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Pandey. Space and Culture, India 2015, 3:1 Page | 17 SPECIAL ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Changing Facets of Hyderabadi Tehzeeb: Are We Missing Anything? Dr Vinita Pandey† Abstract In its historic evolution and development, the Hyderabad city has experienced many changes since its foundation as the capital of the medieval Kingdom of Golconda in the 16th century to its present status as the metropolis of a modern state. Each historic phase of development has significantly influenced its physical, social, economic and cultural growth. Hyderabad, under the influence of Deccan, Persian and indigenous culture, synthesised and evolved its very own Hyderabadi Tehzeeb. It truly represented the assimilation (yet uniqueness) of diverse cultures which inhabited Hyderabad. More than four hundred years later, HITEC city Hyderabad today presents a different picture. Whether it is its structural and spatial expansion, infrastructural development or its socio-cultural ethos, contemporary Hyderabad has evolved phenomenally and for many natives beyond recognition. Using ethnographic approach and secondary data, the paper introspects whether the City of Pearls has retained its unblotted tolerance and Hyderabadi Tehzeeb or has given up to the challenges of modern and globalizing times. Culturally, what is it that the natives of ‘Bhagyanagar’ irrespective of their caste, creed, gender, region and religion miss in modern Hyderabad. Key words: Culture (Tehzeeb), Hyderabad, Ganga-Jamuna Tehzeeb (Hindu-Muslim culture), Social Changes and Cultural diversity, India † Department of Sociology, Nizam College, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Email: [email protected] Pandey. Space and Culture, India 2015, 3:1 Page | 18 Introduction architecture with Persian elements of arches, Cities evolve with people of multiple cultures domes and minarets. The history of Hyderabad coming together. Cities are not only economic can be broadly categorised under Qutub Shahi and administrative centres; they are cultural and Asaf Jahi period. centres too. They present a unique picture of Qutub Shahi Dynasty cultural accommodation and assimilation. The The history of Hyderabad begins with the heterogeneity of city carries with it, its establishment of the Qutub Shahi dynasty. Quli historicity, and amalgamation of several Qutub Shah seized the reins of power from the cultures of natives and settlers. Though all Bahamani kingdom in 1512 and established the modern cities show similar cosmopolitan fortress city of Golconda. Inadequacy of water culture, the foundations of indigenous culture and frequent epidemics of plague and cholera are so strong that its influence is felt in daily persuaded Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah to lives. All the culture influences collectively venture outward to establish new city. The new merge into the city mannerisms — Tehzeeb of city had Charminar (which was constructed in the city. Tehzeeb (culture) does include ethos 1591) at its centre and with four great roads and eidos of culture. The key aim of this fanning out four cardinal directions. research is to understand the cultural changes owing to the impact of globalisation. The Qutub Shahis ruled the Deccan for almost 171 years. All the seven rulers were patrons of History of Hyderabad learning and were great builders. Since Qutub The city of Hyderabad was founded by Shahis patronised Persian culture, they Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah, the fifth ruler of contributed to the growth and development of the kingdom of Golconda (see Figure 1); in 1591 Indo-Persian and Indo-Islamic literature and A.D. on the south bank of the river Musi, that is culture in Hyderabad. During the Qutub Shahi a major tributary to the River Krishna. reign, Golconda became one of the leading Hyderabad – Bhagyanagar - the city of luck markets in the world of diamonds, pearls, steel symbolises spectrum of obsessions – love, for arms, and printed fabric (Bhaunani, 1917). pearls, cuisine, pan (betel leaves), Irani chai This brought people of different cultures (tea), beautiful monsoons and many more. The together. The glory of the Golconda kingdom icing, however, is the nawabi (luxurious and ended in 1687, after a valiant struggle. elite attitude) style and splendorous Ganga- Aurangzeb, the last great Mughal ruler, Jamuna Tehzeeb (co-existence of Hindu-Muslim captured Golconda after a siege that lasted for Culture), the Hyderabadi culture is knitted eight months. through its history and, therefore, to Asaf Jahi Dynasty understand the various facets of Hyderabadi Tehzeeb, it is worthwhile to walk down the After the Moghul ruler Aurangzeb’s seizure, the memory lane of Qutub Shahis and Asaf Jahis, importance of Hyderabad declined and the city the dynasties, which not only laid down the fell into partial ruins. As the Moghul Empire foundation of modern Hyderabad but also decayed and began to disintegrate, the viceroy, critical to understand the history of Hyderabad. Asaf Jah I proclaimed himself as the Nizam and established independent rule of the Deccan. A multitude of influences has shaped the Hyderabad once again became a major capital character of Hyderabad. Its palaces and city, ruled by successive Nizams of the Asaf Jahi buildings, houses and tenements, gardens and dynasty until the state was merged into Indian streets have a history and an architectural Union in 1948. The seven Nizam's of the Asif individuality of their own, which makes Jahi dynasty ruled the Deccan for nearly 224 Hyderabad a city of enchantment. For instance, years, right up to 1948 (Alikhan, 1991). Charminar (please see Figure 2) is of Islamic Pandey. Space and Culture, India 2015, 3:1 Page | 19 Figure 1: Golconda Fort – Reflections of Glorious history Picture Courtesy: Mr. Santosh Kumar Pandey Pandey. Space and Culture, India 2015, 3:1 Page | 20 Figure 2 Charminar – Symbolic of Hyderabad and an Architectural Marvel Picture Courtesy: Mr. Santosh Kumar Pandey Pandey. Space and Culture, India 2015, 3:1 Page | 21 During the Asaf Jahi period, Persian and other agent for the six collections of his poems for languages especially spoken in the Deccan one guinea each. The guinea is a coin of region of India - Urdu, Telugu and Marathi approximately one-quarter ounce of gold that developed simultaneously. The highest official was minted in the Kingdom of England and positions were given to deserving persons later in the Kingdom of Great Britain and the irrespective of their religion. Persian was the United Kingdom between 1663 and 1814. (Yes, official language, and it remained until 1893, the price was fixed in guineas! It was equivalent taken over by Urdu until 1948. When the British to twenty-one rupees). He was also presented a and the French spread their hold over the nazar whenever a visitor was given the privilege country, the Nizam soon won their friendship of an audience. The minimum amount for a without bequeathing his power. The title nazar was one gold and twenty silver coins – "Faithful Ally of the British Government" was twenty-four rupees!” (Luther, 2008). bestowed on Nizam VII. The British stationed a The Nizam’s rule saw the growth of Hyderabad resident at Hyderabad, but the state continued economically and culturally. Electricity, to be ruled by the Nizam. railways, roads and airways developed. Huge Hyderabad’s twin city Secunderabad shares a reservoirs and irrigation projects such as the similar history even if it is quite different Tungabhadra, and Nizam Sagar were culturally in contemporary times. In 1798, a completed. The early work on Nagarjuna Sagar subsidiary alliance for military and political was undertaken. The Osmania University and cooperation was signed between the Nizam several schools and colleges were founded and the British East India Company. Thereafter, throughout the state. Nearly all the public an area north of what is now the Hussain Sagar buildings such as the Osmania General Hospital, was established as a British cantonment. The High Court, Central State Library, Assembly Hall, area was named Secunderabad after the then Jubilee Hall and other buildings in the Public Nizam, Sikander Jah. The essential difference Garden were built during the reign of Osman Ali between Hyderabad and Secunderabad is that Khan. Soon after India gained independence in the former was a feudal Muslim city, while the 1947, all the princely states were invited to join latter was a cosmopolitan colonial town the Republic. Nizam VII was reluctant to do so; initially. However, Secunderabad has evolved but in 1948, after the Police Action (Operation into a cosmopolitan twin city of Hyderabad. Polo), his state was merged into the Indian Hyderabad was where the Nizam lived; Union. Operation Polo refers to the Indian Secunderabad housed the British resident who military operation, which resulted in the wielded the real power in the state. The integration of the State of Hyderabad and Berar Nizam’s prime ministers were selected or into the Union of India on September 12, 1948. approved of by the resident before the ruler This Operation is often popularly referred to as formally appointed them. Every prime minister a Police Action. This was the first large-scale first called on the resident who returned the military operation carried out by independent call. India. Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam, died The Nizams were popular for their riches and on Friday 24 February 1967. It was the end of wealth. Speaking about the seventh Nizam the princely era. Luther reflects, “[t]he seventh – and the last At the time of India's independence, Hyderabad ruling – Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, was was the largest Indian princely state in terms of reputed to be the world’s richest man of his population and GNP.1 The State had its own time. He had no idea of his wealth, not currency, mint, railways, and postal system. surprising for a man whose personal estate There was no income tax. Its territory of 82,698 yielded 2.5 million rupees and whose privy purse was five million rupees a year.