking — proposed organized parking lots with stone flooring for app. 150 cars beside the Gate No.-1.

■ Outdoor garden benches with shades along the internal pathways.

■ 2 Nos. Restaurants are being proposed as unavoidable visitor amenity required for functional as well as financial viability of the project. 82 m 00

T d) Boundary Wall:

Close study and scrutiny has revealed about nine major and eleven minor different types of boundary wall treatment at Rabindra Sarovar. While that on the south towards Rail corridor is uniform over a stretch of about 2.0 Km, it is vulnerable to trespassing as mentioned before. A barbed wire coil is proposed to be introduced at the top of this solid wall. It is proposed to retain the existing road-side fence, but reinforced with a second line of fence 1.0 m away from the external one. This could be a barbed wire fence allowing visual connectivity but restricting physical access. Other options like simple Stainless Steel bars with names of the sponsors displayed through Steel letters fixed on these bars may also be thought of, which could be an alternative to the Green Hoardings.

e) Access Control:

Multiple access points to the tune of 8 nos. vehicular access and 14 nos. exclusively pedestrian access lead to much misuse of this important bio-reserve. The Management Plan has to kick-start with access control measures combined with an impervious boundary wall. A total of 5 vehicular-cum-pedestrian Entry Gates are being proposed. The two entries adjacent to the Bengal Rowing Club (BRC) on the East of Borough Road and the Calcutta University Rowing Club (CURC) on the west side of Borough Road is proposed to be used as emergency exit gates. The separate gates belonging to the two Clubs as well as that of the Stadium Complex would operate as before. The Gate opposite Menoka Cinema Hall would allow cars only for the users of Pavilion Hall. At other times it is proposed to remain closed. This has been elaborated as under:

■ Gate no. 1 - From Southern Avenue next to the Mother Dairy Booth (the existing gate has to be shifted westwards to allow comfortable turning of cars from the South-end Park Road Crossing. The statue of Rabindra Nath Tagore is being proposed next to this Gate.

• Gate no. 2 - Safari Park Gate off Southern Avenue.

• Gate no. 3 - Calcutta Rowing Club end, off Borough Road. ■ Gate no. 4 - Gate to the western stretch near the present PWD office, off Borough Road.

■ Gate no. 5 - Gate nearest to Tollygunj off Sarat Chatterjee Road.

All other major and minor access points are proposed to be closed down and replaced with boundary wall. f) Regain Control on Borough Road:

It is important to mention that the stretch of Borough road leading to the Railway Level Crossing is an administrative part of Rabindra Sarovar that is being used as a public road by the local community. Re-establishing control on this road stretch is necessary as it will solve the issue of physical segregation of the Sarovar land. People have got habituated in using this as a thoroughfare; any strong intervention would be met with initial resistance and is likely to get shelved. Hence, it is suggested that its inclusion in the Rabindra Sarovar area be kept as a long-term measure and begin with exercising time restrictions after constructing a Gate between the boundary walls at the level crossing. This would help in imposing greater control without interfering too much into the existing practice. Eventually it may be closed off permanently by walling up once it is accepted by the local community. g) Renovation of Padmapukur:

A well maintained enclosed garden around a self contained water-body which earlier had Lotus flowers has paved walkway all along the periphery of the water-body with seats facing it. Children's' play area with slides and swings have also been provided. Although a ticket booth had been erected at the entry, fee is yet to be imposed. It remains open till 8 pm and appears to be a popular haunt for the teenagers and young adults. Bubble-ride has been proposed here, to be implemented in long-term. For immediate value-addition, boat fountains with illumination are proposed in the water-body. Playing music (vocal/instrumental) in the area would further establish a serene ambience required to draw quality crowd. This has the potential of immediate implementation.

m h) Existing Toy Train Tunnel Renovation:

The existing structure, once constructed to house the toy-train is now being used as changing rooms for the staff and students of Ashok Malhotra Cricket Academy. It is proposed to relocate the changing room facility with toilets in the present PWD office and re-use this structure as lake-side refreshment. Refurbishment in terms of opening up the lake facing side by replacing the masonry with glazing and extending it into the open with semi-paved area can cater to the parents-students-staff of the adjoining cricket coaching clubs apart from general visitors. Having solar PV panels on the south facing roof would help to meet the energy demand of this proposed use. However, care has to be taken to ensure better solid waste management through segregation at source and carriage of the bio-degradable waste to the designated vermi-compost pit. i) Renovation of Public Swimming Pool Area:

Public Swimming Pool area can be effectively utilized in long-term by offering paid swimming during summer. Artificial rain effect and water cascade may also be planned along-side. The western side of the main water-body may have a combination of artificial FOG and feature fountain along with appropriate illumination. j) Proposed New Features:

1. Reception Centre is proposed near Nazrul Mancha for better orientation, interpretation and information about the site, but has been blended finely with the landscape to make it appear least obtrusive. These will contain Ticket Counters, Waiting Hall, Refreshment Corners, Toilets, PCO-s and Nature-n-culture Shop selling nature products and Tagore's music cassets/CDs/ books etc. Printed literature or brochures containing general and special (e.g. trees/ wildlife at Rabindra Sarovar) information about the Sarovar area would also be on sale.

2.Information Centre is proposed with the facilities such as Information desks, Audio- Visual Presentation Hall, Orientation Hall containing a permanent gallery. about the history of the place in the context of Kolkata where photographs from KIT archive would also be on display, Library and Internet Browsing Corner, NGO Corners to provide space for registered Environmental NGOs, 5.10.2.4 Illumination & Security Improvement Works

The objective is to create eco-friendly, energy-efficient, & cost-effective lighting environment that supports functional activities and enhances creative landscape profiles at Rabindra Sarovar.

The proposed system will be functional if proper security and maintenance are made available. General Lighting scheme is proposed for different functional activity zones like Car parking zones, Refreshment areas, Toilets, Entrance & Exit Gateways, Jetty points, Roadways & Pathways, Security along the boundary and other similar areas.

Creative lighting schemes are proposed for different recreational activity zones. Various lighting systems are selected accordingly. Special care is taken to avoid use of white light and high-intensity up-light in garden areas to keep night-time environment undisturbed for birds and also to restrict spill light to create glare-free lighting environment for visitors.

The various types of lighting arrangements recommended for the entire area are as follows:

■ Mirror-optic luminaries with CFL/FTL for indoor illumination.

■ Bollard, Spot light and LED module, step light, spot light, strip & flex LED module for outdoor use.

■ SPVA based pole-mounted dual lighting system with Low Pressure Sodium Vapour [SOX] lamp and LED module, Conventional pole mounted flood light system and LPSV I HPSV.lamp for Security Purpose. ■ Asymmetric type luminaries containing HPSV for Car Parking Areas.

■ Solar lighting arrangements.

Imposition of Restrictions and Security includes

■ Immediate ban on fishing, bathing, washing of utensils / car or animals, idol immersion, throwing of garbage etc. into the lake area.

■ Strict restrictions on unplanned car entry in the park and extension of any constructions by lease holders and licensees. 87 ■ Strict enforcement of relevant rules and regulations on misuse of structures and buildings of lease holders and licensees.

■ Adequate and proper security arrangements in the vast lake area.

■ Strict prohibition on unsocial activities.

■ Declaration of the entire area as a protected zone.

■ Installation of Security Cabins at 10 Nos. locations around the entire area.

5.10.3 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The aspect of coordination among the different arms of the administration is a vital necessity. Priority should be laid on the efficiency criteria, thus, avoiding multiple agencies of management. Responsibilities, powers and roles should be clearly defined and well-demarcated allowing for greater accountability. Presently there is staff shortage. A single managerial agency has to perform a host of other responsibilities in addition to Rabindra Sarovar. This aspect needs to be taken into account in order to devise constructive plans for management and administration.

In order to ensure effective management in operation and maintenance followed by implementation of the project, the following institutional development in the present administrative structure have been proposed, as shown in Table 5.27. This will reduce current administrative cost-load to Rs. 50 Lakhs per year in place of Rs. 120 Lakhs per year. The savings in KIT expenditure comes from PPP model adoption and reduction of inefficiencies through single window management system with technical support unit eligible for lake conservation. Table 5.27: Proposed Administrative Structure

S1. Personnel Permanent cost Contractual No. liability 1. KIT Special officer/Nodal Officer * (Technical/Environmental) 2. Financial Manager

3. Logistic support staff (2/3)

4. Landscape Architect

5. Environmental Engineer

6. Biodiversity Expert_

7. Illumination Expert

8. Structural /Construction Engineer

9. Law Expert

10. Environmental Economist

5.10.4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND AWARENESS

With enhanced stewardship public will participate in management of the natural capital stocks of the park: water, air, land and biodiversity. Participation will be in the form of

■ Investments in creation and augmentation of natural capital through CMP.

■ Investment in Green Hoarding/ Advertisement.

■ Buying the value-added eco-services, security.

(a) KIT should continue as Apex public body and custodian of the natural capital for maintenance of the lake as coordinating body for regulation, management and monitoring. Private partners in the management system will be the users: eco service providers as well as eco-service users of the site.

(b) KIT will keep the access to 60% of the park open for current users for various eco-services non-commercially. 40% of the area will be used for providing various eco- services commercially through service providers without transferring any ownership right permanently. (c) Private sector participation in genuine investment will be encouraged as part of the sustainable development strategy which makes it mandatory for private investors to report performance to reflect disbursement of social corporate responsibility as an indicator of sustainable development strategy (ITC 2005, Tata Steel 2006).

(d) New value-added services to be maintained through access control. Service charge be introduced determined by the service package demanded. Given the demand pattern, willingness-to-pay and ability-to-pay as well as overarching goal of financial sustainability with over all sustainability goals i.e. creation of genuine reinvestment fund through following sources of revenue:

i) Green hoarding

ii) Revision of the existing rates for rent/royalty paid by the current lease holders and licensees taking into consideration the True value of Lake (ecological value) as asset of incomparable value

iii) User charges/contribution for value added service and time-of-use pricing to ensure security at the evening.

The goal is to

i) Recover the Operational and Maintenance Cost incurred annually and make the system financially sustainable

ii) Create reinvestible funds making the repayment of capital investment possible within a reasonable payback period.

(e) It is proposed that all visitors be given physical access to 100% of the Rabindra Sarovar area through the designated Gates throughout the day without requiring visitors to contribute for visitation.

■ Provision will be made for designated zones of the total lake area to encourage user-contribution for physical access to the new value-added ecological services enjoyed in the area.

■ For visitors of the area where no contribution is required for physical access, the user-contribution has been designed to be Rs.10 only for night time (7.00 P.M to 9.00 P.M) which will be used to regulate visitor entry for ensuring avoidance of the man-animal conflict in the evening hours.

■ The user will have to pay for Water Rides (Rs. 10.0 per head per hour) and Angling (Rs. 100.0 per head per day)

■ It is proposed to reintroduce the fee system in the Padmapukur Zone @ 10 Rs. Per head.

(f) For Use of the Ambience for Existing Commercial Purposes (Clubs, Cricket Coaching Clubs etc) in the Area:'

■ The license fees from the clubs and sports coaching clubs/ organizations in the area need to be increased over the current fee structure at least doubled to allow for greater viability in the system of Rabindra Sarovar management and maintenance. This structure will, however, be subject to possibilities of further upward revisions.

■ The existing lease-rent structure for the clubs/ organizations is proposed to be increase and at least doubled from the current rates based on the principles of economic sustainability and in keeping with records of KIT suggesting a revised license fee structure in the area. However, the structure needs to be further revised upwards to internationalize / rationalize the valuation of the site.

■ It is proposed to increase hiring chare for Stadium and for Nazrul Mancha upto

1 %2 times along with the hike in Film Shooting charges by 100%.

(g) A New Partnership Model Principle is proposed.

The Partnership Model will work as per following guidelines:

■ Managing Partner will be the legal custodian of the property, KIT, represented by one Designated Special Officer supported by Financial Manager and 2/3 Logistic Staff.

■ Core Partner will be the Expert Group consisting of maximum of 7 members as listed in the Table 5.32 above for effective management of the site. ■ Extended Partners are the user groups who will act as consultative body with stakeholder representation: policy maker, people's representatives, civil society representatives, industry association, consumer action groups.

■ Investing Partners are those who will be selected through competitive bidding for creation of the services and will share revenue in Revenue Sharing Model.

(h) Awareness Generation:

Various environmental awareness generation programmes can be undertaken within the `Comprehensive Management Plan' involving the stake holders, NGOs, different organizations, Institutions etc. such as:

■ Celebration of Tagore's birthday to Commemorate 50 years of Naming the lake as Rabindra Sarovar, Environment Day, Water Day and other social and cultural activities.

• Introduction of extensive public consultation on the Conservation Plan and any proposals for the site.

• Distribution of leaflets, erection of advertising boards, use of electronic media, holding extensive campaigning, conducting public debate, sit n-draw competitions etc.

• Identification and engaging major and minor corporate partners interested in nature conservation work as profit earning enterprise or as part of Corporate Social Responsibility.

5.11 ESTIMATION OF COST

The total cost is divided into two parts: Capital cost (one time) and Annual Maintenance cost. The abstract of total cost of various conservation and management measures are calculated and abstract is given in Table 5.28. Detailed measurement detailed estimate and drawings have been provided in the Annexure. Annual O& M cost is shown in the Table 5.29. The total capital cost comes out to be 4.9 Cores whereas 1.02 Cores is the annual O&M cost.

92 Table 5.28: Abstract of Estimated Cost

Si. Rate Amount Item of Work Qty. Unit No. (Rs.) In Lakhs 1. Bio-manipulation 1 Job 6.5 2. Protection Works (a) For water bank (i) In existing work 3000 m 231.9 7.0 (ii) New construction 1000 m 1384 13.8

(b) For catchment 200 m 487.6 1.0

Total 21.8 3. Solid Waste Management (a) Vermi-composting plant 1x2 Each 407120 8.1

(b) Compactor Containers (HDPE, 660 16500 10 Nos. 1 7 lit) (c) Hand Cart with Bins HDPE 120 lit 2 20 Nos. 10000 2 0 nos. on each cart Total 11.8 4. Drainage Improvement Works

(a) Construction of new underground 2100 m 1368.65 storm sewer 28.7_

(b) Construction of Manhole @ 50 m 42 Nos. 12809.75 C /C 5.4

(c) Other appurtenance works including 1 L/S 5.0 renovation of existing system Total 39.1 5. Air Quality Improvement Works This item has been covered in the Extensive Beautification Works of Rabindra Sarovar. 6. Extensive Beautification Works (a) Development of children's parks and 10 Nos. 623303.0 6.2 gardens

(b) Water related development works 1 Job 115.0

(c) Landscape development works 1 Job 26.00

(d) Other development works 1 Job 232.7

Total 379.9 7. Public Participation and Awareness I Job 12.00

TOTAL 471.1 S. Expenditure for Report Preparation, 1 5 % of 471.1 Consultancy Fees for Technical 23.5 Surveillance etc.

GROSS TOTAL 494.6

Table 5.29: Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost

Si. Rate Amount Item of Work Qty. Unit No. (Rs.) In Lakhs 1. Water Quality Improvement and Monitoring Program (a) Manual Removal of Water Hyacinth- 25 laborers once in a week- on regular 25x4x12 Head 150.0 1.8 basis (b) Hiring of laboratory personnel for

collecting water samples once in a 6x12 Head 500.0 0.36 month from lake -For 1 day

(c) Hiring charges for boats -2 nos. per 2x12 Nos. 500.0 0.12 day (c) Hiring of water quality monitoring Equipments for collection of water 1x12 Set 5000.0 0.60 samples (d) Expenditure of Laboratory analysis 1x12 Set 20000.0 2.40 of water samples for 10 parameters

(e) Conveyance charges — Twice in a month for travelling of monitoring 2x12 Per Day 1000.0 0.24 personnel

Total 5.5

2. Vermi-composting Plants

(a) 2 Nos. operators per day excepting 2 x 25 x12 Head 175.00 1.0 Sundays 3. Solid Waste Management

(a) Solid waste collection and disposal- 6 x 365 Head 150.00 3.3

94 4. Security Arrangements

(a) Security Guards (24 hrs. duty)-3 60000.00 3x10 Head 18.0 shifts per day-10 Nos. in each shift per Head per Year 5. Electrical Maintenance 1 2 % of 494.6 9.9 6. Mechanical Maintenance 1 3 % of 494.6 14.8 7. Establishment Charges 1 10 % of 494.6 49.5 TOTAL 102.0

5.12 FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

The proposed generation of revenues for project has been done keeping in view the current visitation pattern of the area and the user's ability-to-pay statistics. In this assessment, extremely conservative assumptions have been made as shown in the Table 5.30. The expected total generation of revenues from the project is Rs. 1.09 Cores which is more than the annual O&M cost of Rs. 1.02 Cores and therefore the project comes out to be economically viable. There is scope for future development of the area and consequent increase in the revenue generation.

Table 5.30: Expected Annual Generation of Revenues

Si. Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. In Rs. In Lakhs

1. License fees of Clubs 1 Per Year 2x396000 7.90

2. Rent paid by Clubs including Service Tax 1 Nos. Per 2x390000 7.80 Year 3. License Fees from Sports Coaching Clubs 6 Nos. Per 1.5x17500 1.6 Year 4. Auditorium Charges Nazrul Mancha 1 Year 1.5x208917.0 31.3 per Year 2x108000 5. Charges for Film Shooting 1 Year 2.2 per Year 1.5x450000 6. Fee from Rabindra Sarovar Stadium 1 Year 6.8 per Year

7. Car Parking Charges (Average 8 Hours. in 100 Car Per 10 16.0 a day for 200 days) Hour

95 8 Fee from visitors for taking water rides 50 Head 20 16.0 (Average 8 Hours for 200 days) Per Hour per person

10. Road side Advertisement Hoarding Fee 10 Nos. 100000 10.0 Per Year 11. From pisciculture - Expected production 3000 Kg 100 3.0 250 Kg/Ha/Yearxl2 Ha=3000Kg/Year

12. From Anglers- For 200 days 12 Head Per 100 2.4 Day

13. Income from Restaurant—Rs. 1000.0 Per 2 Nos. 200000 4.0 day for 200 days = Rs. 200000.0 Total 109.0 CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 CONCLUSION

In the present study different aspects related to "Conservation Plan for Lakes in West Bengal" are observed and assessed. Following conclusions are made from the study carried out:

6.1.1 Inventories

In general most of the lakes in West Bengal are under more or less environmental stress depending upon their locations in rural or urban areas and need proper conservation and management. Lake management is a complicated job in which too many problems and causative factors required to be addressed. In this respect, shortage of financial resources and time is a major issue. The lakes, which have undergone less amount of damage, deserve immediate attention for preventive action. On the other hand, severely degraded lakes require immediate management and restoration measures as applicable for most of the urban lakes in West Bengal. It is therefore necessary to identify, select and prioritize the lakes through the preparation of inventories for the lakes of West Bengal before any conservation and management plan is undertaken.

6.1.2 Rabindra Sarovar

Rabindra Sarovar is very significant for its immense contribution to the environment and aesthetic value of Megacity Kolkata. There is ample scope of development of the Echo-Tourism around the lake area so that this vital Environmental Reserve can be transformed into an important tourist spot of the State as well as for the Country. It has the potential to generate more revenues through different types of value added service if provided to the community.

It is to be mentioned that over past few years the water quality of Rabindra Sarovar Lake has improved and as per CPCB standards, present water quality can be

97 classified as class `D'. By undertaking Comprehensive Management Plan as a long- term measure, Rabindra Sarovar could be further upgraded to class `B'.

However proper initiatives should be undertaken to attract and involve the big Business or Corporate Houses into the proposed Comprehensive Management Plan of Rabindra Sarovar in order to ensure the sustainability of the Plan vis-a-vis preservation of the area for the future generations.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

i.. Strategic Master Plan for identification and prioritization of the lakes of West Bengal is necessary with respect to their present status for analysis of ecosystem and innovation of suitable restoration works.

ii. Action Plan on Integrated Water Resources Management for the State with specific emphasis on lakes at the basin or sub-basin levels are to be formulated.

iii. A holistic approach is necessary from the society in the implementation of proper conservation and management programme for Rabindra Sarovar. The following observations are recommended for the Conservation and Management Plan of Rabindra Sarovar:

■ Increasing Vegetation Density and Species Diversity along with Nature Education and Awareness through appropriate Management of Environmental Assets are required to tackle Environmental Hurdles.

■ Visual and Aesthetic Improvisation through conscious Design Intervention are necessary for implementation of Beautification Works.

■ Social Aspects: Employment Benefits to larger sections of the society through organized Peripatetic Vending can be adopted in management of the site which will ensure more social participation and footfall through environmentally commensurable visitor facilities.

■ Economic Aspects: Revenue Earnings can be operable through PPP and Financial Sustainability can be achieved through Eco-service Generation.

W ANNEXURE-I: DETAILED MEASUREMENT

300 mm Dia. Sewer Line Per Running Meter

Si. Description No. L (m) B (m) H (m) Qty. Unit No. of Item 1. Earthwork in excavation (a) From 0 m to 1.5 in below G.L. 1 1.0 0.6 1.2 0.72 Cum. 2. Hire and labour charges for 50 mm thick timber shoring 1x2 - 1.6 1.2 3.84 Sqm. (a) From 0 in to 1.5 m below G.L. 3. Single layer Brick Flat Soling (B.F.S) 1x2 1.0 0.6 - 1.20 Sqm. 4. Cement Concrete (C.C.) with stone-chips 1 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.060 (4:2:1) Cum. 1 1.0 0.6 0.025 0.015 (a) For bedding of pipe Cum. 5. Supplying and laying 300 mm dia. Stoneware 1 1.0 - - 1.0 m pipe 6. Back filling of trench =Vol. of earthwork - vol. of C.C. - Vol. of pipe 0.6 Cum. =0.72-0.06-(1.0 xax 0.302/4) = 0.6 Rectangular Manhole

1. Earthwork in excavation a From 0 m to 1.5 m below G.L. 1 1.3 1.3 1.5 2.53 Cum. 2. Hire and labour charges for 50 mm thick timber shoring (a) From 0 in to 1.5 m below G.L 2x2 1.3 - 1.5 7.80 Sqm. 3. Single layer Brick Flat Soling (B.F.S) lx1 1.3 1.3 - 1.69 Sqm. 4. Cement Concrete (C.C.) with stone-chips (4:2:1) (a) For bedding of pipe 1 1.3 1.3 0.15 0.25 Cum. (b) For Manhole cover 1x4 0.6 0.05 0.025 0.003 Cum. 5. First class Brickwork in cement mortar (4:1) (a) 300 mm thick 2x2 0.9 0.30 0.75 0.81 Cum. (b) 200 mm thick 2x2 0.8 0.30 0.50 0.48 Cum. (c) Corbelling 2x2 0.75 0.10 0.15 0.05 Cum. 6. 20 mm thick Indian Patent Stone (I.P.S) (a) Benching 1xl 0.6 0.6 - 0.36 Sqm.

7. 20 mm thick cement plaster (4:1) 2x2 0.6 - 1.2 2.88 Sqm. 8. C.I. foot steps lx2 Each 2 No. 9. Light duty Manhole cover and frame including fitting and fixing I Each I No. Car Parking Floor Per Sqm Area

1. Earthwork in excavation 1.0 1.0 0.125 0.125 Cum. (a) From 0 m to 1.5 m below G.L. 1 2. Single layer Brick Flat Soling (B.F.S) 1 1.0 1.0 - 1.0 Sqm. 3. Stone flooring work 1 1.0 1.0 - 1.0 Sqm. Jogger's Track Per Running Meter

1. Earthwork in excavation 1.0 1.5 0.075 0.113 Cum. (a) From 0 m to 1.5 m below G.L. 1 2. Single layer Brick Flat Soling (B.F.S) 1 1.0 1.5 - 1.5 Sqm. 3. Chequered Tiles finishing on B.F.S. 1 1.0 1.5 - 1.5 Sqm. Vermi-Composting Plant

1. Earthwork in excavation (a) From 0 m to 1.5 m below G.L. 1 12.0 12.0 0.15 21.6 Cum. 2. Single layer brick flat soling (B.F.S) 1x1 12.0 12.0 - 60.0 Sqm. 3. 25 mm thick damp proof course (D.P.C.) 2x2 12.0 0.25 - 12.0 Sqm. 4. Cement Concrete (C.C.) with stone-chips (4:2:1) 1 12.0 12.0 . 0.15 21.6 Cum. (a) For flooring 5. First class Brickwork in cement mortar (4:1) 2x2 12.0 0.25 1.0 12.0 Cum. (a) 250 mm thick 6. 75 mm thick Brickwork in cement mortar 1x2 11.0 - 0.6 13.2 Sqm. (3:1) 7. 20 mm thick cement plaster (4:1) (a) For main wall 4x2 12.0 - 1.0 96.0 Sqm. (b) For partition wall 2x2 11.0 - 0.6 26.4 Sqm. 8. Steel work for vertical Angles (75 x 75 x 6 mm) (a) For structural members in columns 4x5 1.0 @ 8.9 Kg /m 178.0 Kg (b) For structural members in roof 1x12 12.0 @ 8.9 Kg /m 1281.6 Kg (c) For fittings etc. 1 15% of 1459.6 218.94 K 9. White wash on plaster 96.0 Sqm. Same as item no. 7 above 26.4 Sqm.

10. Painting two coats over a coat of primer to 1.0 0.075 - 3.0 Sqm. steel work (a) In columns 2x4x5 12.0 0.075 - 21.6 Sqm. (b)In roof 2x12 11. Fiber glass sheet work fitted, fixed with all fittings, hooks, bolts and nuts and bitumen, 1x4 6.64 6.6 - 175.3 Sqm. washers etc. In roof 12. Fiber glass sheet ridging work in roof 1x4 6.64 - - 26.56 m 13. Water Sprinkler System with suitable 1 L/S drainage arrangement Bank Protection Works Per Running Meter

Sl. Description No. L (m) B (m) H (m) Qty. Unit No. of Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Earthwork in excavation From 0 m to 1.5 m below G.L. (a) For cutting bank 1 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 Cum. (b) For toe wall 1 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 Cum. From 1.5 m to 3.0 m below G.L. (a) For Toe wall 1 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 Cum.

2. Dismantling brick work of existing toe wall and removing of rubbish 1 1.0 0.25 0.75 0.19 Cum. 3. Cement Concrete (C.C.) with stone- chips (4:2:1) (a) For foundation of toe wall 1 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 Cum. 4. First class Brickwork in cement mortar (3:1) in toe wall (a) 600 mm thick 1 1.0 0.60 0.3 0.18 Cum. (b) 450 mm thick 1 1.0 0.45 0.3 0.14 Cum. (c) 250 mm thick 1 1.0 0.25 0.25 0.06 Cum. 5. 20 mm thick cement plaster (3:1) in 1x2 1.0 - 1.1 2.2 Sqm. Toe wall 6. Grass turffing in banks 1 1.0 2.0 - 2.0 Sqm.

Erosion Control Work

Sl. Description No. L (m) B (m) H (m) Qty. Unit No. of Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Earthwork in excavation 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.042 Cum. (a) From 0 m to 1.5 m below G.L. 1 2. Cement Concrete (C.C.) with 1 1.0 1.0 0.01 0.01 Cum. stone-chips (4:2:1) for base 3. Boulder masonary work 1 1.0 0.45 0.6 0.27 Cum.

101 ANNEXURE-II: DETAILED ESTIMATE

Sewer Line Per Running Meter

Sl. Item Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. No. In Rs. In Rs. 1. PWD Earthwork in excavation for the A-1 following depths below G.L. for laying and jointing of sewers in all sorts of soil (including mixed soil but excluding laterite or sandstone) including joints pits, trimming the sides of trenches, leveling, dressing and ramming the bottom, bailing out water as required complete. (a) Depth of excavation not exceeding 0.72 % Cum. 4187.0 30.15 1.5 m 2. PWD Hire and labour charges for shoring A-5 work (including necessary close plank walling, framing, salbulla piling, shuttering etc.) complete as per direction of the Engineer-in-charge for foundation excavation (vertical surface area in contact with supported earth is to be measured) (a) Depth upto 1.5 m 3.84 Sqm. 80.0 307.20 3. PWD Single brick flat soling of picked C-1 jhama bricks including ramming and dressing bed to proper level and filling joints with powdered earth local sand 1.2 Sqm. 115.0 138.00

4. PWD Ordinary Cement Concrete M15 (mix C-5 4:2:1) with graded stone chips (20 mm down) excluding shuttering and reinforcement, if any, in ground floor, as per IS 456-2000 (a) Pakur /Chandi Variety 0.075 Cum. 2929.0 219.70

Sl. Item Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. No. In Rs. In Rs.

4iYA 5. AHEC Supply of Spigot & Socket type -DPR R.C.C. Pipes of the following dia. 2 x 2 x `02 300 mm dia. NP2 1.0 m 114.68/1.15 400.00 -400.0

6. AHEC Carting of the following R.C.C. non DPR pressure pipes class NP2 and special `02 from store to site of works, lowering the same into trenches in different depths below G.L., laying of pipes true to the alignment and •.gradient, caulking the joints with necessary spun yarn soaked in bitumen and jointing with 1:2 cement and coarse sand morter including excavation of earth at joints below invert level of pipes, cost of all jointing materials, testing etc. complete but excluding excavation and refilling of trenches from G.L. to invert level of pipes. 150 mm dia. NP2 0-1.5 m B.G.L. 1.0 m 2 x 129.06 258.0 —258.0 7. PWD Earthwork in filling in foundation A-3 trenches or plinth with good earth in layers not exceeding 150 mm including watering and etc. layer by layer complete (Payment to be made on measurement of finished quantity)

(a) With earth obtained from excavation of foundation 0.6 % Cum 2600 15.60

TOTAL 1368.65

103 Manhole

Sl. Item Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. No. In Rs. In Rs. PWD Earthwork in excavation for the A-1 following depths below G.L. for laying and jointing of sewers in all sorts of soil (including mixed soil but excluding laterite or sand stone) including joints pits, trimming the sides of trenches, leveling, dressing and ramming the bottom, bailing out water as required complete.

(a) Depth of excavation not exceeding 2.53 % Cum. 4187.0 105.90 1.5 m 2. PWD Hire and labour charges for shoring A-5 work (including necessary close plank walling, framing, salbulla piling, shuttering etc.) complete as per direction of the Engineer-in-charge for foundation excavation (vertical surface area in contact with supported earth is to be measured) (a) From 0 m to 1.5 m below G.L 7.8 Sqm. 80.0 624.00 3. PWD Single brick soling of picked jhama C-1 bricks including ramming and dressing bed to proper level and filling joints with powdered earth local sand 1.69 Sqm. 115.0 194.35 4. PWD Ordinary Cement Concrete MI5 (mix C-5 4:2:1) with graded stone chips (20 mm down) excluding shuttering and reinforcement, if any, in ground floor, as per IS 456-2000 (a) Pakur /Chandi Variety 0.253 Cum. 2029.0 513.30

5. PWD Brick work with .1st class bricks in C-25 cement morter (4:1) (a) In foundation and plinth 1.34 Cum. 2308.0 8453.50

104 6. PWD Artificial stone in floor, dado, staircase D-3 etc. with cement concrete (4:2:1) with stone chips, laid in panels as directed with topping made with ordinary or white cement (as necessary) and marble dust in proportion (2:1)

including smooth finishing . and rounding off corner and including application of cement slurry before

flooring works, using cement @ 1.75 Kg/Sqm all complete including all materials and labour (a) 20 mm thick 0.36 Sqm. 104.00 37.40

7. PWD Plaster (to wall, floor, ceiling etc.) with I-1 sand and cement morter including rounding off or chamfering corners as directed and raking out joints or roughening of concrete surface, including throating, nosing and drip course where necessary (ground floor) (ii) With 4:1 cement morter (a) 20 mm thick plaster 2.88 Sqm. 81.0 233.30 8. AHEC Provide and fix C.I. foot steps in the DPR walls as per direction of Engineer-in- '02 charge including the cost of cutting 2 x and making good the walls 2 No. 150.0 600.0

= 300.0 9. PWD Supplying, fitting and fixing in B(IV)- position reinforced cement polymer 8 concrete manhole cover with matching frame (1) 5 MT load bearing capacity round manhole cover provided with two lifter hooks fitted with matching frame of size Cover: 550 mm x 65 mm 1 Each 2048.0 2048.00 Frame:650 mm x 135 mm

TOTAL 12809.75

105 Vermi-Composting Plant

Si. Item Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. No. In Rs. In Rs. 1. PWD Earthwork in excavation for the A-I following depths below G.L. for laying and jointing of sewers in all sorts of soil (including mixed soil but excluding laterite or sand stone) including joints pits, trimming the sides of trenches, leveling, dressing and ramming the bottom, bailing out water as required complete.

(a) Depth of excavation not exceeding % 1.5 m 21.6 Cum. 4187.0 904.40

2. PWD Single brick soling of picked jhama C-1 bricks including ramming and dressing bed to proper level and filling joints with powdered earth local sand 60.0 Sqm. 115.0 6900.00 3. PWD 25 mm thick damp proof with cement D-12 morter (4:2:1) (with graded stone

aggregate 10 mm Normal size) _ and painting the top surface with a coat of bitumen using 1.7 Kg per Sqm including heating the bitumen and cost and carriage of all materials complete 12.0 Sqm. 121.0 1452.00

4. PWD Ordinary Cement Concrete M15 (mix C-5 4:2:1) with graded stone chips (20 mm down) excluding shuttering and reinforcement, if any, in ground floor, as per IS 456-2000

(a) Pakur /Chandi Variety 21.6 Cum. 2029.0 43826.40

5. PWD Brick work with Pt class bricks in C-25 cement morter (4:1) (a) In foundation and plinth 12.0 Cum. 2308.0 27696.00

106 6. PWD 75 mm thick brick work with 15` class C-38 bricks set in sand, cement morter (3:1) (b) in ground floor including H.B. netting in every alternate layers 13.2 Sqm. 196.0 2587.20 7. PWD Plaster (to wall, floor, ceiling etc.) with I-1 sand and cement morter including rounding off or chamfering corners as directed and raking out joints or roughening of concrete surface, including throating, nosing and drip course where necessary (ground floor)

(ii) With 4:1 cement morter

(a) 20 mm thick plaster 122.4 Sqm. 81.0 9914.40

8. PWD M.S. structural works in columns, F-1 beams etc. with simple rolled structural members (e.g. joists, angle, channel sections) conforming to IS:226, IS:808 & SP(6)-1964 connected to one another with bracket gusset, cleats as per design, direction of Engineer-in- Charge complete including cutting to requisite shape and length, fabrication with necessary bolting, metal arc welding conforming to IS:816-1956 & IS:1995 using electrodes of approved make and brand conforming to IS:814- 1957, haulage, hoisting and erection all complete. II. For structural works in roof trusses etc. using joists, channels and angles of specified section weighing less than 22.5 Kg/rn 1.679 M.T. 45303.0 76042.90

FI'74 9. PWD White washing including cleaning and J-4 smoothening surface thoroughly (5 parts of stone lime and 1 part of shell lime should be used in the finishing coat).

All floors: % (b) Three coats (on new works only) 122.4 Sqm. 690.0 844.60

10. PWD Painting with superior quality K-8(B) aluminum paint of approved make and brand including smoothening surface by sand papering etc on steel surface: (b) Two coats 24.6 Sqm. 24.0 590.40

11. PWD Supplying fitting and fixing glass E-30 reinforced polyester translucent fiber

• glass sheet to match with GCI Corrugation as per IS:12866-1989 in roof fitted and fixed with 10 mm dia. J or L hook bolts, limper and bitumen washers and putty complete with 150 mm end lap and one corrugation

• minimum side lap complete (a) 1.6 mm +/- 0.2 mm thick sheet (iii) Coloured other than blue 175.3 Sqm. 690.0 120957.00

12. PWD Supplying fitting and fixing glass E-31 reinforced polyester translucent ridging 250 mm long each way as per IS:2866-1989 fitted and fixed with bolts, J-hooked and screws and bitumen washers complete

• (a) 1.6 mm +/- 0.2 mm thick sheet (iii) Coloured other than blue 26.56 m 580.0 15404.80

13. Water Sprinkler System with suitable drainage arrangement 1. L/S 100000.0

TOTAL 407120.00

108 Car Parking Area Per Sum.

Sl. Item Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. No. In Rs. In Rs. 1. PWD Earthwork in excavation for the A-1 following depths below G.L. for laying and jointing of sewers in all sorts of soil (including mixed soil but excluding laterite or sand stone) including joints pits, trimming the sides of trenches, leveling, dressing and ramming the bottom, bailing out water as required complete. (a) Depth of excavation not exceeding 1.5m 0.125 % Cum. 4187.0 523.40

2. PWD Single brick soling of picked jhama C-1 bricks including ramming and dressing bed to proper level and filling joints with powdered earth local sand 1.0 Sqm. 115.0 115.00 3. PWD Ordinary Cement Concrete M15 (mix C-5 4:2:1) with graded stone chips (20 mm down) excluding shuttering and reinforcement, if any, in ground floor, as per IS 456-2000 (a) Pakur /Chandi Variety 0.05 Cum. 2029.00 101.40 4. PWD 20 mm to 25 mm thick kota stone slab D-27 set in cement morter (2:1) including leveling course with same morter as required in floor including pointing in Cement morter (1:2) with admixture of pigment matching the stone shade, including grinding & polishing, as per direction of Engineer-in-charge to match with the existing work 1.0 Sqm. 932.0 932.0

TOTAL 1671.80

109 Jogger's Track Per Running Meter

Si. Item Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. No. In Rs. In Rs. 1. PWD Earthwork in excavation for the A-1 following depths below G.L. for laying and jointing of sewers in all sorts of soil (including mixed soil but excluding laterite or sandstone) including joints pits, trimming the sides of trenches, leveling, dressing and ramming the bottom, bailing out water as required complete. (a) Depth of excavation not exceeding 1.5 m 0.113 % Cum. 4187.0 473.10 2. PWD Single brick soling of picked jhama C-1 bricks including ramming and dressing bed to proper level and filling joints with powdered earth local sand 1.5 Sqm. 115.0 172.50

3. PWD Supplying and laying chequered tile of D-26 any shade & of approved quality with (1:1'/2:3) cement concrete laid in panels or patterns as directed in pavement, footpath etc. including necessary underlay cement morter (3:1) complete in all respect with all labour and materials. (i) 30 mm thick (red variety) 1.5 Sqm. 351.0 526.50

TOTAL 1172.10

110 Bank Protection Work Per Running Meter

SL Item Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. No. In Rs. In Rs. 1. PWD Earthwork in excavation for the A-1 following depths below G.L. for laying and jointing of sewers in all sorts of soil (including . mixed soil but excluding laterite or sand stone) including joints pits, trimming the sides of trenches, leveling, dressing and ramming the bottom, bailing out water as required complete. (a) Depth of excavation not exceeding 1.5 m 0.8 % Cum. 4187.0 33.50 (b) Depth of excavation for additional depth beyond 1.5 m and upto 3 m but not requiring shorting 0.5 % Cum. 7742.0 38.70 2. PWD Dismantling all types of masonry B-1 excepting cement concrete plain or reinforced, stacking serviceable materials at site and removing rubbish as directed within a lead of 75 m. 0.19 Cum. 188.0 35.70 3. PWD Ordinary Cement Concrete M15 (mix C-5 4:2:1) with graded stone chips (20 mm down) excluding shuttering and reinforcement, if any, in ground floor, as per IS 456-2000 (a) Pakur /Chandi Variety 0.1 Cum. 2029.0 202.90

4. PWD Brick work with 151 class bricks in C-25 cement morter (4:1) (a) In foundation and plinth 0.38 Cum. 2308.0 877.00 5. PWD Plaster (to wall, floor, ceiling etc.) with I-1 sand and cement morter including rounding off or chamfering corners as directed and raking out joints or roughening of concrete surface, including throating, nosing and drip course where necessary (ground floor) (ii) With 3:1 cement morter

111 (c) 20 mm thick plaster 2.2 Sqm. 81.0 178.20

6. I&WD Turffing with grass sods Durba' or

WC-lll Chorkanta' within a lead of 200

23 meters and all lifts (payment to be

made on grass grown only) including

watering and ramming complete

2.0 Sqm. 9.0 18.00

TOTAL 1384.00

Erosion Protection Work Per Running Meter

SI. Item Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. No. In Rs. In Rs.

1. PWD Earthwork in excavation for the

A-I following depths below G.L. for laying

and jointing of sewers in all sorts of

soil (including mixed soil but

excluding laterite or sand stone)

including joints pits, trimming the

sides of trenches, leveling, dressing

and ramming the bottom, bailing out

water as required complete.

(a) Depth of excavation not exceeding 0.042 % Cum. 4187.0 I.80 1.5 m

2. PWD Ordinary Cement Concrete M15 (mix

C-5 4:2:1) with graded stone chips (20 mm

down) excluding shuttering and

reinforcement, if any, in ground floor,

as per IS 456-2000

(a) Pakur /Chandi Variety 0.01 Cum. 2029.0 20.30

3. I&WD Boulder masonry work in foundation

WC-III and superstructure in cement morter

129 including racking out joints on

exposed faces and dabbing the other

faces with cement morter complete

with supply and carriage of all

112 materials within an initial distance of 20 Km and all lifts, curing, scaffolding etc. as per direction of Engineer-in- charge (Laterite stone 30 Kg to 40 Kg) (a) Morter Mix (1:4) 0.27 Cum. 1724.0 465.50

TOTAL 487.60

Biomanipulation

SI. Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. In Rs. In Lakhs

Introduction of Exotic and Indigenous Fish 20000.0 Prawn Species like Catla, Rahu, Mrigel, per I. 25000 Nos. 5.0 Silver Carp, Grass Carp, Common Carp 1000 etc. Nos.

Lime for mixing into the lake @ 100 Kg / 2. ha for 12 ha areas 100x12 Kg 10.0/Kg 0.12

Fish seed @ 70 gm/ prawn 0.07 x 3. Kg 80.0/Kg 1.40 25000

Total 6.52

113 Children's Park

Si. Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. In Rs. In Rs. Play Equipments i. Common Slide (8' Long) 1 Each 13390.0 13390.00 G.I. Sheet x 16 Gauge

aoW

ii. Climber I Each 26780.0 26780.00

rT iii. See Saw (2-Seater) 1 Each 6650.0 6650.00 -With Tyre System

~IIIII~

iv. Swing —Double Seater 1 Each 14280.0 14280.00 (Covering area- 10' x 6')

114 v. Multi play Equipment I Each 185170.0 185170.00

1 Each 4870.0 4870.00 vi. Litterbin

1 Each 8000.0 8000.00 vii. Bench (5' Long) & -

1 Each 118500.0 118500.00 vii. Gazebos (Covering area- 8' x 8')

115 2. Statues i. 2' Height Sand Stone 1 Each 31992.0 31992.00

i. 3' Height Marble Stone I Each 69832.0 69832.00

__ "4 ______479464.00

3. Lighting Arrangements i) Garden Lantern I @ 30 % of 479464.00 143839.00

ii) Garden Light Post (Solar)

iii) Garden Light Post

Total 623303.00

116 Water Related Features

Si. Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. In Rs. In Lakhs 1. Jets and Fountains

(a) Water Floating Foaming Jet- (Aerated 2 Nos. 200000.00 4.0 White Water Jet : 7m high) 7! (b) Floating Super Cascade Boats- (Aerated White Water Jet : 15 m high)

7 Nos. 500000.0 35.0

(c) Geneva Jet Boat Style Floating Fountains (Aerated White Water Jet: 28 m high) $r

5 ~ 1 Nos. 900000.0 9.0

117 (d) Fountain (Slow Sequencing, Volcano etc.) with Civil Works complete ri 10 Nos. 300000.0 30.0 11

2. Boats/ Water Bus/ Bubble Rides i) Banana Boats

10 Nos. 100000.0 10.0

ii) Water }like

118 iii) Amusement Boat

iv) Water Bus ff'

w

v) Bubble Ride

3. Boat Jetty, Angling Jetty, Viewing Decks i) Boat Jetty (3 m x 6 m) 4 Nos. 250000.0 10.0

ii) Angling Jetty ( 2 m x 8 m) 6 Nos. 150000.0 9.0

iii) Viewing Deck (2 m x 5 m) 4 Nos. 200000.0 8.0

Total 115.0

119 Landscape Developments Works

SI. Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. In Rs. In Lakhs 1. Turffing with grass sods 'Durba' or `Chorkanta' within a lead of 200 meters and all lifts (payment to be made on grass grown only) including watering and ramming complete (I&WD-WC-III) 40000.0 Sqm 9.0 3.60

2. Plantation of the area with different

varieties of trees of indigenous species 10000.0 Sqm 20.0 2.00

3. Provision of outdoor garden benches with

shelter @ 200 m C/C for 4000 m

20.0 Nos. 39830.0 8.00

4. Provision of street light postr r 30 m

C/C for 4000 m

X~ 4v

130 Nos. 9500.0 12.40

L:l Total 26.00

120 Other Development Works

SI. Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No. In Rs. In Lakhs 1. Construction of jogger's track 4000 m 1172.10 46.88

2. Car parking area 3000 Sqm. 1671.8 50.15

1. Construction of Reception cum Interpretation Centre (20 m x 10 m) 2 Sqm. 8000.0 32.00 (As per market Rate)

2. Restaurant (12 m x 5 m) 2 Sqm. 8000.0 16.00 (As per market Rate) 3. Aquarium Center (20 x 10) 1 L/S 10.00 (As per market Rate)

3. Railing around water bodies 2000.0 m 800.0 16.00 (Rate adopted from KMDA Schedule)

4. Barbed Wire Fencing 2000.0 m 120.0 2.40 (Rate adopted from KMDA Schedule) 5. Chain link Fencing 1000.0 m 560.0 5.60 (Rate adopted from KMDA Schedule) 6. Repair/Renovation of existing structures like toilets, toy-train tunnel, pedestrian shelters, sitting and playing arrangements etc. I Item L/S 20.00

7. Sprinkler irrigation arrangements (for 40% of the catchment area of Rabindra Sarovar) 20000.0 Sqm 100.0 20.00 (Rate adopted from Web Site)

8. Security Outpost 10 Nos. 50000.0 5.00 (Rate adopted from Web Site) 9. Security Lighting Post @ 100 m C/C for 6000 m 60.0 Nos. 14500.0 8.70 (Rate adopted from Web Site)

Total 232.73

121 Public Participation And Awareness

SI. Rate Amount Description Qty. Unit No, In Rs. In Lakhs

1. Mass Media

(i) Television 1 Year 200000.0 2.0

(ii) Advertisement in local cable network 1 Year 50000.0 0.5

(iii) Radio (FM) 1 Year 50000.0 0.5

(iv) Print media publicity in local papers, 2 Year 150000.0 3.0 magazines

(v) Hoarding at strategic points in the city 2 Year 100000.0 2.0

b. Events

(i) Preparation of exhibition material, posters and organizing these events 2 Year 100000.0 2.0

(ii) Special cultural events, performance of folk media, street play 2 Year 100000.0 2.0

Total 12.0

122 Annexure —III: Sectional Drawings

25 mm thick C.C.(1:2:4) 75 mm thick B.F.S.

G.L / XXX

Earth Filling Average Depth

Timber Shoring 300 mm CD 1200

Hume Pipe

75 mm 100 mm thick

B.F.S I, 600 C.C.(4:2:1) I

Fig Al: Cross-section of sewer line

~--- 600 Manhole Cover

G.L. ` Bedding hi 1 wx 20m Corbelling

Average epth C.I. Steps @300 c/c

1500 f-- 300 mm B/W

750 25 mm I.P.S. 0 /50 mm C.C. B.F.S.

1300 L J Fig A-2: Cross-section of Manhole

123 30 mm thick sto finishing

B.F.S.

1000 01

Fig A-3: Cross-Section of Car Parking Floor

30 mm Chequered Tiles

G.L

50 mm C.C.(1: :4) 5 mm B.F.S. 1500 J r

Fig A-4: Cross-Section of Jogger's Track

124 Fiber Sheet Roof

750 x75xómm Angle@ 3mc/c 600

900 Sprinkler Arrangement

250 nm thick B/W

I

CC (4.2 1) /75 mm thick brick pare n wal 3500

75 mm thick B F S

ELEVATION

Fiber Sheet Roof 250 mm thick B/W Sprinklers

46 0

12 L 11 3jn

00

Vermi composting Beds

12m

PLAN

Fig A-5: Details of Vermi-composting Plants

125 Existing Avg. Bank Slope 1:1

450

f— 250 mm B/W ( Height 1000 mm)

450 mm B/W (Height 300 mm)

600 mm B/W ( Height 300 mm) l00 mm C.0 (4:2:1) 1000

Fig A-6: Existing Bank Protection Works

1200 I _ 750

300 Proposed Slope 1:2 150 600 ?I Grass Turffing

40 mm Cement Plaster "♦ Earth work

Toe wall

Fig A-7: Proposed Bank Protection Works

Boulder Masonry (4:1) —N 300 I4 L.

Slope!:p C.C. (4:2:1) 600

100

1000

Fig A-8: Cross-Section of Erosion Control Work

126 ANNEXURE-IV: DISTRICT WISE LIST OF LAKES (AREAS >10 HACTERS)

A. Sub-Himalayan Region

DISTRICT: COOCH B1HAR

SI. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) ° N ° E

1. 78 F/I I Burha Raidak Beel 30 26:22:00 89:40:00 Dwityakhanda 2. 78 F/I l Daria Beel 12 26:21:00 89:39:00 Chhtyaigir Chil Khand 3. 78 F/I I N.A. 30 26:17:00 89:30:00 Baghroya

4. 78 F/I 1 N.A. 30 26:17:00 89:40:00 Dweparpar

5. 78 F/I I Changao Beel 12 26:20:00 89:44:00 Nakarkhana Dwityakhanda 6. 78 F/I I Rasik Beel Complex 170 26:25:00 89:44:00 Toofangunj

7. 78 F/07 N.A. 30 26:27:00 89:15:00 Dwarikamari 8. 78 F/07 Lalpani 30 26:24:00 89:18:00 Basdaha 9. 78 F/07 Pathama ChharaBeel 30 26:19:00 89:18:00 Dumniguri

10. 78 F/07 Kankanguri Chhara 30 26:16:00 89:22:00 Kankanguri Beel 11. 78 F/07 Elajan Beel 12 26:17:00 89:21:00 Elajaner Kuthi 12. 78 F/07 N.A. 30 26:17:00 89:30:00 Kalakata 13. 78 F/07 Nilkulin Beel 12 26:23:00 89:28:00 Sonari

14. 78 F/12 N.A. 30 26:13:00 89:37:00 Suldaguri

15. 78 F/12 N.A. 30 26:09:00 89:35:00 Khochabari

16. 78 F/12 Khuthi Sakdal 30 26:07:00 89:34:00 Nairkhuti 17. 78 F/I2 N.A. 30 26:08:00 89:35:00 Garbhadanga 18. 78 B/01 Mirik Lake 17.50 26:53:00 88:11:00 Mirik

DISTRICT : JALPAIGURI

19. 78 B/09 Tista Reservoir 20 26:45:30 88:36:00 Gojaldoba

20. 78 B/09 N.A. 25 26:45:00 88:35:00 Sraswatipur

21. 78 F/I I Sadbeki Beel 30 26:26:00 89:34:00 Chhatbarachak

22. 78 F/I I N.A. 10 26:27:00 89:42:00 Purbachikligur

23. 78 F/02 N.A. 30 26:33:00 89:13:00 Falakata R.S.

24. 78 B/15 Khairkhal Beel 40 26:26:00 88:52:00 Khairkhal

25. 78 B/15 N.A. 12 26:28:00 88:54:00 Saptibari

DISTRICT : NORTH & SOUTI I DINAJPUR 26. 78 B/07 Bhuli Beel 10 26:18:00 88:15:00 Manikpur

27. 78 B/04 Kuchna Beel 12 26:10:00 88:06:00 Alipur

127 SI. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) 0 N 0 E

28. 78 B/04 Kaina Beet 30 26:07:00 88:04:30 Pantapara 29. 78 B/04 EDarehhat Beet 20 26:09:00 88:01:00 Panjipara 30. 78 B/04 Kachhar Beet 25 26:07:00 88:03:00 Kasidanga 31. 78 B/04 Kachhan Beef 30 26:05:00 88:02:00 Dharmpur 32. 78 B/04 Chakliya Beef 12 26:02:00 88:01:00 Barsalpur 33. 78 B/04 Jolar Beet 30 26:01:00 88:04:00 Kasibari 34. 78 B/04 Kokllab Beet 12 26:00:00 88:01:00 Bhagsur 35. 78 C/07 Nandan Beef 30 25:26:00 88:27:00 Dakhingao 36. 78 C/07 Tandi Beet 12 25:26:00 88:26:30 Dakhingao 37. 78 C/07 Malian Dighi 15 25:26:00 88:19:30 Kasba 38. 78 C/07 Gaur Dighi 20 25:25:30 88:19:00 Bairhatta 39. 78 C/07 Altah Dighi 30 25:26:00 88:16:30 Bairhatta 40. 78 C/07 Bar Beet 50 25:21:00 88:24:30 Kanur 41. 78 C/07 Kainkana Beef 15 25:21:30 88:24:00 Lalpur 42. 78 C/07 Baharam Beet 40 25:21:00 88:24:00 Islampur 43. 78 C/07 Gabra Beet 40 25:19:00 88:29:00 Naogoa 44. 78 C/07 Kuranikum Beet 20 25:18:30 88:29:00 Baharammandito 45. 78 C/07 Gharjian Beet 10 25:17:30 88:29:00 Lakshmipur 46. 78 N/16 Kachhan Beet 10 26:04:00 87:55:00 Korjana 47. 78 N/16 Kachhan Beef 10 26:00:30 88:00:00 Karlat 48. 78 C/01 Bura Beet 10 25:47:00 88:07:30 Dangipara 49. 78 C/01 Mohar Beet 10 25:47:00 88:07:00 Mahua 50. 78 C/01 Paras Beef 12 25:46:00 88:05:00 Hatdanga 51. 78 C/01 Ghndarakhari Beet 30 25:46:00 88:07:30 Katchaldangi 52. 78 C/02 N.A. 100 25:42:00 88:05:00 Maharajpur 53. 78 C/02 Sitala Beet 12 25:42:30 88:08:30 Kumargari 54. 78 C/02 N.A. 30 25:43:00 88:03:00 Sariabad 55. 78 C/02 N.A. 30 25:39:00 88:04:30 Dhoabisua 56. 78 C/02 N.A. 10 25:44:00 88:02:00 Matijung 57. 78 C/02 N.A. 12 25:44:00 88:02:00 Bhikampur 58. 78 C/02 Dighali Beet 10 25:33:00 88:07:00 Palaibari 59. 78 C/02 Munia Bee] 10 25:32:30 88:06:00 Keotal 60. 78 C/02 Neham Beet 10 25:34:30 88:06:30 Palaibari 61. 78 C/02 Keluari Beet 10 25:32:00 88:12:30 Bajedakshinal

128 Sl. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) ° N 0 E

DISTRICT : MALDA 62. 72 0/14 Kap Beet 12 25:30:30 88:56:00 Kapaichandi 63. 78 C/10 Gobra Bee] 10 25:32:00 88:32:30 Madavpur 64. 78 C/06 Naoda Beel 12 25:43:00 88:18:00 Naoda 65. 78 C/06 Dohdra Beet 10 25:40:00 88:17:00 Harinarayanpur 66. 78 C/06 Boro Beel 45 25:31:00 88:16:00 Jahpail 67. 78 C/06 Mohipal Dighi 10 25:31:00 88:29:00 Serpur 68. 78 C/06 Bara Beet 50 25:36:00 88:17:30 Krishnapur 69. 78 C/15 N.A. 10 25:17:30 88:51:30 Jamalpur 70. 78 C/11 Pahari Beet 30 25:26:30 88:32:00 Maharajpur 71. 78 C/11 Sutki Bee] 10 25:25:30 88:30:30 Rajibpur 72. 78 C/11 Pransagar 10 25:27:00 88:37:00 Chhilimpur 73. 78 C/11 Subarna Dighi 10 25:24:30 88:33:00 Keshabpur 74. 78 C/11 Dhal Dighi 10 25:24:00 88:32:30 Raghunathbati 75. 78 C/11 Kala Dighi 10 25:24:00 88:33:00 Raghunathbati 76. 78 C/11 Kadam Dighi 10 25:22:00 88:33:00 Akhanagar 77. 78 C/11 Tapan Dighi 12 25:17:30 88:34:30 Tapan 78. 78 0/13 Kachna Beel 30 25:46:30 88:55:00 Bias Dighi 79. 78 C/16 Bhaluka Beet 10 25:14:00 88:56:30 Manika 80. 78 C/08 Ahora Beet 100 25:12:30 88:20:00 Bamangala 81. 78 C/08 Chhota Beel 100 25:08:00 88:27:00 Adatala 82. 78 C/08 Purai Beet 100 25:05:00 88:27:00 Banpahar 83. 72 0/15 N.A. 50 25:27:00 87:58:00 Angarmani 84. 72 0/15 N.A. 30 25:26:00 87:56:00 Karpurganj 85. 72 0/15 N.A. 100 25:21:00 87:51:00 Talbangua 86. 72 0/15 Dhekul Beet 30 25:19:00 87:51:00 Tangtaghat 87. 72 0/15 Siali Beet 100 25:17:00 87:52:30 Fathepur 88. 72 0/15 Kathal Beet 30 25:21:00 87:59:00 Sonarai 89. 78 C/07 Dighi Beel- 100 25:15:00 88:23:00 Piratula Kanohana Beel 90. 72 P/13 N.A. 30 24:54:00 87:59:00 Shibutola 91. 72 P/13 N.A. 30 24:53:00 87:58:00 Doraltola

129 B. Gangetic Region

DISTRICT: MURSHIDABAD

Si. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) 0 N ° E

1. 78 D/12 Bara Beel 300 24:09:00 88:39:30 Beldanga 2. 78 D/12 Khayaramari Beel 490 24:12:30 88:37:30 Mahishmari 3. 78 D/08 Sunduria Beel 170 24:05:00 88:25:00 4. 78 D/08 N.A. 135 24:01:00 88:23:00 Magura 5. 78 D/08 Boiler Beel 100 24:04:00 88:17:30 Rajdharpara 6. 78D/08 Chander Beel 200 24:04:00 88:16:00 Bhakuria 7. 78 D/08 Kati Ganga-Moti Jhil 150 24:07:00 88:16:00 Baharampur Complex 8. 78 D/08 . N.A. 200 24:06:30 88:16:00 Baharampur 9. 78 D/11 N.A. 30 24:17:00 88:34:00 Majhar Diar

10. 78 D/1 1 N.A. 30 24:17:30 88:32:30 Majhar Diar 11. 78D/11 N.A. 12 24:17:30 88:33:00 Majhar Diar 12. 78D/11 N.A. 30 24:17:00 88:36:30 Rajnagar 13. 78 D/07 Magradaha Beef 12 24:16:00 88:20:30 Sultanpur 14. 79 A/01 Sujapur Beef 30 23:59:00 88:14:00 Bhabta R.S. 15. 79 A/01 Nurmahammadpur 30 23:58:00 88:13:00 Dayanagar Bee] 16. 79A/01 Sinduri Beef 30 23:57:00 88:14:00 Kumarpur 17. 79 A/01 N.A. 30 23:55:00 88:14:00 Mirzapur 18. 79A/01 N.A. 30 24:00:00 88:11:30 Kudia 19. 79 A/01 Bahura Beef 30 23:53:30 88:14:00 Dadpur 20. 79 A/01 N.A. 30 23:52:00 88:13:30 Ramnagar 21. 79 A/01 Kuthir Beel 30 23:47:30 88:13:30 Ramnagar 22. 79 A/01 N.A. 12 23:47:00 88:13:30 Ghola 23. 79A101 Hasuri Beel 30 23:49:00 88:11:00 Dopukuria 24. 79A/01 N.A. 30 23:51:00 88:11:00 Jagaipur 25. 79 A/05 N.A. 30 23:55:00 88:27:30 Bhabta 26. 79 A/05 Kunir Beel 12 23:59:00 88:15:30 Hijuli 27. 79 A/05 Dumindaha Beel 30 23:55:00 88:16:00. Jagomohanpur 28. 79 A/05 Anjan Beel 12 23:52:00 88:16:00 Kadamkhali .29. 79 A/05 N.A. 12 23:48:00 88:15:00 Dakaitia 30. 79 A/05 Harma Beel 30 23:50:00 88:22:30 Ratanpur 31. 79 A/05 Soru Beef 30 23:50:00 88:23:30 Rasulpur

130 SI. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) 0 N 0 E

32. 73 M/13 N.A. 10 24:00:00 87:58:00 Rasulpur 33. 73 M113 N.A. 25 23:52:00 87:56:30 Kaitha 34. 73 M113 N.A 70 23:50:00 87:56:00 Kalyanpur 35. 73 M/13 N.A 10 23:49:00 87:58:00 Marut 36. 73 M113 N.A 10 23:50:00 87:58:00 Subipur DISTRICT : NADIA 37. 79A/11 Singa Beel 110 23:21:00 88:41:00 Shyamnagar 38. 79A/11 N.A. 220 22:23:30 88:40:00 Mairhat-Tarakp

39. 79 A/11 Baisakuti Beef 165 .23:23:30 88:39:30 Tarakpur 40. 79 A/11 N.A. 195 23:21:00 88:33:00 Tentulpara 41. 79 A/11 Damodar Beef 35 23:30:00 88:42:00 Pratabpur 42. 79 A/10 Damodar Beel 150 23:30:00 88:43:00 Digambarpur 43. 79 A/10 Jhanppara Beel 225 23:34:00 88:35:00 Dompukur 44. 79 A110 Pathuriya Beef 200 23:35:30 88:35:00 Pathuriya 45. 79 A/10 Ruer Beef 210 23:42:00 88:33:30 46. 79 A/10 Chhunchokhola Beef 120 23:43:00 88:34:00 Tehata

47. 79 A/09 Damuk Beef 300 23:49:00 88:30:00 Fatehpur 48. 79 A/09 Paikapara Beef 290 23:51:00 88:33:00 Shrirampur 49. 79 A/09 Jalangi Beef 320 23:54:00 88:35:30 Kathalia 50. 79 A/09 Gajari Beef 170 23:55:30 88:43:00 Tajpur 51. 79 A109 Lakshmijol Beef 150 23:56:00 88:43:00 Philipnagar 52. 79 A109 Dighri Beef 240 24:57:00 88:35:00 Maliantala 53. 79 A/06 Nawapara Beel 100 .23:31:00 88:29:00 Chuakhali 54. 79 A106 Bhalsuni Beef 540 23:38:00 88:19:00 Berampur 55. 79 A/06 Pon Beef 200 23:42:00 88:22:00 Haranagar 56. 79 A/06 Boalta Beef 205 23:43:00 88:20:00 Paglachandi 57. 79 A/06 Phuliar Beef 270 23:44:00 88:20:30 Bharatpur 58. 79 A/06 Gobindapur Beef 280 23:45:00 88:17:00 Panighata 59. 79 A/05 Phuliar Beef 45 23:45:00 88:20:30 Bharatpur 60. 79 A/05 Amur Beef 130 23:46:00 88:21:00 Chotachandghar 61. 79 A105 Danuk Beef 30 23:49:30 88:30:00 Phatepur 62. 79 A/05 Mathura Beef 2500 22:48:45 80:26:45 Barackpore 63. 79 A/05 Mathura Beef 190 22:56:30 88:29:00

131 51. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) ° N ° E

64. 79 A/05 Kulia Nala 115 22:58:00 88:28:30 Kanchrapara 65. 79 A/05 & Baiser Beel 150 23:00:00 88:27:30 Kalyani A/08 66. 79 A/02 Kutir Beel 25 23:44:30 88:14:00 Kaliganj 67. 79 A/02 Nutan Beel 25 23:43:00 88:11:00 Sujapur 68. 79 A/02 Chapra Beel 40 23:43:00 88:15:00 Charkutria 69. 79 A/02 N.A. 22 23:44:00 88:11:00 Manikdihi 70. 79 A/02 N.A. 80 23:43:00 88:14:00 Charkutria 71. 79A/02. N.A. 325 23:41:00 88:11:00 Gobra 72. 79 A/02 N.A. 25 23:41:00 88:14:00 Baraitna 73. 79 A/02 N.A. 12 23:41:00 88:14:00 Baraitna 74. 79 A/02 N.A. 20 23:40:00 88:10:00 Nasipur 75. 79 A/02 N.A. 72 23:39:00 88:12:00 Kamdebpur 76. 79 A/02 N.A. 40 23:39:00 88:13:00 Kuliadhora 77. 79 B/09 & Balli Bee! 415 22:59:00 88:36:00 Dharali A/12 78. 79 B/09 & Magura Beel 165 22:59:00 88:34:00 Sonakhali A/12 79. 79 B/09 Khalsi Bee] 170 22:59:00 88:39:00 Nimtala 80. 79 B/09 Bhomra Beel 320 22:58:50 88:38:00 Nimtal 81. 79 B/09 Mathura Beel 50 22:56:00 88:30:00 Chaugacha 82. 79 A/12 Murali Khal 105 23:03:00 88:39:00 Ballabhpur 83. 79A112& Anda Beel 210 23:11:00 88:30:00 Habibpur A/08 84. 79 A/08 N.A. 35 23:15:00 88:22:30 Baliadanga 85. 79 A/07 N.A. 350 23:15:00 88:22:30 Nutan 86. 79 A/07 Gopia Beel 400 23:19:00 88:36:00 87. 79 A/07 Saguna Bee] 160 23:18:00 88:22:00 Bahirchara 88. 79 A/07 Bhaluka Beel 35 23:22:00 88:24:00 Bhaluka 89. 79 A/07 Hansadanga Beel 120 23:27:00 88:27:30 Hansadanga DISTRICT : MEDINIPUR 90. 73 N/10 N.A. 25 22:41:30 87:43:00 Shyamsundarpur 91. 73 N/10 N.A. 10 22:41:00 87:43:30 Shyamsundarpur 92. 73 N/10 N.A. 25 22:41:00 87:45:00 Shyamsundarpur 93. 73 N/10 N.A. 30 22:40:00 87:40:00 Mulgram 94. 73 N110 N.A. 30 22:38:00 87:40:00 Mohanchak

132 SI. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) ° N 0 E

95. 73 N/10 N.A. 30 22:37:00 87:40:00 Mohanchak 96. 73 N/10 N.A. 30 22:34:00 87:39:00 Narajol 97. 73 N/10 N.A. 10 22:36:00 87:34:30 Kantadarja 98. 73 N/10 N.A. 10 22:36:00 87:36:00 Hazra Kundu 99. 73 N/O1 N.A. 12 23:56:00 87:04:00 Jagannathpur 100 73 N/01 N.A. 12 22:52:00 87:0230 Kaniabali 101 73 N/O1 N.A. 10 22:47:30 87:04:30 Ruparghagra 102 73 N/04 N.A. 12 22:04:30 87:05:00 Kadamdiha 103 73 N/04 N.A. 10 22:04:30 87:01:30 Chandabila 104 73 N/04 N.A. 10 22:01:30 87:11:30 Kharikamathani 105 73 J/12 N.A. 12 22:11:00 86:43:30 Phulbariya 106 73 J/10 N.A. 10 22:45:00 86:44:00 Satnala 107 73 J/10 N.A. 10 22:38:30 86:43:00 Tulsibani 108 73 N/08 N.A. 12 22:05:00 87:29:30 Konokpur 109 73 N/08 N.A. 12 22:06:00 87:29:00 Dehat 110 73 N/08 N.A. 10 22:07:30 87:27:30 Gobindapur 111 73 N/07 N.A. 12 22:16:30 87:18:00 Salua 112 73 J/15 N.A. 10 22:26:30 88:49:00 Bhanga Bandi 113 73 N/06 N.A. 12 22:37:30 88:18:30 Pachakua 114 73 N/06 N.A. 10 22:32:00 88:24:00 Santaria 115 73 J/14 N.A. 10-12 22:41:30 86:51:00 Bhelaidiha 116 73 J/14 N.A. 10-12 22:40:30 86:47:00 Hatidoba 117 73 J/14 N.A. 10 22:37:00 86:48:00 Silda 118 73 J/14 N.A. 10-12 22:32:30 87:57:30 Paluidanga 119 73 J/14 N.A. 12 22:39:00 86:51:00 Dhuliapur 120 73 J/03 N.A. 10 22:27:30 87:02:00 Dhahani 121 73 J/03 N.A. 10 22:25:30 87:07:30 Angarkuria 122 73 J/03 N.A. 10 22:22:00 87:02:30 Labkush 123 73 J/03 N.A. 10 22:19:00 87:11:00 Khemasoli 124 73 N/15 N.A. 10 22:19:30 87:56:30 125 73 N/1S N.A. 10 22:22:30 87:53:00 Balluk 126 73 N/15 N.A. 10 22:29:00 87:46:30 Kashinathpur 127 73 N/15 N.A. 10 22:27:30 87:46:00 Jadupur 128 73 N/15 N.A. 10 22:27:30 87:53:30 Malluk

133 S1. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) ° N 0 E

129 73 N/15 N.A. 10 22:25:30 87:53:00 Goplapur 130 73 N/15 N.A. 10 22:25:30 87:55:00 Kharui 131 73 N/15 N.A. 10 22:23:00 87:46:30 Mhammadpur 132 73 N/15 N.A. 10 22:22:00 87:47:00 Mahammadpur 133 73 N/I5 N.A. 12 22:17:30 87:49:00 Dobandi 134 73 N/11 N.A. 12 22:28:00 87:33:30 Kuchli 135 73 N/11 N.A. 10 22:26:00 87:31:30 Bharatpur 136 73 N/11 N.A. 28 22:16:00 87:44:00 Changra Chak 137 73 N/11 N.A. 10 22:17:30 87:38:30 Uttar Kalapuni. 138 73 0/09 N.A. 12 21:59:30 87:37:00 Saroda 139 73 0/09 N.A. 10 21:51:00 87:32:00 Rasan 140 73 0/09 N.A. 10 21:46:30 87:33:30 Garia 141 73 0/09 N.A. 10 21:46:00 87:42:00 Alipur 142 73 0/01 N.A. 30 21:57:30 87:10:00 Jharabani 143 73 0/01 N.A. 10 21:58:30 87:09:00 Berajal 144 73 N/09 N.A. 30 22:46:30 87:43:00 Sultanpur 145 73 J/09 N.A. 10 23:50:00 86:41:30 Ramnagar 146 73 N/02 N.A. 12 22:44:33 87:12:30 Shirsa 147 73 N/02 N.A. 12 22:43:00 87:03:00 Ramgarh 148 73 N/02 N.A. 10 22:36:00 87:09:30 Nimtala 149 73 0/05 N.A. 12 22:56:00 87:19:30 Paikbar 150 73 J/16 N.A. 10 22:09:00 86:51:30 Kalajhariya 151 73 J/16 N.A. 10 22:11:30 86:53:30 Beldwar 152 73 J/16 N.A. 10 22:07:30 86:54:00 Dhansol 153 73 0/13 N.A. 28 21:57:00 87:58:30 Kalicharnpur 154 73 0/13 N.A. 10 21:55:00 87:56:30 Baratala 155 73 0/13 N.A. 10 21:53:30 87:56:30 Kastala 156 73 0/13 N.A. 10 21:52:30 87:57:00 Tengramari 157 73 0/13 N.A. 10 21:54:00 87:47:30 Kalinagar DISTRICT: HOOGHLY 158 79 B/01 N.A. 370 22:55:00 88:03:00 Srirampur 159 79 B/01 N.A. 40 22:57:00 88:06:00 Kankarkulia 160 79 A/04 N.A. 10 23:02:30 88:07:30 Satidaha 161 73 N/13 N.A. 15 22:50:00 87:51:00 Hamidbati

134 S1. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) 0 N 0 E

162 79 B/02 N.A. 30 22:44:30 88:04:30 Jangipara 163 79 B102 N.A. 47 22:42:30 88:04:00 Kotalpur 164 79 A/08 N.A. 15 23:05:00 88:16:00 Kalipukur 165 79 A/08 N.A. 25 23:04:00 88:18:00 Pandua 166 79 A/08 N.A. 30 23:01:00 88:15:30 Jesra 167 79 A/08 N.A. 18 23:01:30 88:24:00 Gopalpur 168 79 A/08 N.A. 40 .23:0500 88:26:00 Biral 169 79 A/08 Dekal Bee! 145 23:12:00 88:24:00 Nischintapur 170 79 A/08 N.A. 50 23:12:30 88:27:00 Guptipara 171 79 A/08 N.A. 25 23:10:30 88:25:30 Kamardanga 172 79 A/08 N.A. 45 23:09:00 88:26:30 173 79 B/06 N.A. 40 22:43:00 88:16:00 Janai Road 174 79 B/06 N.A. 40 22:43:00 88:17:00 Satghara 175 79 B/06 N.A. 20 22:42:30 88:17:00 Sataghara 176 79 B/06 N.A. 25 22:44:00 88:16:30 Panchghara 177 79 B/06 N.A. 45 22:40:00 88:20:00 Uttar Para 178 79 B/06 N.A. 15 22:42:30 88:17:00 Satghara 179 73 N/14 N.A. 25 22:44:00 88:20:30 Rishra 180 73 N/14 N.A. 70 22:37:30 87:52:00 Nandanpur 181 73 N/14 N.A. 110 22:39:00 87:56:00 Narendrapur 182 73 N/09 N.A. 150 22:46:30 87:45:00 Sultanpur 183 73 N/09. Kajla Dighi 10 22:51:30 87:40:30 Kamarpukur DISTRICT: HAWRA 184 79 B/06 N.A 10 22:33:00 88:16:30 Mirzapur 185 79 B/06 N.A 10 22:33:30 88:15:30 Panchpara 186 79 B/06 N.A 25 22:38:00 88:17:00 Eksara 187 79 B/06 N.A 15 22:35:00 88:17:00 Santragachi 188 73 N/14 N.A 30 22:32:00 87:55:30 Mankur 189 73 N/14 N.A. 55 22:35:00 87:52:00 Hatgechhia 190 73 N/14 N.A 20 22:35:00 87:53:00 Kharigaria 191 73 N/14 N.A 10 22:32:00 87:52:30 Hatgechhia 192 73 N/14 N.A 12 22:33:00 87:52:30 Hatgechhia 193 79 B/02 N.A 140 22:31:00 88:06:00 Basudebpur 194 79 B/02 N.A 3600 22:33:00 88:05:00 Nabaghara Sl. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) ° N 0 E

195 79 B/02 N.A 750 22:34:00 88:11:00 Danko 196 79 B/02 Jhatpola Beel & 1080 22:35:00 88:03:00 Baneswarpur Shialgari Beel 197 79 B/02 N.A 4140 22:38:00 88:10:00 Deulpur 198 79 B/02 N.A 20 22:39:00 88:13:00 Mollachar 199 79 B/02 N.A 20 22:39:30 88:14:00 Mollachar 200 79 B/02 N.A 15 22:40:00 88:14:00 Mollachar 201 79 B/04 N.A 40 22:13:00 88:02:00 Mallikpara 202 73 N/15 N.A 15 22:20:00 87:58:00 Anantapur 203 73 N/15 N.A 20 22:27:30 87:54:00 Malluk 204 73 N/15 N.A 40 22:29:00 87:56:00 Malluk DISTRICT : 205 79 A/12 N.A 30 23:13:00 88:44:00 Kutipara 206 79 A/12 N.A 12 23:12:00 88:45:00 Malipara 207 79 A/12 N.A 12 23:11:00 88:44:00 Malipara 208 79 A/12 Garali Khal 30 23:07:00 88:44:30 Mahatpara 209 79 A/12 ChamtaBeel 30 23:06:30 88:43:00 Panpara 210 79 A/12 N.A 30 23:05:00 88:43:30 Nauda 211 79 A/16 Bagula Bangar 30 23:15:00 88:45:00 Bagula 212 79 A/16 Padma Beel 30 23:13:00 88:50:30 Khurd Kulbaria 213 79 A/16 Kundipur Bangar 30 23:08:30 88:49:00 Kundipur 214 79 A/16 Sabhyapur Bangar 30 23:06:00 88:49:00 Sabhyapur 215 79 A/16 N.A. 30 23:05:00 88:49:00 Madhabpur 216 79 A/16 Gopalnagar Khal 30 23:05:00 88:45:30 Gopalnagar 217 79 A/16 N.A 30 23:00:30 88:50:00 Angrali 218 79 A/16 N.A 30 23:05:30 88:51:00 Dhannamari 219 79 A/16 N.A 30 23:08:00 88:50:00 Bonchakhali 220 79 B/09 Chandan Beet 30 22:57:00 88:43:30 Shergarh 221 79 B/09 MathuraBeel '60 22:56:30 88:30:00 Chaugacha 222 79 B/09 Kukur Beel 30 22:47:30 88:43:00 Kumra 223 79 B/09 Bayker Beel 30 22:46:30 88:43:00 Parpatna 224 79 B/09 N.A 12 22:45:30 88:43:00 Ramnagar 225 79 B/05 Bariti Beel 2500 22:48:00 88:26:00 Mathurapur 226 79 B/10 N.A 30 22:45:00 88:35:00 Naksa

136 S1. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) 0 N 0 E

227 79 B/10 N.A 10 22:42:30 88:40:00 Khejurdanga 228 .79 B/10 N.A 12 22:43:00 88:42:00 Chaurashi 229 79 B/10 N.A 12 22:43:00 88:42:00 Chaurashi 230 79 B/10 N.A 12 22:38:00 88:43:30 Chatkabaria DISTRICT : BANKURA 231 73I/16 N.A. 20 23:03:00 86:48:00 Amjuri 232 731/16 N.A. 10 23:23:30 86:52:00 Kubasol 233 731/16 N.A. 20 23:04:00 86:52:30 Jibanpur 234 731/16 N.A. 10 23:04:00 86:53:00 Shyampur 235 73 1/16 N.A. 25 23:03:00 86:53:00 Baharamuri 236 73I/16 N.A. 45 23:07:00 86:50:00 Kalabati 237 73 M/08 N.A. 12 23:23:00 86:57:00 Bishkodar 238 73 M/08 Lalbandh 15 23:03:00 87:19:30 Bishnupur 239 73 M/08 N.A. 27 23:04:30 87:20:30 Bishnupur 240 73 M/08 Yamuna Bandh 27 23:04:00 87:18:00 Bishnupur 241 73 M/08 Kundu Puskarini 20 23:04:00 87:29:00 Rautkhanda 242 73 J/13 N.A. 40 22:47:00 86:49:00 Ghoragari 243 73 J/13 N.A. 10 22:49:00 96:47:00 Bauripal 244 73 J/13 N.A. 12 22:52:00 86:54:00 Nurbeda 245 73 M/03 N.A. 130 23:24:00 87:05:00 Balidiha 246 73 M/03 N.A. 70 23:28:00 87:13:00 Chaitanyapur 247 73 M/03 N.A. 10 23:27:00 87:09:00. Radhakrishnapu 248 73 M/07 N.A. 15 23:27:00 87:19:00 Krishnanagar 249 73 M/12 N.A. 60 23:22:30 87:19:00 Kantaband 250 73 M/12 N.A. 10 23:12:30 87:32:30 Danna 251 73 M/03 N.A. 10 23:14:30 87:35:00 Keshabpur 252 73 M/03 N.A. 25 23:01:30 87:34:00 Raibaghini 253 73 M/02 Majia Beel 15 23:34:00 87:07:30 Mejia 254 731/04 N.A. 10 23:05:30 86:14:00 Banshgarh 255 73I/04 N.A. 10 23:12:30 86:04:00 Gosaidih 256 73 E/15 N.A. 10 23:26:00 86:14:00 Karumama 257 73 E/15 N.A. 30 .23:18:00 85:55:00 Arahara 258 73 E/15 N.A. 10 23:18:00 85:52:30 Dibitikar 259 73I/03 N.A. 15 23:26:30 86:05:00 Timangda

137 Si. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) 0 N ° E

260 73 1/03 N.A. 10 23:25:30 86:03:00 Noahatu 261 73 1/03 N.A. 20 23:20:30 86:12:00 Rangamati 262 73 1/03 N.A. 100 23:18:30 86:03:00 Gurrabera 263 731/12 N.A. 10 23:13:30 86:39:30 Dhengagara 264 731/08 N.A. 175 23:01:30 86:17:30 Kera 265 73 1/08 Hanumata Reservoir 100 23:07:00 86:16:00 266 73 1/08 Kumari Reservoir 145 23:10:00 86:17:30 Bara Urma 267 731/08 N.A. 20 23:13:30 86:21:00 Chaklator 268 73 1/08 N.A. 50 23:10:00 86:27:00 Dhadkidih 269 73I/08 N.A. 15 23:11:30 86:30:00 Anandabazar 270 73 1/07 N.A. 15 23:27:30 86:27:30 Dubrajpur 271 73 1/07 N.A. 50 23:28:00 86:23:00 Fatehpur 272 731/07 Saheb Bandh 25 23:20:30 86:22:00 Purulia Town 273 731/07 N.A. 15 23:18:00 86:24:00 Hargara 274 731/06 N.A. 90 23:37:00 86:29:00 275 73I/11 N.A. 10 23:22:30 86:38:00 Bhuiyadih 276 73I/11 N.A. 80 23:28:00 86:37:30 Maysaradih 277 731/11 N.A. 50 23:28:00 86:42:30 Adra 278 73I110 N.A. 10 23:34:00 86:43:30 Digardih 279 73 1/10 Panchet Reservoir 3000 23:42:00 86:42:00 Panchet 280 731/10 N.A. 110 23:34:00 86:35:30 Dhanara 281 73 1/15 N.A. 50 23:27:30 86:47:00 Indrabil 282 73 J/09 Kangsabati Reservoir 6500 23:57:00 86:42:30 Mukutmanipur

73 J/13

73 J/12

73 J/16 283 73I/14 N.A. 180 23:34:00 86:50:00 Barhanti DISTRICT : BARDHAMAN 284 73 A/03 Unir Beel 40 23:23:30 88:15:00 Belgaria 285 73 A/03 Salte Bee! 25 23:25:00 88:14:30 Belgaria 286 73 A/03 Kaire Beel 15 23:27:00 88:13:30 Bararpara 287 73 A/03 N.A. 25 23:27:30 88:14:00 Bararpara 288 73 A/03 Pandu Beel 30 23:28:00 88:13:30 Muksimpara 289 73 A/03 N.A. 10 23:28:00 88:14:00 Muksimpara

138 S1. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No. No. Area (ha) 0 N ° E

290 73 A/03 N.A. 40 23:29:30 88:12:00 Amul 291 73 A/03 N.A. 25 23:30:00 88:09:30 Palsana 292 73 A/03 N.A. 15 23:28:00 88:07:00 Dhenua 293 73 M/10 N.A. 15 23:35:00 87:35:00 Nayapara 294 73 M/16 N.A. 10 23:14:30 97:51:00 Rajganj 295 73 M/06 N.A. 20 23:31:00 87:18:00 Palashdanga 296 73 M/06 N.A. 15 23:31:00 87:17:30 Palashdanga 297 79 A/02 Bara Beel 30 23:35:00 88:06:00 Mera 298 79 A/02 N.A. 25 23:34:00 88:06:00 Mera 299 79 A/02 N.A. 10 23:34:00 88:02:00 Chak Gobindapu 300 79 A/02 N.A. 10 23:30:30 88:02:00 Khirgram 301 79 A/02 Nartil Beel 80 23:32:00 88:15:00 Hamidpur 302 79 A/02 UraBeel 75 23:33:00 88:15:00 Gacha 303 79 A/02 Daduri Beel 15 23:32:00 88:14:00 Garudanga 304 79 A/07 Chupi Char 310 23:27:45 88:21:00 Purbasthali 305 73I/14 N.A. 10 23:41:00 86:56:00 Burnpur 306 731/14 N.A. 10 23:40:30 86:56:00 Burnpur 307 73I/14 N.A. 10 23:40:00 86:55:30 Burnpur 308 731114 N.A. 20 23:40:00 86:56:00 Burnpur 309 DISTRICT : BIRBHUM 310 73 M/13 N.A. 10 23:47:30 87:50:00 Monachipura 311 73 M/10 N.A. 15 23:44:00 87:30:00 Kanchannagar 312 73 M/10 N.A. 10 23:42:00 87:41:00 Santiniketan 313 73 M/10 N.A. 10 23:41:00 87:39:30 Santiniketan 314 73 M/10 N.A. 10 23:40:30 87:39:00 Santiniketan 315 73 M101 N.A. 10 23:50:00 87:12:00 Sagarbhanga 316 73 M/09 Tilpara Barrage 800 23:59:00 87:31:00 Tilpara 317 73 M/09 N.A. 85 23:53:30 87:37:30 Nimpalasi 318 73 M/09 N.A. 40 23:56:00 87:37:30 Konri 319 73 M/09 N.A. 30 23:57:00 87:37:00 Dhaltipur 320 73 M/05 Dantin Dighi 15 23:48:00 87:21:00 Kamalpur 321 73 M105 N.A. 15 23:59:30 87:28:00 Kadamnir 322 72 P/12 N.A. 80 24:03:00 87:36:00 Deocha 323 72 P/12 N.A. 30 24:04:00 87:35:00 Harinsingh

139 S1. Topo Sheet Name of Lakes Approximate Latitude Longitude Nearest Locality

No: No. Area (ha) 0 N 0 E

324 72 P/12 N.A. 30 23:24:00 87:52:30 Taluadanga

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