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Rapid Urbanisation, Water Scarcity and the Difficulties and Possibilities of Human Flourishing Author Title Hydrating Hyderabad: Rapid urbanisation, water scarcity and the difficulties and possibilities of human flourishing Author(s) Diganta Das and Tracey Skelton Source Urban Studies, 57(7), 1663-1569 Published by SAGE Publications Copyright © 2020 SAGE Publications This is the author’s accepted manuscript (post-print) of a work that was accepted for publication in the following source: Das, D., & Skelton, T. (2020). Hydrating Hyderabad: Rapid urbanisation, water scarcity and the difficulties and possibilities of human flourishing. Urban Studies, 57(7), 1663-1569. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019838481 Notice: Changes introduced as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing and formatting may not be reflected in this document. The final, definitive version of this paper has been published in Urban Studies, Volume 57, Issue 7, May 2019 by SAGE publishing. All rights reserved. Accepted version. For NIE Repository only: Das, D. & Skelton, T. (2019). Hydrating Hyderabad: Rapid urbanisation, water scarcity and the difficulties and possibilities of human flourishing. Urban Studies, Vol 57 https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019838481 Title: Hydrating Hyderabad: Rapid urbanisation, water scarcity and the difficulties and possibilities of human flourishing Diganta Das, Nanyang Technological University Tracey Skelton, National University of Singapore Abstract: The city of Hyderabad plays a significant role in urban transition processes at play in India. Cyberabad, a particular section of the city of Hyderabad, developed through the rapid urbanisation of rural villages and land, became a hi-tech, state of the art, globally connected enclave. On weekday mornings in the neighbourhood of Madhapur smartly dressed HITEC City workers, with ID tags, emerge from hostel-accommodation and walk alongside large, black buffalo being herded into rundown dairies. This paradoxical use of space is replicated in the urban fabric of Cyberabad and surrounding Madhapur. Cheek-by-jowl urbanisation has created two very different types of urban locale: Cyberabad– air-conditioned, gardened, watered – a space of hydration and flourishing; and Madhapur – hot, dusty and desiccated – a space of dryness and water struggles. This paper explores whether aspects of urban flourishing and resilience are possible in the newly formed Telangana state and its capital, Hyderabad, through an examination of the past, present and future of the city’s water. Keywords: water; rapid urbanisation; resilience; Hyderabad; neoliberal; water projects; India Introduction The central Indian city of Hyderabad has been in severe water crisis for some time. Water scarcity is a historical feature of the city and the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh. However, in the past there was more effective management and a degree of fairer distribution throughout the city and the state (Shahidl, 2014). Water is required for human survival and flourishing. In the city of Hyderabad residents have a long history of water resiliance utilising a range of techniques and structures to capture and store water. Given that the city is currently in crisis, we ask a series of questions: Can Hyderabad re-develop its water resilience? In what ways can urban governance focus on water to create the potential for human flourishing in a desiccated city? What infrastructural changes are being created 1 Accepted version. For NIE Repository only: Das, D. & Skelton, T. (2019). Hydrating Hyderabad: Rapid urbanisation, water scarcity and the difficulties and possibilities of human flourishing. Urban Studies, Vol 56 https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019838481 by newly formed Telangana State? Can Hyderabad be hydrated? We argue that a combination of neglectful water management, rapid urbanisation, neo-liberal shifts in the Indian economy, especially in the urban centres, and the privileging of Cyberabad, has rendered other parts of the city less resilient, resulting in a deterioration of living conditions.1 Our research took place in Hyderabad between 2011 – 2016. During this time there were marches and riots related to the political campaign for the establishment of Telangana as a new state. Strikes, shutdowns and demonstrations were common everyday political strategies to push for federal recognition of demands for separation from Andhra Pradesh. Inauguration of the State of Telangana took place on 2nd June 2014 and the Telangana Rashtra Samithi party came to power with 63 of the 119 available seats. Hence, our Hyderabad-centred research was worked around diverse everyday politics and localised demands for political justice in terms of self-defined statehood (Srikanth 2013). Our central foci were neighbourhood liveability, water policies and provision, and residents’ resilience and possible flourishing within and between two very different neighbourhoods: Cyberabad and Madhapur. We used a range of methods to collect original data through repeated field visits: thirty-five one-to-one interviews with residents born and bred in Madhapur, rural migrants and newly arrived digerati (professionals in IT and software development) from all over India; and fifteen in-depth interviews with political, municipal and NGO actors; focus group discussions with Hyderabadi citizens and academics on everyday water issues and effectiveness of government water policies; observations and visual methods to capture the everyday water situation and local people’s negotiations. This paper comprises four sections. Section 1 introduces key urban and spatial players in the water struggle: the city of Hyderabad, the high-tech enclave of Cyberabad and its rapidly urbanised counterpart, Madhapur2. We use the lens of water as a means to examine the complex urban processes that impact upon governance, resilience and flourishing. This first section presents three key scaled spatialities of examination and blends critical analysis of urban development in relation to differential governance practices (or lack of) around 1 cf. Maringanti 2011 for close analysis of Indian urbanisation processes, notions of the commons and Hyderabad’s neighbourhood water bodies. See also Bywater’s analysis of anti-privatization struggles and rights to water in India. 2012. 2 Madhapur was a quiet peri-urban/rural neighbourhood in west Hyderabad in the early 1990s. With Cyberabad’s development and influx of job seekers, Madhapur transformed rapidly as a provider of rental housing, paying guest accommodation and hostels for young professionals. 2 Accepted version. For NIE Repository only: Das, D. & Skelton, T. (2019). Hydrating Hyderabad: Rapid urbanisation, water scarcity and the difficulties and possibilities of human flourishing. Urban Studies, Vol 56 https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019838481 investment, infrastructure and water. Our interpretation of governance and politics is to recognise the ways in which political leaders or authorities use their democratically elected power to steer their nation or state. India is a federal parliamentary democratic republic, which consists of a central authority (located in Delhi) with states governed by elected regional or state parties. Governance is strongly related to politics but is more associated with the public sector, power structures, civil society, equity and the ideals of public administration, hence it directly relates to water provision3. In sections 2 and 3 and we focus more specifically on histories of water and related contemporary resilience (Sultana and Loftus 2012; Beilin and Wilkinson 2015; Beilin et al. 2015). Section 2 presents the water history of Hyderabad, enabling a temporal and spatial analysis of water catchment, distribution and usage. Woven through this water-based analysis is the complex story of water provision, urban processes (which have largely been unplanned, unregulated and rapid) and political governance transformation. In section 3 we draw more specifically upon research data to examine how water scarcity plays out in everyday lives and perpetuates particular social, infrastructural and resource inequalities. Section 4 looks back in time in order to look forward and critcally speculate as to what might happen to Hyderabad and the surrounding areas of Telangana state. The first and current Chief Minister of Telangana, Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao (known as KCR) has set up two major water-based initiatives. The projects are ambitious and appear to be committed to more equitable and/or universal provision of water than was delivered previously. We conclude the paper in section 5. Section 1: Hyderabad, Cyberabad, Madhapur: industrial urbanisation, high-tech and water inequalities Hyderabad With a population of nearly 8 million, Hyderabad is the fifth largest metropolitan city in India. The metropolitan region covers nearly 8000 square km and is ranked 38th in the world by size and population, and continues to grow. Situated at the centre of India, on the Deccan Plateau, Hyderabad historically acted as a connecting node between northern and southern India in terms of geography, culture and religion. 3 see Salídas et al 2018 for an analysis of institutional/ governance issues at play around wastewater processing and usage in Hyderabad 3 Accepted version. For NIE Repository only: Das, D. & Skelton, T. (2019). Hydrating Hyderabad: Rapid urbanisation, water scarcity and the difficulties and possibilities of human flourishing. Urban Studies, Vol 56 https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019838481 From 1947 onwards, Hyderabad has experienced different governance and political practices focused around economic
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