OCTOBER 2020 VOL. 32 NO. 2 ISSN 1010-144X

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Hundreds of sharp teeth help this sea lamprey attach to other fish so it can suck their blood.

LIFE Real-Life Vampires! Meet five wild creatures that feed on blood Watch a VIDEO about the eruption that buried the ancient city of Pompeii! www.scholastic.com/superscience STICKY MASKS Earlier this year, as the coronavirus began to spread Newsblast around the world, officials recommended people wear 2 The latest science news face masks in public. Leigh Radziwon and Kim Murray, A company that makes Halloween masks the owners of Halloween mask company StickFX, (above) adapted their design to make face The Fight Over masks (below) for pandemic safety. jumped in to help! They designed protective masks 4 Pompeii with replaceable filters. Researchers are at Parts of the masks are made from silicone. This odds over an ancient city buried by lava material sticks to skin, creating a tight seal around the nose and mouth. The first prototype, or testable Hands-On model, had straps that looped behind the ears. Later 7 Uncover With Care models included adjustable straps or no straps at all! Connecticut-based StickFX has sold more than 8,000 Skeleton Scanner masks since May. The company has also donated 8 A scientist reveals the insides of fish filter masks to essential workers. “We all have a duty to help during times of crisis,” says Radziwon. Thirsty for Blood The above photo shows 10 Meet five creatures giant clouds of dust and that feed on blood gas where stars form. The image was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Pumpkin Smash! 14 Eco-friendly ways to get rid of your Halloween pumpkin SLYTHERIN Explain This! 16 Can you make sense of this strange photo? HUBBLE In 2019, biologist Zeeshan Mirza was in a forest in northeastern India when he spotted a Explore Online PICS bright-green snake with a dark-orange stripe. Look for the icons below in this issue and Earlier this year, the Hubble spinning balls of material become It turned out to be an undiscovered species! visit scholastic.com/superscience to access these resources: Space Telescope, a powerful larger over time. Eventually, they Mirza named it salazar, after the instrument circling Earth, reached heat up and burst into new stars. book character Salazar Slytherin. In the Harry

Skill Leveled a big milestone. It turned 30! To Over the decades, photos from Potter series by J.K. Rowling, Slytherin is one of Video Builders Text Games celebrate, the U.S. space agency Hubble like the one above have Hogwarts’ founders. He could talk to ! Location where EUROPE the new pit NASA released this stunning image taught scientists a lot about how The new snake is a type of . Pit viper was found ON THE COVER: recently taken by Hubble. Each stars form and die, says Joseph vipers are venomous: Their bite injects a ASIA

Skill Leveled Video Builders text Games Skill Leveled Video Builders text Games Read about bright swirl in the photo is a nebula, DePasquale at the Space Telescope toxic substance that can be deadly. Skill Leveled Video Builders text Games INDIA Skill Leveled Video Builders text Games sea lampreys, a giant cloud of dust and gas. Science Institute. They’ve also Mirza hopes that naming the snake AFRICA and other Pit vipers like T. salazar New stars form inside nebulae. increased the public’s interest in the after Slytherin will help people feel bloodsucking INDIAN have heat-sensing organs creatures, on That happens when gravity pulls universe. “Hubble’s images are awe- connected to it. Many habitats where pit OCEAN on their faces that detect page 10! warm-blooded prey.

dust and gas together. These inspiring,” DePasquale says. PAGE 2: NASA/ESA/STSCI (HUBBLE PICTURES); NASA VIA GETTY IMAGES (HUBBLE TELESCOPE); PAGE 3: AMOD M. ZAMBRE (VIPER);vipers COURTESY OF STICKFX (HALLOWEEN MASK); COURTESY OF KIM MURRAY (FACE MASK); JIM MCMAHON (GLOBE) live need to be protected, he says. COVER: SHUTTERSTOCK.COM (LAMPREY); ILLUSTRATION BY SHEN FEI (POMPEII) 2 OCTOBER 2020 SCHOLASTIC.COM/SUPERSCIENCE 3

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Skill Leveled Video Builders text Games artifacts found at Skill Leveled Video Builders text Games Fight Over Pompeii.

Inside a Volcano Pompeii Mount Vesuvius sits on two tectonic plates that are slowly shifting. Here’s how that movement can lead to an eruption.

Scientists feud over how to The Superhot 1 African 4 material bursts plate slides out and flows down study an ancient city buried by under the the volcano’s sides. Eurasian plate. a volcanic eruption The rock melts as it is heated Lava, gas, inside Earth. 3 and ash shoot through the vent. Eurasian In 79 a.d., a volcano in plate southern Italy erupted. Magma burns The explosion buried the 2 through the nearby city of Pompeii. plates and builds up African pressure beneath plate the volcano.

As you read, think about how 20,000 residents rock, lava, and Two groups of scientists Think: What might affect how dangerous an eruption is? ATLANTIC studying past natural disasters weren’t very OCEAN gas raced down want to study Pompeii: can help people today. ASIA worried. EUROPE the volcano’s archaeologists, who study But the ITALY slopes, burying human history and culture, Preserved City He’s a member of the scientific he year was 79 a.d. quivering earth Pompeii under and volcanologists, who Pompeii is a unique site for committee for the Great in the bustling was a warning. Pompeii 10 meters (33 feet) study volcanoes. To do their archaeologists. Most ancient Pompeii Project, the group Roman city of Magma was moving AFRICA of ash. Over time, work, volcanologists need to cities were abandoned and that manages the excavation, Pompeii. For underground. And the ash hardened, analyze the layers of soil. But decayed long before they were or digging up, of the site. months, the city had Mount Vesuvius, a towering AFRICApreserving the city. for many years, archaeologists discovered. But Pompeii was Pompeii’s artifacts shed light Tbeen rattled by earthquakes. volcano east of Pompeii, was Since workers discovered have been digging up the full of activity when the volcano on life in the Roman Empire. These ground-shaking events about to blow. The eruption Pompeii’s ruins in 1748, city’s remains, disturbing burst. “It was a thriving city that This influential group of states are common along Italy’s west began with a massive gray cloud researchers have been drawn to that soil. Can the experts was demolished overnight,” ruled by Rome existed from

coast. So Pompeii’s roughly rising into the sky. Superhot the site. But there’s a problem. JIM MCMAHON (GLOBE); TRISTAR PICTURES/PHOTOFEST (POMPEII) ILLUSTRATION BY ROBERT KEMP (VOLCANO DIAGRAM) find ways to work together? says archaeologist Steven Ellis. 27 b.c. to 476 a.d. Researchers

4 OCTOBER 2020 SCHOLASTIC.COM/SUPERSCIENCE 5 6 people ate,”what Ellis. says us tell that pigs and fish from shop.food “We’ve bones found afast- even and fights gladiator promoting graffiti found have

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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC IMAGE COLLECTION/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO (ANCIENT POMPEII); MARCO CANTILE/LIGHTROCKET VIA GETTY IMAGES (ARCHAEOLOGIST)

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and movement of living things. In 1992, a group donated a

Skill Leveled Video Builders text Games Skill Leveled CT scanner to our lab. This Inside a CT ScannerVideo Builders text Games machine uses invisible waves There are many types of CT scanners. Here’s how one type of of energy called X-rays to scanner can be used to create an image of a fish skeleton. take pictures of structures inside the body. A computer A rotating combines the images to 2 device create a 3-D picture. sends X-rays through the A container Skeleton I scanned fish one at a container. These 1 holding the time and enjoyed looking waves of energy fish is placed in pass through soft at the data. When I shared the scanner. tissue but bounce the pictures, people asked off dense material to scan their favorite fish. like bone. Scanner Eventually I decided to try to Northern clingfish scan them all. So far, we have Biologist Adam Summers scanned over 4,000 species! How does the reveals the insides of fish scanning process work? As you read, think about what 3-D images of fish skeletons. We borrow preserved fish Padded sculpin scientists can learn from looking To make them, he uses a specimens from museums. at the insides of like fish. machine called a CT scanner When they come to the lab, 3 Sensors measure (see Inside a CT Scanner, page we take them out of the the X-rays that pass through the fish, dam Summers is a 9). Summers posts the images plastic bags they are shipped creating thousands of marine biologist online for researchers to study. in. We wrap several fish up images of its body.

at the University Summers has also turned together in cloth soaked A computer combines the images to of Washington. fish skeleton images into with a substance called 4 make a 3-D picture of the fish’s insides. As part of his vivid works of art. For these ethanol. This keeps them Ajob, he investigates questions pictures, he uses a different from drying out in the machine. about sea creatures, like: process that involves staining Then we pop the wrapped up How can some fish attach to the fish’s bones with colorful mass into a plastic cylinder. have really dense or large understanding of biodiversity, rocks or burrow in the sand? dyes and photographing The cylinder goes into the CT bones, and how scales Earth’s variety of living things. What can armored fish teach them against a bright light. scanner, and all the fish are and bones interact. us about protecting humans? Summers recently spoke scanned at the same time. What do you love To answer those questions, with SuperScience about his How can most about your job? scientists need to fish-scanning process. What new things the images help I get up every morning understand the have the scans revealed? scientists? and get to ask questions that physical structures What made People have used the data We have described interest me. I love finding the of fish. That’s why you decide to start for hundreds of projects. We new species of fish, edges of what we know and for the past three scanning fish? learn all sorts of things: the and that has been really pushing those boundaries decades, Summers I study biomechanics, anatomy of new species, how special. It is so neat to be a little further out.

has been creating Adam Summers the structure, function, PAGES 8-9: SCANALLFISH/ADAM SUMMERS (PADDED SCULPIN, CLINGFISH, & HATCHETFISHKATHY X-RAYS); BALLARD COURTESY (ADAM OF SUMMERS); EYEWASHbones (SCANNER DIAGRAM); SHUTTERSTOCK.COM (ALL OTHER PHOTOS) fit together, which fish involved in expanding our —Jeanette Ferrara

8 OCTOBER 2020 SCHOLASTIC.COM/SUPERSCIENCE 9 Explore Online Skill Leveled Video Builders Text Sea lampreys have a rough, bony tongue to pierce the flesh of other fish.

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Skill Leveled Thirsty Video Builders text Games for sea lamprey Sea Lampreys The monstrous mouth to the left belongs to use these teeth to grip the skin of trout, salmon, a sea lamprey. This fish lives in the Great Lakes or perch for weeks at a time. They drill a hole in Blood as well as the Atlantic Ocean along the coasts of the fish using a bony tongue and drink its blood. Europe and North America. In the ocean, lampreys don’t usually kill their Young lampreys eat algae. But after a few hosts. But the smaller lake fish often die after a years, the fish become parasites. Adults have a lamprey attack. In the Great Lakes, one lamprey Meet five creatures round mouth lined with hundreds of teeth. They can kill 18 kilograms (40 pounds) of fish a year! that feast on blood

ou’ve probably seen vampires in movies or video games. But Vampire Bats bloodthirsty creatures exist in real Some people think that all bats drink life too! About 30,000 species of blood. But only three species of bats out of animals feast on blood, including 1,400 do. They’re called vampire bats, and insects,Y birds, mammals, and fish. they live in Central and South America. Blood isn’t hard to find—it pumps through the Like all bats, vampire bats can fly. But The teeth of this fish, bodies of all kinds of animals. “But there are many called a sea lamprey, they have longer thumbs on their wings adaptations animals need to feed on blood,” says are made of keratin—the than other bats. That lets them quietly creep Sebastian Kvist, a biologist at the Royal Ontario same material your hair across the ground and onto the feet of cows, and nails are made of! Museum. For instance, bloodsucking creatures horses, and birds. The bats then use heat- have special body parts to pierce the skin of sensing skin around their nose to detect other animals and draw blood. Many also have warm blood. They make a cut with their teeth chemicals in their saliva called blood thinners and lap up blood with their tongues. that keep blood from clotting as they feed. As vampire bats feed, their kidneys

Here are five animals that feed on blood— A vampire quickly absorb water from the blood, causing and how they get their liquid meals! bat feeds on the bats to pee. That makes them less —Alessandra Potenza blood from thumb bloated, so they can fly away fast! a bird’s foot. PAGE 10: USGS (LAMPREY); SHUTTERSTOCK.COM (BLOOD DROPS); PAGE PAULO 11: OLIVEIRA/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO (LAMPREY ON FISH); BARRY MANSELL/NATUREPL.COM(BAT FLYING); DIETMAR NILL/NATUREPL.COM (BAT DRINKING BLOOD)

10 OCTOBER 2020 SCHOLASTIC.COM/SUPERSCIENCE 11 Mosquitoes You’re probably familiar with Leeches Leeches are worms that live in ponds and this bloodsucker. But did you know oceans on every continent. These parasites that only female mosquitoes drink Explore drink the blood of animals like birds, fish, and blood? These blood meals allow Online Skill Leveled even humans! the insects to produce eggs. Video Builders Text Most leeches have round mouths with three A mosquito finds humans jaws and up to 300 sharp teeth. They attach their and other animals by using its mouths to the skin of a host and move their jaws

Skill Leveled antennae to detect the carbon Video Builders text Games Skill Leveled Video Builders text Games side to side to make a cut. Leeches usually suck dioxide gas they breathe out. The Skill Leveled Video Builders text Games blood for 45 minutes, but some stay on their hosts for mosquito then uses its mouth, weeks. Super-stretchy skin lets the worms draw up to 10 which is made of six needles, to times their weight in blood. pierce their skin and suck blood for A practitioner squeezes These adaptations make leeches useful in medicine! blood out of a leech used a few seconds. During its meal, the Some leeches are used to treat diseases and increase blood for treatment in India. insect injects its victims with saliva flow after certain surgeries. The powerful blood thinners in containing blood thinners. Your Some species of their saliva have been used to make medications. body reacts by releasing chemicals mosquito release droplets of warm that make the bite super itchy! blood as they Mosquito saliva can carry feed to keep cool. viruses and parasites. Diseases spread by mosquitoes kill millions of people a year. That makes the bug the world’s deadliest . PAGES 12-13: SHUTTERSTOCK.COM (BLOOD DROPS, LEECH); SKEEZE/PIXABAY (MOSQUITO);JONAGREEN/DREAMSTIME.COM (FINCH NAZIR/GETTY BLOOD); DRINKING JAIME YAWAR A. IMAGES CHAVES (SQUEEZING LEECH) (VAMPIRE FINCHES);

Vampire Finches Vampire finches are fist-sized birds that Vampire finches line live on two of the Galápagos islands in the up and wait their turn Pacific Ocean. They normally eat seeds and to drink the larger insects. But when those run low, they feed seabird’s blood. adaptation—a body feature or behavior that helps an on the blood of other birds! animal survive The finches work together to attack large parasite—an organism that seabirds. One finch hops on the seabird’s lives on or inside another back and pecks at its skin to make a wound. organism and often harms its host Other finches wait for their turn. They don’t host—the organism that a drink enough blood to harm their victims. parasite lives on or inside The blood diet gives vampire finches an The vampire finch has antennae—feelers on the edge over other finch species when food is a razor-sharp beak head of an insect scarce. As a result, vampire finches are the to pierce the skin of virus—a tiny particle that large seabirds. causes disease most numerous finches on the islands.

12 OCTOBER 2020 SCHOLASTIC.COM/SUPERSCIENCE 13 Explore Online Skill Leveled Video Builders Text

Shrunken Head Gourd to Ground If you’ve ever left a Here’s how pumpkins are composted. jack-o’-lantern outside

Last fall, students at for a week or two, you an Illinois elementary might have noticed black 1 school kept almost 2 tons of pumpkins blotches on its skin. from going to landfills. These are produced by tiny organisms, like bacteria, that feed on the pumpkin. The grinning head shrinks and shrivels. That’s At Pumpkin Smash Candles and decorations are removed from because pumpkins are donated pumpkins. The gourds are shredded 90 percent water. As events, kids can shatter gourds before and mixed with twigs and food scraps. the fruit decomposes, the water they’re composted. slowly evaporates, or turns from liquid into gas. in nutrients. When it’s 2 After Halloween, many added to gardens, it Americans toss their pumpkins helps plants grow! Pumpkin Smash! in the trash. Each year, 650,000 y tons of pumpkins end up in Pumpkin Pals landfills. The gourds are buried Another eco-friendly There are better ways to get rid of your under garbage. When food and way to get rid of your plant-based waste decompose pumpkin is to donate it jack-o’-lantern than tossing it in the trash underground without any to a zoo. Several zoos, The shredded material is piled into long oxygen, bacteria release a gas like the Oakland Zoo mounds. Machines turn over the piles every called methane. The gas stays in California, collect few days so that bacteria have oxygen. then jumped in themselves! held after Halloween across in Earth’s atmosphere, trapping pumpkins for animals As you read, think about what happens to your jack-o’-lantern They smashed the pumpkins the U.S. These smash fests some of the sun’s heat and to eat or play with. after Halloween. with their feet. “It was so much aren’t just for fun. They help contributing to climate change. Elephants love to crush 3 fun!” says 11-year-old Jack Bell. the environment by keeping That’s why groups like the fruits and eat them. n November 2, Events similar to this one, thousands of pumpkins out of SCARCE collect pumpkins. After The Oakland Zoo then 2019, dozens of called Pumpkin Smash, are landfills. There, the fruits would the events, the smashed fruits composts the animals’ people hauled decompose, or break down, are brought to facilities where pumpkin-filled poop! giant pumpkins releasing harmful gases. they’re shredded and left in piles So what will you do and grimacing Instead, pumpkins collected (see Gourd to Ground, right). with your Halloween After about six months, the material turns jack-o’-lanterns to at the events are recycled into (PUMPKINS DUMPSTER); IN Workers regularly flip the piles pumpkin? By keeping O Elmwood Elementary soil. “It’s about helping the so that bacteria have oxygen it out of landfills, you into compost and is sold to farmers. Compost contains nutrients that help plants grow. School in Naperville, planet,” says Kay McKeen. and don’t release methane. This can help the planet. “We Illinois. Kids She’s the founder of process is called composting. can all be champions Jack-o’-lanterns pitched the SCARCE, a group that After about six months, the of the environment,” Think: Which step is key to prevent usually begin methane from being produced? pumpkins into rotting within 10 organizes Pumpkin pumpkins turn into a material says McKeen. days of carving. COURTESY OF ELMWOOD ELEMENTARY COURTESY OF HUDSON RIVER PARK TRUST (KID SMASHING PUMPKIN); COURTESY OF ELMWOOD ELEMENTARYPHOTOFUSION/KEITH (1); MORRIS/UNIVERSAL IMAGES GROUP VIA GETTY IMAGES (2); MINT IMAGES/SCIENCE SOURCE (3) a trash bin and Smash events in Illinois. KELLYJENNINGS/GETTY IMAGES (ROTTEN PUMPKIN) similar to dark soil that is rich —Alessandra Potenza

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Craig Moskowitz Craig Desk: Copy Director, Editorial •Executive   support your claim? support photo, and why? How do your observations Explain: Think: Observe: might help explain an element of the photo? stand to out you? What do you notice about it? What details OCTOBER 2020 OCTOBER What do you already that know Lauren TarshisLauren • Copy Chief: Ingrid Accardi Chief: •Copy What do you think is going on in the Look closely Look at the photo above. Patricia Janes Patricia Art: and Math, •VP, Science, Suzanne Bilyeu Suzanne Editor: Copy •Senior Want toknowmore aboutus?Call . ©2020 Scholastic Inc. SCHOLASTIC, SuperScience, and associated associated and SuperScience, SCHOLASTIC, Inc. Scholastic Richard. ©2020 Robinson Inc.: Scholastic of Board the of Chairman and Officer, Exec. Chief •President, /superscience • Editorial Director: Elizabeth Carney Director: •Editorial , oremail the editors • Copy Editor: Troy Reynolds Editor: •Copy 1-800-SCHOLASTIC

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