7936 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - -JIOUSE May 11 MEMORIALS of the will of Congress, to bring· into being PETITIONS, ETC. without further delay the great Kinzua Dam Under clause 4 of rule XXII, memori~ on the Upper Allegheny River in northwest~ Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petition als were presented and referred as fol~ ern Pennsylvania; to the Committee on Ap­ and pap~rs were laid on the Cleric's desk lows: propriations. and referred as follows: By the SPEAKER: Memorial of the Legis· 181. By Mr. WIER: ~etition on memorial lature of the State of Alaska, memorializing of members of the House of Representatives, the President and the Congress of the United PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS State of Minr+esota, regarding their favorable States relative to providing the State of Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private views on .and support of H.R. 1354, intro­ Alaska, Department of Fish and Game with bills and resolutions were introduced and duced by Congressman STAGGERs, of West Vir­ annual funds of not less than $5 million per severally referred as follows: ginia, a bill to amend the Standard Time year for not less than 15 years for the re­ Act of March 19, 1918, so as to provide that habilitation of the salmon resources; to the By Mr. DAVIS of Tennessee: the standard time established thereunder Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish­ H.R. 7079. A bill for the relief of Don L. shall be the mE'la::.ure of time for all pur­ eries. Herring; to the Committee on the Judiciary: poses; to the Committee on Interstate and Also, memorial of the Legislature of the By Mr. FULTON: Foreign Commerce. State of Oregon, memorializing the President H.R. 7080. A bill for the relief of Masako 182. By the SPEAKER: Petition of the and the Congress of the United States rela­ Tamanana; to the Committee on the Judici­ president, National Guard Association of the ary. United St ates, Washington, D.C., petitioning tive to requesting that appropriate action By Mr. HARMON: consideration of their resolution with refer­ be taken to improve our national defense H.R. 7081. A bill for the relief of the Hardy ence to requesting Congress to study, mal{e a capabilities and the economic condition of Manufacturing Corp.; to the Committee on report, and offer remedial legislation con­ our State by assuring the return of rail cars the Judiciary. cerning the subject of medical care, hospital­ to the railroad holding title thereto with the By Mr. MOSS: ization, disability retirement, and death least practicable delay, deferring action on H.R. 7082. A bill for the relief of Graham benefits for members of the National Guard any national legislation which would in­ Wong; to the Committee on the Judiciary. and Reserve components; to the Committee on Armed Services. crease railroad cost of operation, and mak­ By Mr. OSMERS: 183. Also, petition of the commander, Capi­ ing every reasonable effort to aid the rail­ H.R. 7083. A bill for the relief of Jane Jean roads to develop a car-construction program; tal Post No. 19, the American Legion, Salem, Baptiste; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Oreg., petitioning consideration of their res­ to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign By Mr. ROOSEVELT: Commerce. olution with reference to requesting favor­ H.R. 7084. A bill for the relief of Willibaldo able consideration of S. 1138, a bill to extend Also, memorial of the Legislature of the De ~ g a dillo-Rojas; to the Committee on the educational and training benefits to all vet­ State of Pennsylvania, memorializing the Judiciary. erans who enter military service from Febru­ President and the Congress of the United By Mrs. SIMPSON of Illinois: ary 1, 1955, and as long as the draft shall States to expedite the appropriations and H.R. 7085. A bill for the relief of John B. continue; to the Committee on Veterans' enabling legislation, including enunciation Sutter; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Affairs.

~XTENSIONS OF REMARKS

The lOth of May, a Rumanian National Poland and East Germany. The revolt in several countries in Europe as a repre­ Poland resulted, for a time, in some small sentative of the U.S. Senate and the Holiday measure of freedom for the people of that nation. But in Hungary, the rebellion was Committee on Interstate and Foreign crushed with shameless brutality, despite the Commerce. While in Germany I had the EXTENSION OF REMARKS overwhelming censure of world opinion. opportunity of discussing coal and alu­ OF The role of the Russian army in suppres­ minum marketing with officials of the sing these revolts revealed the extent to Federal Economics Ministry in Bonn. HON. CLIFFORD P. CASE which force is the basis for Communist con­ The U.S. Minister for Economic Affairs OF NEW JERSEY trol in Eastern Europe. The Kremlin leader­ in Bonn recently sent me memorandums IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES ship knows that without an army and a vast police apparatus to underpin its rule the outlining my conversations with officials Monday, May 11, 1959 Iron Curtain would vanish overnight. of the Federal Economics Ministry and I ask unanimous consent that these Mr. CASE of New Jersey. Mr. Presi­ Today, thousands of Iron Curtain refugees still continue to flee into free Europe. Their memorandums be printed in the CoN­ dent, I ask unanimous consent to have flight from Communist tyranny testifies that GRESSIONAL RECORD. printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the quest for freedom remains constant, de­ an address I recently prepared for radio There being no objection, the memo­ spite relentless efforts by the Communists randums were ordered to be printed in broadcast on the occasion of the Ru­ to seal off every avenue of escape. manian national holiday which was cele­ For those who must remain behind, Com­ the REcoRD, as follows: brated on May 10. munist domination will be endured with MEMORANDUM OF CONVERSATION There being no objection, the address the hope that someday the light of freedom APRIL 1, 1959. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, will penetrate the Iron Curtain, heralding Subject: Discussion of aluminum marketing. the dawn of a better life. Their willingness Place: Federal Economics Ministry, Bonn. as follows: and ability to resist the encroachments of The lOth of May is the Rumanian national communism shows that hope has not died Participants: The Honorable Vance Hartke holiday, the day on which the free Rumanian among the captive peoples. It must be the U.S. Senator; Mr. August Bourbon, staff nation celebrated its indepenqence. Since earnest prayer of all Americans that this member, U.S. Senate; Ministerialrat Dr. the present Communist regime has for­ desire for independence will someday be Heinrich Sennek::tmp, Mr. Storz, Dr. bidden the people of Rumania to commemo­ fulfilled in Rumania, as in the other nations Pickard; economic counselor, Mr. Wil­ rate this day of national pride, it is fitting in Eastern Europe. liam C: Ockey, U.S. Embassy, Bonn, Dr. that we use the occasion to make clear that Vaeth, Mr. Sommer; Mr. Thomas C. the free world has not forgotten the un­ Stave, second secretary, U.S. Embassy, happy fate of the captive peoples behind Bonn. the Iron Curtain. Senator HARTKE began his remarks by com­ For more than· a decade the nations of Aluminum Marketing plimenting West Germany for the rapid eco-· Eastern Europe have lived under the grim nomic progress it had made since the end shadow of Communist rule, enduring cease­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS of the war. He -then described Soviet eco­ less and methodical oppression from regimes OF nomic warfare in the world aluminum mar­ backed by the armed might of Soviet Russia. ket since the war, particularly' since 1957, All of the terrors common to the modern HON. VANCE HARTKE when Soviet aluminum appeared on ·the police state have been used to integrate these OF INDIANA British market on a cut price basis. He nations into the Communist system, and to noted that Britain had been acquiring most· destroy, in the process, every desire for na­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES of its aluminum from Canada, and that the tionality and freedom. Monday, May 11, 1959 Soviets then offet;ed aluminum _at a price That the Communists have largely failed of 2 cents below whatever price the Canadian in their efforts has been made abundantly Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, during producers were quoting: · By the end of 1957, clear in recent years by revolts in Hungary, the Easter congressional recess I visited the proportion of Soviet aluminum in Britain 1-959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7937

had increased considerably while the Cana­ and.stated that although German per capit~ producers believed this constituted a breach dian proportion had de<:reased. Canada, in consumption was not as high as the United of contract. January 1958, petitioned the British Govern­ States, it was nevertheless going well, fol­ Senator HARTKE stated that both countries ment to take antidumping action against the lowing U.S. pioneer work. He said the VAW have the capacity to produce more coal than Soviets, but no action was taken, whereupon had good contacts with U.S. producers, but they can consume or export, and thus have the Canadian producers, in April 1958, were would appreciate etiorts to intensify what common economic problems. One such forced to cut the free world price of alumi­ has been done so far, including the use of problem would · be the difficulty of reopen­ num 2 cents per pound, with a resultant Senator HARTKE's good offices. The Senator ing a mine once it has been closed. Other decrease, during 1958, of both profits and tax said that by lending their brains, the Ger­ problems are created for related industries, revenues. Noting the erratic pattern of mans would be contributing to the economic such as transportation. He said that politi· Soviet aluminum shipments, Senator HARTKE welfare of the United States; that it was in cal problems are also created, and that the described the move as "sharpshooting" rather the German interest to see a strong United relative importance of each of these prob­ than "dumping." States. He said that, due to apprehension lems must be considered. He mentioned a Mr. Sennekamp thanked Senator HARTKE over economic conditions, some U.S. pro­ Joint Economic Council study earlier this for his compliments, adding that much of ducers were delaying planned expansion, year on the poor economic situation in the the West German progress would not have mentioning specifically a contemplated new West Virginian coal mine area, which had been possible without U.S. Marshall plan aid. Alcoa plant at Evansville, Ind. Mr. Pickard received considerable U.S. newspaper public­ He then confirmed Senator HARTKE's opinion agreed that cooperation was important, add­ ity. He stated that, as a result of the U.S. on the Soviet maneuver, stating the same ing that he expected to be in the United economic recession and unemployment in etiect on aluminum prices in Germany had States in June, and would like to meet with the coal mining industry, Congress was dis­ been seen during the 1957-58 period. He U.S. aluminum producers. turbed over the etiect the German im­ indicated, however, that there was no longer Mr. Sennekamp then said he would like to port restrictions will have on future such a problem as far as the German market learn of expected future aluminum produc­ economic relations between the two coun­ was concerned. He explained that in 1956 tion in the United States. He noted that tries. He said he was not there to say that there was an aluminum shortage in Ger­ present U.S. annual production has in­ the U.S. problems would be solved by raising many, which then entered into contracts for creased to about 1.5 million tons, with con­ the restrictions, but neither did he believe imports of limited amounts of Soviet alum­ sumption about the same, and that U.S. rep­ the German problems would be solved by inum. Whe1: the licenses for these ship­ resentatives have expressed interest in mak­ imposing them. He thought that the net ing sales to Europe, including Germany. benefit to Germany of the import restrictions m~nts expired, however, new licenses were could be more than otiset by damages which not granted. Furthermore, Mr. Sennekamp Mr. Prichard interjected that the German gap between production and consumption is might be caused by U.S. policy. He asked said, aluminum was not included in the if any of the Germans present had any com­ recent West German-Soviet trade agreement, pretty well taken up by Canadian and Nor­ ments to make before he continued. wegian contracts. Senator HARTKE said that despite Soviet etiorts to have the item in­ Mr. Richter said he was especially inter­ cluded. He continued that in 1956 the Fed­ this was why a factual information exchange ested to learn of the high unemployment in eral Republic entered into long-term con­ was necessary, in order that no country is Kentucky and West Virginia. He said he tracts (up to 1961) for aluminum imports hurt. He repeated that etiorts should be had visited the United States and noted sev­ from Canada and Norway, which countries made to increase consumption. He noted eral ditierences between the United States will supply most of its import needs. He that the U.S. population is growing, and that and German cool industries. He said he had estimated that West German production of there should be a growing need for alumi­ observed that U.S. mines were generally no primary aluminum in 1959 would be about num. Mr. Pickard then commented favor­ deeper than 100 meters, whlle German mines 150,000 tons, with consumption about ably on U.S. etiorts to develop a demand for average 750 meters in depth. He said U.S. 190,000 to 200,000 tons. The ditierence of aluminum in South American countries. mining is more highly mechanized, and that 40,000 to 50,000 tons would come through After a mutual exchange of good wishes, the rate of productivity is six times as high contra~ts with Canada and Norway. He pre­ the meeting was ended. as in West Germany. German miners nor­ dicted, however, that the Soviet Union would mally work a 5-day week; U.S. miners, 3 to 4. again enter the world aluminum market, MEMORANDUM OF CONVERSATION He noted also that German coal mining is since its processing industry cannot keep up concentrated in the Ruhr area, thus consti­ with Soviet production of pig aluminum. He APRIL 1, 1959. tuting greater potential political trouble said this was also true with tin, zinc, and Subject: Discussion of coal marketing. than in the United States, where mining is other nonferrous metals. Mr. Sennekamp Place: Federal Economics Ministry, Bonn. more widespread. Mr. Estner commented also explained that the Federal Republic has Participants: The Honorable Vance Hartke, that, with their greater depth, closed Ger­ a basic tariti of 7 percent on aluminum im­ U.S. Senator; Mr. August Bourbon, staff man coal mines would be more expensive to ports, but that imports of up to 40,000 tons member, U.S. Senate; Ministerialdirigent reopen than American mines. Richter, Ministerialrat Dr. Steinhaus, are free of such duty, which covers prac­ Mr. Richter said he believed the Senator tically the entire gap between domestic pro­ Ministerialrat Dr. Estner, Ministerialrat was misinformed in having stated that long­ duction and consumption. He expressed his Dr. Prescher; Mr. Thomas ·C. Stave, sec­ term contracts had been signed upon the opinion that 7 percent is not a high rate, ond secretary, U.S. Embassy, Bonn. Bonn Government's request. He explained since practically all other countries, includ­ Senator HARTKE said he wished to discuss that this was done on the initiative of the ing the United States, have a similar rate, the adverse etiect on the U.S. coal industry importers who found long-term contracts while others, particularly France and Italy, and on U.S. public opinion caused by there­ more profitable, since they could obtain bet­ have much higher rates. Senator HARTKE cently imposed West German coal import ter rates from shipowners. He said that, said the United States had no complaints restrictio~s, which he understood was based prior to September 1958, because of mount­ with Germany on the question of taritis, on German unilateral action. He said that ing surpluses, both at the pitheads and in but that a problem had arisen on the Belgian unemployment in the United States was the stocks of consumers, the Government tariti on semifinished aluminum products. relatively high (6 percent in 1959 as com­ suggested to importers that they reduce the Senator HARTKE then expressed the interest pared to 2Y:z percent in Germany), particu­ number of new contracts. Since this meas­ of U.S. aluminum producers in developing larly so in certain coal mining areas such ure was not adequate, the Government im­ new markets for aluminum, particularly in as Kentucky (15 percent) and West Virginia posed an embargo in the form of permitting other areas of the world. Mr. Eennekamp (nearly 25 percent). He said that total coal no new contracts, and finally the Economics commented that German producers had a production in the United States had been Ministry had to take new steps, in the form like interest, and were cooperating with U.S. declining for some years, despite shipments of duty-free import quotas. Mr. Richter industry in hopes of developing new uses. to Europe, including West Germany. He said said the German authorities do not yet know He mentioned that within a few weeks a he understood the coal industry had expected what the result of these measures will be, group of German architects would be visiting to ship about 9 million tons to Germany in and probably will not know until they expire the United States to confer with representa­ 1959. Mr. Richter interjected that in 1958 on December 31, 1959. tives of the building industry here. Sena­ Germany had imported about 13 million Mr. Richter expressed a German belief that tor HARTKE said he would be glad to assist tons, of which 11.2 million tons came from the American public is either misinformed or them in making contacts with U.S. firms, the United States. has misunderstood the German etiorts, if it mentioning Alcoa, Harvey Aluminum, Reyn­ Senator HARTKE stated he understood that, is really felt that the Germans treated their olds Aluminum, and the institute, National prior to 1958, German industrialists had contracts as mere scraps of paper. He said Homes, which is developing a prefabricated signed long-term contracts with U.S. coal reasonable compensation had been otiered house constructed almost entirely of alumi­ producers, covering a total of 40 million tons, both to German importers and to U.S. ex­ num. He said he would like to see an ex­ and that the German industrialists had en­ porters, and that German visitors to the change of ideas, and suggested the possibility tered into such contracts upon the request of United States reported they had found full of using the United Nations as a clearing the Bonn Government for reasons of defense. understanding there on the matter of com­ station. . He said he believed that a New York Times pensation. He said a heavy financial load Mr. Pickard then said he was an official of article in September 1958 was the first indi· had been placed on the German mining in­ the Vereinigte Aluminumwerke (VAW) which cation U.S. producers had of German con­ dustry, and that he would be grateful if the represents 70 percent of West German alu­ templated .controls, which was followed by Senator would explain to the U.S. public minum producers. He described the problem the German tariti and quota imposition in that the Germans were not considering the of building up the industry after the war, January 1959. He indicated that U.S. coal contracts as mere scraps of paper. 7938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 11 At this point, Mr. Richter was obliged to stitute, deserves the commendation of preliminary to what the future holds for leave the discussion. the American people. His continuing us." Dr. Steinhaus then described social prob­ high standard of achievements is worthy In addition I would remind Republicans lems in the Ruhr area, which he said were that Lincoln said this: "The dogmas of the important to both Germany and the United of recognition by public-spirited citizens. quiet past are inadequate to the stormy States. He said the Ministry was forced to The presentation of the .safety council present • • • as our case is new, so we must impose the import restrictions so that not award was made by Carl F. Vander think anew and act anew." Surely the need too many miners would be laid off. He em­ Clute, general manager of the Gulf Oil to "think anew and act anew" was never phasized that the Ruhr is a small area with Corp. marine department and also gen­ greater than it is today. a great industrial potential. He mentioned eral chairman of the marine section. For today we face new threats to our se­ the density of population, 1,152 persons per Because of the importance of this emi­ curity, to our way of life, to Western civiliza ­ square kilometer. He said that even though tion itself. The entire concept that was the Government did not favor the idea of nently satisfactory showing, I desire to summed up in Woodrow Wilson's historic import restrictions in principle, it was con­ bring this matter to public attention by phrase, "To m ake the world safe for de­ cerned because of the radical elements in publication of these remarks in the CoN­ mocracy," is in great danger. this densely populated area, which could re­ GRESSIONAL RECORD. This audience is thoroughly familiar with sult in an uncontrolled political develop­ the nature and extent of that threat. We ment. He said that only 200 miles from the have seen the development of the fearsome Soviet Zonal border, it constituted a hotbed weapons which, their creators tell us, are of political activity. He said he could not capable of blowing up civilization itself. overemphasize this danger. Next Year and the Next 10 Years We have heard the soothing statements of Senator HARTKE said he could appreciate the administration prior to the launching of the German problems, including the Berlin the first sputnik, and have seen revealed situation, and that the United States was EXTENSION OF REMARKS the rapidly increasing economic productivity aware of the necessity for cooperation in solv­ OF of the Soviet Union. ing them. Nevertheless, he said, Germany We are aware that last year, for the first should also appreciate that the German re­ "uoN. FRANK CHURCH time, the Communist bloc, including the strictions had the effect of aggravating OF IDAHO U.S.S.R., its East European satellites and serious economic problems in the United IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES China, produced more steel than did the States, and could thus have an adverse psy­ United States. And of the even more sober­ chological effect on Congress. He said that, Monday, May 11, 1959 ing fact that half our capacity-an amount for example, Congress was concerned about equal to the U.S.S.R. production-was idle. the effect of unemployment in the U.S. auto­ Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, the Put another way, the American furnaces mobile industry, and that one of the States junior Senator from Utah [Mr. Moss] that were idle last year could have produced is in such a poor financial status that it is in addressed the Women's National Demo­ as much steel as all the furnaces in the danger of going bankrupt. He said that the cratic Club here in Washington last Soviet Union. United States had overextended itself finan­ Thursday night. He spoke discerningly The totalitarian dictators know what kind cially in the past few years, and suggested and with clarity on the posture of this of world they want it to be in the years that Congress might be inclined to cut down Nation as our Western civilization faces ahead. They boldly plan for that world, foreign aid as a result. He commented on great dangers. · and channel their productive capacity, their the fact that West Germany had received educational facilities, and their diplomatic considerable U.S. economic assistance, and I was particularly interested in his dis­ maneuvers to making it that kind of world. likened the effect of the recent German re­ cussion of the tasks we have assigned to If we are to win in this kind of struggle, strictive measures, which was hurting the the Select Committee on Water Re­ we must project our program ahead-we U.S. economy, to that of a "wet towel." He sources by Senate Resolution 48, recently must decide what kind of world we want it expressed his hope that the Federal Govern­ passed. to be twenty years from now. And within ment would take steps to lift the coal import Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent the framework of democratic individual lib­ restrictions. that this fine address delivered by Sena­ erty, we must devote the years ahead to the effort to create that kind of world. tor Moss be printed in the RECORD. And the competition of Russia is only one There being no objection, the address of the developments that make it necessary Alcoa's Safety Award was ordered to be printed in the REc­ to take the long view, to plan ahead, to de­ oRD, as follows: cide what kind of world we want it to be and EXTENSION OF REMARKS NEXT YEAR AND THE NEXT 10 YEARS -set out consciously to make it that kind of OF world. (Address by Senator FRANK E. Moss before More basic than even that, are two other HON. RICHARD E. LANKFORD the Women's National Democratic Club, problems-the accelerating population of Washington, D.C., May 7, 1959) the world, and the increased use of Western OF MARYLAND For a new Senator, Washington has many industrial techniques. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES surprises, most of them pleasant. My biggest The most famous of living English histo­ Monday, May 11, 1959 surprise, however-and I think I can claim rians, Arnold Toynbee, has pointed out how an exclusive on this one-was to be asked to the formerly backward nations of the world Mr. LANKFORD. Mr. Speaker, the address Lincoln Day dinners. One of the are beginning to use the mass-production attainment of a high record of efficiency first pieces of mail I opened was from former methods developed by the West; and how­ after keen competition is a matter of Republican National Chairman Meade E. Al­ if they succeed in developing productive widespread interest, particularly when it corn, requesting my preferences as to places economic systems-their tremendous advan­ concerns such a question as safety, to deliver Lincoln Day speeches. tage in numbers is bound to tell against us. And actually I would welcome the oppor­ There is no question as to the administra­ which is a main objective of the Ameri­ tunity of talking to a Lincoln Day audience. tion's program to meet these problems. As can people throughout our country. I would like to remind them of the needs of Senator AIKEN indicated, first, last, and all For this reason, it is noteworthy that the present day, as Republican Senator the time it is: balance the budget to stop the Alcoa Steamship Co. has just been GEORGE D. AIKEN, of Vermont, did when he infiation. And this administration policy is awarded first place in this year's safety said in his speech this year: getting a free publicity ride on the tremen­ contest conducted by the marine section "It is a mistake to give the public the im­ dous "stop infiation" advertising program of the National Safety Council. The pression that a balanced budget to be being conducted by American business. enviable good record of Alcoa has been achieved at any cost is the paramount aim of Now, we Democrats want to see as much recognized generally, so that the basis our Republican administration. study of economic problems as possible, and "Lincoln had to choose between conflicting it is a healthy thing for our citizens to take on which this year's award is made con­ values and he chose the greater ones," AIKEN an interest in the budget, and to take the firms the beliefs of many individuals and said. "He could have balanced the budget time and effort to study the problem and to companies who have enjoyed the bene­ and lost the Union. He could have held make their views known. We are all aware fits of Alcoa services. down the national debt and perpetuated of the tragic things that infiation can do to It is noted that the officers and men slavery. the economy of a country and to the people sailing Alcoa's fleet of freighters main­ "Instead of 'scaring the daylights out of who live in it. We must also be aware of the tained an accident rate of 2.94 in achiev­ people' by putting budget balancing first," complex nature of infiation, and of all those AIKEN said, "Republicans should make clear problems that have to do with our monetary ing this result through operations of that national security and a stable pro­ system. both passenger _and cargo ships. gressive economy are our paramount inter- Many feel that deficit financing by the William C. White, president of Alcoa, ests. · Federal Government is the sole cause o! the and a member of the board of directors "The United States Is a growing nation. rise in the price level that we call inflation. of the American Merchant Marine In- The progress we have made to date is only While it may be true that it is a contrib- 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7939 uting cause, a year-by-year examination of ·throughout the Nation, and there is grave One specialized but very important·aspect our Federal budgets and the rise in the cost­ concern on adequacy of resources. Almost of the conservation problem is the Federal­ of-living figures clearly show that balancing the entire supply of water that is high qual­ State conflict of Federal preemption of water the budget in one year does not necessarily ity, inexpensive, and readily available is in rights. This, like all water problems, is most mean stable prices that year. For example, use already. acute in the West, but will become more im­ the present Eisenhower budget is $13 billion Our population increase, as ·well as our in­ portant to the entire country as conser­ out of balance, but there has been virtually crease in standard of living, must be pro­ vation and allocated use becomes widespread. no increase in the cost of living for the past vided for by conservation. And our require­ The settlement of the West required culti­ 4 months. ments per person are rapidly accelerating. vation of land which did not enjoy sufficient No one seems to know precisely how to What was good enough for our grandfathers rainfall. This meant irrigation, which, in. halt inflation, although we recognize many is not good enough for us. We are becom­ turn, meant storage of water during wet sea­ of the factors which contribute to it. For ing used to automatic washers and auto­ sons for use in other places during dry sea­ example, the tight-money policy was sup­ matic dishwashers. The Saturday night sons. As soon as water that originates one posed to slow down borrowing and credit bath has been replaced by almost daily place is put to use somewhere else, the ques­ and thus to halt inflation, but this slowdown showers. The small patch of lawn in front tion arises as to ownership. caused a business decline which resulted, in of the cottage has given way to many beauti­ Since the first Utah settlements, water turn, in an increased Federal deficit due to fully landscaped areas for home, schools, and law has developed on the basis of beneficial loss of tax revenue. So we know that we churches. We are building newer and larger use. Whoever first puts water to beneficial must have a healthy and expanding economy golf courses, parks, and recreation areas. use owns it. And this property right is more to meet the fixed obligations of the Govern­ Our industry is geared to large production valuable than the land itself. All existing ment with adequate tax income. If we do of thousands of items that require great water rights have been secured under State not, we are compelled to resort to deficit quantities of water, for instance 200,000 gal­ law and now the Federal Government refuses financing. lons to produce 1 ton of rayon, 300,000 gal­ to recognize those State laws and the indi­ Let me say, however, that I am hopeful long to produce 1 ton of aluminum, and vidual rights granted under them, as binding that we can balance the budget this year, 600,000 gallons to produce 1 ton of synthetic on itself. This controversy has accelerated as more and that this will contribute to stabilization rubber. of the value of the dollar. But in attempt­ Today we are using about 240 billion gal­ Federal projects have been built in the West, ing to do this, we must not forget our pri­ and court decisions have held against the lons of water a day. By 1975, if our 175 States. mary needs of defense and of the economic million population grows to 225 million as Legislation to establish Federal recogni­ well-being of our people. It is important to expected, even our present rate of consump­ tion of individual water rights has been safeguard the incomes of those on fixed tion would outstrip our resources. It is introduced in the last several sessions of incomes. It is equally important to expected that by 1975 we will need 350 billion the Congress, and I am the author of a provide what is needed for education, for gallons a day, or more than a 90-percent water rights law this year. All previous bills social security, for conservation of our natu­ increase over the amount used in 1950. have failed, largely because of the opposi­ ral resources, and for defense of the free As an example of how we Democrats are tion of the Federal departments that deal world against the Soviet military and eco- · attacking these problems of the future, the with western lands. nomic threat. Senate has, by resolution, set up a Select You will have a better idea of the scope The administration is making the budget Committee on Water Resources. The reso­ of the problem if you realize that the Fed­ for this fiscal year an end in itself. Actually, lution was the result of action taken earlier eral Bureau of Land Management adminis­ it should be only a means to the greater in the session by the Western Conference of ters 176 million acres in 26 States and 298 ends-the needs for national security and Democratic Senators. The committee con­ million acres in Alaska, and that 74 percent necessary domestic programs. sists of Members of the Senate from the of Utah is federally owned. With much of what I have said, many Committees on Interior and Insular Affairs, We in the West, who have had the experi­ Republicans \.'Ould agree, except that they Public Works, Interstate Commerce, and ence with this problem, believe that the or­ would have a different definition of the word, Agriculture and Forestry. derly development and expansion of water "necessary." What do we mean by necessary Its task is to determine the water resource conservation demands the recognition of domestic programs? projects that will be needed between now State laws, and the willingness of the Fed~ As an example, let's look at two domestic and 1980 to supply the requirements of pop­ eral Government to apply for water rights in matters that I consider necessary: the sol·.l­ ulation, agriculture, and industry. The com­ the 'same way as other users do. tion of the unemployment problem and con­ mittee will report its findings and recom­ servation of. our natural resources. mendations to the Senate not later than As you know, we are in a period marked January of 1961. by rising output of our gross national prod­ In addition to conservation through stor­ uct, and what has been described as a profit age and regulation of flows, the committee The Problem in Germany explosion. In these two fields, recovery is will study recent technical advances, includ­ undoubtedly good. But in employment, we ing desalinization of brackish and saline EXTENSION OF REMARKS are witnessing a much slower increase. waters, reduction of loss through evapora­ OF Studies indicate that increasing productiv­ tion, seepage control, and waste-water sal­ ity due to automation may make it impossi­ vage. HON. MIKE MANSFIELD ble for many workers to ever get their jobs Water development programs must be OF MONTANA back. started well in advance of requirements. Increasing productivity is what makes a Relatively small projects take 10 to 15 years IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES high standard of living, and this is good for the careful planning that must be done Monday, May 11, 1959 news. It is only one side of the story, how­ and for construction. Measures needed to ever . . Unemployment is bad news, and this meet 1980 requirements should be started Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I problem must be met. The areas most af­ as soon as possible. ask unanimous consent to have printed fected are finding it difficult to finance their A whole speech could easily be devoted to in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a speech local governments. Unemployment, the re­ the history, features, and benefits of one of which I made on "The Problem in Ger­ sulting lack of purchasing power and tax­ these great developments, the upper Colo­ many" before the Bicentennial World paying power was one of the great contribut­ rado storage project, now underway in my ing causes of the 13 billion deficit for this State of Utah and surrounding States. Affairs Forum of the Foreign Policy fiscal year. This project has been under considera­ Association of Pittsburgh on May 1, 1959. If this problem will solve itself, so much tion for more than 50 years. Some land There being no objection, the address the better. But a realistic look at our his­ withdrawals were made as early as 1904. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, tory for the last 30 years must show that When completed, the project will develop as follows: unemployment is a symptom of more basic an area of 100,000 square miles. It will con­ SPEECH OF -HON. MIKE MANSFIELD, OF · MON­ economic problems. which, if not met, will sist of four large main-stream dams, one on TANA, BEFORE THE BICENTENNIAL WORLD AF­ give us real trouble in many other areas in­ the Green River on the Utah-Wyoming bor­ FAIRS FORUM OF THE FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCI~ cluding that of the budget. der, one on the Colorado on the Arizona-Utah ATION OF PITTSBURGH ON MAY 1, 1959 The second question is how our irreplace­ border, one on the San Juan in New Mexico, able resources upon which our prosperity has and one on the Gunnison River in Colorado. LNTRODUCTORY REMARKS been built-land, water, minerals, forests, One million kilowatts will be added to up­ Thank you for your kind words of intra~ and the others-are to be handled to retain per basin power capacity, 132,000 acres of duction. They are deeply appreciated and enlarge their prOductive capacities. new land will come under irrigation, and though undeserved. One of the most necessary of these, and 234,000 acres will receive supplemental water. Ladies and gentlemen, your welcgging roof of peace. We ~ Among Germans of the two zones of t~e most critical and difficult stage and from have timbered with a Berlin airlift, with divided nation and the two parts of Berlm there is considerable contact, official and there, he went to Europe and became Su- a military defense of South Korea, wlth unofficial, in trade and in other matters. preme Commander of NATO. He rounded vast aid programs in Europe, Asia, and else­ There is no formal recognition, however, of out his career as Chief of Staff of the where with troops in Lebanon and with the one by the other. In fact, of all the u .s. Army and has retired here at Pittsburgh n aval 'power and other measures in the For­ to become one of your outstanding citizens. mosan Straits. principal countries involved in the German situation, only the Soviet Union recognizes I refer, of course, to Gen. Matthew B. These costly and strenuous improvisations both the West and East German Govern­ Ridgway, who was and is not only conside_red represent our efforts to prevent a complete ments. a soldier's soldier, but perhaps most Im- collapse of p eace. It is doubtful, however, portant during his entire military career he that what these measures have produced in That, in brief, is the look of stability in Germany. The arrangements which under­ was a statesman's soldier as well. the principal zones of danger-in Germany There was a time when the Nation faced and Central Europe, in the Middle East and pin this stability are those which evolved the problem of getting adequate and prom?t in Asia-this p atchwork of timbering on at the end of World War II. They were de­ signed originally for the temporary occupa­ information on developments elsewhere 1n which the fate of civilization rests-would tion of a defeated Germany. But what be­ the world. That problem has largely been meet a minimum safety code. The fact is gan as an expedient took on a kin~ of solved. Modern means of communication that a dangerous world, no less than a dan­ permanence with the breakdown in relatwns bring the people of the United States, just gerous mine is not made safer, in any per­ between the Soviet Union and the Western as soon as it is made, almost more news t han m anent sens~. by patchwork. Improvisations nations. they can handle. . may be unavoidable, as interim measures, A related problem, however, remams. It as desperate measures. They ought not to All around the rim of Germany changes is illustrated by a New York Times nation- be confused, however, with peace. On the have taken place. Within West Germany wide survey of public attitudes on the Berlin contrary, improvisations may conceal an and East Germany, respectively, changes have also taken place. But between the di­ situation. The survey, made several weeks encro achin~Z danger to ourselves and to the visions, the arrangements for stability have ago, showed that while an overwhelming rest of th; world by creating the illusion not changed in essentials for years. percentage of Americans favored "standing of stability, by permitting the postponerl?-ent All of the nations involved have recog­ firm" in the Berlin situation almost 40 per- of essential, fundamental changes unt1l it nized at one time or another that these ar­ cent did not know that in standing firm in becomes perilously late to make them. Berlin we were standing over a hundred something of that sort, I believe, lies at rangements are inadequate. We and other miles inside Communist Germany. Accord- the root of the present problem in Germany. Western nations have said, in effect, that ing to the Post-Gazette of today an even For years now, there has existed in that they must be changed. The Soviet Union m•ore startling show of public ignorance or nation a kind of surface stability. has admitted that they should be changed. The German leaders-East and West-know apathy has come from Britain. A recent This is the appearance of that stability. opinion poll there revealed that 3 Britons in In western Germany which houses about that sooner or later they will be changed. All involved have paid at least lip service every 10 had never heard there was a dis- 50 million Germans, the responsible, repre­ to the basic requirements of change, that pute over Berlin. sent::ttive government of the Federal Re- is to the need for reunification of Germany This suggests to me that while the prob- public, its capib.l in the city of Bon~, func­ lem of supplying the news from abroad in tions with a high degree of effectiveness. a~d of its capital of Berlin and to the need sufficient quantity is being met, the problem west Germany has one of the most produc­ for a final liquidation of World War II. of filling in the bacltground and of giving tive and dynamic industrial economies in the However, no nation has really moved from the news perspective in terms of the Nation's world. It also has the substantial begin­ the position it assumed years ago on how needs and interests has not yet been ade- nings of a powerful German military estab­ these admittedly necessary changes should quately met. It is precisely in this field that lishment. Beside this establishment, there be brought about. The Western position the work of the Foreign Policy Association is are garrisoned over 275,000 other _NATO h as been based, at least until recently, on most useful. As a Member of the Senate and troops-French, British, and Amencan­ the contention that there should be free all­ the Committee on Foreign Relations, I ap- many with their dependents. German elections as the prerequisite to re­ plaud you for your contribution to public , To the east of the Federal Republic is a unification and a peace settlement. The understanding of the vital international is- Communist-held German territory, much Russians have been vague on this matter sues which confront the Nation. I express smaller in area and with a population of only but it is apparent that even if they use the the hope that you will go on doing even more 17 million. Many Germans regard this re­ same language as we do, they do not mean in this connection. gion not as East Germany but as Cen:tral the same things. They clearly do not ac­ I am here, tonight, to participate with you Germany, having in mind the Polish­ cept a unification of Germany by free all­ in a small way in your important work I annexed territories beyond the Oder-Neisse German elections, if it means, as it would am here to discuss one segment of the inter- as the true, the unredeemed east. For our at this time, the obliteration of German national situation-the question of Ger- purposes tonight, however, I shall speak _of Communist political influence in East Ger­ many. the region as East Germany or Commumst many. It may be that they are not really At this point in the unfolding of that ques- Germany. In this sector of the divided prepared to accept unification under any tion I believe it is reasonable to say that as a nation, there is poverty, stagnation, and circumstances unless it means the domina­ Nation, we know that there is such a thing oppression from which vast numbers have tion of all of Germany by communism. as a problem in Germany. Further, that we fled to the west in recent years. Increasingly, In the meantime, all have managed to live realize that we must "stand firm" in Ger- however. we hear reports of plans, if not the with the existing arrangements, with a many. More recently, we have heard too beginning, of an economic revival in the divided Germany and Berlin, part free and of the need for not only "firmness" but also east. part Communist, with a Germany no longer "flexibility." Let me try, tonight, to go be- There is Communist rule in Eastern Ger­ at war but not yet fully at peace. On only yond those slogans, for, in truth, that is many. A German totalitarian regime exists two occasions have these arrangements been what they are. Let me try, tonight, not there by virtue of its own and Soviet power seriously challenged. They were hit by the merely to reiterate the need of being firm and the acquiescence, however sullen, of the Stalin-imposed blockade of Berlin in 1948. or flexible or firmly flexible or flexibly firm. East German people. As in the west, a Then, in 1953, the Communist political Rather, let me try to explore with you the German military establishment has been re­ s.tructure in East Germany was shaken by problem which confronts us in Germany and constituted in the east, under Communist worker uprisings. Both attempts, as you 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7941 know, failed: The Western nations com­ In stating these conditions, -I emphasize ment the sentiment of a whole people. We mitted enormous resources in the Berlin again that I do not advocate them or sub­ are informed, however, that there is great airlift and in the supply and reconstruction scribe to their desirab1lity. I merely note unexpressed discontent in East Germany. of West Berlin. Finally, Stalin was per­ them as underlying the present situation in We lrnow, moreover, that there are move­ suaded to abandon his attempt to force us Germany, as the conditions precedent to its ments for reunification and neutralization from the city and to unify it under Com­ continuance. These conditions are not the in Western Germany, even if we cannot munist control. The East German revolt foundations of an equitable, rational, and measure their strength. We must assume which we supported with very articulate en­ evolving peace in Germany and central that currents of a similar and probably thusiasm was suppressed by Soviet military Europe. They are. the patchwork timbering stronger kind flow through East Germany power and the hope of a spontaneous uni­ of .an improvised truce. Nevertheless, they even though Mr. Gallup has yet to conduct fication of all Germany under freedom, in are the conditions on which the lives of the a poll in that region. that fashion, was set back. German people, the people of Europe and, It is obvious that the defeated Germany, Since 1953, the status quo has not again in a larger sense, the survival of a recogniz­ the disarmed Germany, the shattered, starv­ been subjected 'to a major test anywhere in able human civilization now depend. ing Germany for which the present impro­ Germany. To be sure, there have been in­ If one of these conditions is changed in vised arrangements of stability were devised, cidents which have sent tremors through any significant fashion, I cannot see that the no longer exists. As I noted earlier in my the stability but they did not upset it. Just present situation in Germany is likely to per­ remarks, at least in one zone-in the West-­ last November, for example, Mr. Khrushchev sist. It seems to me that it must either there is a revitalized nation. Furthermore, warned that he would change the status quo evolve into something more durable or it will in both zones, there now exist German mili­ at Berlin. He did not schedule the execu­ collapse in the chaos of war, limited, or un­ tary forces and political structures manned tion of the change, however, until this limited. by Germans, even if, in the East, they may month. Now, apparently, it has been post­ Putting aside for a moment Mr. Khru­ not be controlled ultimately by Germans. poned, pending the results of the coming shchev's announcement that he proposes to In both zones, finally, a new generation is conferences. - - alter one of the conditions of the present coming into its own-a generation which In short, the Garman situation is still stability, that is, the arrangement at Berlin, was young in the days of defeat but which, held together by the same provisional, im­ what of others? Can these others, in any now and in the years immediately ahead, provised arrangements which have held it event, be counted upon to support indefi­ will inevitably rise to leadership in Germany. together for years. These arrangements are nitely the existing situation? I do not see In these circumstances, it would be unrealis­ tied to certain basic conditions, conditions how they can be. I believe that these other tic in the extreme to believe that the ar­ which must prevail if the stability in Ger­ conditions have already changed mark~dly rangements for stability which exist in Ger­ many, in its present form, is to continue. beneft.th the surface calm, that they are con­ many-devised in another hour and for an­ We must see clearly what these conditions tinuing to change and that they cannot other setting and modified only within each are if we are to measure the scope of the change much more before the churning shall zone separately-will continue to serve for problem which confronts us. Let me, there­ break through the surface. the indefinite future. In short, we must fore, outline them at this point. In that sense, I am persuaded that the face the likelihood that the second con­ First, the present stability in Germany present stability in Germany was in the dition of the status quo-the continued depends upon the absence of decisive acci­ process of erosion long before Mr. Khru­ acquiescence of the German people in divi­ dents or provocations between the military shchev's announcement last November. In­ sion and quasi-occupation may well be forces of the West and the Soviet Union. deed, I said so in the Senate many months drawing to an end. We must reckon with It is conceivable that there may be hostile prior to that time. the strong possibility that, increasingly, or threatening contact between these forces, Let us look for a moment at the present Germans will seek their unity and national as indeed there has been, without a col­ state of these conditions of stability, these equality by whatever means may be avail­ lapse. This contact, however, cannot go too basic conditions which must prevail if there able if constructive machinery to facilitate far. At some undetermined point, military is to be no change in the German situation. it in peace and order does not exist. accidents or provocations are likely to set Take the first--that there must be no mili­ As for the third basic condition on which off a chain reaction which will engage in a tary accident or provocation in Germany the present stability in Germany rests, I decisive fashion the prestige-the face, so which goes beyond the point of no return. have already noted that if we are to go on to speak--of the principal powers. At that It is obvious that none, so far, has done so. as we are, the Western nations and the Soviet point the irrevocable slide or plunge into But there have been grave near-misses. The Union must not challenge the existing the abyss of war will have begun. Berlin blockade was a m.assive near-miss. arrangements with anything much stronger That, then, is one condition of the con­ Since that time there have been other in­ than words. In fact, except for occasional tinuance of the status quo in Germany, of cidents, provocations. I need not catalog dangerous but limited military incidents and the present stability which is neither peace them. You have seen reference to them provocations, neither has challenged it, in nor war. There must be an absence of hos­ time and again-to the buzzed transports, any other fashion in recent years. Further tile accidents or provocations between the to the challenged convoys, to the downed I said that both the people of the Western military forces in Germany which go beyond planes and the detained soldiers. ·I do not nations and the Soviet Union must be will­ ·the point orno return: know which of these incidents may have ing to pay the ever-increasing costs of de­ The second condition is German acquies­ been prompted by higher Soviet headquarters fense establishments and the instruments cence, the acquiescence of the people of the and which may have come about by the of cold war to keep a rough equilibrium of East as well as the West in the . systems whim of some local commander. Given a force not only in Germany but throughout under which they now live. Let me say, conducive set of .circumstances, however, it the world. That, too, has been done until parenthetically at this point that I do not is far from inconceivable that any inciqent now, although I would be less than honest suggest that this is desirable. I merely say of this kind might go out of control. if I did not express ·my deep concern over that it is one of the factors which underlie Apart from deliberate provocation, there continuing reports that the Soviet effort in the existing stability. still remains the very real danger of military this respect is greater than our own. I am As a part of acquiescence, Germans must accident, if not on our part, then on theirs. not in a position to evaluate those reports. be willing to accept the continued division The chances of accident multiply when ·The official secrecy-necessary and unneces­ of their country, the continued presence of forces are poised-as they are in Germany-'­ . sary-which engulfs this question cannot be foreign troops in great numbers in their land at swords-point and are keyed tight by the easily penetrated by Members of Oongress. and the military arrangements which join electrified atmosphere of cold war, of propa­ The disquieting reports, however, come from one segment of the nation to NATO for pro­ ganda war. They multiply again as the highly qualified and competent sources and tection and subordinate the other to the countdowns of the new weapons quicken they do not augur well for the future. They Warsaw Pact. and their delivery t imes shorten. They mul­ certainly raise doubts about the likelihood The third basic condition of the status quo tiply still again as these devices of incredible of maintaining the present stability in Ger­ 1s that the Western Powers and the Soviet devastation find their way into more and many or anywhere else for that matter. Union must also tolerate the existing division more hands. In this sense, then, a basic Finally, the third condition of the status of Germany and the present arrangements precondition of the status quo in Germany quo also depends upon the maintenance of for occupation of a divided Berlin. In short, has indeed changed, quite apart from any the present arrangements at Berlin. We now if the German people must accept the status recent change in Soviet policy with respect know that these arrangements have been quo, the Western Powers and the Soviet to Berlin. It has changed in the sense that challenged. Mr. Khrushchev has assailed Union must not challenge it, at least they the margin for military error or provocation the Western position in Berlin and demanded must not challenge it with anything much has narrowed. The prospects are, moreover, that it change. He has done so, however, stronger than words. Further, the peoples that the margin will narrow still further as only in words and, in that respect, his chal• of the West must be prepared, as must the time goes on. lenge is not new. .people of the Communist bloc· to pay the I believe, too, .that it is reasonable to sug· What is new, what does threaten the status . ever-increasing costs of defense establish- gest that the acquiescence of the Germans~ quo is the strange action by which Mr. ments and the instruments of cold war East .and West--the second basic condition Khrushchev proposes to bring about this which are made necessary in part by the on which the status quo rests, has also change. He proposes to withdraw himself existing arrangements for keeping the status changed significantly and will continue to from Berlin, that is, he says that he will quo in Germany. change. It is, of course, difficult to docu- remove Soviet forces from the city and from .7942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--HOUSE May 11 the routes or·access to it. Our official an­ To be sure, we shall stand firm· at Berlin Sanitary Regulations Relating to Milk swer has been equally strange. · We have and in Germany. I know of no responsible said, in effect, that the Russians cannot leave person in the Government of- this Nation the city and the routes of access, that they who holds otherwise. I certainly do not hold EXTENSION OF REMARKS certainly cannot leave it in spirit and per­ otherwise. Moreover, I know of no states­ haps not even in body. After trying for man in the Western World who holds other­ OF many years to get the Russians out of the wise. We shall stand firm because to permit areas into which they sprawled after World the forces of freedom to be frightened, HON. EUGENE J. McCARTHY War II, here is one place that we do not wish cajoled, or driven from Berlin-the future OF WISCONSIN them to leave. capital of all Germany-will be to remove one IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES The reason for this is clear. If the Rus­ of the props of the present stability in that sians do quit Berlin, they· will turn over country before another firmer support is in Monday, May 11, 1959 the instruments of control to East German place. Let us not, however, confuse the Communists. That opens, for the Soviet necessity for standing firm in that sense with Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, I Union, a large field of maneuver in _the war a mere maintenance of present arrangements ask l}nanimous consent to have printed of nerves. But in a more fundamental sense, in Germany for the indefinite future. in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a state­ the action will also work a change in the I am not persuaded that the interests of ment entitled "National Milk Sanitation underlyil:lg c.onditions of the status· quo in this Nation, of freedom: and of human civili­ Act," prepared by myself, and dealing Germany. It will incr·ease the strains and zation lies in an indefinite continuance of with the subject of legislation relating stresses on the essential military restraints the present military situation in Berlin and to sanitary i·egulations in connection which are a part of the present stability. It in Germany, a situation which, increasingly, will do the same to German acquiescence will permit an accident or an irresponsible with milk. which is also a part of it. In short, the entire local provocation to p1·ecipitate the suicide The-re being no objection, the state­ German situation will move into a period of civilization. I am not persuaded that ment was ordered to be printed in the of grave instability out of which is likely to these interes-ts are served by perpetuating RECORD, as follows: emerge either a new status quo or conflict. arrangements in Germany which offer little NATIONAL MILK SANITATION ACT There has been a great deal of speculation prospect of progress toward peaceful unifica­ on why Mr. Khrushchev has threatened to tion to the German people. I am not per­ I am pleased .to be a sponsor of the bill take this step. One may assume, of course, suaded that these interests are served by called the National Milk Sanitation Act. Last year in the House of Representatives that Mr. Khrushchev has been motivated by the ever-mounting costs of the arms rivalry of the cold war, and the propaganda war­ I joined Congressman LESTER JoHNSON, of what he believes will be ultimately to the Wisconsin, in sponsoring this legislation. advantage of the Soviet Union and world costs which are occasioned in great part by the existing situation in Germany. This year, with Senator HUBERT HUMPHREY communism. I would hope that we are and other Senators, I am sponsoring it in equally motivated by what we believe to be What I am trying to suggest, in short, is that it is not enough, in our own interests, the Senate while Congressman JoHNSoN and to the advantage of the United States and to some of his colleagues are again sponsoring world freedom. merely to stand fast in Germany, as an end in itself. It is not enough me-rely to seek :to it in the House. What is significant at this moment, is not The bill has been improved over the ver­ so much the ultimate aims of Soviet com­ sustain an existing situation which is ceas­ ing to be adequate for minimum stability in sion of last year, and the climate for this munism. We know what they are and it is necessary legislation has aiso improved. of little value to intone them again and Germany and central Europe. Rather, we again as though this litany will somehow must stand fast in order to go forward, in SANITATION OFFICIALS' APPROVAL protect us from them. More significant is order to establish more equitable, rational, Last year;s bill faced the oppos_ition of the question of how Mr. Khrushchev pro­ and evolving conditions of peace. many of the , State and local sanitation offi­ poses to serve Communist interests through That is the Challenge Of the impending cials who fe!).red that the legislation would Soviet policies at a moment in history when conferences on Germany. We must strive in interfere with the enforcement of their sani­ the transcendent interests of civilization, them, it seems to me, to create a less vola­ tary regulations. Hearings were held on the and of the human species itself, rest in deli­ tile situation in Berlin, not merely by bill to study the recommendations and ob­ cate balance between survival and nuclear changing the Western position in that city jections of these officials. The Association obliteration. as the Russians have suggested but perhaps of State and Territorial Health Officers de­ No one who is not privy to the operations by altering the status of the entire city, by veloped a set of principles which they wished of Mr. Khrushchev's mind and the inner internationalizing all Berlin under United to have embodied in this legislation, and working of the machinery of Soviet com­ Nations or other satisfactory international the bill as it is written this year includes munism can be certain of what lies beneath auspices as an interim arrangement. We these principles. the Soviet maneuver at Berlin. The move must seek · a readjustment of the military Last year the bill provided that all milk could have been motivated by a combination situation in all of Germany and Central moving in interstate commerce must meet of any of a score of reasons, some logical, Europe in a fashion which promises to re­ the sanitary requirements of the United some illogical, some groping toward peace, duce the danger of war by accident of provo­ States Code. some stumbling toward war. cation. We must seek, finally, a beginning The principal change in the bill this year The interpretation of the charades of on the spread of full political freedom is that it provides that no milk meeting the Soviet policy may be a fascinating game. As throughout Germany and on German unifi­ sanitary requirements of the United States I have already noted, however, this game is cation and, to that end, we must enlist in Code can be excluded from interstate com­ essentially speculative. What seems to me far greater measure than heretofore, the merce. There are additional provisions for most important at this point is not to guess participation of the Germans themselves­ further inspection of milk shipped in inter­ at the obscure contents of the Soviet mind East and West. state commerce to insure that the milk but rather to get clearly in our own minds I realize, fully, that we shall not get any­ meets State and local sanitary regulations what it is that we-the western nations­ where with negotiations to these ends if the after shipment. seek in this situation. What is most im­ Russians are not of a mind, in their own Milk not meeting the United States Code portant is to make certain that what we interest, to move in a similar direction. As requirements may also be entered in inter­ seek is reasonably related to the situation I have said, I do not presume to know the state commerce, but it must meet any sani­ that exists in Germany today, not to one contents of the Soviet mind at this time, tary requirements imposed by State or local which we would like to exist or one which nor do I know of anyone who does. I do officials. may have existed years ago and no longer know that regardless of Russian intentions ELIMINATION OF INTERSTATE BARRIERS exists. we shall not begin to move toward these There have grown up in the United States If the interests of this Nation, of freedom, ends unless we ourselves are clear as to where it is we want to go. We require at over the years many barriers to interstate and of human civilization lay only in main­ commerce. Some of these barriers, like t.tining existing arrangements in Germany, this point in time, beyond all else, a frank recognition of the importance of a change those now affecting the milk industry, have if Mr. Khrushchev's maneuver at Berlin were originated as legitimate sanitary protection the only threat to these arrangements then, in Germany, a change not in the manner expounded by the Russians and not neces­ but have later become economic barriers to indeed, it would be sufficient to counter that free trade as changes in transportation and maneuver merely by standing firm. sarily in the manner first projected by our­ selves years ago. Rather, we need a change sanitation have made the original barriers Is that. however, the case? I think it is obsolete. · whic~ conforms to the realities of the pres­ clear that Mr. Khrushchev's maneuver at This bill offers a solution to this problem, Berlin is not the · only danger to the status ent, a change brought about by concessions since it provides for the interstate shipment quo in Germany. Further, I question which match concessions. To this task, of milk and still affords adequate and mod­ whether an effort to maintain that status quo we-all the western nations-must bring a ern sanitary protection for any milk in in­ indefinitely is, in fact, in accord with the new dedication, a new determination to terstate commerce. It continues the juris­ interests of this Nation, freeedom, and devel-op equitable, durable, and evolving diction of State and local sanitary officials human civilization. conditions of peace. over milk coming into their areas. 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 7943

MINNESOTA SUPPORT FOR LEGISLATION weight. · And there were those of us who in­ The Truman doctrine rescued Greece and There has long been concern in the State sisted all the time that history would record Turkey. Mr. Truman continued his efforts of Minnesota, as well as in other Midwestern Harry S. Truman as one of the great Presi­ to rebuild these strife-torn lands so that now States, for the free shipment of milk in dents of all time. they are bulwarks guarding our interests in interstate commerce. Gov. Orville Freeman I remember Harry Truman, too, when the the Mediterranean and the Middle East. and Attorney General Miles Lord of Minne­ time- came to open our campaign last fall. Turl{ey, for instance, is all that stands be­ sota have made many and _various attempts It was he who responded to our beckoning. tween Soviet Russia and the vast oil reserves to break through barriers to such free ship­ And how he packed the galleries and the vast of the Middle East. Turkey, for instance, ment of milk, and their efforts have been area floor of the Fort Wayne Coliseum. has supplied proportionately more troops for supported by the legislature. "I don't give 'em hell," he declared. "I U.N. actions than we have. The Congress should share such concern just tell the truth and it sounds like hell Then there was Italy. Communists had and support this one effort to eliminate bar­ to some of the people." reached a pinnacle of success in that land. riers which have become obsolete so that free I remember Harry Truman as a man who They were in position to take over peacefully competition in the milk industry can be re­ has principles and stands by them. I re­ and through the ballot. But Harry Tru­ established, while at the same time every member Harry Truman as a man who acted man's b_old action aided the gallant fighters sanitary protection is provided for milk boldly and with great courage. for democracy in that war-torn land. shipped in both interstate and intrastate Tonight Harry Truman-a man warm of In Berlin the Russians had moved to block commerce. smile, hearty of handshake, practical as a our supply lines. Harry Truman did not sit ~l!i~ouri f;u·m boy, wise .as a world renown idly at the White House or Burning Tree ;?tatesman, political as only a real party man Country Club or Augusta Golf Club. He can be-t urned 75 years old. Nobody in his ordered the Berlin airlift. And thus we right mind expects Harry Truman to col­ stopped effectively for the first time, Russian Truman Diamond Jubilee lapse in his rocking chair, go back to In­ expansion. dependence and retire. We would be dis­ From this, all our allies and the neutrals EXTENSION OF REMARKS appointed if he did. America would be less of the world were on notice that we h ad principles and that we would, above all, stick OF rich if he did. We need men like Harry Truman today. by these principles. HON. VANCE HARTKE I wonder sometimes when I hear of cer­ The Marshall plan has rebuilt Europe until tain people high in our Government complain today the Western countries of the continent OF INDIANA about dynamic leadership if we have gone are proud proof that our system works. I IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES so far in the few years since President Tru­ wish you all could see, as I have recently, Monday, May 11, 1959 man's occupancy of the White House that we the vast difference between East and West in have forgotten what real leadership is. One Germany. And what has happened in West Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, last thing for sure: When H.S.T. was living in Germany has hap-pened everywhere in Eu­ Friday Indiana Democrats celebrated the the White House, there was never any ques­ rope among our allies. Truman diamond jubilee in Gary, Ind. tion about who was boss, where we were go­ Mr. Truman's point 4 program is a bold, I had the honor of speaking to this ing or how we were going. our allies knew imaginative program to provide technical group, which was participating in the where we stood. Our enemies knew where know-how to backward countries. It has we stood. Above all, we ourselves knew taken the stigma of colonialism from us. It national celebration of President Tru­ where we stood. has help-ed countries help themselves. It man's 75th birthday. I am very grateful Right or wrong-and over and over we has built new free countries loyal to us and that I was asked to participate in this are learning how overwhelmingly often he our way of life-vital allies in a life and celebration, since President Truman was was right-Harry Truman made decisions and death struggle. good enough to open niy campaign in stuck by them. Yet, he was never arrogant. You know and I know that Harry Truman's Fort Wayne, Ind., last fall. I ask unani­ Remember, he was not too big to visit most controversial decision was Korea. Wake Island to see General MacArthur. Yet, When he made it, Congress backed him to I I mous consent t:Q.at my remarks -in Gary the hilt. The vote was virtually unanimous. at the Truman diamond jubilee celebra-: when the general failed to heed orders from the President, Harry Truman fired him. But when the war dragged on, his critics tion be printed in the RECORD. When the time came for a decision on called it Truman's war. There being no objection, the address dropping the atomic bomb, Harry Truman But Harry Truman, student of history, was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, consulted and prayed. Then he ordered the knew that had we .taken such bold steps in as follows: bomb dropped. "I did not like the weapon," 1931 when Japan invaded Manchuria we might have prevented World War II. Tru­ SPEECH OF SENATOR VANCE HARTKE, DEMO­ Mr. Truman said. "But I had no qualms if, man's war may, in turn, have prevented CRAT, OF INDIANA, AT TRUMAN DIAMOND in the long run, millions of lives could be world war III. It has certainly delayed it. JUBILEE, GARY, IND., MAY 8, 1959 saved." Historians agree on this. This capacity to make decisions was Griff, Ray, mayors, friends, and fellow President Truman also brought about uni­ brought to my mind again only yesterday. fication of our Armed Forces, better social Democrats all, this is my first trip back to The day before I was privileged to have break­ Gary since the eventful election of last ~ecurity, advances in civil rights, progress fast with Mr. Truman in the company of 1n slum clearance and housing, NATO. November. several other· Senators. That was Wednes­ Many times since then I have been re­ But I think that we Americans remember day. Then, on Thursday, I read in the Wash­ Harry Truman best for his fighting campaign minded of the day the people of Lake Coun­ ington Post that President Eisenhower be­ ty were so patient that night and so wonder­ of 1948, when he made 356 speeches in 35 fore leaving for a golfing holiday had decided days. And what did Mr. Truman say later ful to me on election day. I regret sincere­ that the 22d amendment to the Constitu­ ly that Senate business has not permitted on of this? He said, "I am always glad to me as much time in Indiana as I would like tion was perhaps a good one. This is the do anything I can to help the Democratic amendment barring a President from serving ~arty, whether in marbles, money, chalk, or to have. God willing, I shall tour the State more than two terms. again following the present session of Con­ t1me." gress. Perhaps we can visit again then. Over and over, President Eisenhower has Happy birthday, Mr. President, for all the I am reminded also tonight of another told news conferences that he believes the people of Indiana, for lovers of freedom election campaign, one that took place 10 amendment is bad. Suddenly, and without everywhere. Thank you for your inspira­ years before the one in which I was privi­ any apparent new information, he decides it tion. May God keep you with us many more leged to head a statewide victory ticket. I is right. years. refer, of course, to the 1948 election cam­ I wonder if he is just trying to disagree paign. with President Truman. Well we remember that Harry S. Truman Of course, Mr. Truman made other deci­ Rumanian Independence Day stood almost alone at his nomination in sions, but I believe a few-mostly in the field Philadelphia. Among the few with him was of foreign affairs-are sufficient to recount EXTENSION OF REMARKS the late Alben W. Barkley. here tonight to prove the very greatness of OF _During the campaign that followed, we the man. heard everywhere that everyone had desert­ Is there doubt in anyone's mind here to­ HON. FRANCES P. BOLTON ed Harry Truman and the Democratic Party. night that the Truman doctrine, the Mar­ Gone were the extreme conservatives of the shall plan and point 4 preserved the free OF OHIO day. Gone were the extreme liberals of the world? Without them, I fear, the Middle IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES day. Down the path between these extremes East would have been lost, Europe would still Monday, May 11, 1959 went Harry S. Truman, a plain-speaki_ng man be in the depths of postwar darkness and who took his case directly to the people. despah· if not indeed wholly behind the Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Speaker, Sunday, There were those then and since who Iron Curtain, Africa would be lost and Asia May 10, was Rumanian Independence t hought of President Truman as a light- would be more Communist t han it is. Day, the day on which Rumania achieved 7944 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_. HOUSE May 11- national unity, freedom, and independ~ As a new chairman of. the. Senate CoPl~ are as transient as the wind, and which are ence. Again this year the occasion was mittee on Foreign Relations, this narrow like the deep current of a river? And third, view from a Founding Father is not at all what is the · proper role of the Senate with marked by public gatherings throughout to my liking. On the contrary, I seek help respect to those issues? Our responsibility the Nation, attended by the many friends from various sources-and especially frozp. in world affairs is to understand these three of Rumania. t h e "foreign power" Alexander Hamilto~ issues and then to take appropriate, effec­ As part of their plan to extinguish free­ tried to keep outside the 3-mile limit. tive action to meet them. _ dom from Eastern Europe, the Com­ I have come to do this for many reasons. The issues of foreign policy that we face munist rulers have forbidden public ob­ In the first place, I have had pointed re­ are born of three revolutions abroad in the servance of this historic date in Ru­ minders that a chairman of the Senate For­ world. One is the revolution of nationalism. eign Relations Committee is also a Senator The· second revolution is in the will for im:: mania. Celebrations have been shifted from a single State-a State whose people from the lOth to the 9th of May, the proved living conditions. And the third is have legitimate local interests which deman~ the technological revolution. Each of these anniversary of a SoViet victory, in an.ef­ his attention in the Congress. If he fails fort to alter the significance of Inde­ to speak the local voice-while trying at the has an inner connection with the other. All same time to serve the national interest--it share the common word "revolution." All pendence Day. defy the attempt of any single nation to We may be certain, however, that this seems safe to make one prediction about his future. The people of his State will see that exercise a full control over the course the day was appropriately commemorated in he h as time to write his memoirs, following three revolutions take. All three would the hearts and the minds of all the the next election. have occurred if Karl Marx and Joseph Rumanian people. Despite dark years In the second place-and this is much Stalin had never been born. And perhaps of Communist repression their resolute more important where foreign affairs are most ominous of all, few Americans seem courage and steadfast faith in freedom concerned-the chairman and his committee yet to h ave grasped the full significance of continues unbroken. "They· have known colleagues often find themselves in a consti­ these three worldwide revolutions. oppression many times before, but have tutional no man's land. We want to do our Let me take them up in order. best to contribut e to the energy, the First, n ationalism: We must disabuse our­ always maintained their profound love strength of will, and the clarity of purpose selves of the notion that the American war of liberty in the face of harsh totali­ which the effective conduct of our external of Independence had anything in common tarianism. relat ions demands. But the question con­ with the spirit of nationalism that is now The city of Cleveland is proud to in­ stantly is: How can we make this contri­ sweeping through the newly independent clude many persons of Rumanian descent bution when the constitutional boundary countries and through most colonial areas. among its populace, and I am privileged line between the Senate and the Executive Our own case was one where American Eng­ in this general area is so uncertain? lishmen had demanded English rights from to represent many of them in my con­ In times past, the rivalry between the Briti sh Englishmen-including the right to stituency. They have contributed sub­ Senate and the Executive, over the conduct be represented in the British Parliament. stantially to the richness of our com­ of foreign affairs, found both too weak to [ndeed, had Benjamin Franklin's plan for munity life, and are among our most re• advance, too strong to surrender-and may I representation been accepted by King George sponsible citizens. add, too proud to ask for mercy. We want III, with a little stretch of the imagination Let us renew the historic bonds of to avoid such a resul~ today. But the prac­ one can conceive of a sequel, admirably friendship with a liberty-loving people tice of the matter is shot . through _wit4 suited to be scenario material for Hollywood. proQlems. Specifically, in the year 1860, the popula­ and pray to Almighty God that the day For example, if my committee colleagues tion of America for the first time exceeded will soon return when they may again and I tried to detail a solution to any crisis that of Great Britain. Hence the American live in freedom and independence. of the moment in our foreign affairs, the im­ members of the English Parliament would mediate effect would be an increase in the have been in the majority and would post office deficit. For there would follow a promptly have voted to move the English flood of mail charging us with a dangerous Crown to this country. Whereupon there Our Responsibilities in World Affairs­ usurpation of the Executive's constitutional would have followed the spectacle of Queen z:esponsibility for the conduct of foreign re­ Victoria sailing up the Potomac River, to be Address by Senator Fulbright lations. On the other hand, if we tried greeted at the Georgetown landing by her to lay down guidelines for the longer range new Prime Minister-Abraham Lincoln. problems of foreign policy, the same letter­ Unfortunately for Hollywood; Benjamin EXTENSION OF REMARKS writers would inform us that we have a spe­ Franklin's plan was rejected and we had our OF cial taste for the fuzzy and impractical, revolution. But unlike the general case when America's real need Is for specific solu­ nowadays in nationalist revolutions, the ra­ HON. JOHN SPARKMAN tions to the latest problem in the headlines. cial factor did not enter into the picture. OF ALABAMA Meanwhile, whether we deal with the The social factor did not enter either, since problems of the here and the now, or with IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES the chief revolutionaries in America were those of the day after tomorrow, my com­ card-carrying English Whig gentlemen of Monday, May 11, 1959 mittee colleagues-indeed all the Members the highest pedigree. Nor, for that matter, Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, on of the Senate-face a further complication. was the technological element a motive for The professionally trained personnel, and revolution. The greater part of England, the evening of May 7, 1959, the very the complex communication network that is like the greater part of the United States, learned and distinguished chairman of involved in formulating and executing for­ still lived off a barnyard economy in rural the Committee on Foreign Relations, the eign policy, are not, and should not be, un­ isolation. Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FULBRIGHT], der the direct control of the Senate. They Today, by marked contrast, the national delivered the Gabriel Silver lecture on are, and should remain, under the direct revolutions going on all around us repre­ international understanding at Colum­ control of the President--if for no other sent, only in part, a desire for political in­ bia University in New York. His subject purpose than to read and answer Mr. Khru­ dependence for i"ts own sake. They also ex­ was "Our Responsibilities in World Af­ shchev's latest note, but it is a complex sys­ press a desire to erase the memory of racial tem. subservience; a desire to be the author of fairs." It was a fine presentation and To all this, there is a more immediate rea­ one's own history, and a desire to stand in the thought provoking. I ask unanimous son why I feel the need of guidance from sun with a distinctive national personality. consent, therefore, that it be printed in above. It is, quite simply, that you have For the latter reason, it is closely related to the RECORD: asked me to speak this evening about "Our the demand for better living conditions, for There being no objection, the address Responsibilit ies in World Affairs." The dan­ the prestige and the respectability associated was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ger here takes the form of an analogy to a with industrialization and material pros­ as follows: - German professor who spent his life writing perity. a three-volume treatise on the "Secret of In the maturity of our own industrial OUR RESPONSIBILITIES IN WORLD AFFAIRS Hegel.'' When the work was finally pub­ civilization, it is easy enough for us to ser­ (Remarks of Senator J. W. FULBR;IGHT, chair­ lished, the reviewer observed that the " au­ monize the newly independent nation on the man, Senate Committee on Foreign Rela­ thor ·should be congratulated for having · theme that the producer, not production, tions; Gabriel Silver Lecture on Interna­ written so much about the secret of Hegel should be the object of social effort; that' the tional Understanding, Columbia Univer­ yet managing just the same to .keep the human soul, and-not the human body, should sity, May 7, 1959) secret to himself." be t he paramount good one ought to seek. In the Constitutional Convention, when, Still, despite the danger tJ;lat you wlll ap­ But we can scarcely blame these people if, it was proposed that each session be opened ply that same judgment to what I have to to our sermonizing, they answer: "It is true with prayer, Alexander Hamilton ·jumped say, let me come to my theme by putting enough that man does not live by bread to his feet with an objection. "I am op­ three questions. First, what- are the issues alone; but at least he lives if he has bread." posed on principle," he said, "to calling on of foreign policy which now face the Na ­ Nor can we blame them if they go on to add: any foreign power for help." tion? Second, among those issues, which "Unless we can get bread-producing rna- 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7945 chines from the West, then we will get them things: to change the rules, to quit, or to method of economic advancement. Yet the from the Communist bloc, and, if necessary, shoot from the hip. Leaving the economics Soviet growth has already been such as tG in the Communist manner." of the matter out of account, the political impress many underdeveloped countries with Meanwhile, the daily spectacle unfolding imperatives of the universal demand for a this general idea. before our eyes is the way the Soviet Union rising standard of living are such that, un­ Wh;:~.t ought to count is not wealth per has identified itself in many countries with less we act sensibly to help meet it, the So­ se, but what one does with it. Indeed, if the cause of nationalism while we are identi­ viets will appropriate that demand for their we could be sure that the increased Russian fied with that of imperialism. Why should own purposes, in the same way that they production would be applied in full to an this be so, in defiance of all logic and the have captured and distorted nationalism. increase in Russian living standards, we history of our actual interests? The reason, The technological revolution is the third ought to welcome the development. Paul :.£ suspect, is that the Soviet Foreign Office force within whose context we must give Henri-Spaak, the wise and distinguished sec­ and the Politburo are better at simple arith­ form and focus to our foreign policy. My retary general of NATO, has said that "a metic than are the American State Depart­ comments on this score, like those which rich Communist is probably less to be feared ment and the National Security Council. For have come before, will have the character of than a poor Communist." We might even the Soviets and their local Communist agents truisms. Yet they are worth reemphasis look forward to the day_when the Soviets make it appear that they are on the side of just the same. become as snug and complacent as we have the people; whereas we make it appear that Technology works in chain reactions. For become. In fact, when I lie in bed at night wondering what I can do to help the cause we are on the side of the oligarchs who rule example, the improvement in transportation the people. Too often we find our friends and communication was in part responsible of peace in the world, my fancy starts to for the growth of nationalism. From the play with this idea that we should use some and allies liquidated as a new group takes $20 billion of our $40 odd billion defense over. same cause, the poor nations of the world budget on the purchase of television sets, To be sure, both we and the Soviets use the could better see how the rich nations lived. hi-fi phonographs, ankle-deep carpets, block­ same words-peace, freedom, democracy, This in turn spurred the demands of the long automobiles-and give the lot of these self-government, social justice, and indepen­ poor for economic development-eve~~ as annually to the Russian people as a free dence. And I suppose that we ought to take those same technological advances made it gift. The argument can be rather per­ a certain pride in the fact that these words, feasible to meet the demand. And so on suasively made that something of the sort first taught in the West, express such uni­ and on-up to the final step in the chain will eventually happen through the growth versal hopes that the Soviets have seized reaction, namely, the creation of military of the Soviet Union's own economy. upon them for their own purposes. Yet it weapons that can destroy everything. But the fanciful elements to one side, is infuriating to see that in the Russian Now the key point in all this is, that tech­ what worries me about this argument is the translation and application, these words are nology is becoming progressively interna­ emphasis on "eventually". Eventually can twisted into a caricature of the meaning we tionalized. No nation now has a clear mo­ be a long time; and even th'en we would still give them. It is all the more frustrating to nopoly over its secret. Nor can any nation be faced with the growing and ominous observe that it is the Russian version, and fully control its social and political effects, power of Communist China. In the mean­ not our own, which so many other peoples with the precision of an experiment con­ time, we must deal with a set of variables of the world have adopted for their own ducted in a laboratory. If the Soviet Union, that enter into the international politics usage-to their own eventual sorrow. for example, is quite different in an indus­ of the present hour, and promise to continue Still, we have to deal with the world, not trial sense from what it was less than a dec­ to do so for the next decade or two. as we would like it to be, but as it is. And ade ago, the pressures of technological It seems to me that within this time span, as much of the world is, the Soviets, by change have unleashed social and political the growing Soviet wealth can be used by the parading themselves as the example of a pressures that the rulers of the Russian state Kremlin to meet the following objectives: peasant people made over swiftly into a giant have not fully subdued. (1) reinvestment to make possible still fur­ industrial power, have become the merchants One thing, however, can be said in this ther expansion; (2) increased living stand­ of hope. We, on-our part, have been made general connection. If the Soviet Union ards; (3) greater arms production; (4) more out to seem the defenders of hopelessness, did not start the worldwide technological loans and other investments in underdevel­ and the arch beneficiaries of a status quo revolution, any more than it started the oped countries generally and perhaps also in outstripped by history. other two revolutions I have mentioned, it Communist China and the East European What can we do about all this? It does is exploiting all three to its advantage in satellites; ( 5) trade wars with the West. not lie within our power to prevent the Com­ a degree to which we are not. And the We do not know, of course, in what pro­ munists from peddling hope; but it does lie reason, I suspect, is that they know more portion these purposes will be served. We within our own power to prevent ourselves clearly what they want to do and work harder do know that the Soviets can switch from from representing despair. at it. one purpose to another as it suits their I turn now briefiy to the second world Consider, for example, our relative per­ convenience. Khrushchev has bluntly and force I mentioned-the demand for improved formance in the matter of economic growth. forthrightly declared economic war on us. living standards. The figures are not so spectacular as the We discount at our peril his seriousness of The material wealth of this world is poorly sputniks and missiles, but they are more purpose and his ability to carry it out. distributed, to say the least. The United alarming. Indeed, in my judgment one of the most States, with 7 percent of the world's popula­ Briefiy, even when we discount the U.S. difficult problems we face is how to meet tion, produces 50 percent of the world's recession year of 1958, Soviet industrial Soviet trade practices. For in a growing line wealth. At the other end of the scale, IPdia, growth during the 1950's has been in ex­ of products, the Soviets are reaching a point Pakistan, and' Indonesia--to give but three cess of 2Y:z times the American growth rate- where they can disrupt world markets and examples-have more than 20 percent of the 9.5 percent a year as against 3.6 percent. world trade patterns almost at will. This world's population, yet produce only 7 per­ And the rate in Communist China is even has happened already with tin, aluminum, cent of its wealth. greater than in the Soviet Union. I recognize and benzene. And the list is growing, while The implications this has for us, as the the need for a qualification-that the per­ the practice itself finds the decentralized, greatest of all creditor nations, are plain centages are computed from vastly different private trading economies of the West poorly enough, if only we would stop snoring with base points of reference. Still, despite this equipped to deal with this kind of compe­ our eyes open. Our creditor position de­ qualification, and despite the element of tition from the Soviet Union. mands that we give our debtors a chance to spread-eagle oratory in Khrushchev's prom­ Frankly, I do not know how to meet Soviet buy in our markets by selling their own ise that the Soviet Union will outstrip the economic warfare. But I do know that we products here more readily. Our position United States per capita production by 1970, must start at once to think about the prob­ also demands that we export more capital to the threat is real enough. Whether it ma­ lem in a systematic way. I also know how underdeveloped countries so that they can terializes in 1970 or later, it will surely come not to meet the Soviet economic challenge. increase their own industrial production to unless the disparity in present trends of I know that it cannot be met so long as we our mutual advantage. For it is a demon­ growth is changed. make a balanced budget the sole and over­ strable fact that the greatest volume of for­ To be sure, the theoreticians in the U.S. riding aim of Government policy-as if Gov­ eign trade from which everyone stands to Chamber of Commerce would have a rough ernment itself were just a bookkeeping op­ gain is carried on not between industrial and time of it. For they have taught us that eration. If that is all there is to it, then we nonindustrial nations. It is carried on with­ free enterprise is inherently and absolutely would be well advised to abolish the Presi­ in the community of industrial nations-be­ more productive than any other system; and dency, the Congress, and the courts, and tween the United States and Canada, the moreover, that democracy and capitalism install some certified public accountants in United States and Great Britain, the Euro­ are one and the same thing. They would their place. pean Common Market, and so on. therefore be hard pressed to explain how it I also know that Soviet economic warfare We are in for serious trouble if we think was that communism, based on State capital, cannot be met so long as it is our national that we are at liberty to get richer while outdistanced us in the production of things. policy to pay a one-fifth higher price for most of the rest of the world gets poorer. I also recognize that if we were no longer generators to be used in an Arkansas dam, In a poker game played with stacked cards, the richest nation in the world, we might merely to give the order to a Philadelphia and where all the chips come to be con­ suffer in the eyes of the underdeveloped na­ firm instead of to one in England. If Ameri­ centrated in relatively few hands, the other tions-who would then look to communism can business cannot compete even with Brit­ players will be tempted to do one of three and not to us as having the more promising ish business, which works in approximately 7946 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 1J the same kind of economic framework, how Then the Chinese Communists turned off the Soviet economic threat. Indeed, we are can we ever expect to compete with Rus· the heat as suddenly as they had turned it 'not even united on the nature and magni­ sian buisness, which operates as a political on, and today, several months later, we are tude of that threat. arm of the state? no nearer a Far Eastern policy then we were The kind of national agreement on our The question as to how we allocate o~ ·before. ,world role which I have in mind is akin to resources is certainly as important, and in At the moment, our attention is centered the sort of natural consensus that has been many respects, more important than the on Berlin. I do not want to minimize the present in support of British foreign policy rate of our economic growth. What counts gravity of the Berlin crisis. It could supply for many generations. In many respects, is the uses to which the growth is put. the cause of world war III; just as the Mid­ it is an unspoken agreement which in large Leaving the question of quality to one side, dle East could have supplied it; and might measure is taken for granted and which, in we ought to be sobered by one single repre· yet; just as Quemoy and Matsu could have turn, t akes a great deal for granted. It is sentative fact. It is that the Soviet Union supplied it, and might yet. "the kind of agreement which develops over devotes 8 percent of its gross national prod· The point is that we have to keep Ber­ a period of years as a result of much public uct to education, while the United States lin in perspective. It is illustrative of many thought and discussion. But it is also the devotes but 3 to 4 percent. Yet there is in of the long-term issues between us and the kind of agreement which creates a national the United States an enormous margin for Soviets; but in itself it is only a short-term confidence and assurance out of which come luxury that could be drawn upon for pur· t actical move on their p art. predictable public reactions to specific poses that are in the interest of the whole I think the Berlin crisis will be settled. situations. Nation, without depriving anyone of what I hope it will be settled in a way which will It is the lack of this sort of agreement would still remain the highest material lead to a broader settlement of at least some that has made so much of our recent for­ standard of life in the world. of the issues which divide Eastern and ,eign policy both half-hearted and halfway. The question we have to decide is a ques­ Western Europe. But the most ideal set'­ If Americans were thoroughly convinced tion of priorities. It is not-or need not tlement one can imagine would still leave tha t we were in the world to stay and were be--difficult to resolve. For it does not call us with m any serious problems in other well-settled in our own mind as to how we for a choice between guns and butter, or parts of the world; and especially it would fit into the world, we would not go through between electronic computers and television leave us in our same position vis-a-vis the our annual soul-searching debates over for· sets. It may call for a choice between bet­ Soviets in the economic competition which eign aid. We would not go through our ter schools and teachers, or more country will determine whether or not t h e United quadrennial wrangles over the reciprocal club memberships. But this could hardly States remains a first-class power. trade program. We would not be trying to be called an austerity program. Moreover, And after the Berlin crisis is settled, we fight change around the world. Instead, we the whole of the educational and other pro­ have to be prepared to meet another crisis would be trying to influence the direction grams that we need for national strength­ somewhere else. So long as we stay on the the movement for change takes and we here at home and abroad-would bear all defensive, it is folly to assume that the would be in tune with it. We would be ex­ the more lightly on the Nation if we could Soviets will not continue to probe and ercising the world leadership role in which, but cast off the anchor of economic shib­ trust and keep us off balance. in large part, we are defaulting. boleths that keep us tied to a rate of eco­ Our Government ought to take to heart Our . defaults in world leadership are not nomic growth of 2 to 3 percent a year. The the sage advice of Demosthenes: "As a gen­ exclusively faults of foreign policy. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund report last spring eral marches at the head of his troops, so image which we present to the world is put the attainable minimum rate of growth ought-politicians-to march at the head of · based on many policies we think of as do­ at 5 percent a year. affairs; insomuch that they ought not to mestic in nature. This is one of our weak­ I know that this figure was described as wait the event, to know what measures to , nesses. We have failed to relate domestic visionary by the apostles of economic take, but the measures which they have policies to foreign policies. standpattism. Yet I also recall that the taken, ought to produce, the event." same adjective was used in 1941 when For the same reason, we have sacrificed It would be rather satisfying, just once, . the interests of the whole people to the Franklin Roosevelt called for the production we could get in the position where it is the of 50,000 airplanes a year. The stand­ demands of the few-the few who prefer Soviets who are reacting to our initiatives high prices to full steel production, the few patters did not begrudge him what they felt and not the other way around. was just a propaganda gambit to frighten who prefer uneconomic protective tariffs to In order to get into such a position, a · low prices, the few who oppose the use of the enemy. Yet they were certain among number of things are necessary. themselves that such an actual production · our resources for education, housing, high­ We need a State Department that is hos· ways, and who, in effect, prefer that our goal was unattainable. As the event proved, pitable to new suggestions instead of fore­ Roosevelt was guilty of a gross understate­ resources go into the high profit luxur..y closing all inquiry with an automatic "no". trades. ment of purpose. For we were producing We nee'd more concentrated Executive 100,000 planes a year before long. energy instead of buckshot spray in the In short, our foreign policy has repre­ We could do much the same sort of thing White House. sented the lowest common denominator of for our current needs, if we had the leader­ We need more broad international vision national agreement because too many people ship that could make its own vision and its and less local politics in Congress. and too many special interests have been own determination the source of the Na­ We need a national resurgence of self­ · given a practical veto over policy. tion's vision and determination. awareness about where we stand in history. It is precisely at this point that I think the Why do we keep kidding ourselves that But above all, we need to learn how to · Congress as an educational institution-has we can get along with a little more when talk to each other again-to reach a working its greatest opportunity. That is the oppor­ we know very well that we need a great deal agreement on what our paramount national tunity of increasing the understanding of more? Why do we congratulate ourselves · interests really are. · all Americans of the interaction of domestic and foreign policy, so that the parochial in· that the shortage of classrooms, far from THE ROLE OF THE SENATE getting better, is simply not getting worse? - terests of the few may not thwart the Nation. Why do we think it is progress if we stand It is on this last point, which is central Not until we agree in the very marrow of still? to all the others, that I think the Senate · our bones that most of our domestic policies has its greatest role to play. · have foreign policy aspects and most foreign In my judgment, we give too little atten­ Despite the large measure of agreement on affairs affect our domestic life will we be tion to the long-range questions of national many of our foreign policy actions in re­ - able to discharge our world responsibilities. policy, and too much, relatively, to short­ cent years, we do not have in this country As has often been said, there are limits on term tactical problems. Since last summer, · a national agreement on what our role in what the United States can do abroad-just our national attentions has been focused, in turn, on the Middle East, the Far East, the world really is. We agree on the kind of - as there are limits to what the Senate can world we want to live in-we agree that we do about the general conduct of foreign and Europe. Jarred by a revolution in Iraq, want it to be peaceful, prosperous, secure, - policy. we sent troops to Lebanon and vowed that . and preferably one in which the Commu· we needed a long-term policy to bring peace · Constitutionally, our role is essentially _nists have gone away some place else. But and stability to the Middle East. Then we ~ negative. We can refuse to ratify treaties or : these are ideal objectives. The likelihood of · to pass legislation which the President wants. withdrew the troops from Lebanon, and the · attaining all of them is as improbable as tlie · We can attach reservations to .treaties or we Middle East continues to fester like a . hope an elephant might have of turning · can amend bills to bring them more nearly running sore. It is without peace, without . itself into a ballet dancer. In any case, we stability, and without much of a policy on ' in line with our own views. But these ac· our part. have only the foggiest notions of how even "tions, too, are more likely to be effective tf ~ to approach our prescription for an ideal they are negative than if they are positive. Next we were confronted with the crisis . ·world. · :·we can, for example, keep the President from last fall over Quemoy and Matsu. During Here· again, It is necessary to distinguis-h : spending money by denying appropriations. that period, a few people .pointed out that "between short-term tactics and long-term · But we cannot force the President to spend what was really needed was not so much a policy. We do have a deep-seated national more money, simply by increasing appropria­ solution of the Quemoy-Matsu question, unity in regard to protecting our rights in tions. We can advise the President that he but a long-term policy which would take Berlln. But we do not have anything like ought to enter negotiations for a given into account the realities in the Far East. this same kind of unity in regard to meeting treaty. But we cannot force him to do so. 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7917 For both constitutional and practical rea­ Government by Formula started again using U.S. Census esti­ sons, the Senate should not concern itself mates released November 1958, substan­ obsessively with the day-to-day conduct of tially higher than previous estimates and foreign policy. I repeat that this is the pre­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS reflecting the unpredicted continuing rogative of the executive branch, and prop­ OF erly so. I also repeat that the Senate itself high birth rate. The committee said is very poorly equipped to engage in admin­ HON. JACK WESTLAND that while the greatest share of growth istrative matters. OF WASHINGTON in the region between 1960 and 2000 is But over and beyond this, the Senate can, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES expected to continue in King and Pierce I think, make a useful contribution through Counties, the greatest rate of growth the public discussion of long-range, basic Monday, May 11, 1959 and the greatest growth in terms of per­ problems of foreign policy. I have touched Mr. WESTLAND. Mr. Speaker, more centage of the total region is expected in on some of these problems today, and I have Kitsap and Snohomish Counties. alluded briefly to others. In the months and more restrictions are being placed on ahead, I intend to explore these further. the basic freedoms of the American peo­ In the case of Snohomish County this I have said many times that we in the ple by the very Federal Government rate of growth is already high and is United States operate under a most extraor­ which, according to our Constitution, is expected to continue high during the dinarily difficult system of government. dedicated to preserve these freedoms. projection period. With this growth in Democracy may ha.ve reached its peak in our One word, I believe, summarizes the mind, it is hard to conceive that the vast country, but it is an extremely complicated reason for this encroachment. The part of the population in Snohomish piece of machinery to operate. It requires word is "bureaucracy," meaning govern­ County will find employment in the of the people that extra measure of deter­ ment by bureau heads. This leads to Seattle area. mination and ability often characteristic of The contrary is true. It is common a few individuals in a community, but rigid, formal administration according to seldom a characteristic of most of the people. their whims. It is government by for­ knowledge that large cutbacks in em­ It requires especially education and self­ mula. There are numerous cases to ployment are due at Boeing where the discipline. document this trend, but one which I am majority of the Snohomish workers in I hope in the months ahead we may draw familiar with is the proposition that Seattle are employed. On the other on the wealth of information, the ideas and Snohomish County in my own State of hand, oil refineries moving into Sno­ professional ability that are to be found in VI ashington should become part of the homish County will mean increased em­ academic communities such as this. Unfor­ Seattle Standard Metropolitan District. ployment opportunities for local resi­ tunate experiences during the past decade dents. There are three oil refinery com­ have, I fear, seriously damaged good relations This example of the loss of a basic between government and the academic world. freedom points out the present trend of panies ready to open up these oppor­ We have both suffered. Government misses rigid rule by formula. The Bureau of tunities. the bold, astringent, pragmatic, inventive the Budget arbitrarily has created a cri­ Fred Powell, vice president of Stand­ ideas which flowed from the academic com­ teria that says if a certain percentage of ard Oil Co., according to the Everett munities of the Nation in the early days of the labor force in Snohomish County Daily Herald on April 30, 1959, said the the Roosevelt Presidency. The social science works in Seattle, Snohomish County proposed refinery at its site south of faculties of the universities doubtless miss must become a part of Seattle. The per­ Mukilteo will be twice as large as the an interplay with the problem-oriented huge installation now under construc­ workings of the Government in its day-to­ centage to which I referred is 15 percent. day affairs. It so happens the Bureau estimates that tion in Hawaii. While the Hawaii fa­ I am making a systematic endeavor, in my 23 percent of the Snohomish County resi­ cility is considered a huge installation, position as chairman of the Committee on dents work in Seattle. Even if all of the Snohomish County refinery will Foreign Relations, to promote a better two­ these workers wanted to be included in cover a 2,300-acre site. Meanwhile other way communications channel between Gov­ the Seattle Metropolitan District, they industries continue to thrive and grow. ernment and the universities especially at would not represent the majority of peo­ It is clear that the population of Sno­ the policy level. The Committee on Foreign ple who reside in Everett and Snohomish homish County is growing, its industry is Relations has contracts with some 20 educa­ expanding and the employment for its tional institutions (including the Russian County. I have serious doubts that even Institute here at Columbia) in connection a minority of the estimated 23 percent workers in the Seattle area faces a de­ with an overall foreign policy review which want to be included in Seattle. cline. Common sense, therefore, indi­ we expect to have completed by early next Every day we talk about human cates that the people of Snohomish year. This is an attempt to spur the rate values, yet some are willing to subject County should be left alone and should at which ideas can flow directly from the us to rule by bureaucratic formula and be allowed to determine their own des­ universities to the practicing politician. statistics. It seems to me we need a tiny. But the rule by formula continues. The Committee on Foreign Relations has new set of statistics to deal with the hu­ I was advised last week that the Bu­ also been promoting a series of informal ex­ reau of the Budget has made Snohomish changes between outstanding scholars in the man element of our society. I think the field of foreign affairs and Members of the people of Snohomish County have a County a part of the Seattle Metropoli­ Senate. This is not an isolated phenomenon. right to choose -for themselves whether tan Standard area. I have been further Similar activties are underway in the House or not they are to be included in the advised that this designation will be re­ of Representatives and in fields other than Seattle Metropolitan District. viewed following the completion of the foreign policy. Furthermore, I believe that further 1960 census. This review probably will Perhaps out of this process and out of study by the Bureau of the Budget would take place in June 1960. It seems fool­ literally thousands of discussion and study prove their own statistics wrong, partic­ ish to me to include Snohomish County groups throughout the country, there can be ularly if the Bureau of the Budget in a metropolitan area in May 1959 when developed the kind of agreement on our for­ looked to the future. Planning directors there is a distinct possibility that in June eign policy objectives which is based on a from the Puget Sound Regional Plan­ 1960 it may be excluded. habit of the mind; the kind which will come only after we, as people, have steeled our­ ning Council have taken a look at the selves to look unpleasant facts in the face population expectations and have be­ and to react rationally instead of trying to come amazed at what they have turned wish them away. up. Snohomish County, they feel cer­ Geographical Center of the United States · There is nothing inevitable about the sur­ tain, is going to show the largest per­ v:val of the United States. Survival is the centage gain of any county in the Puget EXTENSION OF REMARKS reward of civilizations which meet the re-· Sound area. With a population of 112,- OF sponsibilities history thrusts upon them. It 000 in ~950, the count for 1957 was 135,- is the job of you, of me, of every American 000. The 1960 census is expected to show HON. E. Y. BERRY to see to it that our country, in this age, the county at 144,000 and the growth OF SOUTH DAKOTA meet those responsibilities. over succeeding 10-year counts will jump IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Every generation has what Franklin Roose­ to 189,000, 251,000, 324,000, and 371,000. velt called a rendezvous with destiny. We The planners when they began com­ Monday, May 11, 1959 Americans in 1959 have to determine-and paring notes found that all of them were Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, I would soon-whether we are going to keep our basing their compilations on a much like to call the attention of my colleagues rendezvous. slower rate of growth than the Federal to a bill I am introducing today which I hope it ~s no~ later than we-think. Government was anticipating. They. would authorize the establishment of the CV--502 7948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May 11 Central National Monument at the geo­ 4 idea-the idea of aiding the peoples of the administrators who came to the job con­ graphic center of the United States, underdeveloped areas of the world. vinced it was ·a sort of Operation Rathole. That idea did not spring out of empty But, as with so many of the fine programs which is located near the Bla.ck Hills in air. It was firmly grounded in the lifeblood this spiritless administration inherited, the my district in South Dakota. and life experience of the missionaries our spirit has slipped from it. With the admission of Hawaii to the great churches have for generations sent out It has been sold too oft en as something­ Union, the location of the geographic to all corners of the world. against communism-rather than for hu­ center is now permanent. Tourists from The strength of our best missionaries is manity. across the Nation are interested in see­ that they not only preached the faith to all It has been pictured too often as a pain­ ing the spot of the geographic center. It peoples, but they also fed the hungry and ful expedient--a necessary nuisance that we healed the sick. can wind up next year, or the year after. is a point of national interest and the They have gone beyond charity. They Here is another lesson to be learned from national interest will be increased by the have been willing to walk out into the fields the missionaries of our churches. Their dedi­ designation of a 10-acre spot as a na­ and villages and show people how to grow cation to the great work overseas was not for tional monument. more abundant crops- how to live better 1 year, or for 2 years, but for many. The national interest will be increased and more meaningful lives. They have So, too, we must recognize that the task by the fact that those living in South trained them to be their own nurses and of helping other nations to help themselves Dakota, and particularly western South their own doctors. is a continuing task. It will not be finished In a day when we hear much of the next year or the year after. Dakota and eastern Wyoming, are plan­ ugly American it is well to remember these To be effective, our foreign aid program ning a drive to finance the construction dedicated Americans. For they were the real should be established on a longer term basis, of an appropriate marker to be located progenitors of the point 4 idea. so that both we and those we seek to help can in the center of this 10-acre plot. The There is much talk today of the need for plan ahead, can rely on a sustained effort-­ marker will be donated by residents over Americans abroad to speak the language of and can be spared the annual agonizing re­ a plan prepared by the National Park the peoples among whom they work. I have appraisal to which we subject the very Service. The owner of the land upon joined in urging the importance of this. existence of foreign aid. which the geographic center of the Na­ But our missionaries needed no urging. This will not prevent modifying the pro­ They knew that they would save few souls gram as conditions dictate. Congress will tion is located has agreed to donate the speaking a language that nobody under­ still have annual control over the moneys necessary acreage for this purpose. The stood. They learned the languages-even appropriated. monument itself will be without expense the dialects-of those they sought to help. But if in fact it will be necessary to con­ to the taxpayers of the Nation other than In fact, in some cases they ventured into tinue our aid programs over a longer period, the small expense of maintenance of such such unexplored lands that it was they who why do we not recognize this just as we recog­ a national monument. compiled the first dictionaries. Often they nize it in countless domestic programs, Since the geographic center of the Na­ had to invent a system of writing the lan­ which do not live on a year-to-year basis? guage where none existed before. I like to talk to people who have spent their tion is of universal interest, since such In a very literal sense, they gave the great lifetimes in remote areas of the world, for geographic center should be properly gift of literacy to the peoples among whom there is a genuine nobility in this self­ designated, since this national monument they lived. sacrifice. can be accomplished without cost to the Those who are suddenly concerned about But they recognized that there is a dan­ taxpayers of the Nation, I ask that Con­ the competition with communism in Asia, ger as well, the danger of paternalism. gress take the necessary steps to desig­ Africa, and the Middle East do not realize There comes a time, painful to all of us nate this geographic center as a national that we had a very long head start upon parents, when our children grow up-when monument in the interest of the people them. While the early Bolsheviks were we must begin to work with them rather wrangling over the cafe tables of Europe, than for them. of the Nation and those in years to come. our missionaries were at work helping people Most of our missionaries are wise enough grow two blades of wheat where only one to recognize this, and to move forward to the grew before-helping them to resist dis­ higher challenge of partnership. ease-helping them to lift the burden of This is the great opportunity before us to­ Works for Peace illiteracy. day-the opportunity we are so largely But despite this head start, we have dissi­ missing. pated much of our lead. In too many un­ It does us no good to complain that the EXTENSION OF REMARKS derdeveloped areas of the world, the Com­ Communists are busy everywhere, preaching OF munists are making far more headway than their own secular heresy. we. It does just as little good to complain HON. FRANK E. MOSS Why? Not because of the righteousness that, as "!vans-come-lately" in the field of overseas aid, they are peddling their loans OF UTAH of their ultimate cause, for it is an oppres­ sive and godless cause. and their technicians in many crucial areas IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES It is because of the Communists' total of the world. Monday, May 11, 1959 dedication to their goals-a total dedication It does no good to proclaim that point 4 which today the West is not equaling. began as an American idea that the Com­ Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, the senior Too many Americans have lost the zeal and munists have appropriated for themselves. Senator from Minnesota [Mr. HuM­ dedication that motivated the missionaries The real trouble lies not in what they are PHREY] was in Salt Lake City on the of the past. doing. It is how much less we are doing 25th of April, and he delivered a speech Perhaps this is because we have lost the than we could and should. there at the Jefferson-Jackson Day din­ spirit that guided the missionaries: the de­ Today in Congress we are debating the de­ sire to help people for no other reason than tails of a meager and unimaginative ner. program. As always, he treated his subject with that they are our brothers; that they are God's children; that they are hungry and While we debate, a new world is coming insight and clarity. The address is ex­ need food, or sick and need healing. into existence around us. Most of Asia has tremely timely. I ask unanimous con­ Today, our aid to poor nations springs not achieved freedom since the war. New na­ sent that it may be printed in the so much from love as from fear-fear that tions are being born every year out of Africa. RECORD. if we do not help others, they will be lost to Latin America is only now achieving the full There being no objection, the address the Communists. fruits of freedom. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, This new independence and liberty carries Our efforts to help other countries too with it strong desires for self-help-desires often seem determined by how many Com­ as follows: we should strive foster. munists they have in their midst. The coun­ to Nearly 8 years ago-on May 24, 1951- Here is what one of our point 4 workers President Truman said, "The only kind of try which is short of Communists must reports from Chile: war we seek is the good old fight against sometimes be tempted to import them. "The United States has helped to estab­ man's ancient enemies-poverty, disease, But to our missionaries what was impor­ lish an 'aided self-help housing program' in hunger, and illiteracy." tant was that these were people who needed a Santiago slum. When the program was His words were drawn from the heart and help. Their actions were motivated by the started, many had doubts that unskilled peo­ the wisdom and the history of the American appeal of the scriptures, not by the fear of ple could do the work. One night a Chilean people. But he knew, as we know, that the appeal of Karl Marx and Lenin. official went out to inspect the job-the work words, however eloquent, are not enough; It is the spirit of the missionaries from was done after regular hours, often by flood­ nor do good intentions, however generous, which point 4 drew its inspiration-and this light. Here was a man using a trowel, and suffice. is the spirit in which it got under way. doing beautiful work. The omcial said to They must result in works for peace. It is a measure of the soundness of the him: It is 10 years since President Truman point 4 idea that it has survived under the " 'You must be a mason.' enunciated what became known as the point present administration. It has even survived "'No, sir,' the man replied. 'I'm a tailor.' 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7949 "Surprised, the official said: 'But this is promised contributions of nuclear materials Federal Projects in West Virginia very good work.' · to help in peaceful atomic research have not " 'Sir,' " the tailor replied, " 'you perhaps do been forthcoming. We have allowed nations not understand. -It is my own home that I'm far smaller than we to take the lead. EXTENSION OF REMARKS building.'" Too often, it has seemed that the words are OF In a very real sense-in the largest sense­ the words of Eisenhower, but the acts are it is their own homes, their own nations, the acts of the Old Guard. HON. ROBERT C. BYRD which millions of Asians and Africans are What the world needs today is not m assive OF WEST VIRGINIA now building. retaliation, but massive doses of health, edu­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES They do not expect miracles-the Asian cation, and food. p easant does not dream of driving in his We must move on the offensive, and de­ Monday, May 11, 1959 Cadillac down a six-lane superhighway. He clare war against mankind's most ancient Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. d oes not want a tractor or a combine to and terrible enemies of hunger, disease, pov­ work his fields. Rather than a fancy ma­ President, I ask unanimous consent to erty, and ignorance. have pr_inted in the CONGRESSIONAL chine he does not understand, he needs to We need a bold new "food for peace" pro­ know how to care for his ox when it is gram, dedicating our God-given abundance RECORD a statement which I submitted affiicted by disease. He needs a simple pump to serving the need of humanity-rather last Friday to the Committee on Ap­ for getting water out of the ground and than complaining about it. propriations, in behalf of certain projects onto his land. We need a dramatic, worldwide "health for in West Virginia. In short, what he does want-and very peace" program, with vastly expanded in­ There being no objection, the state­ de3ply-is a better life for himself, and ternational medical research-and perhaps ment was ordered to be printed in the above all for his children. a white :fleet of mercy ships carrying our RECORD, as follows: The overriding fact is that m::..nkind is on medical know-how and wonder drugs to the the move-and at least half of it in a hurry. disease-ridden and suffering in the far cor­ STATEMENT OF SENATOR BYRD OF WEST We can seize the opportunity to move with ners of the earth. VIRGINIA them-or run the grave risk that they will We need to launch a broad program of Mr. Chairman, I appreciate this opportu­ move without us, or even against us. world educational development-a plan for nity to appear before the committee in be­ I hope that there is enough of the mission­ half of certain projects in West Virginia. ary spirit in all of us that we will play our education for peace. These are truly the works of peace. I shall try to be as brief as possible, know­ full part in this great chapter of the world's ing that the committee has much work to unfolding history. I hope that we will do There is, in the affairs of nations as well do, and desiring, as I do, to avoid impos­ this because it is the right thing to do, and as men, a tide which ing upon your generosity and courtesy in not solely out of fear of our adversaries. "* * * taken at the :flood, leads on to for­ permitting me to present this statement. All Americans need is to be themselves. tune; Mr. Chairman, I wish to recommend and Why is it that so many feel embarrassed by Omitted, all the voyage of their life urge that the committee give careful con­ the prospects of doing something noble and Is bound in shallows and in miseries." sideration to the following projects, these disinterested? being of the utmost importance to my The mistakes made out of greatness :lf That tide is rising, is already lapping at State of West Virginia from the standpoint heart are forgiven-the mistakes of mean­ our shores. Please God, we shall have the of :flood control, regulation of waterfiow, ness, never. wisdom, the courage, and the vision to take and, in some instances, growth of river I would much rather stand in the Senate it. traffic. aud defend my Government against the charge of having spent generously to help OHIO RIVER LOCKS AND DAMS India achieve the goals of her 5-year plan than to join in some future inquest, as to Estimated Amounts that why we gave too little and too late. Project cost could be Remarks Parenthetically, I may say that I am will­ used ing and anxious to stand in the Senate and defend the Republican administration's re­ 1. Racine ______$51, iOO, 000 I $50,000 Tentatively proposed replacement structure for locks quests for funds to help other nations­ 23, 22, and 21. though they too often reward Democratic 2. Be11eville (authorized) ___ __- G4,100, 000 1 125,000 Replacement structure under study for locks 18, 19, Senators for their support of these overseas and 20. 3. Opo s~ um Creek ______52,200,000 1150,000 Replacement structure under study for locks 12, 13, programs by calling us spenders when we and 14. propose doing something about schools, 4. New Cumberland ______41, 500, 000 2 6, 800,000 Will replace existing locks and dams 7, 8, and 9 on Ohio River. health, housing, social security in our own 5. Pike Island ______country. 63,500,000 2 5, 000,000 Replaces Jo cks and dams 10 and 11. I reject the word "spender" when I support the administration's foreign aid programs-­ MONONGAHELA RIVER LOCKS AND DAMS they are an investment in the economic health of the world and in peace. And I equally reject the word "spender" 6. Opekis~a ------1 21. 900. 000 I 21, ooo. 000 7. Hildebrand_------12,460,000 1, 2i8, 000 I Completes cost of construction. when I support domestic aid programs­ 8. Dam No. ------3, 500,000 725,000 Do. t :!ey are an investment in the economic health and well-being of our own Nation. As President Eisenhower said in a special FLOOD COl\;'TROL message to Congress on foreign aid, "It is not the goal of the American people that the 9. Williamson ______640,000 I 71,000 United States should be the richest nation 10. Princeton ______1, 000,000 2 500,000 $55,000 appropriated for pl:lnning in fiscal ye!1r 1959. in the graveyard of history." 11. E ast Rainelle .. ______775,000 2 500, 000 $40,000 appropriate:! for planning in fiscal) ear 1959. 12. Summersville Reservoir, 46,800,000 2 2, 000,000 Our aid to other nations should not be a Gauley River. partisan matter. To help our fellow man is a goal all Americans should share alike. But the goal is not attained by words 1 Planning. alone. Effort, action, enterprise, and dedica­ 2 Construction. tion are required. Mr. Chairman, item No. 1, Racine locks of Belleville, W. Va., about 285 miles below In this, I fear there has been a difference and dam, will replace obsolete and inade­ Pittsburgh, Pa., and located in Meigs between Democratic and Republican admin­ quate locks and dams Nos. 21, 22, and 23, County, Ohio, and Wood County, W. Va. istrations. which are 38 to 41 years old, with one Obsolete and inadequate locks and dams Under President Truman, the deeds more modern structure to accommodate the in­ Nos. 18, 19, and 20 will be replaced with one nearly matched the words. The point 4 creasing volume oi Ohio River traffic. The modern structure to accommodate the in­ idea did not end with Mr. Truman's second Engineers report a benefit-to-Cdst ratio of creasing volume of Ohio River traffic. The inaugural address. It was translated into 2.8, and they indicate that the money re­ Engineers' benefit-to-cost ratio for this proj­ action, a living program. quested can be efficiently utilized in fiscal ect is 2.7. But what, I ask, has become of President 1960 for advance engineering and design Item No. 3, Opossum Creek, locks and Eisenhower's fine atoms-for-peace address work. dam, contemplates the construction of a before the United Nations in 1953? Have Item No. 2, Belleville locks and dam, con­ modern, nonnavigable dam and two locks our deeds matched the President's eloquent templates the construction of a modern, of 110 feet by 1,200 feet and 110 feet by 600 words? nonnavigable dam and two locks of 110 feet feet usable dimensions on the Ohio River I fear not. In the atoms-for-peace field by 1,200 feet and 110 feet by 600 feet usable bordering Marshall County, W.Va. Existing we are not leaders, we are laggards. Our dimensions on the Ohio River in the vicinity obsolete and inadequate locks and dams 7950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 11 Nos. 12, 13, and 14, will be replaced by a river, and completion of the project will the maximum for which there are reliable single modern structure to accommodate make possible better access to these reserves. data. increasing Ohio River traffic. The Engineers Item No. 7, Hildebrand locks and dam, a Item No. 11 , East Rainelle. The project is report a benefit-to-cost ration of 2.2. replacement for existing locks and dams Nos. located on Meadow River in Greenbrier Item No. 4, New Cumberland locks and 12 and 13, is an integral unit in the compre­ County, W. Va. The proposed plan of im­ dam, will replace existing locks and dams hensive plan of improvement of the upper provement provides for widening and deep­ Nos. 7, 8, and 9 on the Ohio River, some Monongahela River. Traffic from this area ening the channel of Meadow River for 2.47 of which locks are in imminent danger of consists principally of coal, sand, and gravel miles below the mouth of Sewell Creek; im­ collapse. Traffic is presently moving while traffic from downriver points into the proving the channel of Sewell Creek, a dis­ through lock No. 7 in grave peril because area consists of petroleum and steel prod­ tance of 5,450 feet upstream from its mouth a lateral movement of the hill and esplan­ ucts. Although the increase in traffic and improving Boggs Creek for a distance of ade adjoining the locks is pushing this lock through this reach of the river has been sub­ 3,230 feet above its mouth. The plan of im­ into the river. Facilities would be blocked stantial through the years, the lack of ade­ provement will provide near complete pro­ for many months if collapse should occur. quate navigation facilities on the upper river tection to East Rainelle from floods equiva­ The Corps of Engineers has assigned a bene­ has hindered movement of much greater lent to that of record and partial protection fit-to-cost ratio of 2.7, but it is thought prospective tonnage of coal reserves from the from greater floods. The Engineers' benefit­ that this estimate may be far too conserva­ contiguous area. These reserves are ample to-cost ratio for this project is 2 to 1. tive. to sustain for an indefinite period of time Item No. 12, Summersville Reservoir. Item No. 5, Pike Island locks and dam, a much greater production rate than that Construction of this project will materially proposes construction of a dam and two currently being utilized. An improved affect the well-being of a large segment of locks to replace obsolete and inadequate waterway will provide a water outlet for a the population of the greater Kanawha Val­ locks and dams Nos. 10 and 11, which were large part of the production of the Fair­ ley, in which Charleston, W. Va., is situated, constructed between 1904 and 1916. The mont coal district similar to that now exist­ and will be a major factor in attracting new Engineers report a benefit-to-cost ratio of ing on the lower river. The increased chan­ industries because it will not only contribute 1.8 to 1, an estimate which is thought to be nel width and depth along with increased to flood prevention but it will also insure very conservative. lock sizes for the upper river will permit an even and ample flow of water for indus­ Mr. Chairman, the Ohio River is one of full loading of standard coal barges and trial plants in the Charleston area during the most important inland waterways of the the efficient movement of Monongahela the dry season. An appropriation of $2 mil­ world. It is the vi tal link between the River standard six-barge tows without lion would permit work to be initiated im­ northern industrial States, such as West breaking and reassembling the tows during mediately toward the construction of the ac­ Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, and the lockage, resulting in appreciable transporta­ cess roads, spillways, and other necessary South and southern gulf ports. The prod­ tion savings through reduced line haul costs, preliminary operations. Completion of the ucts which it bears in vast quantities are more efficient use of towing equipment, fewer Summersville project would considerably re­ iron and steel; coal and coke for the manu­ lockages, and savings in operating time. It duce a flood hazard that exists in the narrow facture of iron and steel; fuel oil, gasoline is anticipated that extension of a deeper and densely occupied industrial Kanawha and other petroleum products; sulphur; channel will result in additional movement River Valley. Extreme floods of record have limestone, and iron and steel scrap. Ton­ of petroleum products in the upper river. inundated virtually the entire valley floor, nages of traffic are very large and have been Bulk storage centers at the head of the exist­ and the occurrence of a great flood similar to constantly increasing. For example, in 1945 ing deep draft navigation below Morgantown that of 1861 under the present congested annual tonnage was about 34 million; in are actually on the fringe of the area to which condition of the valley would result in stark 1950 it approached 50 million tons and in distribution is now made by truck. Upon tragedy. The flood of 1861 covered the area 1957 it was over 81 million tons, of which provision of adequate navigation facilities, now occupied by the Charleston business over 13 million tons consisting mainly of Fairmont, which is the geographical hub of district to depths ranging from 2 to 11 feet coal, oil and gasoline, and iron and steel the service area, will probably develop as a and residential areas were flooded to like products, passed through the project area. storage and distribution center for gasoline. depths. The Bluestone Reservoir, on New Traffic shipments of steel on the Ohio River The life of existing locks and dams Nos. 12 River, controls but 4,565 square miles of the have increased 414 percent over what they and 13, which were constructed during the drainage area above Charleston, which totals were in 1945. Coal shipments have in­ period 1901-3, cannot be extended to meet 10,420 square miles, and it is apparent that creased 225 percent. Petroleum shipments the burden of a greatly increased traffic. In additional reservoir control is required to on the Ohio have increased 181 percent over addition more economical operation and assure dependable protection from major 1945, and shipments of chemicals have in­ maintenance for the Government will result floods. The industrial developments on the creased 244 percent. Overall traffic on the from replacement of these old and obsolete flood plain at and below Charleston, located Ohio River has increased, in the past 43 structures with one modern lock and dam at the confluence of the Elk and Kanawha years, at a rate nearly three times the rate at the Hildegrand site. :Rivers, include great basic alcohol, am­ of growth of the gross n ational product. Item No. 8, Dam No. 8. Completion of this monia and chlorine products plants which Tonnage shipments on this river are now one project, together with the Hildebrand proj­ help to make the Kanawha Valley one of the and one-half times those of the Panama ect, would give the steel industry better greatest chemical centers of the world, a Canal and they already exceed the expected access to the rich coal reserves in the upper major U.S. naval ordnance plant, and ultimate capacity of the St. Lawrence Sea­ Monongahela River. Under existing condi­ large general manufacturing industries, way by about 50 percent. It can easily be tions, barges navigating pool 8 must be all of which are of utmost importance to the seen that the traffic on the Ohio River is loaded to less than 70 percent capacity due national defense and economic welfare. A undergoing a tremendous growth change. to the restricted depth of the upper reaches major portion of the processing and manu­ The basic iron and steel industry is de­ of poolS. facturing works of the Carbide & Carbon pendent upon river t ransportation via the Item No. 9, Williamson. The total cost of Chemicals Corp. is located on a large island Ohio River. Steel manufacturers at Pitts­ this project is estimated at $707,000, of which in the Kan.awha River downstream from burgh, Pa., Weirton, W. Va., Steubenville, $665,000 is Federal and $42,000 is local. To Charleston. The island is subject to inun­ Ohio, Wheeling, W. Va., and points down­ date, $4,000 has been appropriated to cover dation by major floods, and if flooded, dam­ stream use the river extensively to ship their costs of preauthorization studies. The proj­ age to the property on this island alone would finished products. The heavy concentration ect is located on the right bank of Tug amount to over $6 million. The major in­ of steel production below Pittsburgh receives Fork in Mingo County, W. Va., about 57 dustries located in the flood plain have a practically all of it s requirements of coking miles above the junction of Tug and Levisa combined value of over $1 billion and an ex­ coal in barges which t raverse the Ohio, and Forks which form the Big Sandy River. The treme flood, similar to that of 1861, would much of its limestone and other important plan of improvement which contemplates result in a major degree of destruction to operating supplies are delivered in t he same construction of about 2,700 feet of concrete most of the plants and force some of them manner. Their dependence upon river wall, 3 pumping stations and appurtenant out of operation for undetermined but long transportation is not merely a matter of work. The project will provide protection to periods of time. This project will also make operating economy, but if river shipments almost the entire city of WiUiamson from available a source of water which will be of were halted for any appreciable length of floods equal to the maximum of record (Jan­ general benefit to downstream areas as a time their operations would be critically uary 1957). The Engineers' benefit-to-cost result of low flow regulation. curtailed. Mr. Chairman, a failure to pro­ ratio for this project is 1.2 to 1. Completion of the project at the earliest vide the funds I h ave requested will mean Item No. 10, Princeton. The Engineers' possible date is very desirable to furnish a costly delay in replacing the obsolete and benefit-to-cost ratio for this project is 1.8 to flood protection in the highly industrialized inadequate facilities on this heavily traveled 1. The plan of improvement provides for areas downstream. The Kanawha Valley has waterway. enlarging, straightening and clearing Brush experienced rapid industrial expansion in Item No. 6, Opekiska locks and dams, will Creek, Christian and Glady Fork for a total recent years and many new industrial de­ replace existing locks and dams Nos. 14 and distance of 21,000 feet together with neces­ velopments continue to locate in the flood 15 of the Monongahela River. This will com­ sary alterations of railroad and highway relo­ plain. A high percentage of the industries plete the modernization of the upper Monon­ cations. The plan of improvement will give crowded into the narrow valley are essential gahela. Vast reserves of metallurgical coal protection from flows about 20 percent to the national economy of the country and lie in the area along this portion of the greater than that experienced in June 1924, the Kanawha Valley industrial center is con- 1959 GONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7951 sidered to constitute one of the major flood learn from Dr. T. Keith Glennan, Adminis­ As you know, the capsule which was risks in the Nation at this time. trator of the National Aeronautics and Space ejected from the satellite over Spitzbergen Mr. Chairman, I thank you again for per­ Administration, that t.he new space flight in the arctic regions was not recovered. mitting me this opportunity to appear in center, now being constructed at Beltsville, Plans called for it to be ejected over the behalf of the items I have covered. I trust Md., wlll be named the Goddard Space Flight Hawaiian area where ships and planes were that the committee will give favorable con­ Center. waiting to spot it. However, due to initial sideration to each and all of the projects The Goddard Space Flight Center will con­ malfunction of a part of the timer mecha­ mentioned. sist of specially designed laboratories and nism in the satellite, ejection occurred pre­ will be staffed by outstanding scientists and maturely. Timer control was achieved on engineers working to solve new problems the 22d pass, but, unfortunately, automatic connected with space technology and ex­ ejection had already occurred due to the Speech of Hon. Overton Brooks, of Lou­ ploration. There, too, will be located im­ action of a so-called fail-safe device. isiana, Chairman of the House Commit­ portant data ~·eduction devices which are Dlscoverer III is expected to be launched in tied in to the extraordinarily complicated approximately a month. This time it is tee on Science and Astronautics, Be­ tracking equipment used to follow the course planned to have the capsule carry four white fore the Controllable Satellites Confer­ of space vehicles. mice now undergoing testing at Sunnyvale, Many years ago Dr. Goddard, said, "It is Calif. ence, American Rocket Society, MIT, difficult to say what is impossible, for the We are hopeful that the capsule can be dream of yesterday is the hope of today ~nd directed to a safe landing in the Hawaiian Boston, Mass. the reality of tomorrow." I hope that the area and that the tiny passengers can be re­ people who work at the Goddard Space trieved alive. EXTENSION OF ·REMARKS Flight Center in the years ahead will be If so, this will be the first time any living inspired by his courageous thinking. thing has orbited the earth and been re­ OF It is with pleasure that I note the pres­ covered. It will represent a significant step HON. JOHN W. M«:CORMACK ence at this gat hering of the gracious Mrs. forward toward the day when man can ven­ Goddard, who did so much to inspire her ture into space. OF MASSACHUSETTS illustrious husband in his worlc The mice are now undergoing testing for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES I think it is particularly appropriate to emotional and physical stability by an Air Force biological team. Scientists are greatly Monday, May 11, 1959 take note of this latest honor accorded Dr. Goddard before this group and in this city, interested in the biological reactions of the Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, where he spent a considerable portion of his mice, including oxygen intake, heart respira­ under permission to extend my remarks, early life before returning to Worcester, tion, and the physiological and psychological I include a splendid and informative where he was born and later attained sue-· effects of weightlessness, such as the effect on cess. their digestive processes and upon their nerv­ address made by our distinguished col­ ous systems. league, the chairman of the Committee I was also gra titled to learn this evening that the American Rocket Society has de­ As a prelude to ejection of the capsule on Science and Astronautics, the gentle­ cided to erect a memorial to Dr. Goddard in from Discoverer III, the satellite's attitude man from Louisiana [Mr. BRooKs], be­ Worcester. will be changed in orbit. It will be turned initially into a tail first position and then fore the controllable satellites confer­ The subject matter before this conference ence, American Rocket Society, Massa­ turned 60 degrees down from the horizontal is one of great importance to the United by means of compressed gas jets. chusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, States and the free world and one which is of When in this position a series of explosive Mass. There is no one better qualified great concern to me personally and to my bolts will cause the capsule to eject from the on the legislative level to discuss the committee. In addition to the obvious mili­ satellite. Immediately thereafter, a retro­ technical subject mentioned in the with­ tary implications of controlled satellites, rocket will be fired which will slow the cap­ in address than our friend from Louisi­ there will also be innumerable peaceful uses sule and direct it into a reentry trajectory. of manned maneuverable satellites. Our im­ At an altitude of about 50,000 feet, a ana [Mr. BROOKS]. As chairman of the agination is inadequate to appreciate the standing Committee on Science and many economic benefits that may arise from switch, operated by the force of deceleration, Astronautics, Chairman BROOKS is mak­ will release a 20-pound parachute which will this. slowly lower the capsule, now weighing about ing an outstanding record. Under his In a recent speech at the University of 35 pounds, to the water. leadership the House committee is also Maryland, Prof. George P. Sutton, our new C-119 airplanes from Hickman Feld scout­ making an outstanding record. Under chief scientist at the Defense Department's ing the Hawaiian area hope to spot the para­ the leadership of the gentleman from Advanced Research Projects Agency, and chute visually because of its bright orange Louisiana [Mr. BROOKS], the committee past president of your society, predicted color, by signal from the radio beacon or by that special controlled satellites will be used will make marked constructive contribu­ means of the plane's own radar, since the for the development and testing of inter­ parachute is equip£ed with a reflecting un­ tions toward the use for peaceful pur­ planetary rocket engines and other equip­ poses of present and future discoveries dercoating of alummum. If an airplane is ment. within the immediate vicinity of the capsule in the great area commonly known as The Science and Astronautics Committee as it falls, "it is planned to snatch it out of outer space: follows developments in this field as well as the air with specially designed equipment. It is a source of great pleasure to me as in other areas of space research. We have Destroyers waiting below will be ready to chairman of the House Committee on realized that even true satellites will not retrieve it should the aerial grab fail. Science and Astronautics to speak to the remain indefinitely in fixed orbit. Perturba­ The conically shaped capsule, which will people assembled here tonight under the tions resulting from the influence of the float on the water, has a diameter across auspices of the American Rocket Society and moon and the sun will necessitate means to the bottom of 2¥2 to 3 feet and a height of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. kick them back into orbit by remote control, about 2 feet. It contains a radio beacon While I am neither a scientist nor an or change their orbit, or perhaps service which will emit signals for about 10 to 18 engineer, I share your interest in this vital them with a manned space vehicle. This hours, sufficient time, it is believed, to enable field of astronautical achievement. One as­ will be especially important in the case of the waiting planes and ships to detect it. pect of space technology and exploration satellites whose functions require that they The Discoverer II is believed to have never ceases to impress me, and that is the remain permanently in a given orbit, such as passed within several hundred miles of the number of years scientists and engineers the communication relay satellites. North and South Poles. It was visible to have been giving serious attention to mov­ An important series of satellite launchings the naked eye in the North and South Pole ing even farther into space. I doubt is now under way at the Pacific Missile Range regions. Our people at the U.S. IGY sta­ whether many people working directly in which will do much to increase our mastery tion at the South Pole saw it pass overhead these areas realize that more than 50 years of control techniques. I refer, of course, to on 22 consecutive passes. It appeared to ago Robert H. Goddard was laying a firm the Discoverer satellite program. them as a bright small moon. The satellite foundation for the accomplishments that This program is being carried on by the was also observed by individuals at the would be made beginning in 1957. Dr. God­ Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Admiral Byrd station, several hundred miles dard, who rightfully deserves the name of Department of Defense. It is designed to from the South Pole. father of American rocketry, was busy in 1909 overcome such tremendous satellite control Considerable control was exercised over and even before working out the difficult challenges as command communication, Discoverer II from the ground below. . problems associated with the use of rockets stabilization in orbit, command change of It may be of interest to review the sepa­ to send payloads into space, to the moon, and attitude in orbit, capsule ejection from outer rate elements of these automatic controls, to the planets. space, and recovery of the capsule at a pre­ as well as ground-initiated commands. On I have long felt that the tremendously determined time and place. various passes over the tracking network in important contributions of Dr. Goddard de­ Discoverer II, which returned to earth a. the Alaska-Hawaii-California area, the satel­ serve far greater national recognition than few days ago, is regarded as having sub­ lite was commanded to relay its telemetry has transpired to date, and I have, there­ stantially advanced the art of controlling data to the ground and did so several times fore, been both delighted and gratified to satellites. successfully. 7952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May .11 Discoverer II was also commanded, on its this way can we replenish the well from There being no objection, the articles second pass, to incorporate an actual orbital which all progress flows. were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, period of 90.5 minutes into its automatic We want results, yes. But we must pre­ as follows: control equipment to insure capsule ejec­ pare the way for results by laying the tion at the proper time and place. groundwork in advance, by continually [From the New York Times, Sunday, May 10, Due to initial malfunction of a segment searching for the truth. Here is where we 1959.] of the satellite's timer system, an orbital will find many of the failures Dr. Kantrowitz OREGON'S JUBILEE YEAR Is UNDER WAY period of about 95 minutes was incorporated referred to, but out of failures will come (By Robert McBride) in response to the command from the success. Dr. Wernher von Braun, who heads the PoRTLAND, OREG.-The residents of this ground. There was no opportunity to cor­ State celebrate at the drop of a tree or a rect this error until after the 17th orbital Army ballistic missile development program at Huntsville, Ala., says, "We are too busy rose or a raspberry, and this centennial sum­ pass. In the meantime, the capsule was mer will be their biggest, wildest blowout in automatically ejected, over the Spitzbergen with crash programs and are in danger of forgetting the long-range requirements more than 50 years. area apparently, instead of over Hawaii. Among the things to see and do will be Timer control of the satellite was accom­ which lie ahead and which will demand much more really new knowledge. We are the largest exposition and international plished on the 22d pass, but by this time trade fair in the West in a decade. It opens the capsule had been ejected. concentrating upon doing things now with existing systems or with those which can June 10 in Portland, with dozens of rodeos, A second major form of control to which evolve from existing technology." festivals, parades, symphony concerts, op­ the Discoverer II was subjected is known as "If we delay initiating basic and support­ eras, frog-jumping contests, sham holdups, attitude control or stabilization. Prior to ing research until the things down the road fistfights and national Indian games to fol­ second stage ignition and injection into or­ are upon us," he warns, "it will be too late. low. bit, Discoverer II was placed into a hori­ We will suddenly find ourselves brought to a The centennial is just now getting into its zontal position by means of an inertial ref­ stop by the exhaustion of our resources." stride and the excitement will not ease until erence package and a hydraulic control sys­ I agree 100 percent with Dr. von Braun late September. Not since the Lewis and tem, aided by an infrared horizon scanner. and it is for this reason that I have intro­ Clark Fair of 1905 has so much money been Upon ignition, the pneumatic jet control duced H.R. 5266 in Congress to set aside 10 spent and so much time been given toward system was replaced by a hydraulic control percent of all Government expenditures for making Oregon attractive to the summer system which gimballed the Bell second stage research and development for basic research. traveler. engine, maintaining the satellite in a hori­ I plan to press for enactment of this legis­ The only way of traveling in which one zontal position during orbital injection. lation. can truly experience the sweep and throb The infrared sensitive horizon scanner con­ It has been a pleasure to appear before of this land is on horseback. But the next tinued to operate, relaying corrections to the . you and to address this body. The men and best way is by automobile. second stage guidance system. women assembled here tonight are making a The old Oregon Trail begins at Independ­ · After the Bell engine cutoff, the pneu­ real contribution to the welfare of the ence, Mo. It is concrete and asphalt now, matic jet control system resumed opera­ United States and the progress of mankind. but much of the land on the other side of tion. Compressed gas u nder high pressure The great unknown, awesome in its im­ the ditch will look to today's travelers the was metered to a series of external jets mensity, stretches before us. Great adven­ way it did from the seat of a covered wagon which stabilized the satellite as it orbited tures beckon us. We must always keep our in 1859. the earth. eyes on the goals ahead, undaunted by fail­ Eastern Oregon is an area of rolling plains, A third form of control over the Discoverer ure<>. If we do so, success will surely be' ours deserts, mountains, and cool forests. It is took place when the satellite's attitude was in th~ end. ranch and farm country. They do not grow changed in orbit as a prelude to capsule Thank you. corn as high as an elephant's eye, but they ejection. grow real cowboys and straight-backed The control functions appi:ed to the Dis­ Herefords, and they have some of the wildest coverer II required relatively small amounts scenery in America. of energy. A considerable increase in space State of Oregon Preparing tOOth Birtl day MESAS AND VALLEYS propulsion energy will be required in order In the Big Basin country of southeast to accomplish a change in orbital attitude Party Oregon, rimrock mesas reach into quiet val­ and direction or to maneuver a satellite from leys and meadowlands, deer and antelope orbit to orbit. roam undisturbed, and hundreds of other In this regard, it is worthy of note that EXTENSION OF REMARKS species of birds and animals live under the ARPA is planning a more advanc_ed program OF protection of the Malheur National Wildlife than the Discoverer, dubbed "Mrs. V," fer ma­ Refuge. neuverable, recoverable space vehicles. A HON. RiCHARD L. NEUBERGER The eastern division of the refuge extends major effort is also being directed toward from the head of Malheur Lake to the the development of advanced space propul­ OF OREGON southern extremity of the lake at French sion through the study of the feasibility of IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Glen, a distance of 53 miles. Both these ion, plasma and charged particle jets. points are marked by high, steel towers The members of our committee are keenly Monday, May 11, 1959 which carry the symbol of the refuge, the aware of the importance of such develop­ sign of the flying wild goose. Adjacent to ments to both the civilian and military space Mr. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, the the refuge are hundreds of thousands of efforts of the United States. Such early pro­ principal event of Oregon's 1959 state­ acres of land ranged by great herds of cattle grams can lead to the preciseness of control hood centennial celebration-the Cen­ and sheep. whlch will be required for interplanetary tennial Exposition and Trade Fair-will Malheur Lake, its 40,000-acre maze of travel as well as for the development of ma­ not open until June 10, but the State of marsh, and its bullrushes and cattails is neuverable space vehicles which can operate Oregon is alive now with the excitement the breeding, resting, and feeding place for in space in much the same manner as air­ more than 200 species of water birds, includ­ craft now perform in the atmosphere. of its 100th birthday party. ing bitt erns, rails, ibis, avocets, willets and Many problems must be solved before man Robert McBride, a talented young snipes of several varieties in the refuge. can venture safely into outer space, but if writer on the editorial staff of the Oregon Here, also, is the habitat of the fabulous we have the vision and the courage to forge Daily Journal in my hometown of Port­ American egret. ahead, success will surely crown our efforts. land, has written an excellent story, To the south and east of the 160,000 acre Above all we must not be afraid to try, again, which was published in the travel sec­ refuge are the incomparably beautiful and and again, and again, until we succeed. tion of the New York Times of Sunday, lonely Steens Mountains and the BUtzen We must be prepared to meet failure, as May 10, 1959, describing current and Valley. The setting here harks back to the well as successes. Dr. Arthur Kantrowitz, coming centennial events, and natural time when the West was young. Cattle director of the Avec-Everett Research Labo­ ranching goes on as it has since pioneer ratory, put it well, I think, when he told attractions available to visitors who times. Stately 'Sandhill cranes, Canada our committe in a recent hearing: "I would come to Oregon this year, to help us cele­ geese, fat mule deer and noisy terns mingle feel better about our space program if I brate 100 years of statehood. with the cattle in the great meadowlands I ask unanimous consent that Robert of the BUtzen, which falls south from Mal­ saw us making more mistakes than we do." heur Lake. "Let's take a chance," said Dr. Kantro­ McBride's article, entitled "Oregon's Jubilee Year is Under Way," be printed COOL AREA witz. "Let's have the courage to risk mak­ East of the valley the Steens rise to a ing a mistake." in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, together with a second article on Oregon's cen­ cool 9,000 feet, offering pleasant relief in I cannot close without a word of caution summer from the heat. An ideal camping about the state of our research "reservoir." tennial which I wrote for the New York spot in the Steens is Flsh Lake, eighteen If we are to continue to forge ahead, we must Times of Sunday, March 29, 1959. The miles of graveled road from French Glen. not lose sight of the importance of support­ title of my article is "Oregon Celebrates No camping is allowed in the refuge itself, ing the search for new knowledge. Only in Its Centennial Year." because there are no developed campsites 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 7953 and the danger of an uncontrollable fire chance to see some more of Oregon's rug­ Kenzie may feel that he has never seen so in the meadows is great. ged mountain scenery. much violent, cold water in so great a hurry. In a setting of lingering snowbanks, rust­ VARIED SCENERY His light boat will pitch and toss in the deep ling, qualdng aspens and mountain mahog­ troughs and powerful curlers formed by any, 7,600-foot-high Fish Lake is the air­ Here are great areas of uncut forests, boulders strewn liberally in narrow channels conditioned summer retreat of this entire sprinkled with flower-filled mountain mead­ running steeply downhill. ar ea. Its 25 acres contain both brook and ows, deep canyons flanked by snow-laden He will look back at these rocl{s, which the rainbow trout. Camping facilities are good. peaks, and cascades of clear water rushing skilled guides have avoided, and he will The Steens Mountains are one of .the down the slopes. Here also are deer, bear, game birds, songbirds and small animals. swear that they seem to be settling resent­ United States' best examples of fault-block . fully back to the bed of the stream after formation. The area has several great gorges Her'e are views of Jefferson Park from the Skyline Trail and the breathtaking granite leaping to clutch at the boat. half a mile deep, chiseled out by ancient Much of Oregon stands on its 100th anni­ glaciers of the Ice Age. peaks and mountain meadows of the high Wallowas. versary of st atehood as it stood when the This wonderland of pristine charm has classic American settler, the pioneer-farmer, been largely missed by both the tourists and Moving on to special centennial events in central Oregon, one might want to visit the first unyoked his oxen in the Willamette by Oregonians themselves, because the paved Valley. highways lead to the places where there is Saturday afternoon horseshoe-pitching con­ tests throughout June in Prineville. Those Barely a century separates the stone, steel, more manmade comfort, food and entertain­ and glass skyline of Portland from the log ment. who like rocks, plain or fancy, will be able to see plent y of them at the All Rockhounds cabin and the fur trade. The State's popula­ But those who can take dust in the eyes powwow in Prineville, July 3-5. tion is only 1,750,000, and nearly half of this and the bumps of corduroy roads, the mod­ The National Field Archers Association is concentrated in the metropolitan Portland est fare of a country hotel, or eating out will holds its tournament at Bend, July area. with the cowboys, should steer off the well­ 27-30. Redmond will celebrate the Oregon OVERNIGHT CAMPS traveled trail at Burns, and drive south to potato with a festival, September 26. the Malheur Refuge. There one can obtain However, since two or three times the County fairs and rodeos will be held average number of tourists are expected this information and directions about where and throughout the central Oregon area by the how best to see and enjoy this wild land. year, hotel and motel reservations should be dozen. At these celebrations the visitor n1ade early. There are scores of roadside Just south of Ontario and Nyssa, near the can experience the exhilaration of small­ Oregon-Idaho border, is another magnifi­ camps and parks with tourist facilities along town life in a festival mood. every major highway. It costs only $1 to stay cent fishing and camping spot. This is in Albany, a town at the hub of a great the lake behind Owyee Dam. It is 55 miles overnight in most of the camps. All have timber-producing area, is the host each year water and other camping necessities. long and has 300 miles of shoreline, hemmed to a World Championship Timber Carnival. by a jumble of mountains and sheer cliffs. One should write the Oregon Centennial Set for July 2, 3, and 4, and billed as spec­ Commission, 400 Jackson Tower, Portland, Wildlife experts call Owyhee Lake the tacular, inexpensive and thrilling, the car­ finest untapped piece of recreational water nival will offer some of the best log chop­ for help with obtaining accommodations in in eastern Oregon. One must see the lake ping, bucking, speed climbing, topping, birl­ advance. Spe<;ial .tourist information and to appreciate its fantastic desert rock for­ ing and jousting to be found anywhere. hospitality centers are being opened in nearly mations. One sails past cliffs and pinnacles The center of the centennial, of course, every town of any size in the State, par­ with all the colors of the Southwest's des­ will be the Exposition and International ticularly along major highways. erts. Leslie Gulch, on the u pper lake, is Trade Fair in Portland. Opening with the These centers will be staffed with volun­ comparable to Bryce Canyon National Park. exposition, June 10, will be the Portland teers who can help the traveler plan an BIG BUCKS Rose Festival, always an impressive show. entire vacation in Oregon or send him to the nearest historical marker with an ariUload of Hunters get in their boats and fade away If the pompous, flower sweet p ageantry of the Rose Festival's grand floral parade information about everything from wild­ from civilization by going far up the lake flowers to salmon fishing. The hospitality to hunt the biggest bucks in Oregon. They makes the spectator hungry or dries his throat, Portland has dozens of good bars and informat ion program has been thor­ camp on the shore and bring their bucks out oughly planned. by boat. Crappie are caught by the bucket­ and restaurants. A good steak costs any­ ful and bass reach 8 pounds. where from $3 .50 to $6. Seafood here is among the best. [From the New York Times, Mar. 29, 1959) Owyhee Lake is so big that it cannot be The exposition will, at the very least, be an fished hard enough to even keep up with the entertainment-filled fair. A huge midway 0REG<_?N CELEBRATES ITS CENTENNIAL YEAR bass and crappie production, according to is to be set u p and about $25 million will be (By RICHARD L. NEUBERGER) fishing experts. Mallards by the thousands spent on exhibits from atomic energy to (Mr. NEUBERGER, junior U.S. Senator from flock onto the reservoir in the fall, and de­ Tillamook cheese. Daily and nightly water­ coy hunting along the shores is excellent. Or egon, is a native son of that State and the ski shows will be staged on the Oregon estu­ author of many books and articles about its The breaks of the Owyhee are the last ary or' the Columbia River, adjacent to the wonders.) stronghold of the wild horse of the West. centennial grounds. The trade fair will be Oregon, always a bonanza for tourists be­ Indian petroglyphs may be seen on the lake second only to that of New York. cliffs. cause of its vast and verdant outdoors, is The Garden of Tomorrow, 3 ¥2 acres of offering many additional inducements this Also in eastern Oregon, the traveler will flowers, shrubs and floral displays, will fea­ year as part of the centennial observation of find special centennial events every week ture a special Japanese garden with a tea­ its admission to statehood in 1859. While in nearly every county. house and a floral clocl{ 32 feet in diameter, Conestoga wagons still creaked on the Ore­ The Harney County Pioneers' Days will be planted with several thousand flowers. It gon Trail, the scenic realm which gave the ·held at Burns, June 13. The June pari­ will tell time. troubled trail its name came into the Union mutuel races are scheduled at Ontario, June Fist fights and gun duels will be features on the eve of the Civil War. 10-13. of the Frontier Town. Nightly shows have Even Oregon's traditional and annual One of the biggest rodeos and roundups of been booked for the arena of the 11-acre events of long standing, such as the Portland the West will be held at Pendleton, Septem­ centennial building. Harry Belafonte, Roy Rose Festival and the Pendleton Round-Up, ber 16-19. This is always a colorful and Rogers, Japan's Kabuki Dancers, the Ice will be far more elaborate than ever before fast-moving show, and this year it is ex­ Capades, and the Aqua Follies already have in tribute to the fact that Oregon is now 100 pected to be particularly exciting. One of been signed. · years old and the first of all the States of the features of the roundup is a national No visitor to Oregon, winter or summer, the Pacific Northwest to attain so lusty an Indian encampment. More than 2,000 repre­ will want to -miss seeing the thundering, age. . sentatives of American Indian tribes will be sublime, lonely Oregon coast. It is 400 Yet, despite a long list of manmade spec­ c amped on the roundup grounds. The en­ miles long, mostly paralleled by U.S. 101 and tacles which will be part of the centennial campment will feature a series of races, nearly every inch owned by the State of celebration, Oregon's dominant attraction authentic Indian games and dances. Oregon. continues to be the grandeur of its moun­ No report of the natural grandeur of There are times when one can walk for tains, valleys, and timbered seacoast. It Oregon would be complete without mention miles on sandy beach, with the furious surf contains more fir and pine forests, more of the back-country lakes of the Cascade of the Pacific pounding in one's ears, with­ State parks, and more fish-filled rivers than and Wallowa Mountains. Between 700 and out seeing another soul or even another any other State. Beyond each horizon are 1,000 of these lakes are found in the two footprint. innumerable mountain meadows which in­ ranges, many of which can be reached by ON THE DUNES vite the pitching of a tent. Oregon is an road. Daep-sea fishing, sun bathing on the great easy place to hook a trout and fry it in Most of the lakes are stocked with trout Oregon Dunes, golfing, clam digging, surf bacon fat over a crackling campfire. and many of them may be reached over fishing, overnight camping beside a driftwood The first Americans to explore Oregon well-maintained U.S. Forest Service trails. fire on the beach, and any number of other were the great frontiersmen, Meriwether Others have never had a trail blazed to their possibilities await t:Qe traveler. Lewis and William Clark. Even they, accus­ shores. One of the famous sports of western Ore­ tomed to cosmic and sweeping panoramas, In addition to the pleasure of fishing these gon is white-river boating on the McKenzie were awed and impressed by the dimensions lakes, pack trips into them gives one a River. The visitor on a trip down the Me- and majesty of the Oregon outdoors. So it .7954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 11 has been with virtually all other visitors gon was the first State to levy a tax on motor mately 50 countries. Its inaugural will come ever since. Oregon inspires its guests. fuels to be used directly for the construc­ a day after the opening of the Portland Rose U.S. 101 clings to the Oregon seacoast for tion of roads. It also was the first to paint Festival, which this year is scheduled from nearly 300 spectacular miles, looping like a a white strip down the center of highways June 9 to 14. The famous grand floral hatband around sheer rock ramparts and for guidance on foggy or rainy nights. parade will take place June 13, and the next then swooping down to wide beaches of glit­ With the assistance of Federal funds, U.S. day the golden rose ski tournament is slated tering white sand. This is a shoreline which 30 and U.S. 99 are under conversion to four­ for the white slopes near Timberline Lodge. offers every possible sort of recreation-dig­ lane e !~ press highways. These are the main ROSES AND GLACIERS ging and raking for clams and crabs, ocean roads bisecting the State from east to west Oregon is that kind of State-roses flourish bathing, mountain climbing, hikes in dense and from north to south. Secondary paved within sight of eternal glaciers. Indeed, evergreen "rain forests," trolling for salmon roads also are receiving Extensive improve­ much impetus to make the rose the national offshore and casting for steelhead in rifil.ed ments. Unless the motorist wants to take flower of the United States always has come streams that pour foamingly to the sea. his car to the most remote fishing or hunt­ frcm public opinion in Oregon. Along with ROADSIDE SPOTS ing retreats, he can be certain his wheels the Senators from the States of New York will be on hard surface all during his so­ The highway is dotted with modern mo­ and Pennsylvania, I am sponsoring a bill to journ in Oregon. Roads loom large in Ore­ proclaim such a policy for the country. tels and restaurants. Many of these will gon's State budget. bake your salmon and fry your razor clams, Other events of importance scheduled for while you wait at the table with a heaping PROPOSED BRIDGE Oregon's centennial year are the annual cocktail of the Dungeness crab that you have The next such development may be still canoe fete at the University of Oregon May brought from one of the crabholes dotting more spectacular. Plans are under way for 15, the McKenzie River White Water Parade the beaches while the tide was out. a bridge 7 miles in lengt h, to connect the at Blue River June 21, the Albany Timber Although the National Park Service has States of Oregon and Washington at the Carnival July 3 and 4, the Bend Water Pag­ warned of our "vanishing" shoreline else­ mouth of the West's greatest river, the eant July 3 to 5, the Oregon Fish Festival where in the Nation, this stern admonition mighty Columbia. The span, to cost approx­ at Astoria August 26 to 31, and the famous fortunately does not apply to Oregon. All imately $28 million, would be .part of U.S. Round-Up at Pendleton September 16 to 19. the beaches, without exception, were reserved 101. This would eliminate the longest ferry­ Many of these events are quite extraordi­ for the public by Gov. Oswald West back boat voyage on the principal road paralleling nary. The Timber Carnival specializes in in 1909. Mr. West, who still lives in the the Pacific's shoreline from Canada to contests of skill and brawn associated with State, recently saw a magnificent park beside Mexico. the lumber industry, such as trying to stay the Pacific named in his honor. Many such It also would be of great importance to on logs floating in a millpond. The McKen­ parks offer forested campsites barely a the tourist trade generally, because this is zie White Water Parade features rowboatiug mashie shot from the nippy surf, with its one of the most popular areas on the entire through the rapids and rifil.es of a river that booming breakers. Pacific coast for fishing, boating and surf­ is the favorite trout stream of ex-President Appropriately, in this centennial year, Ore­ bathing. And trolling for salmon in the Herbert C. Hoover. gon's first national hist9ric shrine is under Columbia has become a much more success­ Officials of the Oregon State Centennial construction by the Federal Government ful pastime since inundation of the Indian Commission anticipate at least· 8 million near Astoria on the seacoast. It will be the fishery behind the Dalles Dam began to people will visit the exposition and trade Fort Clatsop National Memorial, marking permit larger numbers of migratory fish to fair alone, which they herald as the greatest the site where Lewis and Clark spent the escape to their spawning grounds in the fair to be held in the West since the San winter of 1805-06 after the first overland distant solitudes. Fancisco World's Fair of 1939. In addition crossing of this continent by Americans. But the pilgrim can travel comfortably to countless industrial and manufacturing Their log stockade has been rebuilt and a to Oregon even if he decides not to bring exhibits, the fair will include dramatizations modern museum building will be added. his own sedan or convertible. United, North­ of significant occurrences out of Oregon's Legislation also is contemplated to give na­ west, Western and West Coast are among historic past. tional-monument status to the "Oregon the leading airlines which serve the State THE WILD WEST dunes," a picturesque stretch of shoreline with daily flights. Pan American soars to These will recreate jolting stagecoach rides where towering desertlike billows of sand Hawaii from Portland's recently refurnished form huge ramparts above the ocean. with the Wells Fargo Express, frontier In­ international airport. dian villages and the robberies of pioneer MOUNTAINS AND SHORE Several railroads operate streamliners into railroads running on wooden rails. Presi­ Oregon is both a mountain State and a Oregon. These include the Southern Pacific, dent Eisenhower has already signed an offi­ seashore State. Besides having one of the Great Northern, Northern Pacific and Union cial proclamation passed by both branches country's most picturesque seacoasts, it is Pacific. The equipment features vista-dome of Congress urging the entire country to ribbed with four or five lofty mountain cars and the latest pullmans. The Union join in celebrating Oregon's lOOth birthday. ranges. These offer the traveler a wide vari­ Pacific even has a diner with a dome. But despite all these extensive plans the ety of opportunities. TICKET PLAN principal attraction to visU;ors still will be Timberline Lodge, on the glacial slopes of The secondary passenger trains of the Oregon's plethora of magnificent scenery. Mount Hood, is one of the most unusual re­ Northern Pacific and Great Northern-the The trade fair and the rodeos and even the sorts in America. It contains notable ex­ Mainstreeter and Western Star, respective­ rose festival will be long forgotten when t:t:e amples of the native arts of the Northwest in ly-now offer travelers a bonus in that sleep­ rock ramparts of the Columbia River Gorge, drapes, blankets, mosaics, decorations and ing-car space can be purchased with only a the stately white spire of Mount Jefferscn newel posts of Indian design. Sid lifts and coach ticket. These two systems enter Ore­ and the timbered headlands of the Oregon ski runs dot the slopes near Timberline gon over the route of the Spokane, Portland, seacost continue to be rich and vivid in Lodge, and there also is a new steam-heated and Seattle Railway. countless memories. swimming pool amid Hood's eternal snows. Although plans were under way long be­ A comparatively short distance from the fore Oregon became 100 years old, it is sig­ lodge, which is the only such inn anywhere nificant that both the Sheraton and Hilton in the 153 national forests of the United Hotel chains are invading Portland with im­ States, sprawl many campgrounds for the pressive new structures in this centennial The Late Ralph H. Moyer pilgrim who prefers somewhat more primi­ year. The Sheraton project is scheduled for tive or rustic quarters. completion next December. Target date for EXTENSION OF REMARKS The Skyline Trail threads along the crest the Hilton Hotel is April 1961. OF of the Cascade Mountains for 250 miles in Furthermore, the city of Portland itself is Oregon. A wayfarer can spend weeks on this constructing an elaborate exposition-recrea­ rugged path and never see another person. tion center, which will make Oregon's prin­ HON. FRED MARSHALL He can almost imagine himself in the soli­ cipal metropolitan community far more suit­ OF MINNESOTA tudes with Lewis and Clark before the white able for large conventions and meetings. In IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES man came-except, perhaps, for that airplane the past, such facilities have been lacking. Monday, May 11, 1959 between Portland and San Francisco wing­ Portland also is building one of the West's ing far overhead. most elaborate zoological gardens, with a Mr. MARSHALL. Mr. E:peaker, the But this is the big wilderness. It is not a miniature streamlined train which will wind recent death of Ralph H. Moyer marks realm of wide open spaces like the Nevada or through the wooded i1.ills that are one of the Arizona deserts. It is characterized by dense city's most striking natural characteristics. the passing of a real pioneer in several evergreen forests. From every knoll or pin­ This "zooliner" has been heralded as with­ of the farm programs which have been so nacle, the nomad can see an endless blanket out counterpart anywhere in the Nation. important to the development of Ameri­ of fir, spruce, and pine. He realizes why Ore­ Principal event of Oregon's centennial can agriculture. He was associated with gon, with 434 billion board-feet of softwood celebration will be the Exposition and Inter­ the Department of Agriculture for almost timber, is the leading State so far as lumber national Trade Fair, to run from June 10 production is concerned. until September 15. It will be on the shores 26 years and at the time of his death was Oregon's people are profoundly conscious of the Columbia River just north of Port­ Deputy Director, Performance Division, of their roads and highways. Indeed, Ore- land, with exhibits on hand from approxi- Commodity Stabilization Service. 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7955 It was my privilege to become ac­ for taxable years after June 30, 1959, to executive branch and the growing demands quainted with Ralph Moyer in the early provide family-sized farmers and others for frequency assignments by both Govern­ days of the Agricultural Adjustment Ad­ engaged in agricultural pursuits an ment and nongovernment applicants. We have also considered the broad overall meth­ ministration. He was a leader in the de­ exemption for the improvement, mod­ ods of allocation of the radio spectrum and velopment of the <:orn-hog program and ernization, and renewal of buildings, and the assignment of radio frequencies as well a dedicated public servant who virtually to provide small and independent busi­ as the availability of desired frequencies. lived for his work. Later he became ness an exemption for good will in the The results of our considerations are em­ just as dedicated to the advance of aerial determination of the value of the estate. bodied in our report which you requested photography in measuring farm acre­ I think that this legislation is abso­ be completed and in your hands prior to ages. His pioneering efforts in this field lutely necessary to the Nation and should January 1, 1959. be enacted into law without delay. The Committee is unanimous to recom­ resulted in a considerable saving in time mending to you the conclusions reached in and money with the development of its report. photographic measurement rather than Re~ pectfully submitted. manual measurement in the field. \V. PRESTON CORDER1\\NK G. KEAR. was in use in relatively few counties. It IRVIN STEWART. has now become established as an accu­ WILLIAM G. THOMPSON. VICTO:a E. COOLEY. rate and economical method of measure­ EJ.XTENS!ON OF REMARKS OF Chairman. ment and about 95 percent of all crop­ INTRODUCTION land in this country has been photo­ HO . OR!EN HARIUS The telecommunication systems of the graphed. OF ARKANSAS United States are essential to the national The clerk of our Subcommittee on De­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES security, to the safety of life and property, partments of Labor and Health, Educa­ to international relations, and to the busi­ tion, and Welfare Appropriations, Mr. Monday, May 11, 1959 ness, social, educational, and political life Robert Moyer, is a worthy son of this dis­ Mr. HARRI S. Mr. Speaker, on March of the country. As such they are one of the tinguished public servant. To him, and 27, 1959, there was transmitted to the Nation's most valuable assets in peace and to his mother and sisters, we extend our provide vital and essential support in the Congress a report and recommendations prosecution of war. deepest sympathy in their great loss. of the Special Advisory Committee on The President in recognizing the impor­ Telecommunication, commonly known as tance of telecommunications declared in his the Cooley Committee after its Chair­ letter to Speaker RAYBURN dated July 28, 1958, man, Victor E. Cooley. In addition to that "changing technology along with chang­ Small Business Legislation Cha irman Cooley, the Committee con­ ing needs in Government and nongovern­ sisted of the following individuals: W. ment a.reas present problems in the tele­ communication field which require search­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS Preston Corderman, major general, U.S. ing examination. The situation is becoming OF Army, retired; Frank G. Kear; Irvin no less complicated by prospective develop­ Stewart; William G. Thompson. ments in satellites and space vehicles as HON. WILLIAM C. CRAMER The Cooley Committee submitted its well as defense weapons systems. Thus it OF FLORIDA report and recommendations on Decem­ has seemed to me that a fresh examination IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ber 29, 1958, and its recommendations of the role of the Federal Government in included a draft bill calling for the es­ this field would be desirable." Monday, May 11,1959 The concern felt by the 85th Congres was tablishment in the Executive Office of Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, I have indicated by the Senate's adoption of Senate the President, of a three member Na­ Joint Resolution 106 establishing a Commis­ today introduced a small business tax tional Telecommunications Board to as­ sion to investigate the utilization of the reform bill which is identical to the sist the President in the discharge of his radio and television frequencies. This reso­ small business bill introduced by the Re­ responsibilities with regard to telecom­ lution was approved with amendments by publican members of the House Small munications and radio spectrum man­ the House Committ-ee on Interstate and For­ Business Committee. agement. eign Commerce but did not come to a vote We must face up to the responnibility in the House. Mr. Speaker, I introduced today the Industry's concern was evidenced more of providing the means by which our draft bill recommended by the Cooley small business institutions may grow and than a year ago and reaffirmed this year Committee so that that bill may be con­ through the adoption of a resolution by the expand on a sound constructive basis. sidered by our committee together with Electronic Industries Association calling for The bill would provide additional reform other proposals previously introduced re­ a study of the spectrum. Nongovernment and revisions of certain sections of the lating to spectrum studies and spectrum users of the spectrum, for example the Internal Revenue Code to assist small management. broadcasters, have indicated a need for addi­ businesses, and overcome the difficulties Mr. Speaker, in order to permit all in­ tional channels in certain frequency ranges not now available. encountered in their efforts to grow, ex­ terested persons and Members of Con­ pand, and modernize. Small business While landline and submarine cable fa­ gress to study the recommendations of cilities are capable of expansion almost with­ represents the broadest base of our en­ the Cooley Committee, I would like to tire economy and we must recognize the out limit, such is not the case with the radio insert at this point the report of that spectrum. There is only one such spectrum, importance of small and new businesses Committee: the usable band of which extends in the and enact a tax policy which encourages REPORT OF SPECIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON present state of the art to about 30 ,000 mega­ freedom of entry into business. The tax TELECOMMUNICATION DECEMBER 29, 1958 cycles-a frequency of about 30 billion cycles system should be designed to stimulate per second. This figure may give the im­ incentive and provide growth but not LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL pression of an inexhaustible supply, but un­ penalize . either large or small firms. DECEMBER 29, 1958. fortunately all parts of the spectrum are This is necessary to our free enterprise Hon. LEO A. HOEGH, not equally usable. D ~ fferent parts have system. Director, different characteristics, many being very Office of Civil and Defense Mobilizati on, useful while others have little or no current Unless we provide for the growth of Washington, D.C. applicat:.on. In consequence, requests for small and medium sized businesses we DEAR MR. HOEGH: We have the honor of frequencies having the most favorable char­ shall inevitably be confronted with a sending to you for transmittal to the Presi­ acteristics are of sufficient volume often to greater merger and business failure dent the report and recommendations of the cause an excess of demand over supply. problem than we have now. Special Advisory Committee on Telecommu­ The importance of efficient use of the In brief the purposes of the bill are nication as called for by your letter of No­ spectrum is emphasized from a national se­ to provide for expansion, growth, and vember 4, 1958, creating the Committee and curity standpoint by the expanding need of modernization, to permit individuals and setting forth its mission. radio channels in the Department of De­ Since the initial meeting of the Commit­ fense. Not only have all branches of the partnerships filing income tax returns tee which you convened on November 18, military become increasingly dependent indep~ndent for small and businesses en­ we have reviewed the administrative organi­ u ~Jon spectrum use for communications, but gaged in trade or commerce to hav.e elec­ zation and procedures currently in force the engineering design of space vehicles and tion to be taxed as a corporation,. to dealing with day-to-day matters relating to many of our most modern weapons makes provide a normal tax rat~ of 20 perc~mt t;}lecor.lmunications management within the the use of rad:o c·umncls e:::scntlal to their 7~56 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 11 operation and direction. Also urgent is the This committee reports to the Director of Federal Communications Commission. To increased need of frequencies for modern OCDM through the Deputy Assistant Director give such powers to the FCC would present airplane operation, and other important for Telecommunications. The IRAC is a number of difficulties. That body is fully services are equally demanding. primarily a group of coequal users and as occupied wit h its regulatory and assignment The demand for radio frequencies has been such is not an appropriate group to act, nor functions in the nongovernment field. The growing steadily since the early 1900's. At does it act, as a policymaking or authorita­ duties needing attention, including the al­ the time of the Berlin Radio Conference in tive body. location of frequencies to Government agen­ 1906 the usable radio spectrum comprised The Federal Communications Commission cies, call for a different type of operation about 500 kilocycles of space. Currently which succeeded the Federal Radio Com­ than is required in an agency concerned with nearly 40 million kilocycles of space, or about mission in 1934 regulates nongovernment the regulatory problems of nongovernmental 80,000 times as much, is allocated in the telecommunications, including the assign­ users. It would also seem inappropriate to United St ates, of which about 15 million ment of radio frequencies, with a staff of give the FCC the power to act in mat ters af­ kilocycles is used so intensively that it has about 1,000 people. Administering the work fecting the executive agencies or responsi­ become difficult to satisfy new requirements. of the Commission are seven Commissioners bilities relating closely to national defense or The increase since the beginning of World which give it a continuing source of high­ foreign affairs. These are areas of decision War II is about two-hundred-fold and since level direction. which belong to the President and should the Korean action began is about fourfold. These various segments form our nat ional be his prerogative to delegate. Because of Thus it is vital to the welfare and secm·ity r egulatory and control mechanism of tele­ t h ese considerations the committee believes of the country that the radio spectrum be communicat ions. that these broad discretionary functions can efficiently and effectively used. . best be discharged and the strengthening CONSIDERATIONS LEADING TO A CONCLUSION best be accomplished through creation of a With the foregoing in mind, and being As inferred in t he introductory patagraph aware of his responsibilities in this field, board within the executtve office of the of this report, the basic problem giving rise President to act for and be answerable to the the Director of the Office of Civil and Defense to the appointment of this committee is the Mobilization, on behalf of the President, President in the carrying out of his respon­ fact that in certain parts of the radio spec­ sibilities under the Communications Act. created the Special Advisory Committee on trum the demand for frequencies has become Telecommunication to review the role of The type of responsibility which is contem­ greater t h an the supply, and the further fact plated should, we feel, be vested in a board the Federal Government in the m an agement that the trend in volume of applications, of telecommunications. The text of the Di­ of three rather than in a single individual. both Government and nongovernment, for A wisely constituted board can bring a vari­ rector's letter is attached as appendix A. frequencies in specific bands indicates that In view of the study given the subject in ety of experience and points of view to the the situation will grow progressively worse. problems with which the United States is recent years, the results of which are avail­ Although it has been possible to date able, the committee felt it was not neces­ confronted in the area of telecommunica­ through piecemeal compromise on the allo­ tions, and we believe that the desirable di­ sary to hold hearings to determine the ex­ cations and assignments of radio frequen­ istence, nature, and scope of the problem versity of viewpoints can be achieved with cies to satisfy most requests in a workable three properly selected individuals. assigned to it. A review of past studies in manner, it is plainly of great importance to light of the current situation was under­ The new Board would necessarily be privy our national security and welfare that the to the plans of all agencies it serves, for both taken. The discussion and recommendations mechanism of allotting and assigning fre­ which follow are based on this review. present and future use, under an assurance quencies, particularly in the Government of complete security for all information OUR CURRENT MECHANISM field, be reviewed and strengthened to the which it receives: Its decisions would have The Government of the United States has end of assuring the most effective use of a a bearing upon war plans and upon the pro­ from time to time established agencies to scarce but essential national resource. duction of vast quantities of civilian and deal on a continuing basis with various as­ A consideration disquieting to many is military equipment. It would introduce a pects of telecommunication management the fact, as mentioned earlier, that the law positive planning factor into decisions which includes radio, landline, and subma­ establishes a dual control over the radio which are now being made on the basis of rine cables. As the use of telecommunica­ frequency spectrum, the President having re­ insufficient information as to present plans tions has grown, with the Governmel}t itself sponsibility for Government use and the Fed­ and probable future developments, scientific a major user, existing Government mecha­ eral Communications Commission for non­ and otherwise. nisms have required and will continue to government use. Thus there is no indi­ The Board should undertake studies of require adjustment and strengthening. vidual, agency, or board invested with the the kind and intensity of use of current­ The Communications Act of 1934, as responsibility for the effective use of the ly assigned frequencies; acquaint itself with amended, gives to the President the responsi­ radio spectrum as a whole. the present state of both military and civil­ bility for assigning radio frequencies to the In reviewing the structure as it has evolved ian operations and research which may have Federal Government agencies, and to the the Committee was continuously struck by a bearing upon the future demand for fre­ Federal Communications Commission the re­ the absence of adequate provision for high­ quencies; prepare itself to suggest areas in sponsibility for assigning frequencies to com­ level consideration on the Government side which additional research might be under­ mercial and private users, including State of a variety of matters of vital national im­ taken in the light of probable future require­ and local governments. Thus the law estab­ portance in the area of telecommunications. ments, both civilian and military; review the lishes a dual control over a single national re­ The Federal Communications Commission international telecommunications situation source. Additionally, the act vests in the provides a vehicle for adequate considera­ with a view to strengthening our interna­ President wartime authority over all tele­ tion in the nongovernment area. In sharp tional posture; and keep continually under communications. contrast, as indicated earlier, decisions in examination the entire field of telecommuni­ The necessity for a mechanism to super­ the area of Government use or of conflict be­ cations in order to advise the President of vise and administer the Government's needs tween Government and nongovernment use, any actions which it thinks he should take to and uses of telecommunications was stressed are often made by compromises at the op­ advance the public interest. erational level by staff members, who though The type of organization we have in mind by the report of the President's Communica­ competent in their fields, do not necessar­ tions Policy Board in 1951.1 would h ave the following characteristics: ily have the total picture of national inter­ 1. It would be established by Congress at The mechanism which was subsequently est. There is also an unfortunate absence established on a minimal basis consisted of a the request of the President. at present of anyone in the executive 2. It would be established in the Execu­ Telecommunications Advisor to the President branch with adequate knowledge, experi­ and a small professional staff. Later reor­ tive Office of the President at a level to give ence, and stature to act for the President in it direct access to the President and to the ganization resulted in a downgrading of the these matters and there is not available office. This important work is now assigned heads of Government agencies using tele­ therein an organization adequate to accumu­ communications. to a numerically inadequate staff-about 12 late the information and experience upon people-under the direction of the Deputy which to base sound action. 3. It would have its own staff to the ex­ Assistant Director for Telecommunications tent necessary to assure both the objectivity who reports to the Director of the Office of CONCLUSION of the information upon which it acts and Civil and Defense Mobilization through the In the opinion of the Committee any the unbiased character of recommendations Assistant Director for Resources and Pro­ sweeping change in the regulation and con­ based upon that information. duction. Thus it has no established source trol of telecommunications by the Govern­ 4. It would have the authority to require of high-level direction from executives ment, and in the legislation therefor, any Government agency to produce any in­ knowledgeable in telecommunications. should be considered only after extensive formation within its field of interest and Assisting the Deputy Assistant Director for study and the development of a well­ to provide any assistance which it believes Telecommunications is the Interdepartment thought-out course of action. The commit­ necessary to a proper decision. R g_ dio Advisory Committee (IRAC), a com­ tee does feel, however, that in advance of 5. It would have continuity to facilitate mittee of Federal agency experts which af­ such a study, certain immediate steps can the development of long-range policies. fords technical guidance in the assignment and should be taken to strengthen the execu­ 6. It would be an agency with no responsi­ of radio frequencies to Government agencies. tive branch side of telecommunications bility for the operation of any telecommuni­ management. cations. 1 Telecommunications-A Program for It has been suggested that additional 7. It would not disturb the present func­ Progress. powers in this area might be given to the tions of the Federal Communications Com- 1959 CONGRESSIONAl RECORD·- HOUSE 7957 mission, including that of determinin-g and for the use thereof. The Board should facilities to the requirements of defense in a which applicants shall recelve assignments maintain or ·cause to be maintained suitable national emergency or war; within bands set aside for nongovernmental records of assignment of frequencies to Gov­ 3. Direct and coordinate the development use. ernment users and the publication of lists of by the several agencies of the executive MEASURES RECOMMENDED Government frequency assignments as ap­ b.ranch of agency plans, programs, and ac­ propriate. twns designed to carry out approved na­ Recommendation in summary The Board should, as a special duty, re­ tional plans, programs, and actions in an It is recommended that a Board be estab­ view the national table of radio frequency emergency; lished through legislation requested by the allocations being employed by Federal Gov­ 4. Formulate plans and directives to pro­ President in order to provide the President ernment and non-Federal Government users. vide for the control of telecommunications with the means of discharging his respon­ This review should be undertaken in con­ in a national emergency; sibilities in connection with national tele­ sultation with the Federal Communications 5. Formulate plans for the conversion of communication resources, including the Commission to the end that a determination defense telecommunication services and fa­ Government's use of the radio frequency be made as to whether the current division cilities no longer required for defense pur­ spectrum. of radio spectrum serves the national in­ poses after an emergency to the purposes of A draft bill designed to accomplish the terest to an appropriate degree. The Board reconstruction, rehabilitation and peace. foregoing recommendation by establishing a should make a report of findings to the . In order to avoid duplication within legis­ National Telecommunications Board is at­ President for transmission to Congress. The lation concerning the mobilization planning tached as Appendix B. report should contain, in addition to the function which is already a legislated re­ A draft Executive order designed to estab­ findings resulting from the review and the sponsibility of the Office of Civil and De­ lish mobilization planning responsibilities comments of the FCC thereon, such recom­ fense Mobilization, it appears preferable to for the Board is also attached as Appendix mendations as may be considered desirable exclude this function from the draft bill and c. and applicable. The report should be made provide, in the form of an Executive order ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL TELECOM­ at the earliest date consistent with the task for Presidential delegation of this planning MUNICATIONS BOARD to be performed but no later than 2 years responsibility. from the appointment and qualification of There should be established in the Execu­ the Board members. APPENDIX A tive Office of the President a National Tele­ The Board should maintain continuing re­ communications Board which reports di­ view of the national table of radio frequency EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT rectly to the President. The Board should allocations, coordinating with the Federal OFFICE OF CIVIL A;_D consist of three members to be appointed by Communications Commission, for the pur­ . DEFENSE MOBILIZATION, the President, by and with the advice and pose of ensuring an appropriate division of Washmgton, D.C., November 4, 1958. consent of the Senate. The Chairman spectrum space between the Federal Gov­ Mr. Victor E. Cooley; Maj. Gen. W. Preston should be designated by the President. ernment and non-Federal Government users. Corderman, U.S. Army, retired; Dr. Board members should receive compensation The Board should formulate, and coordinate Frank G. Kear; Dr. Irvin Stewart; Mr. in accordance with·prevailing scales ill com­ with the FCC, the development of long­ William G. Thompson: parable Government bodies. The Interde­ range plans for future use of the radio On behalf of President Eisenhower, I write partment Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC) spectrum resource. The Board should en­ to invite you to serve as members of a tem­ should report to and assist the Board in the courage the operational application of new porary Special Advisory Committee on Tele­ performance of the Board's functions as techniques, improved equipment and meth­ communication to the President and me. the Board may direc:t. ods to promote a more effective use of the This committee is created to review the role Functions of the Board radio spectrum and to conserve radio fre­ of the Federal Government in the manage­ ment of telecommunication and, based on The Board should assist and advise the quencies. The Board should, as a further special duty such review, to make recommendations .to President in the discharge of his responsibili­ me which I may submit to the President, on ties as President of the United States in con­ (1) study the role of the Federal Govern­ ment in the management of U.S. telecom­ actions essential to improve the allocation, nection with U.S. telecommunication re­ management, and control of radio and televi­ sources to meet the changing demands of munications; (2) study the administrative organizations for discharging the Govern­ sion frequencies for Government and non­ national security and welfare, and should government use. It is thought the admin­ act for him in the discharge of his responsi­ ment's responsibilities with particular refer­ ence to the division of responsibility under istration should be in a position to recom­ bilities arising from the Communications mend to the Congress that a Commission Act of 1934, as amended, for management of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, and the terms of the proposed be appointed to advance specific recom­ the Federal Government's use of the radio mendations in this vital field. Other persons frequency spectrum in such a way as to pro­ bill; and (3) not later than 2 years of the appointment and qualification of the Board invited today to be members of the commit­ vide the optimum a~commodation of present tee are as listed on the attachment to this and foreseen future needs of national secu­ members, report to the President for trans­ mission to the Congress the Board's recom­ letter. rity, safety of life and property, international Our economy and national defense today relations, and the economic, social, educa­ mendations on what changes, if any, should be made in the existing administrative or­ are highly dependent upon the smooth func­ tional, and political life of the Nation and tioning of our national telecommunication the general welfare of its people. ganization. The Board should carry out such other services. The rapidly changing technology · The Board -should formulate telecom­ and changing needs in Government and non­ munication policie-s, plans, programs, and duties and responsibilities as may be directed by the President from time to time. g any member appointed to fill a va.cancy occurring prior to the expiration of the term Be it enacted by the Senate and House of appropriate degree. The Board shall make a report of findings to the President for trans­ for which his predecessor was appointed R epresentatives of the United States of shall be appointed for the remainder of such mission to Congress. The report shall con~ America in Congress assembled, That this term; and (2) the terms of office of the Act may be cited as the "National Telecom­ tain, in addition to the findings resulting from the review and the comments of the members first taking office after the date of munications Act of 1959". enactment of this Act shall expire, as desig­ NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD Federal Communications Commission there­ on, such recommendations as may be consid­ nated by the President at the time of ap­ SEC. 1. There is hereby established in ered desirable and applicable. The report is pointment, one a.t the end of two years, one the Executive Office of the President the to be made at the earliest date consistent at the end of four years, and one at the end National Telecommunications Board, here­ with the task to be performed but no later of six years. Two members shall constitute inafter referred to as the "Board", which than 2 years from the appointment and qual­ a quorum of the Board. Each member of shall report directly to the President. The ification of the Board members. the Board shall be a citizen of the United Board shall consist of three members to be States. (e) The Board shall maintain continu­ ANNUAL REPORT appointed by the President, by and with ing review of the national table of radio fre­ the advice and consent of the Senate. The quency allocations, coordinating with the SEc. 4. The Board shall make an annual Chairman shall be designated by the Presi­ Federal Communications Commission, for report to the President for transmission on dent and shall receive compensation at the the purpose of ensuring an appropriate divi­ or before the 15th of March of each year to rate of $20,500 per annum. The other two sion of spectrum space between the Federal the Congress, summarizing the activities of Board members shall receive compensation Government and non-Federal Government the Board for the previous calendar year and at the rate of $20,000 per annum. All ac­ users. The Board shall formulate, and co­ making such recommendations as it may tions of the Board except those relating to ordinate with the Federal Communications deem appropriate. internal administrative matters shall be by Commission, the development of long-range TRANSFER OF RECORDS, PROPERTY, PERSONNEL, affirmative vote of a majority of its mem­ plans for future use of the radio spectrum AND FUNDS bers. The Chairman shall be responsible resource. The Board shall encourage the SEC. 5. The records, property, personnel for the internal administrative direction of operational application of new techniques, the Board and its staff. and funds used, held, employed, available, or improved equipment, and methods to pro­ to be made available, in connection with the FUNCTIONS OF THE BOARD mote a more effective use of the radio spec­ functions vested in the Director of the Office SEc. 2. (a) The Board shall assist and ad­ trum and to conserve radio frequencies. of Civil and Defense Mobilization by Execu­ vise the President in the discharge of his re­ (f) The Board shall, as a further special tive Order 10460 of June 16, 1953, and Exec­ sponsibilities as President of the United duty, (1) study the role of the Federal Gov­ utive Order 10705 of April 17, 1957, shall be States in connection with United States tele­ ernment in the management of United States transferred, consonant with law to the Board. telecommunications; (2) study the adminis­ communication resources to meet the chang­ APPROPRIATIONS ing demands of national security and wel­ trative organizations for discharging the Gov­ fare and shall act for him in the discharge of ernment's responsibilities with particular SEC. 6. There are hereby authorized to be his responsibilities arising from the Commu­ reference to the division of responsibility appropriated such sums as may be necessary nications Act of 1934, as amended, for man­ under the Communications Act of 1934, as and appropriate for the carrying out of the agement of the Federal Government's use of amended, and the terms of this Act; and (3) provisions and purposes of this Act. the radio frequency spectrum in such a way not later than two years of the appointment as to provide the optimum accommodation and qualification of the Board members, APPENDIX C report to the President for transmission to of present and foreseen future needs of na­ EXECUTIVE ORDER CONFERRING UPON THE NA­ tional security, safety of life and property, the Congress the Board's recommendations on what changes, if any, should be made in TIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD THE international relations, and the economic, RESPONSIBILITY FOR MOBILIZATION PLANNING social, educational, and political life of the the existing administrative organization. Nation and the general welfare of its people. (g) The Board shall carry out such other TO CONTROL AND REGULATE NATIONAL 'I'ELE• COMMUNICATIONS IN AN EMERGENCY (b) The Board shall formulate telecommu­ duties and responsibilities as may be directed nication policies, plans, programs, and stand­ by the President from time to time. By virtue of the authority vested in me ards designed to assure efficient telecommu­ (h) The Board shall establish and main­ by the Constitution and laws of the United nication management within the executive tain liaison as required with departments States, including the Defense Production Act branch of the Government with due regard and agencies of the Federal Government and of 1950, as amended, (50 U.S.C. App. 2061, for the maintenance of sound and healthy the telecommunications industry, including et. seq.), and as President of the United commercial telecommunication services both but not limited to the broadcasting, elec­ States and Commander in Chief of the domestic and foreign. The Board shall co­ tronic, and communication services, with Armed Forces of the United States, it is here­ ordinate the formulation of United States particular reference to research and develop­ by ordered as follows: policies and positions within the executive ment and new manufacturing techniques SECTION 1. The National Telecommunica­ branch of the Government for international and capabilities, for the purpose of improv­ tions Board which is responsible for assist­ negotiation and shall assist and advise the ing telecommunication services, the conser­ ing and advising me pursuant to my respon­ Secretary of State in the projection interna­ vation of the spectrum, and for increasing sibilities for the management of U.S. tele­ tionally of United States telecommunication productivity of the total resource. The communications, shall assume the additional policies and positions. The Board shall pro­ Board shall encourage research and studies responsibilities for mobilization planning to vide policy guidance for and direct the im­ in those areas where the need exists. control and regulate national telecommuni­ plementation of United States internation­ (i) The Board shall, in the formulation cations in an emergency. These responsi­ al telecommunication treaty obligations by and promulgation of policies, plans, pro­ bilities shall include but not necessarily the several agencies in the executive branch grams, criteria, standards, and procedures be limited to the following tasks: of the Government. of national import, consult as appropriate (a) The Board shall formulate national (c) The Board shall carry out such policy­ with the Federal Government agencies. telecommunication policies, plans, and pro­ making, planning, and executive functions (j) The Board is also authorized: (1) grams designed to assure maximum security as are required for the discharge of the Presi­ subject to the civil service and classification to the United States in time of national dent's responsibilities arising from section laws, to select, employ, appoint, and fix the emergency with a minimum of interference 305 of the Communications Act of 1934, as compensation of such officers, employees, at­ to continuing nongovernmental require­ amended, for the assignment of radio fre­ torneys, and agents as shall be necessary to ments. quencies to Government stations or classes carry out the provisions of this Act, and (b) The Board shall formulate plans for of stations. The Board shall formulate poli­ to define their authority and duties; (2) to the adaptlon of nondefense telecommunica­ cies, criteria, engineering standards, and appoint such advisory committees as shall be tion services and facilities to the require­ procedures for the allocation and assign­ appropriate for the purpose of consultation ments of defense in a national emergencv or ment of radio frequencies to the several and advice to the Board in performance of war. 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7959 (c) The Board shall d·irect and coordinate acres and the near-miracle of transa Near En..st, South America, Africa, and the development by the several agencies of forming the arid Negev desert into green elsewhere. the executive branch of agency plans, proa farmland continues. grams, and actions designed to carry out Another common disease in many approved national plans, programs; and aca But Israel is not solely an agricultural newly developing countries is tubercu­ tions in an emergency. - nation. Actually it is the most indus­ losis, which annually kills hundreds of (d) The Board shall formulate plans and trialized country in the Middle East. In thousands. Most frequently found in directives for an emergency telecommunica­ general, the country has progressed so young and middle-aged adults, its victim tions agency to direct the control and pria remarkably that the standard of living is often the family wage earner or the ority of use of U.S. telecommunications in a of most of its people is on a level with mother who cares for the children. Its national emergency. many West European countries. In fact, effect on a country's economic produc­ (e) The Board shall formulate plans for the conversion of defense telecommunication given a breakthrough in any one of the tive capacity is enormous. services and facilities no longer required for scientific fields presently being explored Diarrheal diseases in various forms defense purposes to the purposes of recon­ in the country-atomic energy, desalini­ account for one out of every four hu­ struction, rehabilitation, and peace. zation of sea water, and the harnessing of man deaths that occur each year. While SEc. 2. The Board, in the process of carry­ solar energy-Israel could speedily be­ some occur frequently in epidemic form, ing out the foregoing responsibilities, will come one of the world's most techno­ most represent a constant, day-to-day consult with the various Government agen­ logically advanced countries. threat of illness and death. Simple cies and commercial enterprises as necessary Self-improvement alone, however, has cleanliness through good bodily hygiene to produce effective planning at the national level in order that individual ?.gency plans not satisfied Israel. For the past few is the key to prevention of these infec­ may become integral parts of the whole. years it has been providing technical as­ tions, but inadequate and impure water It will form such committees and boards sistance to African and Asia countries, supplies in many of the less developed as are necessary to assist and advise it in notably Ghana and Burma. Many new areas makes improvement difficult. discharging these additional responsibilities. African and Asian nations have found in Mention should be made, too, of tra­ SEc. 3. The mobilization plans developed Israel a state capable of extending assist­ choma, an eye disease rarely found in by the Board shall be consistent with the ance, entering into trade, and providing the United States, but common in the policy direction and program guidance estab­ lished by the Director of the Office of Civil capital and technicians without encoun­ Middle East and Africa. An estimated and Defense Mobilization. tering the danger of economic domina­ 3 million persons have been blinded by DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER. tion or military commitment. Also, the it and other infectious eye diseases in dynamic spirit of Israel and its visible the Middle East alone. accomplishments provide an attractive These are some of the numerous dis­ APPENDIX D example for the Afro-Asians. This is eases that the underdeveloped areas STATE OF THE UNION MESSAGE one of the most promising aspects of the must cope with, invariably with inade­ Changing technology, along with changing relationship between them. Israel's quate doctors, nurses, hospital facilities, needs in Government and nongovernment democratic system, rather than that of and medical equipment. In one such areas, presents serious problems that require searching examination in the field of tele­ the Communists, may serve as a model country, with a population over 8 mil­ communications, particularly as respects ad­ for the underdeveloped areas. lion, there are less than 80 practicing ministration and use of the radio spectrum. On this, Israel's 11th Independence physicians and only 600 hospital beds. These problems affect both the national secu­ Day, therefore, it is with great pride that In another, 70 percent of all babies are r~ty and the industrial and social welfare of I congratulate its citizens and wish them delivered by midwives who do not know the country. The present Government mech­ all peace, prosperity, and continuing or practice basic hygiene. In :still an­ anism is not adequate to meet these prob­ progress in the coming years. other, one province with over 1 million lems. To correct this situation I will send inhabitants does not have a single phy­ to the Congress a bill requesting that a Na­ tional Telecommunications Board consisting sician. of three members be established in the Exec­ The United States is actively engaged utive Office of the President whose primary U.S. Public Health Activities in in extensive bilateral and multilateral mission will be to carry out the responsibil­ programs of public health improvement ities imposed on the President by the Com­ Underdeveloped Areas with other governments. Since the first munications Act of 1934 in connection with joint program of the present type was national telecommunications resources, in­ launched in Ecuador in March 1942, cluding management of the Government's EXTENSION OF REMARKS technical cooperation in this field has use of the radio frequency spectrum, and of OF all telecommunications in time of emer­ grown progressively. gency. HON. FRANCES P. BOLTON Our bilateral health assistance pro­ OF OHIO grams center primarily on training of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES health personnel, organization of serv­ Israel Independence Day ices and programs, and planning for bet­ Monday, May 11, 1959 ter health. Supplies and equipment are Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Speaker, one of significant contributions in special proj­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS ects such as the worldwide malaria erad­ OF the major obstacles to progress in the underdeveloped areas of the world is ication campaign. HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND the widespread prevalence of debilitat­ The response to these projects has OF MASSACHUSETTS ing diseases. Each year such diseases been enthusiastic, with local sources IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES take a staggering toll in human lives contributing substantially more -~han is spent by the United States on joint pro­ Monday, May 11, 1959 and wasted energy. A malaria epidemic in Ethiopia alone grams. Host governments are being Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, 11 years last year is estimated to have caused stimulated to increase the total health have passed since the State of Israel was 50,000 to 60.000 deaths in a 2¥2-month activities of their own countries, with declared independent in 1948. In that period. All areas of the country up to a consequent improvement in the na­ short period of time Israel has evolved an elevation of 6,800 feet were affected, tional health. from an infant state barely able to sur­ and millions of people involved. Some insight into our health programs vive into a strong and capable country. Trypanosomiasis - African sleeping in action overseas may be gained by an Its growth can be described only as sickness-a disease which attacks both examination of representative programs phenomenal. man and his domestic animals, has been in three countries-India, Ethiopia, and Opening its doors to the Jews of the described as the single most important Puerto Rico. world Israel has absorbed more than 1 bottleneck in the development of much In India, where malariologists have million immigrants and has thus trebled of the African continent. Almost calculated nearly half the free world's its population. The country's agricul­ equally pervasive is schistosomiasis­ total population exposed to malaria. tural production has doubled and 65 per­ bilharzia- the debilitating disease exists, real progress ic being made. The cent of Israel's food needs are now met by transmitted by snails that live in irri­ eradication program is under direction of its own farmers. The arable land has gation canals and estimated to affect the Indian Ministry· of Health, and the been increased by well over half a million more than 100 million people in the United States through ICA is supplying 7960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May 11 the foreign exchange needed for import­ graduates were assigned to local health When the 50th star is finally affixed to the ed insecticides and other commodities. services in other parts of the empire. In American flag, what a glorious day it will be for Hawaii, the Federal Union and the During fiscal year 1959, 260 million peo­ August of 1958, a second class composed free world. ple will be protected and it is expected of 29 health omcers, 13 community I am one of those who believe whole­ that this will be increased to 360 million nurses, and 19 sanitarians was gradu­ heartedly in your eagerness and ability to in fiscal year 1960. · ated. Thus by August 1958, this insti­ shoulder your new responsibilities which A study reported in the Indian Journal tution had educated 108 well-qualified necessarily accompany the blessings of state­ of Malariology estimates the return on health workers trained specifically to at­ hood. I am confident you will use your m alaria control measures to be about 50 tack the major health problems of the new opportunities vigorously and wisely. country. A small corps of laboratory Toward that end it behooves us all to abide to 1 in increased production, as com­ by Woodrow Wilson's admonition "that we pared to the cost of DDT spraying op­ technicians is also being trained in this are not put into this world to sit still and erations. Malaria control in the state of institution and 12 will finish their course know; we are put into it to act"-to act as Uttar Pradsch has permitted the recla­ in August of 1959. · best we can in the service of our community, mation of hundreds of thousands of In 1954 a contract was signed with the our State, our Nation, and the entire family acres of land formerly idle, with the pro­ University of Puerto Rico, under which of man. duction of large quantities of vitally the university accepted people from In order so to act, we must think and needed wheat. Estimates of the World Latin America for training in public plan long years ahead. We must consider, health. All public health classes are for example, the decade 1965 to 1975-years Health Organization indicate that the when we may be confronting at least two national income of India could be aug­ held in Spanish. Training in spoken major challenges. mented by $500 million annually through English is a part of the curriculum. For one thing, Russian Premier Nikita malaria eradication. Puerto Rico provides a golden oppor­ Khrushchev hopes to realize his boast that, Ethiopia is currently in the communi­ tunity to demonstrate American democ­ at some point in those years, his country cable disease era. Statistics available racy and know-how operating within a will sweep ahead of ours-and of all others­ from Government hospitals indicate that Spanish culture. That this combina­ in economic production. probably 70 percent of the population tion can be successful is readily evident Personally, I believe that the Soviet Union suffers from some form of intestinal to the visitor from Latin America to will not be the world's foremost economic parasites; 25 percent to 35 percent of Puerto Rico. producer in 1970. Nonetheless, its output may well rise to 60 percent of ours, as the population is at risk from malaria; The contract has been a real success. against about 40 percent now. Unavoidably, 30 percent of the population suffers from Each year since 1954, 25 to 30 ICA spon­ of course, that rise in Soviet productivity veneral disease; possible 3 percent have sored trainees have been given profes­ will increase the Soviet Union's capacity, as active pulmonary tuberculosis; some sional training. Equally important, it chooses, either to improve the meager areas have a 6 percent to a 7 percent many trainees each year have been living of its people or further to endanger incidence of leprosy; trachoma and other trained for other agencies such as WHO the free world by way of aggression. eye infections may affect as many as and PASB at their expense, and the For a second thing, assuming the per­ 60 percent in selected regions; and Ministries of Health of Latin America petuation of the Chinese Communist re­ gime, it may well rule by the year 1975 over typhus, relapsing fever, and pneumonia have used Puerto Rico for training spon­ 894 million Chinese on the mainland, a take a tremendous annual toll during sored and financed by their own re­ number nearly equal to the then combined the cold, raw, rainy season. Poor nu­ sources. population of the Soviet Union and the trition plays a significant role leading Mr. Speaker, solution of major health United States, multiplied by two. to deaths resulting from many infec­ problems in the underdeveloped areas is True, without an enormous industrial tions which would otherwise not prove an important concern to the people of growth, Communist China will remain, as fatal. the United States. Our participation in today, a truculent but relatively feeble mon­ There are currently only five Ethio­ public health assistance programs is a ster. But as the regime there holds to its pian nationals who are doctors of medi­ belligerent ways, every increase in its in­ natural expression of the American tra­ dustrialization, though accomplished at ter­ cine. The bulk of professional medical dition of extending a helping hand to our rible cost in human life and pain, increases attention falls on the shoulders of 160 fellow man, and as such deserves our its power to threaten other nations. As to foreigners of different nationalities. All wholehearted support. that, I suspect that no matter what the men of the Ethiopian physicians and half of in the Kremlin say publicly, even now they the foreign physicians are concentrated ponder the fact "other nations" might well in Addis Ababa, leaving but one doctor someday include the Soviet Union. for each 400,000 persons in areas outside Address by Hon. Fred Seaton, the Secre­ My own conviction is that the Reds will of Addis. not have succeeded in industrializing China tary of the Interior enough by 1975 to tempt them to risk the There are currently 4 schools of madness of a major war. Nevertheless, we nursing in the Empire, but, since the EXTENSION OF REMARKS do expect that they, along with the Soviets, graduation of the first class in 1953, OF will continue to thrust outward, using every only 90 to 100 nurses have completed subversive device imaginable to probe for their schooling and are practicing. HON. PHIL WEAVER weaknesses in the armor of the free world. In 1953, a project agreement was OF NEBRASKA The impact of these expansionist tactics will likely materially influence your adult signed by ICA with the Ethiopian Gov­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ernment in conjunction with the World lives and the lives of all citizens of the Monday, May 11,1959 free world. Health Organization and the United Na­ Faced with tl:ese tactics, it seems obvious tions Children's Fund for establishment Mr. WEAVER. Mr. Speaker, recently we have but three alternatives. The first and operation of the Public Health Col­ the Honorable Fred A. Seaton, the Secre­ two are unthinkable: (1) declare war, (2) lege and Training Center at Gondar, tary of the Interior, made a remarkable surrender. Only the third is possible for Ethiopia. This institution was designed address to the student body of the Uni­ a Nation which ia sane and brave and free: for and is training Ethiopians to versity of Hawaii. I believe his remarks compete with vigor, be strong militarily, and always remain ready to negotiate wisely staff local health departments. Health should be spread in the RECORD for the and sincerely for peace with honor. omcers take a 3-year course, com­ benefit of all Members of this House. Here at home and abroad, we must make munity nurses a 2-year course, and The address follows: certain the free world economy continues to sanitarians, a 1-year course. On ADDRESS BY SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR FRED .swell its mighty torrent of production. That August 23, 1957, 20 health omcers, 15 A. SEATON BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF means many things. One is we have no community nurses and 12 sanitarians HAWAII, HONOLULU, HAWAU, MAY 7, 1959 realistic choice other than to maintain our were graduated as the first class from This convocation of your own great Uni- worldwide policy of mutual security. An­ this institution. These graduates then versity of Hawaii is for me a happy occasion. .other is that we must ever strive toward re­ served a year's internship in the Among other reasons, it marks the second moving all artificial obstacles to trade, ex­ time within a year it has been my privilege cept those which must remain because of a province in which the college is located to speak to a university in a Territory of the clear and overriding national interest. and under direct supervision of the proj­ United States just before the achievement The doing of these things not only helps ect staff. After August 1958, these of long-sought statehood. counter the expansionism of the Soviet Un- 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7961 ion and Red China; even more importantly, idea in the guise of something new. "Re­ A second hindrance is the Communists' it recognizes the revolution of rising ex­ treat," they said, "Let the Communists have clever and diabolical propaganda, endlessly pectations which is taking place in the less­ those little islands. How would Americans distorting the truth. developed countries of the world. We must feel," they cried, "if Communist forces were And for ourselves, there are difficulties in continue our help to the people in these in posse8sion of our Staten Island, lying off­ the fact that we and the peoples of Asia per­ countries in their efforts to achieve better shore from New York?" force must span not only distance but also homes, better sanitation, better food, bet­ Fortunately, the President of the United differences-differences of race, of religion, ter education and-above all-liberty. States, long experienced in the wiles of the and of culture. Here, the new State of In this struggle of others for a better Reds, stood fir.m, and the American people Hawaii can have its golden hour. That is so life, our own great Nation certainly has supported him in his wise decision. The re­ because you are particularly fitted to tutor been the champion, both by precept and ex­ sult you know. The Communists did not take your fellow Americans in understanding and ample. The United States of America has Quemoy and Matsu, to say nothing of Taiwan. solving the problems. not been the represser, nor will it ever be. Another idea, abroad for a long time but Already you have shown much evidence of In truth, by heritage and conviction, you currently redressed as something new, is the your will and your capability in this respect. and I believe profoundly in the right of any recognition of Red China. To do so would Hawaiian achievements in social research, in people freely to choose the economic system reverse the U.S. policy established in 1950 the instruction of Asian students coming to by which they hope to better their stand­ and supported ever since by the leaders of the United States· and of American students ard of living. You and I also believe some­ both political parties. going to the Far East, and in the introduc­ thing else: any nation which still has a What would recognition of Red China tion of philosophers from East and West­ freedom of choice should mark well the fact mean? Among other things it would likely these are a splendid beginning. that no matter what economic system it mean the free world's eventual loss of Tai­ It is my prediction you will expand such may choose, there can be no production wan, the extinction of 600,000 Chinese Na­ rewarding activities in the years ahead. statistics which would justify the surrender tionalist troops, and the breaking of our In that respect I should like to see the of its mind and will to Communist rule. island chain of defenses in the Western Pa­ University of Hawaii become an ever more The specters of many once-free nations cific. In the eyes of the Chinese Com­ thriving laboratory with professors and stu­ cry out from the grave of human rights. munists, who publicly proclaim their hatred dents constantly seeking new ways to inter­ They are eloquent witnesses to the tragic of the United States and respect only mili­ pret our history, our culture, and our foreign truth that the greatest mistake of all is to tary might, such recognition would be a clear policy into terms which Asian people plainly follow the Communist pattern. victory for them. In the eyes of the free can understand. Too many have discovered too late that in countries throughout the Far East--coun­ Moreover, I should like to see-and I ex­ the world of the Communist will, the false tries looking to us for help in stopping any pect to see-the State of Hawaii, facing as it dawn of economic promise inevitably dark­ Communist crossing of their borders-such does toward Asia, become an ever more bril­ ens into the black and terror-filled midnight recognition would be considered both retreat liant showcase of American freedoms and of political captivity and degradation of and defeat for the free world. American economic growth. I suggest one humanity. Our refusal to recognize Red China serves way to do this would be to establish here a There is-and always there will be-an both a moral and a practical purpose. Cer­ permanent international trade and culture easy way to slavery. To the gaining or the tainly, neither the Japanese, the Koreans, center, designed to serve as a magnet and keeping of liberty, there is no easy way. the Vietnamese, the Filipinos nor other free clearing house for buyers and sellers of The easy way to slavery may take various peoples could look with equanimity at the American and Pacific area merchandise. forms. It may be the way of outright mili­ prospect of an Asia dominated by Red China Perhaps it could be called Pacific House, tary conquest and submission. It may be and her ally, Soviet Russia. both because of its location in your beautiful the way of beguilement and subversion. It All our valued friends have vividly im­ islands, and because of the meaning of the may be the way of sloth, disinterest, or in­ planted in their minds the current lessons of word "pacific"-"making or tending to make ternal weakness, or it may be a mixture of Tibet. peace." Such a project, I submit, could well all. Whatever the way, the end result is They remember Red China's confiscation of be one in which government and private the same. foreign property in 1949. enterprise could join. It is an ironical fact of history that just 1 They remember its repeated violation of Further, your great university and your day before the President of the United States the armistice agreements in Korea and Indo­ State will always be a living demonstration signed the Hawaiian statehood bill the Dalai china. of a key fact about the American people: Lama began his flight from Tibet to India. They remember its communes and forced That what we oppose, even beyond commu­ Here, in Hawaii, American citizens of Asian labor. nism, is the forcing of communism-or any extraction in Hawaii were gaining new politi­ They remember its liquidation of 18 million other system-on an unwilling population. cal rights through the peaceful processes of Chinese people in 9 years-a number equal to We can be pardonably proud of the incon­ legislative action in a Republic. At the same nearly 30 times the population of Hawaii. trovertible fact of history that in this cen­ time, the people of Tibet were being forcibly Such memories help to explain why, as we tury the United states has neither sought deprived of even the small measure Of self­ steadfastly adhere to our China policy, Amer­ nor acquired new territory, except for the government which the Chinese Communists ica does not stand alone. peaceful purchase of the Virgin Islands from had previously guaranteed to them. Such memories help to explain why, in Denmark in 1917. Outside our traditional Contrasted with Hawaii's fulfillment of 1954, a number of free nations in the Far continental limits we have granted freedom her dreams, the Tibetan nightmare of mur­ East joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Or­ to Cuba and the Philippines, self-govern­ der and torture should be a historic reminder ganization-determined to draw the line on ment to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico to every free nation of these three things: Communist aggression in their part of the and statehood to Alaska and Hawaii. First, of Chinese Communist perfidy, spe­ world. I repeat that you of Hawaii, perhaps more cifically their breaking of a 1951 agreement Basic to the immediate features of U.S. effectively than your fellow Americans, can that the Tibetans should have full autonomy foreign policy is our fundamental belief in make this truth abundantly clear through­ and the right to pursue without interference two convicitions so eloquently expressed by out all Asia. their religion and customs; Thomas Jefferson: "Nothing is unchangeable All of us together, must keep before the Second, of the Communists' iron-fisted but inherent and inalienable rights of ma-n" peoples of the world the stark contrast be­ brutality toward all who stand in their way; and "I have sworn upon the altar of God tween the Communists' international ex­ and eternal hostility against every form of hibit A-Hungary and Tibet-and ours­ Third, of the fact that, when freedom has tyranny ov.er the mind of man." such implacable foes, it must have even We need constantly to remind not only Alaska and Hawaii. more unshakable friends if it is to con­ ourselves but aU other peoples as well that What America really wants for the world tinue alive in the world. Those who are free we of America stand proudly, today and for­ is a new age in international relations, an must band together, stay together and work ever, for the rights of man and the freedom age in which the rule of force and fear will together, with courage, understanding, and of the mind. give way to the rule of law-that kind of constancy-if they are to remain free. W.,e should make clear, for example, that it universal law of which a kindly and brilliant In tho Far East, as in the world, American is the Red Chinese regime, not the U.S. Gov­ Englishman, Richard Hooker, said more than policy is based on the recognition of these ernment, which has refused to allow Ameri­ three centuries ago: "Her voice [is] the har­ three facts. can reporting out of the China mainland. mony of the world: All things in heaven and You will recall that last fall the Chinese Today there are 30 American correspondents earth do her homage, the very least as Communists were threatening to take Que­ representing 30 news-gathering organizations feeling her care, and the greatest as not moy and Matsu and then Taiwan, and finally whose passports are valid for travel there. exempted from her power." to force the United States out of the West­ For nearly 2 years the Chinese Communists ern Pacific. have refused to all them entry, just as they Trusting in God, let us each, to the utmost In the face of this threat, and it was a dire have refused to permit any Chinese news­ of our ability, help usher in that new age. one, certain people looked only at the imme­ paperman to visit this country. Let us each do our part in keeping America, diate problem and either neglected or re­ Such intransigence on the part of the as Abraham Lincoln hoped it always would fused to think ahead. Having fallen into Communists is a bar to one people's knowl­ be, never the terror but forever the example that error, they then tried to repeddle an old edge and understanding of another. of the world. 7962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May-11 Israel Independence Day Greetings but the parochial schools are main­ , Pennsylvania is paying the tax of unem­ tained at the expense of the Govern­ ployment, too. I am told that almost a half million Pennsylvanians are out of work. EXTENSION OF REMARKS ment. I am also told of the vigorous efforts be­ OF Not only is religious freedom an ac­ ing made to improve the economic well-being complished fact but the jurisdiction of of this State by your fine Governor, Dave HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER the religious courts is preserved by law Lawrence. I know he will do everything­ OF NEW YORK in connection with matters concerning and I mean everything-within his power the marital and family status. The to reduce unemployment in the State. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES deep religious sentiments of all of the But there is only so much a Governor can Monday, May 11, 1959 do. For unemployment is not just a State people give emphasis to their universal problem; it is a national problem. Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, the an­ desire to advance the divine principle of No State can do well when the Nation is niversary celebration of Israel's inde­ brotherhood in order to accomplish not doing its best. pendence has become a memorable holi­ world peace. Unhappily, this particular kind of tax­ day. For all of these superb accomplish­ this tax of unemployment-is not just being It is observed not only in Israel but ments we salute the State of Israel and paid by the people of York County or Penn­ throughout the world by friends and all its people and wish them well on sylvania. It is being paid in hundreds of this anniversary of their independence. counties across the nation. It is being paid sympathizers. Since the rebirth of the by much more than four million Americans. State of Israel by the attainment of its Now I hope that no one will breathe a independence, Israeli citizens as well as word of what I have just told you about all Jews everywhere have been living in a this unemployment. I'm afraid I have just new age, ideally and spiritually. The Highest Tax: Unemployment divulged one of official Washington's best Having seen their 2,000-year-old kept secrets. dream come true, by recreating Israel in You know, I sometimes get the impression that the Republicans honestly believe that their ancient homeland as an image of EXTENSION OF REMARKS if they ignore unemployment long enough, their ancestral kingdom, and seeing it OF and refuse to recognize its existence, that prosper, and register impressive ad­ somehow, by some miracle, it will go away. vances in every phase of their national HON. JAMES M. QUIGLEY Every month, the leaders of this Republi­ life, on May 13, the 11th anniversary of OF PENNSYLVANIA can administration breathlessly await the Israel's independence, they all join IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES latest unemployment figures to be worked up by the Labor Department. If the figures hands and celebrate that event in due Monday, May 11, 1959 solemnity. are encouraging, they release them a little For nearly 2,000 years Jewish people Mr. QUIGLEY. Mr. Speaker, I was earlier than usual-but not before the Presi­ among the honored guests at the second dent, and the Secretary of Commerce and were practically barred from what had the Secretary of Labor have all issued sep­ been their homeland. Events at the end annual dinner sponsored by the York arate glowing statements telling the country of the First World War introduced County, Pa., Democratic organizations how great the new statistics are going to be. startling changes in all parts of the dedicated to the memory of Franklin Now I join with the leaders of this ad­ world, and historic Palestine was no ex­ Delano Roosevelt, last Thursday, May ministration in rejoicing at every gain in ception. That part of the old Ottoman 7, 1959, at York. It was my privilege employment and every drop in unemploy­ Empire was placed under British man­ not only to be among the honored guests, ment. But when I look at these glowing but it was also my great privilege to hear statements issued by the Republican leaders, date, and the Jews were allowed to work I look in vain for some expression of com­ for the reestablishment of a national an address by the distinguished and able passion for the millions of families who have home there. At the time the Jewish senior Senator from Minnesota, the no breadwinner. I look in vain for some population of Palestine was about one­ Honorable HUBERT H. HUMPHREY. It sign of concern for the hundreds of thou­ tenth of the total. By 1940, they con­ was an address that I commend to Mem­ sands of families who have exhausted their stituted about a third, or about 450,000. bers of both Houses of Congress, to mem­ unemployment benefits and have nowhere At the time the new state was set up bers of both political parties. to turn. The address follows: And I am filled with misgivings and mis­ early in 1948 the Jews were numbered trust when I see these Republican leaders close to if not an actual majority of THE HIGHEST TAX: UNEMPLOYMENT juggling with these figures as if there were the inhabitants of that area of about {Remarks of Senator HUBERT H. HuMPHREY, no human lives involved. 5,000 square miles. Today the State of Democrat, Minnesota, York County Dem­ The Secretary of Labor tells us that there Israel boasts of more than 1,800,000 in­ ocratic ·Committee dinner, York, Pa., May will be only three million Americans un­ habitants. 7, 1959) employed by next October. Of course, to Thus in 11 years the small State of I want to talk about a subject that is sup­ the man who's out of a job, "prosperity­ Israel has provided homes and safe posed to be forbidden to politicians: taxes. around-the-corner" doesn't go very far to­ Did I hear a groan in the back row? ward paying the bills or feeding the family. haven for more than 1 million homeless Now before you begin heading for the But no matter-what's important to the Jewish refugees. If Israeli leaders and exits, let me make it clear that I am not go­ Republicans is that the slogan sounds good. Israel's citizens had accomplished noth­ ing to talk about the taxes that you pay Prosperity by fall. Prosperity by October. ing else, the performance of this daring to your county or your State or the Federal What the Republicans don't tell you is and diiDcult task alone entitles them to Government. The memory of that April 15 that October is traditionally a month of very our admiration. But they have done deadline is, no doubt, all too vivid in your low unemployment-a month when the fig­ minds to require any refreshing from me. ures look the best. But when you take into more, much more than that. They have .But there are other kinds of taxes-taxes made the new Israel a living and grow­ account the seasonal swings in unemploy­ the Republicans don't talk about, and don't ment, three million in October is actually ing entity as a dynamic and democratic want you to think about. almost no improvement over what we have state, a powerful force in the Middle Let me tell you what I mean. now. East. . Here in York County, I am told that about But that's not what this Republican ad­ What is more important than the 1 out of every 10 job-seekers is out of work. ministration would have you believe. mere counting of numbers of people is Now I consider that a tax of the worst kind, Maybe you don't believe me when I tell the fact that all of the people now living for it deprives the people of this county of you that national unemployment is a tax. there, Moslems, Christians and Jews, are things they ought to have. Well, let me put it in dollars and cents. . It deprives the breadwinner of an honest Since this Republican administration all first class citizens with equal rights, means of earning a living for hiinself and his took office, the American economy has grown accorded the same privileges and subject family. only half as fast as it did in the previous 8 to the same duties. All of them have It deprives the businessmen of purchasing years. the right to vote. All of them have the power that is needed to keep Main Street That half growth has cost the average right to hold public omce. All of them prosperous. American family $3,000 in real income since are covered by the same labor laws, re­ It deprives York County of badly needed 1953. ceiving the same compensation and the revenues to help conduct the public's busi­ [t cost the Nation more than $150 billion same benefits for the same work, and ness: roads and schools and teachers' sal­ in lost production--goods that should have aries and sewers and clean streets. been produced and bought and put in every none being required to do more ·onerous Yes, unemployment-needless unemploy­ American home. or more menial tasks than others. Every ment-is. a terrible tax on the people of this It cost the American farmers $30 billion in child must receive an education and all county. It is a foolish, wasteful tax. income. 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 7963 It cost American businessmen some $40 nomic and political means can be devised to nomic axiom: that every war must be fol­ billion in investment opportunity. harness this technology to the service of lowed by a recession. And it deprived State and local gov_ern­ mankind. Under Harry Truman, America adjusted ments as well as the U.S. Treasury between Because of our unrivaled potentials here from war to peace, without faltering. $25 and $30 billion in badly needed reve­ in the United States, these people's eyes are Under Harry Truman, the Congress en­ nues-money that could have been put to fastened upon what we do. acted the Full Employment Act. use in building better roads and better To the extent that we do what we can and Seven years later, as he was leaving office, schools and more hospitals-and a stronger Should, we shall provide an example for President Truman told Congress of the true defense against the Communists. others to follow. To the extent that we fail meaning of that act. Let me recall his words Now maybe you begin to understand what or falter, many will be drawn by the blandish­ for you: I mean when I call unemployment a tax. ments or yield to the threats of the totali­ "Full employment means more than jobs. Let me tell you about some other Repub­ tarian States. It means full utilization of our natural re­ lican taxes. Our influence abroad depends in large sources, our technology and science, our Let me tell you about the tax of Republi­ measure upon our policies at home. There farms and factories, our business brains, and can inflation. Now in a sense, this is the is no such thing as a forward-looking inter­ our labor skills. The concept of full employ­ most remarkable tax of all, for the Repub­ national policy and a backward-looking do­ ment values ends as well as means: it values licans have achieved the impossible. They mestic policy. A nation which is not in tune leisure as well as work; it values self-develop­ have brought on rising prices in the midst with the second half of the 20th century ment as well as dedication to a common pur­ of high unemployment. at home, cannot hear the impelling cry of pose; it values individual initiative as well As they say on the radio these days, "They the second half of the 20th century all as group cooperation. In the broadest sense, said it couldn't be done." around the globe. full employment means maximum oppor­ But Humphrey did it--and not the HuM­ Nations and peoples overseas, struggling tunity under the American system of re­ PHREY you're looking at, either. It was a despite pitifully scarce resources to provide sponsible freedom. Humphrey named George who preferred a full employment, cannot maintain high re­ stable dollar to a vigorous economy and got spect for a nat ion which tolerates or even • • • • • neither. cultivates high unemployment. "We cannot afford to be complacent. We The Republicans are fond of talking about Poor nations and primitive peoples who cannot assume that henceforth what needs the sound dollar. It m ay surprise you to cannot afford to do what they need, cannot to be done to promote the maintenance of know that the Republican inflation since greatly respect a nation which says that it full employment will be done. None of us­ 1955 has been the most rapid we have ever cannot afford the essentials which its idle regardless of party-should let the idea of experienced except under conditions created resources would easily provide if put to use. full employment generate into a slogan ban­ by war. · Free nations growing several times faster died about for narrow political advantage. How did they do it? than we and watching the totalitarian States Like freedom, it needs ·to be guarded zealous­ How did they cause recordbreaking infla­ grow even faster, cannot greatly respect a J,y and translated into action on a continu­ tion during recession? nation which confuses economic stagnation ing basis." Well, they d id it partly with economic with economic stability. Those words of Harry S Truman ring true slack, for idle plants and idle men breed in­ Other nations cannot greatly respect a today. Let every American take them to efficiency, and inefficiency means high prices. nation which refuses to join them in using heart. But they also did it with some costly eco­ some of our surpluses of foods and other ma­ nomic policies, costly to every American m an, terials to help erase a small portion of their woman, and child. staggering deficits. Proposed Amendments to the Fair Labor Perhaps the most high-priced of- these is Nor is our world prestige enhanced when, the so-called tight money policy. In case preponderantly through their own -hard ef­ Standards Act you don't know what the tight money pol­ forts, other peoples improve their economic icy is, it's what makes it cost so much to bor­ condition, only to have America begin to fear EXTENSION OF REMARKS row money for a car or a house. that they will take markets away from us Before that tight money policy has run or impair our world trade. Can it do us any OF its course, it will have taken about $20 bil­ good to pretend that we want the rest of the lion out of the pockets of the American peo­ free world to become stronger, if our leader­ HON. E. Y. BERRY ple, an average of about $400 per family. ship regards their weakness as the source of OF SOUTH DAKOTA If that's not a tax, ·I don't know what is. our strength? IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES It's the Republicans who are the taxers of For international as well as domestic this Nation, for they tax America with un­ reasons, therefore, America must return to Monday, May 11, 1959 employment; they tax it with tight money; the road of full prosperity, full employment. Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, under they tax it with inflation. If you want to One of the great legislative milestones of leave to extend my remarks, I wish to in­ go on paying that kind of tax, it can be easily the postwar era was the enactment of the clude a portion of my statement before arranged; just vote Republican in 1960. Full Employment Act of 1946. That law Personally, that is a prescription I do not pledged the Government of the United States the Senate Labor and Public Welfare commend to my own family, so I hardly feel to devote every resource at its command to Committee today on proposed amend­ it fair to recommend it to you. In fact, I am assure maximum employment and produc­ ments to the Fair Labor Standards Act. tempted to slip in a suggestion that you vote tion for America. It called on the Govern­ . I appeared before the committee at Democratic. ment to plan for that purpose. the request of the South Dakota Press Now let me tell you about the taxes we can If the present Republican administration Association in opposition to the proposed all avoid paying, if we are able to achieve has not flagrantly violated that law, it has removal of the existing exemption of once again the same economic growth we had totally disregarded its spirit. For it has now under President Truman. smaller newspapers under the act. I sat through two great economic recessions, sincerely believe that removing the ex­ If we do that instead of allowing our devoting most of its energies to a desperate growth to lag at its present pace, America search for signs of better times, and seeming emption would sound the death knell not will gain some $400 billion in total output in to place its faith in the song, "Wishing Will only for many small newspapers, but the 7-year period from 1958 through 1964. Make It So." more serious, the opportunity for many The average American family will enjoy There has been no Government thrust for young people to learn to do for them­ about $6,000 more in real buying power dur­ full employment because our Government selves. ing that same period. has lacked that essential ingredient: Presi­ The excerpt from my statement is as Federal, State, and local governments will dential leadership. have the use of about $70 billion more in follows: revenues. Fortunately, this has not always been the As a former weekly newspaper publisher Which way will America choose? The way case. Presidential leadership was not lack­ myself and a past president of the South of stagnation-? Or the way of growth? ing when America heard the words, "We have Dakota Press Association, I speak from per­ This question is not just important to nothing to fear but fear itself"-words that sonal knowledge of the personal require· America. It is important to the entire free came from the magic voice of Franklin Del­ ments of these small publications. To re­ world. ano Roosevelt. quire them to meet minimum wage and ha:ur America today ls challenged, but not mere­ Nor was presidential leadership lacking provisions would, in many cases, force their ly by Communist growth and expansion. when the White House was occupied by that discontinuance. Knowing the vital part Even if that threat were to disappear-and man of Independence, who tomorrow eele· these papers play in small communities, this it will not--we would still be challenged by brates his 75th birthday-Harry S Truman. would be a tragic loss. the knowledge and aspirations of millions of Before the war, Franklin Roosevelt devoted Those of you who have never lived in & people all around the world. his energies to banishing the scourge of a rural area where a 6-day week 1s a normal For the first time in human history, these Republican depression and seeing to it that business week may not fully appreciate the people know that there exists the means, there was a job for every American. problems involved. In addition, living costs the know-how to stamp out starvation and After the war Harry Truman devoted his are lower, as a rule, and the margin of profit to create plenty. They know that the eco- energies to banishing a time-honored eco- of small business is smaller. To impose CV--503 .7964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 11 Federal regulation as suggested by the leg­ close scrutiny. If in fact Mr. Malian is goal would be to convince the lay public islation under consideration would cut into right, then a great hoax has been staged that they are the most advanced coun­ that narrow profit margin to force a pub· with acute political damage to the try -in all respects, as their propaganda lisher out of business. mills illustrate. At the same time, it More important than all this, however, is United States, and our national treasure the effect it would have on the public gen· might be wasted with the present level would be a superb victory for their coun­ erally. I am thinking now of the high of defense activities. On the other terintelligence people if through visitors school kids that come into these small shops hand, if Mr. Malian is mistaken, his ar­ like Mallan, they could convince United and work to supplement their income, earn· ticle could cause serious damage to the States decision makers in high places ing a few dollars to buy the things their par­ United States by adding to public con­ that the Soviet Union lagged behind, and ent s may not be able to provide for them, fusion, bringing a lack of confidence in that the United States could slacken its but more important, learning how to work. serious conclusions of Federal authori­ pace. I am thinking of several young men, be­ sides my own son, who got their start and ties, and creating a false sense of self­ This statement cannot be long enough learned a profession in my own shop. One confidence at a very critical time in the to discuss point by point every comment or two of them not only learned how to race for scientific and military superior­ by Mr. Malian. In summary, our com­ help make up forms and feed press, but in ity on the part of the United States. mittee learned that a consistent pattern addition learned how to operate a linotype The expression "snow job" has come of U.S. observations, many beyond all and later were able to work their way up in connection with the MaHan arti­ known techniques of faking, established through college by operating a linotype in cle, and some commentators question that the Soviet device did travel to the larger daily shops on Saturdays and eve­ moon and beyond. Having gone that nings. whether the Soviets did a snow job on I am also thinking of the boys who got Mr. Malian, or Whether Mr. Malian is far, there was no particular feat in en­ their start in the newspaper business by doing this to the American public. tering into orbit around the sun. The working part time and full time in the small There is no reason for not being chari­ committee also heard that Soviet tech­ shops in my State and then went on to table to Mr. Malian, and crediting him nical skills are respectable, and that the college, taking advantage of the rural news­ with sincerity. But there is real reason pace of development there is so great as paper course taught at our State college, to doubt that he is in a position to give to pose a rising threat to this country. going out to become top-flight newspaper Our report, when it is issued, will sup­ publishers, providing the people of their a very good judgment despite his having communities with local, State, and national written popular books about space per­ port these generalizations in a more spe­ coverage of the news. sonalities and having made a tourist cific way. I firmly believe that Government should visit to the Soviet Union. place a protective floor under income, but The House Science and Astronautics I also believe with all my heart that we must be very cautious that this floor must Committee, of which I am a member, The Challenge of the American Economy never become a ceiling upon opportunity. has now spent 4 days in hearings, some This provision would place a ceiling upon public and some executive, on the points opportunity for thousands of young people. raised by Mr. Malian and on related EXTENSION OF REMARKS In my judgment it would be the most matters. We have not yet concluded OF ill-considered and dangerous legislation this these studies, and there will be no com­ Congress could possibly pass. mittee judgment until all the evidence HON. EDITH GREEN I would also like to have included in the is in and carefully evauated. At the OF OREGON record of these hearings a telegram I re­ ceived from the South Dakota Press Asso­ same time, we have now heard enough IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ciation, advising of the action taken at their to be able to see generally what the Monday, May 11, 1959 annual convention on May 8, 1959: probable conclusion is likely to be. I Mrs. GREEN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker. MAY 8, 1959. will touch on a few of these points. Congressman E. Y. BERRY, It is the definite conclusion of top under leave to extend my remarks in the House Office Building, Government scientists, military leaders, RECORD, I include the following remarks Washington, D.C.: and administrators based on all the evi­ of Senator HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, at a South Dakota Press Association in annual dence, both open and classified, that the Democratic dinner meeting in Portland, convention assembled here today unani· Soviet · probe did approximately what Oreg., on April 22, 1959, "The Challenge mously approved a resolution urging that the Soviets claimed; namely, it traveled of the American Economy." you appear before the Senate Labor Com­ On April 23, the distinguished senior mittee in our behalf. We earnestly request to the vicinity of the moon, sending back that an amendment be made to Senate bill signals on the way, and at some point Senator from Minnesota [Mr. HuM­ No. 1046 to retain section 9 of present law beyond the moon entered into an inde­ PHREY] spoke at a Democratic dinner which applies to circulation exemption for pendent orbit around the sun. That it meeting in my home city of Portland, smaller newspapers of the country. We con­ orbited the sun is only a tribute to the Oreg. His remarks, addressed to the sider such an amendment vi tal and neces­ very powerful rocket motors used. That question of the challenge which the sary to the welfare and stability of the it came near the moon and broadcast world situation and our own domestic smaller newspapers. situation poses for the American econ­ SOUTH DAKOTA PRESS ASSOCIATION, back signals along the way is a tribute E. H. LIGHTER, President. to the overall high level of technical omy, were typical of the insight and the HOMER GIVENS, Manager. competence, including abilities in guid­ leadership which this outstanding Sena­ ance, computing, and related areas. tor, this great Democrat, and great Amer­ Mr. Malian's visit to the Soviet Union ican has continued to demonstrate. on which . he based his view of soviet This speech was a good speech, Mr. "The Big Red Lie" technical backwardness brought errors Speaker. It did not equivocate, it did in his judgment for a number of reasons. not evade issues, it did not :flinch from EXTENSION OF REMARKS Although he met some notable Soviet facts. It was· a speech which deserves OF scientists, there is no evidence that he the careful attention of every American met the· teams act\lally working on the interested in the future of our economy HON. LEONARD G. WOLF space program. From photographs and and the future of our people. I ask OF IOWA oral testimony to the committee, it is unanimous consent that it be printed, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES clear that he did not get to see the best following my remarks, in the RECORD: Soviet equipment in telescopes, minia­ THE CHALLENGE OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY Monday, May 11, 1959 turization, or computers. One must re­ I want to talk to you tonight about the Mr. WOLF. Mr. Spea,ker, consider­ member that the Soviet Union classes all great challenge to the American economy­ able publicity has surrounded the arti­ foreign journalists as spies, and it is about my deep concern over its domestic as­ cle in True magazine, called "The Big hardly likely that they would make it pects and my even deeper preoccupation with Red Lie," by Lloyd MaHan. The charges easy for him to see the people and the its implications in the field of world af­ by Mr. MaHan that the Soviet lunik or facilities which would lead to any real fairs. There could be no more fitting place to mechta did ·not in fact exist, and that insight into their highly classified space probe this challenge than here in the great the Soviet Union is incapable of building activities. Mr. Malian assumes that for Pacific Northwest. Those · who first opened an ICBM now or in the near future in­ propaganda reasons the Soviets would this area breasted an immense challenge to volve serious enough issues as to deserve show him their best. Actually their their courage and strength, their practical 1959 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD -HOUSE 7965 ability, their imaginative faith. They per­ earth is still living in urban and rural slums. out production, children without proper sisted when the going was most severe. Isn't it tragic, too, that health services for a schools, families without proper shelter? But today, the past seems less inspiring majority of the people have not begun to The Republicans also decry deficit spend­ than the eternal, forward-looking thrust of keep up with the amazing progress of medi­ ing. But und-er whose administration, I ask, the people of this area. The very air here is cal science. Doctors and nurses, hospitals, are we suffering a $13 billion deficit-the quick with a sense of unmet needs, restless and other health facilities, are in nationwide largest in peacetime history? We are suffer­ aspiration, determination to press ahead and short supply, acute short supply in some ing this under a Republican administration to excel. · areas, because of uneven distribution. Here which has sat through two economic reces­ And those are the very qualities that are again, we do not lack the basic means to do sions hoping America would come through needed to meet today's challenge. better; we simply have not marshaled the on a wing and a prayer. This challenge to the American economy determination. The Republicans decry big spending. But can be simply stated: It is to live up to our What of our older citizens? We now have it doesn't seem to bother them that the full potential. more than 15 million senior citizens, 65 interest payments on our national debt have If we achieve this goal, our position as a years of age and over, and the number is risen nearly $2 billion a year since they world leader will be the stronger and our increasing very rapidly. Despite some recent took office. And this is the direct result capacity to do the domestic jobs at hand progress in social security programs, a large of their high-interest, hard-money, tight­ will be the greater. majority of these people still live in genuine credit policy which bears the trademark of If we continue to fall short of that goal­ deprivation. Their incomes have not kept a man named Humphrey. But I can a.ssure as we have in the past half decade-the up with the rising cost of living, and have you, it is not the HuMPHREY you see before world will hold us in less esteem. And, more fallen even more seriously behind advances you now. I can also assure you, we are not important, we will be less able to carry out in technology which should mean better liv­ even remotely related-either biologically or those. programs, both here and abroad, that ing standards for all. A vast expansion of politically-a fact that pleases both of us. go with world leadership. social security is imperative. By the time this tight-money policy has A nation that aspires to world leadership­ Two million American families and indi­ run its course, nearly $20 billion will have a nation that must lead to survive-must viduals still have incomes below $1,000 a been taken from those who have little to set its standards high and its goals higher. year. More than six million American fam­ embroider the earnings of those who al­ Think, for a moment, of the image we ilies and individuals have incomes below ready have much. now present to the world. $2,000. I leave it to your own imagination as to TWice in 5 years our economy has been Of course, poverty is infinitely worse in what could have been done with that $20 ravaged by recession. many other lands, where tools and skills billion-in schools and roads and hospitals Today, 4¥2 million Americans are without are not available. But it seems hard to be­ and higher unemployment benefits and jobs-and yet our Government glows with lieve that so many millions of citizens of the social security, not to mention the defenses satisfaction that the number is 4¥2 in­ richest Nation on earth live in poverty or we need but supposedly cannot afford. stead of 5 million. close to it, only because our tools and skills The financial policies of this administra­ For more than half a decade, our economy are not being fully used. tion are not only wrong in detail; they are has been crawling forward, while other na­ After human resources, the second great wrong in philosophy. They assert that we tions have been speeding ahead. source of the wealth of nations is natural can meet larger and larger problems by do­ We lack the schools and hospitals and resources. Some countries lack these re­ ing less and less. roads and health services that we could and sources. Others have them under the ground They do not understand the ultimate should have. We, the richest Nation on or in the water, but do not yet have the tech­ source of the wealth of nations: the improve­ earth, assert that we cannot afford to raise niques to call them forth. But we in America ment of human resources, the conservation our sights or our standards in these fields. lack neither resources nor know-how. and expansion of natural resources, the Our Government even tells us that we can­ We need a tremendous lift along the whole building of plant and tools to the full limits not afford the national defense that our mili­ front of resource development and conserva­ of technology-and, most important, the full tary leaders say we need. tion. The magnitude of the job, the high employment of the people. We alone of all nations stand on the very costs, the interstate character of much of the What could the attainment of these goals threshold of realization of the prophets' work, and above all the national interest, mean to America in the next 5 years? dreams of unlimited abundance. Our trou­ demand that the Federal Government-in If we brought our economic growth up to bles arise from our failure to call forth this cooperation with States and localities-re­ proper rates, and avoided a repetition of our abundance fully, and to use it wisely. sume its historic responsibility for resource limping progress over the last 5 years, we Others suffer because they cannot yet do development. In fact, the programs need to would, in the next half decade, produce an what they need. We suffer only because we be bigger and better than ever before, respon­ extra $400 billion in goods and services. sive to the new needs and economic capa­ We will have the benefit of more than are not yet doing what we can. 16 million man-years of productive employ­ This has not always been true of Amer­ bilities of our country. Why are we falling so tragically short in ment. ica. We have risen to challenges and at­ The average family would enjoy $6,000 tained our full potential in times past. But the development of our human and natural more in income. more recently, we have been dozing, and resources? Because we are saddled with an And local and State governments, together even the Lilliputians could tie up Gulliver administration that believes in living off with the Federal Government, would have when he fell asleep. our inheritance rather than adding to our substance. the use of an added $70 billion in revenues What are some of our major defaults to­ with which to meet the needs of a growing day? The Republican administration has al­ population. Let's look first at the greatest economic re­ lowed our economy to limp along over the We cannot attain these goals without look­ source of any nation-its people, and espe­ past half decade, faltering badly at times, ing ahead and planning for the future, set­ cially its young people. falling far short of the growth it should en­ ting targets for ourselves and devising pro­ Millions of our youngsters are in over­ joy. grams to meet them. crowded classrooms, with insufficient and During the past 5 years, the economy has So far as I can see, this Republican ad­ inadequately paid teachers. Hundreds of grown less than half as fast as it grew in ministration has only one goal: to balance thousands, with both ambition and ability, the first half of the 20th century-and this year's budget. That one shining goal are denied higher education, either because only about one-fourth as fast as it needs seems to blind our national leaders to any they cannot afford it, or because the schools to grow if we are to prevent new technology grander goals for future years. of higher learning have no room for them. and automation from becoming an economic Mr. Khrushchev must be mighty happy to In the underdeveloped countries, only a Frankenstein that we cannot control. view this Nation devoid of any long-range tiny fraction of the children obtain even the The losses from this economic slowdown goals or aspirations, to hear America's leaders rudiments of formal education. This, how­ are staggering. In the past 5 years, our low assert that a free people cannot look ahead ever, is not by any fault of theirs; they simply growth rate caused us to lose an estimated as a nation, cannot translate their aspira­ lack the resources to do more now. $150 billion in production. It forced upon tions into bold targets, and cannot call upon But our own educational deficiencies exist us 10 million man-years of needless un­ their unique combination of free enterprise while we have idle resources begging to be employment. It costs the average American to meet these targets. used. We have or can easily produce the family almost $3,000 in income. I do not believe in an all-powerful cen­ steel and cement and lumber to build schools. And it has cost the Government billions tralized government. But I do know that We have idle manpower, waiting to be put to of dollars in lost revenues--dollars that could our Federal Government is, or should be, worlc. And what's more, if we were able to have been put to work build~g schools and a great instrument of the whole American keep our economy running at full capacity, hospitals and broadening social security and ·people. I do know that it is, or should be, there would be ample public revenues to building natural resources-and, at the an effective single mirror of their yearnings pay for the schools-and the teachers too. same time, giving jobs to millions who and servant of their needs. And yet we are told that we cannot afford sought but could not find them. The Thirteen American Colonies recog­ more schools. The Republicans decry spending and waste. nized that they could survive only as one Our people also need good housing and But they are the greatest wasters of all. Nation. Lincoln put the holding together health services. But isn't it tragic that al­ For how could there be greater waste than of the Union above all other objectives. most a quarter of the richest Nation on men without jobs, factories and mills with- And Franklin D. Roosevelt, in the time of 7966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE · May 11 the great depression, was able to bring home KEARNS on this subject are particularly Here is the basic weakness. of Senator to the whole American people that the Fed· meaningful. His excellent address fol­ KENNEDY-'s approach to the third step in eral Government was their Government, and labor reform. His bill, which the Senate that it bore a bedrock responsibility for lows: passed, is a criminal statute. He would re­ their well-being in times of stress. A NEW APPROACH TO LABOR-MANAGEMENT quire a tremendous number of reports of I cannot believe that we have now come PROBLEMS . activities of unions, union officials, em­ to a time when the Federal Government (An address delivered by Han. CARROLL D. ployers, labor consultants-just about any­ should become a silent junior partner in KEARNS} one coming into contact with the labor the saga of America, or take a vacation. mov~ment. For enforcement, he relies pri­ But that's just what this Republican ad· The labor reform legislation which has m anly on criminal penalties. What rea­ ministration seems to want. They want a become such an important issue this year is an old problem. Congress has been working son do we have to believe that performance caretaker government--not a positive force under these criminal laws will be any greater for progress. They want a custodial gov­ on it for years. When we look back to the than under existing law? ernment--to keep books and records, not middle thirties we recognize today's pro­ posed legislation as the third step in a con­ Is Senator KENNEDY's "massive reports" to help make records of social progress. tinuing process. theory reasonable, regardless of how en­ My friends, the farmer must cultivate his forced? Most of the activities to be reported farm well; but he cannot solve the prob­ First was the Wagner Act, passed in 1935. are perfectly legitimate. Honest union of­ lem of world food prices. There Congress stated the labor policy of ficers and employers will file reports. But The small businessman must watch his our country. Briefly, it is to encourage col­ are corrupt and dishonest persons going to expenditures and his sales and improve his lective bargaining and to protect American workmen in their exercise of full freedom of file reports of their dishonesty? If so, a methods; but he cannot protect h imself whole new concept of law enforcement is against monopolistic threats, nor survive in association. When the Wagner Act was passed, Congress decided the only labor re­ opened to us. Perhaps we should require a sluggish national economy. all persons who exceed a speed limit to file The worker must do his own job faithfully; form needed was to protect employees from antiunion conduct by employers. a report of the traffic violation and thus but he cannot create job opportunity when solve the speeding problem. it is not there. Twelve years later, the enactment of the Labor-Management Relation Act of 1947, There are some good features in the Sen­ The average family must try to live within ate bill. For example, the principle of a its means; but it cannot do this if its bread­ co~monly called the Taft-Hartley Act, rec­ ogmzed the necessity to protect workmen "bill o~ rights" for union members is truly winner is unemployed, and it cannot prosper gratifymg. Protection of union · members and advance against a powerful headwind from union conduct also. This was the sec­ ond step in labor reform. At that time the from unfair treatment by their own leaders of unfavorable nationwide conditions. is the heart of the third step in labor re­ The States and localities have much to do; Congress wisely felt it was necessary to state specifically, as a part of the labor pol­ form. A bill of rights is essential but the but they cannot be solvent if their indus­ Senate provisions must be strengthened. tries and workers are on part-time. icy of our country, the fundamental right of workmen not to associate or deal collectively. Here again, the bill of rights must be a In these times, families and localities and part of a law which will secure performance. States can be strong only in a strong nation. Today, in the third phase, labor reform continues to be concerned with protecting It too must be easily enforceable. I have But a strong nation needs strong leadership. already expressed my doubts as to criminal A national administration which tells the ~he rights of individual workmen. Our pal­ ley has not changed. But now it has been pe:J?-alties to secure enforcement of labor re­ people only what they "cannot afford," can form laws. The burden of proof in crimi­ never fulfill the role of a leadership which clearly shown that these rights need to be protected from abuses in the internal affairs nals cases is too great. realizes what the American people- can do. Union members should be able to enforce A national administration which believes in of unions. Also, some activities of employers and unions in their relationships with each their own rights in State courts. I under­ scarcity and stagnation can never achieve stand the Senate bill includes such a pro­ the results of a leadership dedicated to other continue to be detrimental to American workmen. The task before us is to strength­ vision. But working men and women should abundance and economic growth. also have some simple means of securing the To resume the progressive evolution in en and add to the present safeguards. our national life which has been the hall­ You may well ask whether new laws are help of the Government. Lawsuits are ex­ mark of American achievement, we need a needed. The corrupt activities exposed by pensive. The unions will have plenty of new spirit in Washington. the McClellan committee are, for the most money to defend their position in the suits This administration appeals to the people's part, violations of existing criminal statutes. but many rank and file members will not timidity and their caution. Lack of democracy within unions is often have the fund~; to prosecute them. We must The times call for a government which contrary to existing State law. Other in­ give the members additional, effective means appeals to men's confidence in themselves, fringements on the rights of workmen are of enforcement of their rights. which challenges them to meet higher goals, violations of the National Labor Relations It was also encouraging to have the Senate and which dares men to dream great dreams. Act. at least recognize the principle that addi­ As the Bible tells us, "If the trumpet gives But performance under existing laws is tional restraints on organizational picketing an uncertain sound, who shall prepare him­ sadly lacking. Performance must be im­ and secondary boycotts are needed. These self to the battle?" proved. two weapons have been used by labor rack­ Our responsibility to ourselves and to the Individuals subject to these laws must eteers again and again to interfere with the world is such that we must act with great­ cooperate in carrying out the intent of the rights of decent, law-abiding Americans. ness. No people has ever risen to greatness law. Emotional appeals, such as the union Unfortunately, the improvements made by without being called to greatness. condemnation of Taft-Hartley as the "slave the other body in this area are woefully The tragedy of these years is that the labor" act, should be forgotten. inadequate. voice that should summon us is silent. Government officials likewise need to im­ Another serious deficiency in the Senate prove their performance. More emphasis bill is its failure to deal satisfactorily with should be placed by Government law en­ the so-called no man's land of NLRB juris­ forcement officials on the necessity of pro­ diction. At present, because of a ruling of tecting the rights of individual workmen. the Supreme Court, there is no forum where A New Approach to Labor-Management Courts should avoid strained and legalistic cases may be heard and no remedy available Problems interpretations. to small employers who do not come within But, we in Congress also have a respon­ the NLRB jurisdictional standards. The sibility to improve performance. We can Senate would permit State agencies, but not State courts, to handle such cases if the EXTENSION OF REMARKS b~ :ffiOSt effective, in In>Y opinion, by recog­ State would apply the Federal law. It is OF mzmg that we must provide laws which are easily enforced. Experience demonstrates highly questionable whether the few States present laws do not meet this test. There­ which have suitable agencies will accept this HON. ROBERT P. GRIFFIN kind of dictation. And, in those States OF MICHIGAN fore, we do need new legislation. Its lan­ guage must be simple and clear to all con­ where there are no little NLRB's, small em­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cerned. It must not be subject to mis­ ployers and their employees will continue to be without a remedy. Monday, May 11, 1959 interpretation by enforcement officials. This is a big order but I am confident we can I am confident that we can write a bill in Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. Speaker, recently show substantial improvement. ~he House which will be a big step forward the distinguished ranking minority The Congress will be deluding itself and 1n protecting the individual American work­ member of the Committee on Education the public if new laws rely on criminal en­ man in exercising his fundamental rights. and Labor, the Honorable CARROLL D. forcement. As I said a moment ago, this has To do so, the bill must provide: KEARNS, of Pennsylvania, delivered an proven to be one of the weakest aspects of 1. TRUE DEMOCRACY WITHIN UNIONS performance under existing law. Most of It must gi_ve each member a bill of rights important and timely address before the the corruption brought to light by the Mc­ Invest in America Committee in Phila­ governing h1s relationship with his union. Clellan committee has been a violation of He shoUld be able to speak freely for or delphia. ~s the House proceeds toward one or more existing criminal statutes. But against the policies of his leaders. He must consideration of needed labor reform how many of the criminals have been con­ be able to vote secretly on issues vital to legislation, the views of Congressman victed? Only a handful. him. :1e must have equal rights with his 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 7967 fellow members. In short, a union must be­ existing law, clearly injure American work­ 5. A FORUM FOR EVERY DISPUTE long to its members-not to its officials. men in the exercise of their freedom of asso­ The no man's land must be eliminated ciation and the exercise of their free choice 2. HONESTY WITHIN UNIONS and, through either State or Federal courts as to dealing collectively. Reasonable com­ or agencies, there must be a place where Each member must receive full and accu­ promises can be worked out. The line may rate reports of activities of his union and its labor reform cases can be heard. The same not be perfect, but we can show major im­ forum need not be used for all c-ases, but no officials. The union member is the best provement. watchman over the finances of his own or­ one subject to the law of the United States ganizations. But he needs the help of the 4. ELIMINATION OF CRIMINAL ELEMENTS FROM should be without a remedy if his funda­ Government in investigating mishandling of THE UNION MOVEMENT mental rights have been impaired. union funds and in correcting any wrong­ This will be accomplished only if we pro­ As ranking member of the minority on the doing. vide simple, practical means of enforcement. House Committee on Education and Labor, I The right of union members to the courts will do everything in my power to see that 3 . PROTECTION FOR INNOCENT WORKMEN AND should not be curtailed, but the working our committee reports out a bill which will SMALL EMPLOYERS FROM COERCIVE PICKETING people of this country and small employers assure the working men and women of this AND SECONDARY BOYCOTTS deserve quicker and less expensive methods country the fullest protection of their indi­ Not all picket lines and boycotts are coer­ of securing justice, using the framework of vidual freedom. It is not an easy job but cive. But some, which are permitted under proven means of law enforcement. one which must--and can-be done.

MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE H.R. 2318. An act to provide for the regu­ SENATE lation of closing-out and fire sales in the A message from the House of Repre­ District of Columbia; T u ESDAY, MAY 12, 1959 sentatives, by Mr. Maurer, one of its H.R. 2322. An act to amend the act of reading clerks, announced that the July 1, 1902, to exempt certain ccmmon car­ Rev. Frederick M. Brooks, rector of House had passed, without amendment, riers of passengers from the mileage tax im­ the Church of the Saviour, Philadelphia, the bill (S. 1559) to provide for the posed by that act and from certain other Pa., offered the following prayer: striking of medals in commemoration of taxes; H.R. 4072. An act to amend the act en­ 0 eternal Lord God, who alone the 100th anniversary of the first sig­ titled "An act for the regulation of the prac­ spreadest out the heavens, in an order so nificant discovery of silver in the United tice of dentistry in the District of Columbia, precise that man has always been able States, June 1859. and for the protection of the people from to look up and know where He is, it is at The message also announced that the empiricism in relation thereto," approved once complex yet simple, simple and fa­ House had passed the following bills, in June 6, 1892, as amended; and which it requested the concurrence of H.R. 4454. An act to amend the act of miliar as the dipper in a woman's kitchen March 3, 1901, to eliminate the requirement or a hunter's belt and horn, grant to us the Senate: that certain District of Columbia corpora­ on earth, as You reveal every day new H.R. 2317. An act to amend section 7 of tions be managed by not more than 15 trus­ knowledge of Your domain in space, a "An act making appropriations to provide tees; to the Committee on the District of deeper respect for this order, with its for the expenses of the government of the Columbia. District of Columbia for the fiscal year end­ H.R. 7040. An act making appropriations assurance of constancy and continuity. ing June 30, 1903, and for other purposes," for sundry independent executive bureaus, In this new world of guided missiles, as approved July 1, 1902, as amended, so as boards, commissions, corporations, agencies, You reveal this new knowledge, are You to provide for the bonding of persons li­ and offices for the fiscal year ending June speaking to us from Your throne to say: censed to engage in a business, trade, pro­ 30, 1960, and for other purposes; to the Com­ "Mankind must also live in order"? fession, or calling involving the collection mittee on Appropriations. Are You saying: "I, the Lord God, want of money for others; guided men as well as guided missiles"? H.R. 2318. An act to provide for the regu­ Are You saying: ''Man must work as lation of closing-out and fire sales in the REORGANIZATION PLAN NO. 1 OF District of Columbia; 1959-MESSAGE FROM THE PRES­ hard to penetrate the self-barrier as he H.R. 2322. An act to amend the act of does the sound barrier"? July 1, 1902, to exempt certain common IDENT