Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Selective Syntheses of Difluoromethylene Compounds Via Difluorocarbene Catalyses
Selective Syntheses of Difluoromethylene Compounds via Difluorocarbene Catalyses 著者 青野 竜也 内容記述 この博士論文は全文公表に適さないやむを得ない事 由があり要約のみを公表していましたが、解消した ため、2017年10月2日に全文を公表しました。 year 2016 その他のタイトル ジフルオロカルベンを用いた触媒反応によるジフル オロメチレン化合物の選択的合成 学位授与大学 筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba) 学位授与年度 2015 報告番号 12102甲第7642号 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2241/00144162 Selective Syntheses of Difluoromethylene Compounds via Difluorocarbene Catalyses Tatsuya Aono February 2016 Selective Syntheses of Difluoromethylene Compounds via Difluorocarbene Catalyses Tatsuya Aono Doctoral Program in Chemistry Submitted to the Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Science at the University of Tsukuba Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction 1 Chapter 2 O-Selective Difluoromethylation of Amides with Free Difluorocarbene 20 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Synthesis of Difluoromethyl Imidates 24 2.3. Mechanistic Considerations on O-Selective Difluoromethylation of Amides 31 2.4. Conclusion 33 2.5. Experimental Section 34 2.6. Reference 38 Chapter 3 Regioselective Syntheses of gem-Difluorocyclopentanone Derivatives with Transition Metal Difluorocarbene Complexes 39 3.1. Introduction 40 3.2. Domino Difluorocyclopropanation/Ring Expansion with Nickel Difluorocarbene Complex 45 3.3. [4 + 1] Cycloaddition with Copper Difluorocarbene Complex 58 3.4. Conclusion 66 3.5. Experimental Section 67 3.6. Reference 101 Chapter 4 Conclusion 104 List of Publications 105 Acknowledgement 106 Chapter 1 1. General Introduction Organofluorine compounds often exhibit unique properties and behaviors in comparison with nonfluorinated parent compounds, playing important roles as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Because of the high bond dissociation energy of C–F bonds, organofluorine compounds are resistant to heat and chemicals, and stable to metabolism. In addition, organofluorine compounds have high lipophilicity. -
Status of Industry Efforts to Replace Halon Fire Extinguishing Agents
STATUS OF INDUSTRY EFFORTS TO REPLACE HALON FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS Robert T. Wickham, P.E. March 16, 2002 WICKHAM ASSOCIATES NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the interest of information exchange. The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the US Environmental Protection Agency. The US Environmental Protection Agency does not assume liability for the contents or use thereof and further the Agency does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturer's names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. The following commercial products (requiring a trademark designation ® or ™) are mentioned in this report. Due to the frequency of usage, trademarks are not indicated. Mention of a product does not constitute endorsement or rejection of the product. Ansul FE-25 Argonite FE-36 Argotec FM-200 CEA-410 Halotron I CEA-614 Inergen CEA-308 NAF P-IV Envirogel NAF S-III FE-13 NN100 FE-227 Triodide FE-241 There are no restrictions on copying or distribution of this document. Additional copies of this report are available from ….. Wickham Associates 9 Winding Brook Drive Stratham, New Hampshire 03885 USA Tel: +603-772-3229 Fax: +603-772-7305 email: [email protected] The report is available at http://home.attbi.com/~wickham/downloads.htm for downloading in Adobe Acrobat portable document format (pdf). Preface This report is not intended to be a market study, but instead a snapshot of the progress industry and the government are making in employing non ozone depleting alternatives to halons in the fire protection sector. -
Liquefied Gas Conversion Chart
LIQUEFIED GAS CONVERSION CHART Cubic Feet / Pound Pounds / Gallon Product Name Column A Column B Acetylene UN/NA: 1001 14.70 4.90 CAS: 514-86-2 Air UN/NA: 1002 13.30 7.29 CAS: N/A Ammonia Anhydrous UN/NA: 1005 20.78 5.147 CAS: 7664-41-7 Argon UN/NA: 1006 9.71 11.63 CAS: 7440-37-1 Butane UN/NA: 1075 6.34 4.86 CAS: 106-97-8 Carbon Dioxide UN/NA: 2187 8.74 8.46 CAS: 124-38-9 Chlorine UN/NA: 1017 5.38 11.73 CAS: 7782-50-5 Ethane UN/NA: 1045 12.51 2.74 CAS: 74-84-0 Ethylene Oxide UN/NA: 1040 8.78 7.25 CAS: 75-21-8 Fluorine UN/NA: 1045 10.17 12.60 CAS: 7782-41-4 Helium UN/NA: 1046 97.09 1.043 CAS: 7440-59-7 Hydrogen UN/NA: 1049 192.00 0.592 CAS: 1333-74-0 1. Find the gas you want to convert. 2. If you know your quantity in cubic feet and want to convert to pounds, divide your amount by column A 3. If you know your quantity in gallons and want to convert to pounds, multiply your amount by column B 4. If you know your quantity in pounds and want to convert to gallons, divide your amount by column B If you have any questions, please call 1-800-433-2288 LIQUEFIED GAS CONVERSION CHART Cubic Feet / Pound Pounds / Gallon Product Name Column A Column B Hydrogen Chloride UN/NA: 1050 10.60 8.35 CAS: 7647-01-0 Krypton UN/NA: 1056 4.60 20.15 CAS: 7439-90-9 Methane UN/NA: 1971 23.61 3.55 CAS: 74-82-8 Methyl Bromide UN/NA: 1062 4.03 5.37 CAS: 74-83-9 Neon UN/NA: 1065 19.18 10.07 CAS: 7440-01-9 Mapp Gas UN/NA: 1060 9.20 4.80 CAS: N/A Nitrogen UN/NA: 1066 13.89 6.75 CAS: 7727-37-9 Nitrous Oxide UN/NA: 1070 8.73 6.45 CAS: 10024-97-2 Oxygen UN/NA: 1072 12.05 9.52 CAS: 7782-44-7 Propane UN/NA: 1075 8.45 4.22 CAS: 74-98-6 Sulfur Dioxide UN/NA: 1079 5.94 12.0 CAS: 7446-09-5 Xenon UN/NA: 2036 2.93 25.51 CAS: 7440-63-3 1. -
Ozone Depleting Substances
Ozone Depleting Substances What are they? Ozone depleting substances are chemicals that destroy the earth’s protective ozone layer. They include: • chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • halons • carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) • methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) • hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) • hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) • methyl bromide (CH3Br) • bromochloromethane (CH2BrCl) The use of these chemicals is controlled by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol). There are other ozone depleting substances, but their ozone depleting effects are very small, so they are not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. One kilogram of halon 1211 can destroy 50 tonnes of ozone What is ozone depleting potential? Ozone depleting potential is a measure of how much damage a chemical can cause to the ozone layer compared with a similar mass What did we use ozone depleting of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11). CFC-11, with an ozone depleting potential of 1.0, is substances for? used as the base figure for measuring ozone depletion potential. The higher the number, The main uses of ozone depleting substances the more damage a chemical can cause to include; CFCs and HCFCs in refrigerators and the ozone layer. Bromotrifluoromethane air conditioners, HCFCs and halons in fire (halon -1301) has an ozone depleting potential extinguishers, CFCs and HCFCs in foam, CFCs of 10.0. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a naturally and HCFCs as aerosol propellants and methyl occurring greenhouse gas, but has an ozone bromide for fumigation of soil, structures and depleting potential of 0. goods to be imported or exported. Have we stopped using ozone Why do we still use some ozone depleting substances? depleting substances? Production of most ozone depleting Some substances with a high ozone depleting substances has been phased out under the potential are still used in quarantine and Montreal Protocol. -
Halons Technical Options Committee 2018 AssessMent Report
Halons Technical Options Committee 2018 Assess ment Report Volume 1 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Ozone Secretariat MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER REPORT OF THE HALONS TECHNICAL OPTIONS COMMITTEE DECEMBER 2018 VOLUME 1 2018 ASSESSMENT REPORT i Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer Report of the Halons Technical Options Committee December 2018 Volume 1 2018 ASSESSMENT REPORT The text of this report is composed in Times New Roman Co-ordination: Halons Technical Options Committee Composition of the report: Halons Technical Options Committee Reproduction: Ozone Secretariat Date: December 2018 Under certain conditions, printed copies of this report are available from: UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME Ozone Secretariat, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya This document is also available in portable document format from the Ozone Secretariat's website: https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/Assessment_Panel/Assessment_Panels/TEAP/R eports/HTOC/HTOC_assessment_2018.pdf No copyright involved. This publication may be freely copied, abstracted and cited, with acknowledgement of the source of the material. ISBN: 978-9966-076-48-9 iii Disclaimer The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) Co-chairs and members, the Technical Options Committees Co-chairs and members, the TEAP Task Forces Co-chairs and members, and the companies and organisations that employ them do not endorse the performance, worker safety, or environmental acceptability of any of the technical options discussed. Every industrial operation requires consideration of worker safety and proper disposal of contaminants and waste products. Moreover, as work continues - including additional toxicity evaluation - more information on health, environmental and safety effects of alternatives and replacements will become available for use in selecting among the options discussed in this document. -
ACE Tips for Filing EPA ODS
Automated Commercial Environment ACE Tips for Filing EPA ODS June, 2018 Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) deplete the stratospheric ozone layer when the chlorine and bromine atoms that they contain come into contact with ozone molecules. One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules before it is removed from the stratosphere. ODS that release chlorine include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform. ODS that release bromine include halons and methyl bromide. HTS code Ozone-Depleting Substance 2903.14.0000 Carbon tetrachloride What commodities 2903.19.6010 Methylchloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) are ODS used in? 2903.39.1520 Methyl bromide 2903.71.0000 Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) ODS have been used 2903.72.0020 Dichlorotrifluoroethane (HCFC-123) for refrigeration, air 2903.73.0000 Dichlorofluoroethanes (HCFC-141, 141b) conditioning, insulation, 2903.74.0000 Chlorodifluoroethanes (HCFC-142, 142b) solvents, aerosol 2903.75.0000 Dichloropentafluoropropanes propellants, and in other (HCFC-225, 225ca, 225cb) sectors. Currently, the United 2903.76.0010 Bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301) States is in the 2903.76.0050 Bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211), process of phasing bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301), and out HCFCs, but in the dibromotetrafluoroethanes (Halon 2402), Other interim limited imports are 2903.77.0010 Trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) allowed. CFCs, 2903.77.0020 Trichlorotrifluoroethanes (CFC-113, CFC-113a) methyl bromide, halon, 2903.77.0030 -
List of Lists
United States Office of Solid Waste EPA 550-B-10-001 Environmental Protection and Emergency Response May 2010 Agency www.epa.gov/emergencies LIST OF LISTS Consolidated List of Chemicals Subject to the Emergency Planning and Community Right- To-Know Act (EPCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act • EPCRA Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances • CERCLA Hazardous Substances • EPCRA Section 313 Toxic Chemicals • CAA 112(r) Regulated Chemicals For Accidental Release Prevention Office of Emergency Management This page intentionally left blank. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction................................................................................................................................................ i List of Lists – Conslidated List of Chemicals (by CAS #) Subject to the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act ................................................. 1 Appendix A: Alphabetical Listing of Consolidated List ..................................................................... A-1 Appendix B: Radionuclides Listed Under CERCLA .......................................................................... B-1 Appendix C: RCRA Waste Streams and Unlisted Hazardous Wastes................................................ C-1 This page intentionally left blank. LIST OF LISTS Consolidated List of Chemicals -
1 HUMAN HEALTH SAFETY EVALUATION of HALON REPLACEMENT CANDIDATES Darol E. Dodd1, Gary W. Jepson1, and Joseph A. Macko, Jr.2 1Air
HUMAN HEALTH SAFETY EVALUATION OF HALON REPLACEMENT CANDIDATES Darol E. Dodd1, Gary W. Jepson1, and Joseph A. Macko, Jr.2 1Air Force Research Laboratory/Operational Toxicology Branch (AFRL/HEST) – ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 2Toxicology Directorate (MCHB-TS-T)/U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion & Preventive Medicine Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland Next-Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program (NGP) Project 3B/1/89 Final Report – Section II of II This research is part of the Department of Defense’s Next-Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program, funded by the DoD Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION……………………………...………………………………………………….4 PHASE 1 – TOXICITY SCREENING METHODS……………………...……………………….5 Chemical/physical properties……………………………………………….…………….6 Existing toxicity literature…………………………………………………..…………….6 Preliminary “specific use” scenarios………………………………………..…………….7 Qualitative/quantitative structure activity relationships……………………..……………7 In vitro screens……………………………………………………………...…………….8 Acute irritation tests………………………………………………………………………9 Acute toxicity tests…………………………………………………………..…………..10 The “limit test”…………………………………………………………………..11 The “specific use” scenario test……………………………………..…………..12 Genotoxicity tests (Phase 1)………………………………………………..……………13 DECISION POINT 1……………………………………………………………………14 Concentration x time (C x T) relationships……………………….……………18 Stop or continue testing…………………………………………..…………….18 PHASE 2 – TOXICITY -
Federal Register/Vol. 84, No. 230/Friday, November 29, 2019
Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 230 / Friday, November 29, 2019 / Proposed Rules 65739 are operated by a government LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 49966 (Sept. 24, 2019). The Office overseeing a population below 50,000. solicited public comments on a broad Of the impacts we estimate accruing U.S. Copyright Office range of subjects concerning the to grantees or eligible entities, all are administration of the new blanket voluntary and related mostly to an 37 CFR Part 210 compulsory license for digital uses of increase in the number of applications [Docket No. 2019–5] musical works that was created by the prepared and submitted annually for MMA, including regulations regarding competitive grant competitions. Music Modernization Act Implementing notices of license, notices of nonblanket Therefore, we do not believe that the Regulations for the Blanket License for activity, usage reports and adjustments, proposed priorities would significantly Digital Uses and Mechanical Licensing information to be included in the impact small entities beyond the Collective: Extension of Comment mechanical licensing collective’s potential for increasing the likelihood of Period database, database usability, their applying for, and receiving, interoperability, and usage restrictions, competitive grants from the Department. AGENCY: U.S. Copyright Office, Library and the handling of confidential of Congress. information. Paperwork Reduction Act ACTION: Notification of inquiry; To ensure that members of the public The proposed priorities do not extension of comment period. have sufficient time to respond, and to contain any information collection ensure that the Office has the benefit of SUMMARY: The U.S. Copyright Office is requirements. a complete record, the Office is extending the deadline for the extending the deadline for the Intergovernmental Review: This submission of written reply comments program is subject to Executive Order submission of written reply comments in response to its September 24, 2019 to no later than 5:00 p.m. -
IAEA TECDOC SERIES Production and Quality Control of Fluorine-18 Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals
IAEA-TECDOC-1968 IAEA-TECDOC-1968 IAEA TECDOC SERIES Production and Quality Control of Fluorine-18 Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals IAEA-TECDOC-1968 Production and Quality Control of Fluorine-18 Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna @ PRODUCTION AND QUALITY CONTROL OF FLUORINE-18 LABELLED RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GEORGIA OMAN ALBANIA GERMANY PAKISTAN ALGERIA GHANA PALAU ANGOLA GREECE PANAMA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GRENADA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARGENTINA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ARMENIA GUYANA PERU AUSTRALIA HAITI PHILIPPINES AUSTRIA HOLY SEE POLAND AZERBAIJAN HONDURAS PORTUGAL BAHAMAS HUNGARY QATAR BAHRAIN ICELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH INDIA ROMANIA BARBADOS INDONESIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RWANDA BELGIUM IRAQ SAINT LUCIA BELIZE IRELAND SAINT VINCENT AND BENIN ISRAEL THE GRENADINES BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL ITALY SAMOA STATE OF JAMAICA SAN MARINO BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SENEGAL BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KENYA SEYCHELLES BULGARIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BURKINA FASO KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURUNDI KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA CAMBODIA LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SLOVENIA CAMEROON REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CANADA LATVIA SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN LEBANON SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LESOTHO SUDAN CHAD LIBERIA SWEDEN CHILE LIBYA CHINA LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND COLOMBIA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COMOROS LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI TOGO CÔTE D’IVOIRE -
US2979539.Pdf
2,979,539 United States Patent Office Patented Apr. 11, 1961 2 fluoride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, 1,1-difluoro dichloroethylene, propene, ethylene, 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro 2,979,539 buetene-1, perfluoropropene, and hexafluorobutene-1. DFLUOROCAR BENE FREE RADCALS IN THE Generally the ethylenes are preferred, particularly the SYNTHESS OF FLUORNATED OLEFNC COM fluorinated ethylenes. The use of tetrafluoroethylene in POUNDS this process, producing perfluoropropene, constitutes a Louis A. Errede, St. Paul, and Wesley R. Peterson, North particularly preferred embodiment. It may also be desir Oaks, Minn, assignors to Minnesota Mining and Man able to use other perhalogenated ethylenes, such as tri ufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minn., a corporation of fluorochloroethylene, as a reactant. Delaware - 0 Any method can be employed to produce the difluoro carbene radical, providing the free radical is available Filed Jan. 6, 1959, Ser, No. 785,246 for the addition reaction. Such methods include the 7 Claims. (CI. 260-653.3) production of difluorocarbene during the pyrolysis of CHCIF, as described in U.S. 2,551,573. It is also pos - This invention relates to a process for the manufacture 15 sible to obtain the difluorocarbene free radical during of unsaturated fluorine-containing compounds. In one the pyrolysis of tetrafluoroethylene at temperatures above aspect, this invention relates to the addition of a difluoro 750° C. However, for the purposes of this invention, carbene radical to an ethylenically unsaturated compound the method of producing difluorocarbene is not critical. to produce higher molecular weight fluorine-containing Because of the relatively short life of the difluoro compounds. -
Preparation of Perfluorinated Ionomers
PREPARATION OF PERFLUORINATED IONOMERS FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS by TODD STEPHEN SAYLER JOSEPH S. THRASHER, COMMITTEE CHAIR RICHARD E. FERNANDEZ, Ph.D. ANTHONY J. ARDUENGO, Ph.D. MARTIN G. BAKKER, Ph.D. KEVIN H. SHAUGHNESSY, Ph.D. DARRYL D. DESMARTEAU, Ph.D. A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2012 Copyright Todd Stephen Sayler 2012 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT One of the major issues with the current membrane technology for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is the low conductivity seen at low relative humidity. This dissertation discloses the preparation of perfluorinated polymers with higher densities of acid sites and higher conductivities to overcome this issue. These materials are prepared using a system designed to safely synthesize and polymerize tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) on a hundred gram scale. The copolymerization of TFE and perfluoro-2-(2-fluorosulfonylethoxy) propyl vinyl ether (PSEPVE) to prepare materials with varying ratios of the two monomers was carried out by solution, bulk, and emulsion polymerization techniques. Additionally, the homopolymer of PSEPVE has been prepared and characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, which shows the low molecular weight distribution seen in other similar materials in the literature is due to a high rate of β-scission termination. Spectroscopic measurements and thermal analysis were carried out on these samples to obtain better characterization than was currently available. Producing polymers with a higher amount of PSEPVE, and thus higher density of acid sites, leads to the materials becoming water soluble after hydrolysis.