Latin American Countries in Peace Operations – History, Current and Prospective –

6th. Edition 2020

Latin American Countries in Peace Operations – History, current and prospective –

Proposing development and integration, with projection of the capabilities and image of Latin America and interaction with other regions, in attention to education for peace operations.

Revista ALCOPAZ 2020

6th Edition

Sections

1. Introduction 1.1.1 Index 1.1.2 Message from the ALCOPAZ President 1.1.3 Institutional Review

2. Special Guests 2.1 Argentina – Brigadier General (R) Gabriel J. Guerrero 2.2 Brasil – Colonel Luiz F. M. Negreiros 2.3 Chile – Brigadier General (R) Jorge Peña Leiva 2.4 Paraguay – Major General (R) Nicasio Ríos 2.5 Uruguay – Master Carlos Polcaro

3. Full Associates 3.1 Argentina - CAECOPAZ 3.2 Bolivia - DOMPE 3.3 Brasil - CCOPAB 3.4 Chile - CECOPAC 3.5 Colombia - CENCOPAZ 3.6 Ecuador - UEMPE 3.7 Guatemala – CREOMPAZ / EOPAZ 3.8 México - CECOPAM 3.10 Paraguay - CECOPAZ 3.10 Perú – CECOPAZ 3.11 Uruguay – ENOPU

4. Functional Committees 4.1 Civil Committee – UNICURITIBA 4.2 Police Committee – Paraguay 4.3 Police Committee – Perú

This edition has been developed by the ALCOPAZ XII - Uruguay 2020 Secretariat, compiling the works produced by contributors, to whom copyright is reserved as well as responsibility for the content of the respective articles.

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

Index 3

Message from the ALCOPAZ President 4

Institutional Review 6

SPECIAL GUESTS

Argentina – Brigadier General (R) Gabriel J. Guerrero 8

Brasil – Colonel Luiz F. M. Negreiros 17

Chile – Brigadier General (R) Jorge Peña Leiva 21

Paraguay – Major General (R) Nicasio Ríos 25

Uruguay – Master Carlos Polcaro 27

FULL ASSOCIATES

Argentina Contribution – CAECOPAZ (BA Florencia Talamoni) 31

Bolivia Contribution – DOMPE (Colonel Rodolfo Javier Garvizu Díaz) 34

Brazil Contribution – CCOPAB (Major Enrique Santos) 37

Chile Contribution – CECOPAC (International Analyst Pía Vergara) 43

Colombia Contribution – CENCOPAZ (Lieutenant Carlos Franco Sanabria) 49

Ecuador Contribution – UEMPE (Captain Rodrigo Rivas Paz) 54

Guatemala Contribution – CREOMPAZ/EOPAZ (Infantry Colonel Edwin Ochoa Coto) 58

Mexico Contribution – CECOPAM 61

Paraguay Contribution – CECOPAZ 64

Peru Contribution – CECOPAZ 68

Uruguay Contribution – ENOPU 72

FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEES

Civil Committee – UNICURITIBA (Professor Dr. Karla Pinhel) 74

Police Committee – Paraguay (Oficial Inspector Dirce Avalos) 80

Police Committee – Peru (Captain Juan Bajonero) 83

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT ALCOPAZ XII URUGUAY 2020 Army General Marcelo M. Montaner Chief of the Defense Staff of Uruguay

With great satisfaction for the objective achieved and the work carried out, we are pleased to present to you this institutional publication that we hope will be of interest and useful to our associates and other public who share our interest in capacity building, training and education for peacekeeping operations.

This project was conceived at the beginning of our management, considering that the ALCOPAZ Annual Magazine began to be issued in 2015, in order to gather information of interest and research work carried out by the Associates and Collaborators of our Association.

In previous editions, the articles presented have had relevant content and were of interest in the regional as well as abroad, achieving meritorious projection and the printed version has been presented in the last five IAPTC Annual Conferences, with editions in Spanish and English languages, which they have been widely accepted by the international public that participates in the "Ideas Bazaar" of these events.

Complementarily, we have achieved that since this year, these previous copies are also available in the analog version on the ALCOPAZ Website at http://alcopaz.com/revista-anual.html

Within the general framework of action and considering the higher and specific objectives of the ALCOPAZ XII Uruguay 2020 cycle, we proposed to carry out tasks and actions that contribute to t he recognition, revaluation, revitalization and repositioning of the contribution of Latin American countries to peace operations, seeking make this contribution with an academic approach and focus. We have definitely been encouraged by the spirit of obtaining incentives and support to improve the quantity and quality of the contributions made by Lati n American countries to peace operations.

The theoretical framework on which this initiative is based is initially composed of the Declaration of Commitments to Peace Operations (A4P - September 2018) which is an initiative of the UN Secretary General urging the Member States, the Security Council, host countries, police and troop -contributing countries, regional partners and financial contributors to renew collective responsibility for peacekeeping and to commit to each other to strive for excellence. This Commitment was signed by 152 Nations and 4 Regional Organizations; 20 American countries are included here.

Secondly, we have considered the ALCOPAZ 2019 Statute, the text of which includes Article 2 - Objectives, mentioning as Purposes of the Association: to advise, if required, all States or Organizations on issues related to Peace Operations.

In the current year 2020, together with all the Associates and Co llaborators we have managed to conclude this 6th Edition of this publication, obtaining with it a very useful instrument to achieve dissemination of the activities and scope of our Association, which is a very important contribution to the achievement of t he objectives of this cycle, finally we can also consider it as a very important milestone in the history of ALCOPAZ as an institution.

There is a variety of publications of different types, origin, format, content, trends, etc. on the subject of Peacekeeping Operations and action in the American countries. Generically, it is appreciated that they are research papers and express opinion, in the form of articles and notes, produced by independent professionals and academics.

In the vast majority of these works, no direct link is perceived with the national institutions of our countries, those that in practice carry forward the commitment to contribute human and material resources to peace operations. The experiences collected by the authors in the field of op erations have their share, but at relative levels.

The Military and Police Institutions of the countries of our region have a wealth of accumulated and processed experience, which is vast, deep, diverse and timeless, which constitutes a relatively exploited treasure for their own and collective benefit.

There are very few official publications that formally present the experiences gathered and lessons to be learned that have been accumulated in more than 70 years of participation in peace operations.

On this occasion, ALCOPAZ with its organic components has had all the capacities to carry out the collection and organization of data as well as research work on the preceding historical reality, the present actions and the prospective aiming at the times that f ollow in peace operations, developing these tasks and academic productions with the own approach of each contributing Nation of this region.

We have counted on the work of the eleven Full Members and several of collaborating institutions, which have the knowledge and technical resources that contribute to the project, to which was added the experience already obtained in previous editions.

Also on this occasion we achieved the participation of five Special Guests, who, having performed outstanding actions at the highest level of authority, command and administration in peace operations, now agreed to share their unique experiences.

This has been a new opportunity for association and integration of institutional efforts to obtain quality and transcendental production, which, beyond its own and local use that is conceived, will also favor the international projection of the enterprises of the countries of the region and ALCOPAZ itself.

We conclude this message by expressing our deep appreciation and gratitud e to all who, from their respective fields of work and responsibility, have made this realization possible, developing ideas and writing, as well as providing academic and technical support, the sum of which is materialized in this editorial product of great value and utility.

We hope to meet your expectations and also encourage them to provide ideas and contributions that allow us to continue evolving.

INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW By Colonel (R) Roberto Gil ALCOPAZ Advisor

The increase in deployments and the demands that Peace Operations have experienced in an environment of global globalization have generated the need to associate efforts for participation in increasingly complex and challenging missions.

For these reasons, different international and regional organizations are currently specializing to support this type of intervention with highly qualified human resources.

It is thus intended to contribute to the ultimate goal of these missions, which is to restore and co nsolidate peace in those countries and regions that for various geographical and historical reasons have resulted in serious political or social crises, causing the dismantling of their institutionalism, and therefore the need for intervention by the international community to protect people's lives.

Once the true roots of the conflicts have been determined, these missions act together with the local and regional authorities, trying to establish the essential conditions to achieve and maintain a lasting peace.

Latin American countries that contribute personnel and resources to the Peacekeeping Operations (OMP / MOP), aware that the educational process of training and training for military, police and civilians requires an integrated effort at the regional level, in the year 2007 decided to create the Latin American Association of Peace Operations Centers (ALCOPAZ).

This organization was born with the schematic model of the International Association of Peace Operations Training Centers (IAPTC), but adjusted to the particular scenario of Latin America. Being conformed by the different Training Centers, Specialized Units and Institutes of Latin America, in general terms, its members seek to achieve the homologation of education and training procedures under the s tandards of the United Nations, also aiming to contribute to achieving excellence in the readiness status and operational capabilities.

In just over a decade of existence, ALCOPAZ has been achieving significant achievements and remarkable institutional growth. Currently, the following twelve (12) countries integrate it as Full Associates: Argentina (CAECOPAZ), Bolivia (DIOPE), Brasil (CCOPAB), Chile (CECOPAC), Colombia (CENCOPAZ), Ecuador (UEMPE), El Salvador (CEOPAZ), Guatemala (CREOMPAZ), México (CECOPAM), Paraguay (CECOPAZ), Perú (CECOPAZ) y Uruguay (ENOPU). Likewise, and as permanent Observers, ten (10) institutions are also currently associated: DEU UN TC (German Armed Forces United Nations Training Centre - Germany), PSTC (Peace Support Training Center - Canada), RDCHSI (Romeo Dallaire, Child Soldiers Initiative - Canada), GPOI (Global Peace Operations initiative - USA), POTI (Peace Operations Training Institute - USA), WHINSEC (Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation - USA), DCDS (Directorate of Cooperation for Security & Defense - France), SAS (Small Arms Survey - Switzerland), UNITAR (United Nations Training & Research Institute - Switzerland) and AVOPU (Association of Veteran Peacekeepers - Uruguay).

As well, the Association's activities include the growing and valuable participation of seven (7) Invited Institutions: COpPaz (Naval Peace Operations Training Center - Brazil), IGARAPE (Independent Institute - Brazil), UNICURITIBA (University Center - Brazil), JD&A PSC (Peace Strategies Center - Canada), ESMAI:

(School of International Missions and Comprehensive Action - Colombia), PMPP-TNI (Indonesian Military’s Peacekeeping Mission Center), and CHF (International Challenges Forum for Peace Operations – Sweden).

ALCOPAZ is presented to the international community as a reliable proof of Latin American cooperation and integration in the field of education for peace operations; Its basic nucleus is made up of the Official Institutes of each associated country, which have the backing of the respective national authorities of the member countries; also its international projection is achieved with the active participation of institutions from other regions.

In accordance with the provisions of the ALCOPAZ Statute, the organic and functional structure of the association is formed on the basis of the General Assembly, a governing body (Presidency, pro -Tempore Secretariat) and five (5) Committees (Executive - Consolidation, Development and Planning - Military - Police - Civil). The Presidency and Pro-Tempore Secretariat of the Association is assumed by the Full Associates, on a rotating basis in alphabetical order considering the names of the respective countries. The plenary of the association congregates annually to develop its General Assembly, whose theme and programming are previously agreed on the occasion of the corresponding Preparatory Meeting.

Chronologically and in reference to the preceding stages, it is noted that the signing of the Constitutive Act was made in Argentina in December 2007. From this formal creation, the Presidency and Executive Secretariat of ALCOPAZ was exercised in annual periods initiated by Argentina (2008-2009) who organized the 1st. General Assembly; Subsequently, Brazil (2009-2010) and Chile (2010-2011) took over. Subsequently, the rotations and periods of the governing body became two (2) years and subsequently were conducted by Ecuador (2011-2013), Guatemala (2013-2015), Paraguay (2015-2017) and Peru (2017-2019). Since October 2019, the administrative cycle returned to the annual nature, and Uruguay assumed the responsibilities for the current period. With special and exceptional character, through resolution of a Special Assembly (11Jun2020), and in attention to the impacts of the prevailing world health emergency, the ALCOPAZ XII cycle is extended, including the year 2021.

In the global context, the countries of this region and ALCOPAZ integrate the IAPTC, having hosted the Annual Conference in Argentina (2002), Canada (1995 & 1999), Chile (2005), United States of America (2011), Brazil (2015) and Peru (2019). In this same area of the IAPTC, and as a regional organization, ALCOPAZ has achieved a place in the integration of the Executive Committee that governs this international association; On two occasions our Organization has held the Presidency of the Military Committee for biannual periods, responsibility that was assumed by the representation of Uruguay. America as a region, will again have the opportunity to host the 29th Annual IAPTC Conference in 2023, for which ALCOPAZ jointly, must propose its representative to assume the organization of this significant international event.

LATIN AMERICA IN HAITI – MINUSTAH AND LEGACY Brigadier General (R) Gabriel J. Guerrero (Argentina)

“Moments of crisis carry seeds of opportunity,” offering the UN and regional organizations the chance to work together more closely on peacebuilding and peacekeeping. Kofi Annan, 25 Jul 2005.

MINUSTAH, start slow and fraught with obstacles (01 of June 2004)

The resolution of the Security Council 1529, (29 February 2004), available a force acting on the term of 90 days with the mission to stabilize Haiti to then be relieved by a peace operation led by the UN; the process of generating Latin American forces for Haiti had begun. Chile, the only country in the region that made up that force, was at the forefront of what was a clear intention to deploy the most to the strength of the future mission of the UN coming from Latin America appealing to the Cap. VII I of the UN Charter, although there was no regional governance mechanism applied to security. Liaison officers in the MIF Southern Command - MINUSTAH FGP- Feb 2004 Immediately liaison officers from Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, which was n likely candidates to contribute troops to the future mission of the UN, were integrated into the Southern Command of the Army of the EE. UU. From where strategically led the operation "Secure Tomorrow”, operationally in charge of the MIF (Mission Interm Fo rce composed of the United States, Canada, France and Chile), for a term of 90 days in Haiti.

When on 4 March of 2004, I was appointed as liaison officer for the Republic of Argentina in the process of force generation, began my work for Haiti that after this planning process take me to be the first Chief of staff Military opening the mission on 01 June of 2004 (1 year TOD), to return eight years later on 24 February of 2012 as Deputy Commander of the Force, a position that I hold for two years between 2012 and 2014.

These two extremes, from the process of force generation, through the first staff in the missio n as CMPO and then two years post - earthquake 2012 and 2013, as DFC at the operational level and strategic, allowed me to have a vision overall and at the same time, a particular perspective of the long and difficult path that the UN and Latin America traveled in their passage through Haiti with MINUSTAH.

During the process of generating force, diplomatic contacts at all levels followed one another, wi th feverish negotiations to obtain Latin American troops, while the MIF fulfilled its mission and the 90 d ay counter authorized by UN SC resolution 1529, advanced inexorably.

We were four years away from the Brahimi report, which was beginning to produce s ome changes, and at the same time we were faced with one of the aspects on which the same report placed great emphasis ; " The rapid deployment " (Brahimi, 2000, p. Chapter III A.). And this was the big challenge, but still had only a vague idea of what the operation could now demand that the mission technique the UN still was on the ground to produce its report and recommendation about a peace operation.

That is why it is decided to move from the South Command Post towards future mission area, as a way of motion to capital our to accelerate times in the mechanisms of decision - making process and begin to at least express their firm commitment having more accurate information.

Thus as the Liaison Officers from Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Canada, with members of DPKO, then and officers of the staff of the South Command, departed the island on 18 March 2004 in order to begin delineate a schematic force generation plan. For 15 days and in permanent contact with Planning Service, Force Generation and capital, we were working on a possible distribution of areas of responsibility and candidates to occupy as time was consuming.

When we were already back in the Southern Command and as almost announced, on April 30 200 4 Security Council issued Resolution 1542 to establish MINUSTAH from 01 June of 2004 with a ceiling of 67 00 military personnel and 1,622 police officers that we did not have. In other words, we were two months away from relieving a force that was largely organic, trained together and equipped with everything necessary, of just over 5,000 troops, while the process of generating Latin American forces was still very incipient.

We had the formal commitment of Brazil leading the mission and contributing the mass of troops, 160 troops from Chile coming from the MIF and 100 troops from Canada also rehated from the MIF, with a total as of June 1, of 2,127 troops for MINUSTAH, that is, a third of what was authorized and a little less than half of what we were surveying. The mission was led by a CAO as there was no SRSG in operation yet and the Force Commander, General Heleno, had just set foot on the island.

The staff started with something more than 10 colonels around the day May 13, 2004 with the course oriented mission of which participated é for ten days lacked everything, even what m to s elementary and worked on a second basement of UNDP facilities without ventilation in a country where temperatures in June averaged 35 degrees Celsius.

Thus began MINUSTAH in the midst of a major reform for the UN stemming from the Brahimi report but which had not yet shown its fruits and a Latin America that was facing a great challenge; a mission led by the region when we did not have a regional governance mechanism applied to collective security. Generating force and simultaneously performing the operations

First Staff of MINUSTAH - Jun / Dec 2004

In mid- June 2004, my CMPO slate was altering the mission's military personnel numbers very slowly as operational demand grew across all sectors. It is important to remember that the Internet and mobile communications were not what they are today and even used the fax and fixed lines who the s were available for communications; slowly it was very gradually improving over the years to the time that Haiti also recomposed and adapted their communications.

This is not a minor detail since MINUSTAH in its beginning was starting on your device deployment, with large spaces empty, p goose mobility, with minimal means air (not for troops move) and a large infrastructure deficit roads, bridges etc. In a country where two - thirds of the geography is the mountain. There was a great need to accelerate the arrival of more units since operations to maintain a fragile stability demanded a constant effort from the few troops on the ground in relation to the task entrusted and the logistical means available.

During this process of force generation without ever reaching the ceiling during the first year living challenges such as RESA bios of uprisings former military personnel, hostage taking, a hurricane damage the Argentine battalion, major logistical needs, summits of presidents and even the security of a soccer match between the Brazilian team and the Haitian team. The available troops, multiplying with great efficiency and demanding their capacities to the maximum, managed to sustain the mission so that it was strengthened.

The great advantage was holding us as a regional force, was our cultural roots, even in a circumstance in which by not having governance organizations regional for the existing security, efforts will be multiplied unnecessarily overlaps that could have been avoided, speeds give a lot of response in a pack, not only in time but also in form.

I was witness to the arrival of each contingent as the mission progressed with its logistics, using their owns aircraft, resulting capabilities that could have been carried forward by one of nation 's leading saving resources, time efficient logistics and most important essential thing for the heads of the mission operational readiness. Most of the contingents, after having overcome the challenge of enlistment, training and strategic transport, in the mission area faced the urgency of being operationally available, which in many cases was complicated since the UN developed its logistics very slowly. and the mission's staff was being completed in a trickle when, every six months, there was a rotation that was practically starting over. The Force Commander, the General Heleno of the Republic Federative of Brazil, learned with great leadership and experience to overcome all kinds of obstacles that were presented daily, but above all had a great capacity for manage and look more complicated mission that it was the exercise of the Use of Force since we were operating under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, with great instability in security and scarce resources to exercise command and control.

I had in those early months the privilege of designing the medal after thousands of peacekeepers that would by Haiti would lead proudly on his chest and at that time put the green symbolizes NDO and thinking in the region Latin America with the blue of the Blue Helmets and the target of peace.

The general staff was being completed slowly, at the same time that it took the rhythm of work, but it had a strength that at the same time became a great weakness when the vast majority spoke or understood Spanish, but not English or French and the key positions they not speak or understand the Spanish with which it generated a serious communication problem.

In this way we found in key positions and I fighting on two fronts, building the organization inward and outward force as soon as possible so that was able to provide a stable secure environment throughout the country. The Brazilian troops, coming from an organic force and being the mass of those available at that moment, were the center of gravity to exercise control in Port- au - Prince, but it was becoming more and more evident that times were lengthening excessively to form the force in its entirety and to be able to deploy throughout the country.

The decision-making mechanisms in the capitals of the TCC in many cases, or the little experience in deploying troops in others, conspired to shorten the deadlines and also some very specialized elements such as the Hq supply and support Coy of the military HQ had to come from a place far from the continent with all that that implied, the Philippines.

All this period where the mission began cope with a concept involving all of Latin America was forming the MINUSTAH with major national efforts that cost a lot of work and time amalgam on the ground to function as a system.

It was already clear after Brahimi that to be efficient and do so quickly it was not amassing units and that it was necessary to form a sequential deployment logical and harmonious with logistics and the support car right so that can be operational as soon as possible since, due to the delay in time, the cost was nothing more nor less than human lives, as many missions had proven in the 90s.

It was clear that it was a historical moment in which the members of the region were called for the first time in block to pacify a Latin American country. This was a great learning process for both the UN Brahimi was reformed after moving from a fragmented logistics was its Achilles heel to the demands of the decade of the 90, to the Integrated Support Service; as well as to the contributing countries that began valued interchange bilateral and combined work during periods between deployments, something that had begun to climb in the region in the new millennium. The rotation every six months and the slowness in the organic development of the force conspired against the continuity in the maintenance of the safe and stable environment. Times were beginning to lengthen and I clearly remember that at that beginning, very few really foresaw that this deployment would last for about 13 years, with all that that was going to imply in human resources and logistical support.

We were as a region, facing a great test of resistance and capacity. I always maintained, from that initial moment, that this could not be in vain for our nations, and that we should take note of what happened not only in the historical or eventual sense, but also of the MINUSTAH DFC GB Gabriel Guerrero with the troops in Gonaïves-012 lessons learned that should serve for Latin America to see towards the future taking advantage of everything that happened in Haitian lands, especially in relation to Regional Cooperation and Security.

This initial stage was particularly difficult according to that phrase that says: what is not prepared in peace, is suffered in war, that is, many of the problems we face could have been standardized and trained prior to the operation, paving and facilitating the path, fundamentally that of interoperability.

A force of this magnitude, in a country far from its own logistics centers, with a high level of turnover and a staff in slow formation, requires prior standardization agreements that accelerate and facilitate operations that cannot wait. A force with the mission of providing a safe and stable environment must function as a system, since the operational level does not see the areas of responsibility as watertight compartments, but as a system that manages to stabilize the entire country at the same time and at same level.

This first stage in Haiti was a great experience for Latin America and the UN, but it was beginning to be seen that the ceiling of the mandate would not be reached without the contribution of troops from other regions, something that was not in the initial plan, and that would an additional requirement for interoperability at the command level of the military component and the rest of the mission.

MINUSTAH towards the desired end state (2012 - 2014)

I arrived as a DFC in Haiti on February 24, 2012. That day Prime Minister Garry Conille had just resigned, and the political climate was rarefied, but I did not have much time to adapt, since within hours I was speaking the words of the delivery of medals to the Philippine contingent; I felt at home, nothing was strange to me; I was only surprised when I saw the table of the troops that made up the number and type of units; Then I realized how that process of generating forces started in 2004 had evolved and the great influence that the organization of that organization adopted by the earthquake still had. If Haiti taught us anything, it is that neither the hurricanes we faced, nor the earthquake, nor the cholera epidemic, nor the floods, were foreseen in any mandate and that they were tremendous tragedies for the Haitian people, and at the same time enormous challenges for the mission. In addition to the great cost in lives, these events shook the mission to its foundations and its pace and organization had to be radically altered in order to overcome and move towards the desired end state. Nobody in those early 2004 in the General Staff ever imagined these contingencies, although a peacekeeper knows that we must always be prepared so that the course of what was planned is altered without warning. I must say that I found another country: renewed, without comparison with the limitations of 2004 and also another mission, with great strength and a dynamic of having left behind these great tragedies, so that together with the Haitian people we can definitively move towards achieving the proposed objectives.

As Deputy Force Commander I worked directly with the 6 engineering companies who did an extraordinary job in many respects; vertical constructions, roads, canal cleaning, water purification and drilling, debris removal, etc. He felt in the exercise of command that the battalions really dominated their area of responsibility, and there was a great capacity for control and deterrence. Humanitarian aid, CIMIC action and the “Quick Impact Project” were a great tool to win Haitian hearts and improve their living conditions. The new Haitian police that I met in 2004 since its inception, was already reaching 12,000 troops and participating in our operations. The coast guard (HNGC) was also being trained by the Uruguayan contingent (URUMAR), in a tutorial and practice plan on the boats donated by the Canadian government, together with foreign instructors.

In spite of so many difficulties and counter-movements, everything seemed to evolve towards the final state desired in the strategic plans, and so it was, but even in this case, I always had the vision that Latin America was wasting energy and resources by not being able to coordinate and take better advantage of its logistics, human resources, transportation, etc., with a pre-existing regional structure. In each relay he saw the enormous individual and often simultaneous efforts that could have been coordinated and optimized in advance. Binational efforts such as the Engineers´s company from Chile and Ecuador were a smaller scale sample of this and its feasibility, but they were only part of the whole.

Analyzing the general configuration of the force, it was clear that despite the great efforts of Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile as the TCCs that contributed the most elements, Latin America could not reach the ceiling established by the mandate, and the task had to be completed. military component with units from other regions that, although they contributed a component of cultural diversity, organically, logistically, and in their adaptation to another culture, generated and loaded with additional demands that could have been avoided.

I must admit that my passage as G4 of the Rapid Deployment Brigade for UN SHIRBRIG operations for two years, 1998 to 2000, and my contacts with General Romeo Dallaire along with reading his books, caused and still cause in me a vision very particular that greatly influences to see an urgent need to cooperate, coordinate, not duplicate efforts, integrate and standardize to achieve maximum efficiency as quickly as possible at the

12 lowest cost of human and financial resources, but above all to save lives, which is the most important thing we are going to protect.

It is clear that the MINUSTAH organization ended up being a hybrid between Capt. VIII of the UN letter, Regional Arrangements and the old way of generating force that was incipiently trying to correct the Brahimi report, and to which the HIPPO report refers directly in point III. A. Strengthening global - regional partnerships. (HIPPO, 2015).

Latin America and a regional security governance scheme (Burden Shearing) The concept of region initially tied to geography or territory became an object of study starting in the 1950s, where the observation of phenomena such as the formation of the CECA gave a new approach to a scheme that could unite two countries enemies in war. (Llenderrozas, Elsa, 2013). The regions are a social construction, that is to say that geographically speaking they have a certain sustenance in the territory, but their assembly responds to other factors, political, economic, social, technological or identity. (Borzel & Risse, 2016).

These regions with their institutions relate and interact among their members and link the region with the external system. For example, the case of security organizations such as NATO or the African Union that today act with their members to mitigate the pandemic in their countries, and at the same time are acting under Chap. VIII of the UN Charter (Regional Organizations) in Multilateral Operations (Afghanistan, Kosovo, Somalia).

Regionalism is a state-led process aimed at building and sustaining regional institutions and organizations with at least three states (Borzel & Risse, 2016). This process is not evolutionary and can have marches and counter-marches. According to Hurrel, there are 4 varieties of regionalism where it can be noted that the classification differs in the degree of transfer of authority or sovereignty, (Integration or Cooperation) and in the matter, discipline or area that is the object of the process (social, political, economic, security, etc.). (Hurrell, Haití MINUSTAH TCC & PCC 1995).

Regionalization is a process that can occur from the top -down, this being the original conception, or from the bottom-up, in a new idea where non-state actors are also included in a network informal transactions that build the region. Regionalization will not necessarily lead to strong regionalism with strong institutions. (Ex. Regionalization in East Asia) (Borzel & Risse, 2016).

In response to what have been the causes of the resurgence of regionalism in the post Cold War, Joseph Nye argues that there were two great drivers: The economy and Conflict Control. (Hurrell, 1995).

These two large areas are the ones that generated organizations so that in the face of a new world order, the economy and security would be managed, promoted and integrated regionally by formal organizations. In the case of the economy, through microeconomic organizations integrating the economy formally through formal institutions.

In the case of security, we are dealing with macro organizations such as NATO, the AU, ECOWAS, OSCE that internally cooperate and integrate, and at the same time are related to other global organizations such as the UN.

This explosion of security organizations also brought about the emergence of a large number of non-state actors such as NGOs, who have their influence by setting agenda items from the bottom up, working in a subs idiary way with these organizations or in some cases promoting the bases for its creation.

Each region also has preferences and trends whose causes we are not going to analyze, and which are due to the type of leadership in the organization that will operate in its area, for example, in Asia and Europe between 42 and 48% of multilateral operations They are led by the UN, that is, there is a preference for a global organization while in Africa there are 37% led by the UN, and the rest or hybrids or another regional organization.

Most significantly, of the 171 multilateral operations for peace or stabilization between 1948 and 2013, 71 were led by the UN (Global) and the remaining 100 by regional organizations. From 1946 to 1990, 50 were carried out, while 121 from 1990 onwards, demonstrating the expansion of multidimensional regional organizations applied to conflicts in the post-Cold War period. (Koops , Macqueen, Tardy, Williams, 2015).

In the graphs that follow, we can see the proportion of operations that these regional organizations lead or participate in the field of regional and international security, compared to global ones.

SIPRI 2019

Taking into account these concepts, statistics, theory and the great experience that the Latin American region has in peace operations and in cooperation for peace, together with the potential of its training centers for the troops that will be assigned to conflicts, We ask ourselves: why doesn't our region have a regional governance scheme applied to security?

The EM and MINUSTAH Heads of Unit - Commanders Conference - 2013

Why do we commit ourselves to individual efforts or at best binational, having an experience like that of Haiti? In MINUSTAH the need to integrate, to seek to cooperate and to work intensely much more in adding capacities to be stronger, faster, more efficient was very clear. It is clear that security is a sensitive issue, that sovereignty is at stake and therefore requires a great political consensus, but no less true and evident is that the 13 years of MINUSTAH require that this great effort by the region to pacify Haiti, and the experience obtained will not be in vain, creating in Latin America the conditions for a regional governance scheme applied to security for peace operations. More specifically, the core General Staff and logistical cooperation for a rapid deployment will be the most valuable elements to contribute, as we perceived it in that distant 2004, where the urgency to help a brother country put us in the face of the need and the challenge of definitively marching towards a Latin American regional cooperative system for peace operations.

Cited works

Asamblea Constituyente. (2009). Constitución Política del Estado. La Paz: Portal Jurídico Lexivox. Retrieved septiembre 6, 2019, from http://www.lexivox.org Bermúdez, R. D. (1998). Los indicadores de Gestión Organizacional: Una Guía para su definición. Revista Universidad Eafit.(Julio - Agosto - Septiembre), 43-59. Borzel, T. A., & Risse, T. (2016). The Oxford handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brahimi, L. (2000). Brahimi Report. NY: ONU. Comando en Jefe. (n.d.). Reglamento no. 1 de las Fuerzas Armadas. La Paz: Comando en Jefe. Conferencia Especial sobre Seguridad. (2003). Declaración sobre Seguridad en las Américas. Ciudad de México: Organización de los Estados Americanos. Congreso Nacional. (1992). Ley no. 1405, de Ley Organica de las Fuerzas Armadas de la Nación "Comandantes de la Indenpendencia de Bolivia". La Paz: Portal Jurídico Lexivox. Retrieved septiembre 3, 2019, from https://www.lexivox.org/ Congreso Nacional. (1999). Ley no. 1.971, de 28 de abril de 1999. La Paz: Portal Jurídico Lexivox. Retrieved septiembre 5, 2019, from https://www.lexivox.org Escuela de Altos Estudios Nacionales. (2014). Directiva Académica no. 02/14. Dicta normas para el proceso del diseño, redacción, presentación y sutentación de POLÍTICAS Y ESTRATEFICA en el nivel Estratégico Nacional, como propuesta de las Tesis de Maestría en Seguridad, Defensa y Desarrollo. La Paz: Escuela de Altos Estudios Nacionales. General Assembly. (2015). Resolution A/70/331, 19 August 2015. New York: United Nations. General Assembly. (2015). Resolution A/70/331/Add.1, 28 December 2015. New York: United Nations. General Assembly. (2016). Resolution A/RES/70/246, 8 February 2016. New York: United Nations. HIPPO. (2015). High Independent Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. NY: UN. Hurrell, A. (1995). Explaining the resurgence of regionalism in world politics. Review of Internacional Studies, 331-358. Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos. (2016). Diplomacia de Defensa: La Defensa en la Acción Exterior del Estado. Madrid: Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional. Jackson, R., & Sørensen, G. (2013). Introdução às Relações Internacionais: teorias e abordagens (2. ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Zahar. Koops , Macqueen, Tardy, Williams. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peace Keeping Operations. Oxford: Oxford university Press. Llenderrozas, Elsa. (2013). Relaciones Internacionales: Teorias y Debates. CABA: Eudeba.

Matiz, D. A. ([20--?]). Teoría de Indicadores de Gestión y sy Aplicación Práctica. Bogotá: Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. Mazzuoli, V. d. (2016). Curso de Direito Internacional Público (10. ed.). São Paulo: Editora Revista dos Tribunais. Ministerio de Defensa. (2010). Bases para la Discusión de la Doctrina de Seguridad y Defensa del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. La Paz: Ministerio de Defensa. Negreiros, L. F. (2020). Politicas y Estrategias de Diplomacia de Defensa para incrementar la participación de las Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia en Operaciones de Mantenimiento de Paz de las Naciones Unidas. Belo Horizonte: Editora Dialética. Organización de los Estados Americanos. (2019). Acerca de la OEA. Retrieved agosto 6, 2019, from OEA. Más derechos para más gente: http://www.oas.org/es/acerca/quienes_somos.asp Organización de los Estados Americanos. (2019). Carta de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (A-41). Retrieved agosto 4, 2019, from OEA. Más derechos para más gente: http://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/tratados_multilaterales_interamericanos_A- 41_carta_OEA.asp Presidente Constitucional de la República. (2007). Decreto Supremo no. 29.143, de 30 de mayo de 2007. La Paz: Portal Jurídico Lexivox. Retrieved septiembre 5, 2019, from http://www.lexivox.org Responsabilidad Social, Empresarial y Sustentabilidad. (2017). Desastres naturales: que son, definición, tipos, características y prevención. Retrieved agosto 7, 2019, from Responsabilidad Social, Empresarial y Sustentabilidad: https://www.responsabilidadsocial.net/desastres-naturales-que-son-definicion-tipos-caracteristicas-y-prevencion/ SIPRI. (2019). Yearbook 2019. Oxford: Oxford University Press. United Nations. (2008). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Principles and Guidelines. New York: United Nations. United Nations. (2019). Charter of the United Nations. Retrieved agosto 4, 2019, from United Nations: https://www.un.org/en/charter- united-nations/index.html United Nations. (2019, júlio 31). Data. Retrieved agosto 5, 2019, from United Nations Peacekeeping: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/data United Nations. (2019). Overview. Retrieved agosto 19, 2019, from United Nations: https://www.un.org/en/sections/about- un/overview/index.html United Nations. (2019, júlio 31). Troop and Police Contributors. Retrieved agosto 5, 2019, from United Nations Peacekeeping: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors VII Conferencia de Ministros de Defensa de las Americas. (2006). Declaración de Managua. Managua: Organización de los Estados Americanos.

DEFENSE DIPLOMACY POLICIES AND STRATEGIES TO INCREASE BOLIVIAN ARMED FORCES PARTICIPATION IN UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Colonel Luiz Fabiano Mafra Negreiros (Brazil) 1

Abstract: the purpose of this article is to present the research done during the National High Studies Course of the High National Studies School in Bolivia. The research sought to formulate Defense Diplomacy Policies and Strategies to increase the participation of the Bolivian Armed Forces in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, based mainly on the entire legal regulatory framework in force, especially the basic premise of the pacifist nature. of the Plurinational State of Bolivia and “living well”. By strengthening Defense Diplomacy through the action of the Bolivian Armed Forces in the field of International Relations, in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, the State's action in the search for integration and integration is reinforced. cooperation on security and defense issues, regional and global. The article concludes by presenting the main Policies proposed in the thesis. Keywords: Peace Operations. United Nations. International Peace and Security. Regional integration. Cooperation.

Introduction Defence Diplomacy Policies and Strategies to increase the participation of the Bolivian Armed Forces in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations are of great importance to a Member State, once it participates in the effort to achieve success in various sectors of International Relations. With the overall objective of formulating Defence Diplomacy Policies and Strategies to increase the participation of the Bolivian Armed Forces in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, the research sought to make an analysis of Bolivian participation, under the historical, legal, organizational and employment aspects, of describing how Bolivian participation can provide conditions for the development of its Employment Doctrine , the identification of possible contributions to the Diplomacy of Defense of the State, the identification of countries that excel in participation in Peace Operations, as well as the comparison of those countries with Bolivia and, finally, with the identification of all the main components that make up the formulation of Policies and Strategies. The hypothesis raised was that Defence Policies and Strategies can increase the participation of the Bolivian Armed Forces in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, providing the best conditions for the Bolivian State to effectively excel in its International Relations. Developed in six chapters, the thesis sought, in a systematic way, to establish the necessary bases of study for the conclusions, locating the reader in the context lived, establishing the relevant methodology, describing the results obtained and, in the end, making an effective proposal to contribute to the Security, Defense and Development of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Policies and Strategies Theoretical foundation was of fundamental importance for the establishment of research lines. State Policies seek to establish the lines that must be followed by all branches of the Public Administration. So, a policy is a line of action, or general guide, that should be established for resolutions of national, current or future problems. It has the main objective of guiding all those responsible for preparing strategies, programmes, plans and projects in a State.

State Strategies seek to provide the best conditions for policies to be operationalized, taking into account not only experiences, but also existing or needed means because of what is desired, the ideals and aspi rations of the State. In order for a Strategy to succeed, seek to identify the real and/or potential means, forms and purposes, which are the Strategic Objectives.

The School of High National Studies states that politics is a general line of action, which is established for future resolutions to problems of national impact, in order to guide those responsible for preparing a State's plans,

1Brazilian Army Officer, Graduated in School of High National Studies Colonel Eduardo Avaroa of Bolivia.

17 either to achieve better living conditions and contribute to the security, defence and development of the State. (Escuela de Altos Estudios Nacionales, 2014, pág. 2) In turn, it still establishes the School of High National Studies that strategies are: A set of experiences and means that make up science and art about what should be done because of Bolivia's interests, ideals and aspirations and that must be consistent with the available National Power, making the most appropriate decisions against the will, limitations or resistance that may be opposed. The Strategy, understood as what and how to achieve the desired end, will necessarily have to use verifiable and practical rational knowledge, as well as make use of all skill, ingenuity or initiative, applying art and science. Each strategy should contain the following points: a. Media. (with which). They are material and intangible objects (goods, instruments, dexterity, experiences, etc.), which are counted to achieve the ends. b. Purposes. (for that). These are the goals or purposes to be achieved (acquisition purposes), or situations that they want to maintain, (preservation purposes) with the application of the chosen strategy. It is important that there be harmony between the means and the ends, because their implementation will impose on adopting a certain strategy, many of them have been paralyzed or exhausted during their development by aiming for too ambitious goals; or on the contrary, if the goal is below the real possibilities there can be a frustration at having invested a lot to achieve little. c. Forms. (such as). It is the "how" the strategy will be operated, it may contain general or specific tasks or activities, and must be necessary and sufficient to achieve the desired future result. It is how we determine to get the result we want, the way it says how to act after we have analyzed policy and strategy based on the means and purposes. Each strategy has its forms, which characterize and limit the possibilities of a strategy; they have to make the best use of the means they have, to reach their goal in the shortest time and with reduced media investment.

Diplomacy of Defense. A State's Foreign Policy says regarding its relations with other States within the international system and is defined as all public actions and decisions taken by a State considering its national interests. It also "invo lves objectives, strategies, measures, means, guidelines, directives, understandings, among others, by which national governments conduct their relations with each other, with international organizations and with non- governmental actors." (Jackson & Sørensen, 2013, pág. 322) Defense Diplomacy takes part in foreign policy and is constituted in Defense in The State's External Action, potentializing and strengthening its diplomatic relations. Otherwise, it does not replace Diplomacy either, but works with certain capacities that, under so-called soft power, seek to make the presence of the State in many places that would not otherwise be possible. Thus, "diplomacy and defense act in a single external scenario", with opportunities for the development and consolidation of peace and security. (Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, 2016, págs. 14-17)

A proposal for Policies and Strategies In the end, they repalletized with their respective strategies, which will then be presented:

Policy 1: Strong regional military integration for Security and Defense. Strategy 1: The Army General Command, through the Directorate of Peace Operations, will propose a plan to represent the Bolivian State at the Latin American Association of Peace Operations Training Centers to consolidate lessons learned and develop possibilities for cooperation. Strategy 2: The Command-in-Chief of the State Armed Forces, through Department III, will propose a plan to promote joint participation in international peacekeeping operations exercises, promoted by the South American Friendly Nations, in order to enable knowledge sharing. Strategy 3: The Command-in-Chief of the State Armed Forces, through Department III, will propose a plan to implement joint exercises combined with South American Amiga Nations that have actively participated in United Nations Peace Operations to enable the exchange of knowledge and development of doctrine.

Policy 2: Effective participation in international initiatives to strengthen and maintain regional and global peace. Strategy 1: The General Command of the Air Force and the Bolivian General Navy Command, through the respective Operations Departments, will propose a plan to create their respective Peace Operations Directions, in order to make the operational management of the Peace Operations in the respective Forces. Strategy 2: The Army General Command, through the Liaison Officer at the United Nations, will propose a plan to actively act in the Permanent Mission of Bolivia at the United Nations, in order to provide with opportunity the information necessary for the participation of the Armed Forces in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and/or the nomination of candidates for office in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Strategy 3: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, through the Directorate-General for Multilateral Relations of the Vice-Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Defence, through the Directorate-General for Defence Policy and Cooperation for Integral Development of the Vice-Ministry of Defence and Cooperation for Integral Development, will propose a plan establishing an effective decision-making process for Bolivia, in order to enable the response to the United Nations with the necessary opportunity for the partic ipation of troops in Peacekeeping Operations. Strategy 4: The Ministry of Defence, through the Directorate-General for Administrative Affairs of the Vice- Ministry of Defence and Cooperation for Integral Development, will propose a plan allocating the neces sary budget for the training of individuals and/or troops for United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, in order to provide the necessary conditions for the implementation of the planned training patterns. Strategy 5: The Ministry of Defence, through the Directorate-General for Administrative Affairs of the Vice- Ministry of Defence and Cooperation for Integral Development, will propose a plan designating a Liaison Officer to work permanently in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in order to advise the Chancello r on Defense Affairs. Strategy 6: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, through the Directorate-General for Planning, will propose a plan designating a Liaison Diplomat to work permanently in the Ministry of Defence to advise the Minister of Defence on Foreign Policy and International Relations Affairs. Strategy 7: The Ministry of Defence, through the Planning Directorate of the Vice-Ministry of Defence and Development Cooperation, will propose a plan creating an Directorate of International Affairs, with a view to making the political management of Peacekeeping Operations and/or other issues related to the State's Foreign Policy. Strategy 8: The Command-in-Chief of the State Armed Forces, through Department VI, will propose a plan maintaining the continued study of the Possibilities of Action of the Armed Forces in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, in order to respond with opportunity to the demands filed.

Policy 3: A Joint Employment Doctrine for Peace Operations effectively developed. Strategy 1: The Command-in-Chief of the State Armed Forces, through Department VI, will propose a plan by creating a Peace Operations Directorate to integrate the joint actions of the United Nations Armed Forces for Peacekeeping Operations. Strategy 2: The Command-in-Chief of the State Armed Forces, through Department VI, will propose a plan by creating a Joint Center for Peace Operations to train the military appointed to participate in individual missions and/or troops in Peacekeeping Operations and, futurity, civilians and police. Strategy 3: The Command-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, through Department VI, will propose a plan seeking to establish Cooperation Agreements with Joint Centers for Peace Operations of Friendly Nations, in order to increase the exchange of knowledge and experiences. Strategy 4: The Command-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, through Department VI, will propose a plan establishing common criteria for the three Personnel Selection Forces, with a view to providing similar conditions for staff participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.

Conclusion In the end, identified the main problem with the participation of the Bolivian Armed Forces in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, important conclusions were reached. Bolivia's Legal Framework for Participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations has important foundations, once there are rules that do not speak directly about Peace Operations but provide conditions for the effective participation of the Armed Forces. There are still rules that can organize the participation of the

Bolivian State in Peace Operations and, in this way, there is better management and management of the issue. So, the proposed proposal has the capacity to provide the best conditions for effective participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.

Bibliography

Asamblea Constituyente. (2009). Constitución Política del Estado. La Paz: Portal Jurídico Lexivox. Recuperado el 6 de septiembre de 2019, de http://www.lexivox.org Bermúdez, R. D. (1998). Los indicadores de Gestión Organizacional: Una Guía para su definición. Revista Universidad Eafit.(Julio - Agosto - Septiembre), 43-59. Borzel, T. A., & Risse, T. (2016). The Oxford handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brahimi, L. (2000). Brahimi Report. NY: ONU. Comando en Jefe. (s.f.). Reglamento no. 1 de las Fuerzas Armadas. La Paz: Comando en Jefe. Conferencia Especial sobre Seguridad. (2003). Declaración sobre Seguridad en las Américas. Ciudad de México: Organización de los Estados Americanos. Congreso Nacional. (1992). Ley no. 1405, de Ley Organica de las Fuerzas Armadas de la Nación "Comandantes de la Indenpendencia de Bolivia". La Paz: Portal Jurídico Lexivox. Recuperado el 3 de septiembre de 2019, de https://www.lexivox.org/ Congreso Nacional. (1999). Ley no. 1.971, de 28 de abril de 1999. La Paz: Portal Jurídico Lexivox. Recuperado el 5 de septiembre de 2019, de https://www.lexivox.org Escuela de Altos Estudios Nacionales. (2014). Directiva Académica no. 02/14. Dicta normas para el proceso del diseño, redacción, presentación y sutentación de POLÍTICAS Y ESTRATEFICA en el nivel Estratégico Nacional, como propuesta de las Tesis de Maestría en Seguridad, Defensa y Desarrollo. La Paz: Escuela de Altos Estudios Nacionales. General Assembly. (2015). Resolution A/70/331, 19 August 2015. New York: United Nations. General Assembly. (2015). Resolution A/70/331/Add.1, 28 December 2015. New York: United Nations. General Assembly. (2016). Resolution A/RES/70/246, 8 February 2016. New York: United Nations. HIPPO. (2015). High Independent Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. NY: UN. Hurrell, A. (1995). Explaining the resurgence of regionalism in world politics. Review of Internacional Studies, 331-358. Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos. (2016). Diplomacia de Defensa: La Defensa en la Acción Exterior del Estado. Madrid: Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional. Jackson, R., & Sørensen, G. (2013). Introdução às Relações Internacionais: teorias e abordagens (2. ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Zahar. Koops , Macqueen, Tardy, Williams. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peace Keeping Operations. Oxford: Oxford university Press. Llenderrozas, Elsa. (2013). Relaciones Internacionales: Teorias y Debates. CABA: Eudeba. Matiz, D. A. ([20--?]). Teoría de Indicadores de Gestión y sy Aplicación Práctica. Bogotá: Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. Mazzuoli, V. d. (2016). Curso de Direito Internacional Público (10. ed.). São Paulo: Editora Revista dos Tribunais. Ministerio de Defensa. (2010). Bases para la Discusión de la Doctrina de Seguridad y Defensa del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. La Paz: Ministerio de Defensa. Negreiros, L. F. (2020). Politicas y Estrategias de Diplomacia de Defensa para incrementar la participación de las Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia en Operaciones de Mantenimiento de Paz de las Naciones Unidas. Belo Horizonte: Editora Dialética. Organización de los Estados Americanos. (2019). Acerca de la OEA. Recuperado el 6 de agosto de 2019, de OEA. Más derechos para más gente: http://www.oas.org/es/acerca/quienes_somos.asp Organización de los Estados Americanos. (2019). Carta de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (A-41). Recuperado el 4 de agosto de 2019, de OEA. Más derechos para más gente: http://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/tratados_multilaterales_interamericanos_A-41_carta_OEA.asp Presidente Constitucional de la República. (2007). Decreto Supremo no. 29.143, de 30 de mayo de 2007. La Paz: Portal Jurídico Lexivox. Recuperado el 5 de septiembre de 2019, de http://www.lexivox.org Responsabilidad Social, Empresarial y Sustentabilidad. (2017). Desastres naturales: que son, definición, tipos, características y prevención. Recuperado el 7 de agosto de 2019, de Responsabilidad Social, Empresarial y Sustentabilidad: https://www.responsabilidadsocial.net/desastres-naturales-que-son-definicion-tipos-caracteristicas-y-prevencion/ SIPRI. (2019). Yearbook 2019. Oxford: Oxford University Press. United Nations. (2008). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Principles and Guidelines. New York: United Nations. United Nations. (2019). Charter of the United Nations. Recuperado el 4 de agosto de 2019, de United Nations: https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.html United Nations. (31 de júlio de 2019). Data. Recuperado el 5 de agosto de 2019, de United Nations Peacekeeping: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/data United Nations. (2019). Overview. Recuperado el 19 de agosto de 2019, de United Nations: https://www.un.org/en/sections/about- un/overview/index.html United Nations. (31 de júlio de 2019). Troop and Police Contributors. Recuperado el 5 de agosto de 2019, de United Nations Peacekeeping: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors VII Conferencia de Ministros de Defensa de las Americas. (2006). Declaración de Managua. Managua: Organización de los Estados Americanos.

MULTILATERAL AND COMPREHENSIVE RESPONSE TO THE PANDEMIC: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR PEACEKEEPERS Lieutenant General (R) Jorge Peña-Leiva (Chile)

The Most Disruptive Event in the Last 100 Years

The Corona Virus Pandemic is the most disruptive global event since the Great Depression and World War II. At least 5 million people were infected and more than 300,000 people died in the first 6 months, sadly many more are expected to lose their lives until a vaccine is developed eff ectively. The economic costs are being gigantic, with a recession in various parts of the world, a very high level of debt and weak growth. In summary, this can also be defined as a world crisis and in that sense, “the greatest crises carry the greatest consequences, usually unforeseen”. Consequently, this is one of the most widespread in global terms in human history, in which no country can remain unaffected by its effects. It is an event that is unprecedented. A pandemic of this type does not have a possible preparedness system to avoid deaths and public impact.

Under this reality, this event has constituted an identifiable and common threat to human existence, and as such, it should generate a sense of common cohesion to unite against it. However, on the contrary, the Pandemic has led in part to isolationism, nationalism and a bit of division. So if there is one thing that can be affirmed without valuable counter arguments, it is that despite the efforts of international org anizations, such as the World Health Organization, the threat of the Pandemic has grown without an efficient multilateral and coordinated response from the international community.

Therefore, this scenario shows the weakness of the international community by not having a strategy based on cooperation that allows a solution and a coordinated multilateral effort. This need constitutes a fundamental step to develop common tools and generate greater synergy in the way of facing a global threat.

Now, if we consider security in its broader sense, an infectious disease does not create a security problem that results in a threat in itself, however, mismanagement from its origin can turn it into a pandemic and therefore a multidisciplinary global threat. So, it is estimated that an option to contribute to international security in order to better manage this type of threat in the future is to have a peacekeepers unit made up of medical -military components that will serve as a first response to infectious-contagious diseases for initial containment and to prevent spread. This unit can be organized with the contribution of countries in a given region to foster a multilateral response and give it greater capacity. In fact, there are already defense policies in the region, which are considering certain diseases as threats to security.

The Threat Reached World Levels

No single nation can fight a pandemic on its own. Microbes do not respect borders, and they manage to figure out workarounds to restrictions on international air travel. As the Nobel Prize–winning molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg warned, “the microbe that felled one child in a distant continent yesterday can reach yours today and seed a global pandemic tomorrow”. Taking into account what has been described , the first and most obvious in terms of looking for convergent and useful options, starts with the premise that all nations have a common interest in defeating the coronavirus and developing better means to prevent or contain future pandemics. In this context, it must be taken in consideration that COVID-19 is only the latest in a series of dangerous viral epidemics in recent years, after HIV-AIDS, Ebola, SARS and MERS, and we must wait for new ones to emerge, and potentially worse in the future. Instead of arguing too much about the origins of COVID-19 and trying individually for a solution, nations must work together to stop the current pandemic and develop global measures to reduce likely future pandemics.

A Global Threat Requires a Multilateral Response

This kind of crises can be effectively addressed only through multilateral agreements. Multilateralism is fundamental to the liberal world order created at the end of World War II. It has been crucial in maintaining peace and prosperity, and this is one of the cases in which multilateralism is a fundamental and key step to successfully face the pandemic. In connection with strengthening multilateralism and the role of the United Nations, it is important to remember that Member States reiterated their co mmitment to multilateralism, with the United Nations at its center, and highlighted the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development, the Paris Agreement and Peacekeeping Action as paragons of multilateralism.

Thus, making clear the need to promote multilateralism as a fundamental milestone, it is also necessary to address the convenience that certain events, which in their original nature do not constitute a threat to security, due to their practical effects begin to impact the security of people, how is the case of this pandemic. Therefore, in order to have expectations of success in multilateral actions and have a more efficient management on the ground, the particular case of pandemics, such as the current one, should be addressed by the Security Council for the consideration of integrating the capacity of different United Nations agencies, particularly peacemakers, such as the present proposition.

A Threat Affecting Security

To demonstrate that the discussion of the convenience for the Security Council to be the protagonist in seeking solutions to problems that are not originally a security threat, we find that in 2004. For example, during the deployment of peacekeepers in Haiti, some Member States stressed the need for continued collaboration between the Economic and Social Council and the Security Council and called for breaking down the traditional silos between the peace and development pillars of the United Nations in order to deliver more coherent and effective efforts and to address the interconnected challenges facing Haiti. Additionally, similar events and problems have also been observed in other cases, it is so, at its 8451st meeting, held on 25 January 2019, the Security Council held a high-level open debate under the item entitled Maintenance of International Peace and Security. In the meeting the representative of Liechtenstein indicated that, although there were other United Nations organs with the competence to address climate change, including the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly, it was essential that the Security Council addressed the international and transnational threat posed by climate change to peace and security, what is not yet resolved. Hence, in addition to organized crime, the response to other threats, like a pandemic, often appears to be the most promising arena for action by the Security Council. Besides, some Defense Policies of countries in the South American region, such as Brazil, include Pandemics as a threat with social, economic and political effects. Due to its long impact, we will soon see other Defense Policies will include it as well.

To illustrate, in 2014, which was a difficult year for UN diplomacy in the cases of Syria and Ukraine, the Council did reach consensus on a resolution supporting international efforts to eradicate Ebola in West Africa. During 2019 and 2020, the Council oversaw a new Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where UN peacekeeping personnel worked with health experts to bring aid to volatile regions. Before COVID-19, Germany signaled that it wanted to use its Council position to stimulate discussion on pandemics, a personal priority for Chancellor Angela Merkel, as well as climate change. Thus, the issue of infectious diseases acquires relevance, especially if we consider that COVID-19 demonstrated at least significant weaknesses in relation to the Council's capacities to deal with global health crises. It is here, then, that the need for this issue to be addressed by the UN, particularly by the Security Council, was verified, taking advantage of the opportunity to design a valuable solution to a global threat and with greater possibilities of reaching an agreement by the international community.

Some Difficulties Along The Way

Today´s tense geopolitics makes such a common commitment hard to achieve. But without it, there is little chance of adequate preparation for the next pandemic. The current global health architecture is far from sufficient. It has little hope of containing an even more threatening outbreak. Instead, something along the lines of the Security Council will be necessary—a public-health-oriented treaty organization with prepositioned supplies, a deployment blueprint, and an agreement among signatories that an epidemic outbreak in one country will be met with a coordinated and equally vigorous response by all. Such an organization could lead work the WHO, Peacekeepers and other existing institutions but act with greater speed, efficiency, and resources.

On the other hand, although cooperation is difficult in world politics, it is possible to achieve. For this reason, it is interesting to take into consideration the three dimensions that would serve to create an analytic framewoork that can be used successfully to apply in this case: “mutuality o f interest, the shadow of the future, and the number of players”. These corresponding dimensions are understood as strategies to alter payoff structures thereby improve the prospects for cooperation, strategies of reciprocity can provide direct paths to c ooperative outcomes, and cooperation becomes more difficult as the number of actors increases, respectively. Taking these principles into consideration, we can deduce that for a successful result, we must state that the initiative must be of interest to all participants, profitable in its results to them, and with a limited number of participants.

What The Next Few Years Hold

Today, when theories of study of the international order are opposed in that, on the one hand, they indicate that there is a promotion of the construction of order through a consensus of universal aspirations, and on the other, “that international rules and institutions empower some states, while others undermine”, and even a worse scenario, in “which there is greater chaos and conflicts on the way”, we cannot omit that multilateralism is the key solution driver, since the problems and threats today go beyond borders, therefore, they must be fully addressed to have an efficient, timely and satisfactory response for people. In other words, multilateralism may be in retreat today, but it remains the best solution to increasingly complex global problems.

Peacekepers: an Opportunity

Considering that infectious diseases should be monitored from the first outbreak, and if they already reach an epidemic classification, they should be addressed by the Security Council. It is important to observe the principles of cooperation for a successful result, then, the opportunity represented by having a peacekeeping unit made up of different contributing countries, composed of medical specialists, analysis and evaluation, protection elements, air and land transport and support, can be evidenced, to have a first response to this security threat. Besides, capability, in both military and civilian terms, is needed to be able to do this, and this requires the political will of the Security Council and contributing countries.

Hence, the proposal is to create a peacekeeping unit for emergencies, as an integral part of peace operations, which could be permanently established with the mission of being deployed anywhere on the continent, to contribute to the security and well-being of citizens, firstly in cases of serious risk due to contagious diseases and later, modules can be added to face other catastrophes, calamities or other public needs. This unit can also participate in ongoing peace operations, if the operational need for their deployment arises. This unit must have the capacity to deploy in an orderly manner on the ground, concentrating operational resources in a short time, and permanently having highly qualified personnel with specific training to intervene immediately i n serious emergency situations.

Integrating Regional Efforts

The formation of this type of unit would not only serve the purposes of the first response, but also as a way to maintain the active participation of the countries of the region in their contribution to peace operations, which have seen somewhat depleted for budgetary reasons and political will to participate. In addition, it also serves to have a common objective of cooperation in the face of a threat that has no borders, offering the possibility of greater instances of relationship between the contributing countries.

Under this option to cooperate between various countries, we find two of the main implications are a surge in the number of peacekeepers deployed worldwide. First, adequate training and resources are required for these peacekeepers to be able to fulfil their mandates. In addition, for the mission to be a success, logistical problems must be overcome. These two requirements pose an important challenge to the success of UN peacekeepi ng operations. Thus, regional collaborations between member states, and collaboration between the UN and regional organizations are two ways to address these challenges. Regional partnerships is fundamental to peacekeeping operations around the world. Indeed, The Challenges Forum 2013, explored how regional organizations and regional collaborations can be progressed and further contribute to the success of UN peacekeeping operations. Additionally, trust between the troop-contributing countries and a spirit of cooperation are crucial for these types of contributions to succeed, but that trust alone is not sufficient. A well -drafted Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was also seen as essential to cooperation.

The Challenges Forum focused on three key areas: Lessons learned from and best practices in regional cooperation, enhancing operational readiness through regionalized contributions; and the harmonization of principles, policies and guidelines. On lessons learned, one of the main conclusions of the Forum was that political will is key to effective deployment of regionalized forces to UN peacekeeping operations. Regional arrangements can be better deployed if states explicitly identify the sort of situations in which they might deploy forces, the type of forces they have available, and their capacities and capabilities, and the limitations on this type of deployment.

Finally

To conclude, the current crisis will eventually end, either when a vaccine becomes available or when a sufficient part of the world's population has developed immunity (if long-lasting immunity is possible), which would probably require that about two-thirds of the total population infect. Yet some future microbial outbreak will be bigger and deadlier still. In other words, this pandemic is probably not “the Big One”. Neither event will come quickly, and in the meantime the human and economic costs will be enormous by real facts, and by perceptions of the people.

Regardless, other threats like this are just around the corner, so we can expect bigger impacts in the future. As long as the debate over leadership errors and the lack of multilateral solutions persist, the opportunity arises for the first response units of blue helmets to be formed at the regional level, made up of medic al, protection and support elements. It is an attractive proposal, when this pandemic is still latent and for the countries that contribute peacemakers and other resources, due to its purpose, taking into in account, that with a handful of exceptions, the work for Security Council in these areas has been fairly tentative, and some current members of the body would like to see it take a more active role. Therefore, this proposition should not necessarily be expected to originate from the United Nations itself, but rather from some governments in the region that seek to be proactive, on the experience of what we are living and for the benefit of the people.

PARAGUAY'S EXPERIENCES IN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Major General (R) Nicasio Ríos Martínez (Paraguay)

Good morning, all Peacekeepers. Allow me to congratulate you on our day of May 29, declared by the United Nations General Assembly in Resolution 57/129 as the International Day of Peacekeepers, and to say that it is an honor for this distinguished soldier to have been invited to participate in this important forum where the type of operations that summons us is current and quite necessary, according to the asymmetric conflicts according to the evolution of our new times.

All of us here are aware that the level of preparation and the availability of personnel to conduct Peacekeeping Operations is what really marks the path to the success of the Mission, this requires adequate preparation and strong discipline in order to ensure by the knowledge and a homogeneous understanding of the principles, approaches and necessary techniques.

With these premises, the Republic of Paraguay has begun its journey in light of the acceleration of the different conflicts within the Member States of the United Nations, participating since 1965 as a member of the INTER- AMERICAN FORCE OF PEACE, FIP, in support of the Dominican Republic , and then in a well-staggered manner individually, in principle integrating forces from other nations such as Argentina in 1998 in UNFICYP Cyprus.

In 1999, the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed with the United Nations, and then grew according to experiences and lessons learned up to the platoon level, and also covering other mission areas such as Haiti (MINUSTAH). integrating with a platoon in Decemb er 2000 the Security Mission of the Brazil Battalion, as well as starting with the activities of Military Observers covering Eritrea, Ethiopia, as well as other different mission areas; thus we were appreciating the dedication and the desire to do things well, and to achieve success in the fulfillment of the mission.

At that time also, the UN, through its General Assembly, had asked the General Secretariat for greater support and assistance for member countries that had the initiative to participate in this type of operation. Thus we came to create our joint training center for peace operations in October 2001 (CECOPAZ), and train our own instructors with the collaboration and good will always of the United Nations through the (UNTAT), Advisory Team of Instructors from the United Nations, such as the strategic programs of Development of the Americas with the support of the Massachusetts National Guard, which is our Partner Nation, a friendly nation, as well as support and supplies of adequate equipment from large countries such as Spain and Germany, in order to participate in excellent conditions, and also with the different training centers of neighboring countries and friends, such as the Argentine Center for Joint Training for Peace Operations CAECOPAZ Arg entina, Center for Instruction for Peace Operations of Brazil CIOPPAZ, Joint Center for Peace Operations of Chile CECOPAC, the School Unit for Peace Missions of Ecuador UEMPE, the Regional Command of Guatemalan Peacekeeping Operations Training CREOMPAZ, the Uruguayan Army Peace Operations School ENOPU, Peru Peace Operations Center, where through experiences we exchanged instructors and different training programs always updated.

It is also appropriate for me to highlight the comprehensive support of the G.P.O.I. Global Initiative for Peacekeeping Operations, in principle to obtain significant funds to reinforce, structure and adequately equip our Training Center with everything necessary to achieve the optimization of our teams, and the preparation and training of personnel necessary to participate in a larger scale of humanitarian operations in support of nations affected by natural disasters; and thus we got to deploy the first Multirol Paraguay Engineering Company with its own flag, to integrate the humanitarian support to Haiti MINUSTAH, which in 2010 was hit by a large earthquake, carrying out construction projects and civil aid programs; This support has been materialized until 2018 with the seventh Multirol Engineering Company with the satisfaction of the duty fulfilled.

I wish to emphasize that thanks to an excellent preparation as indicated at the beginning of my participation, we

25 have managed to clearly identify the three levels of specialized knowledge both strategic, operational and tactical, as the combination of them provided us with a comprehensive vision of Peacekeeping that it materializes from the very headquarters of the United Nations, to each soldier of the peace who patrol s the mission area.

The participation of women has also been the main reference as active agents of peace in Paraguay in the face of different types of armed conflicts and humanitarian assistance, where their experiences and capacities were essential for the achievement of satisfactory results with the peacekeeping missions. The essence and spirit are the same considering that current operations are increasingly complex, multidimensional and sometimes require large numbers of military and civilian personnel to carry out tasks that are not traditionally part of the PMS such as humanitarian activities, Human Rights, Electoral Assistance and Civil Police, etc.

The nature of the equipment and the necessary logistics is always the central nerve because it is o rdered according to the mission to be executed.

Lately I have seen in the news that according to a report by the Stockholm International Institute for Peace Research SIPRI, the number of international peacekeeping missions increased slightly in the year 2,019 but that the troops who participated in them continue to decrease, In other words, the total number of operations both inside and outside the UN was 61 in total in the year 2,019 and to date the number of soldiers, policemen, and civilian personnel participating has decreased by 4.8% from the previous total.

THE CHALLENGES OF SUPPORTING THE MISSION Master Carlos Polcaro (Uruguay)

Foreword The United Nations (UN) has fulfilled its mandate since 1945 throughout the world and in the most diverse terrain and climatic conditions. For the most part, these missions were established during or immediately after a war. Right there, women and men, soldiers, police and civilians of the UN, were f aced with very harsh situations of all kinds, particularly at the beginning, with high rates of risk of life. Essential water, electricity and sanitation services were mostly non-existent or very unreliable, even in capital cities. When troops, observers or civilians had to be deployed on the ground, they had to take with them whatever was necessary to survive and cope with whatever was on the spot. Thanks to my experience first as a military man, and then as a civilian in the UN, and having completed almost 23 years, I have been able to verify that the human being adapts to everything, even more so when the cause is noble and is embedded in the line of duty in the achievement of the common good. This article aims to bring the reader closer to the work of the UN on the ground and particularly to recognize the strenuous efforts made by its members and the mission support department in all its forms and levels.

The story and its lessons

SINAI Sep 1990 - Oct 1991 My first military mission dates back to 1990, when I was deployed for a year to the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) as a member of the general staff in the transport office. We were witnesses and directly affected by the collateral damage of the Gulf War; the "scuds" (long-range rockets) were passing over our heads towards Israel. One of them fell near the Dimona nuclear power plant in the Negev desert. The Israeli people were on high alert and we must continue to carry out our mandate. They equipp ed us with special suits and we were instructed that in case of contact with “mustard gas”, (that was the greatest threat so far, which luckily never materialized), we should change our equipment after 8 hours or receive a special shower to clean it. The Israeli people did not react to Iraq's provocation to enter the war. The population had to allocate a room in their houses to gather supplies for a week and seal it as well as possible with tapes and weather stripping. The children were provided with gas masks that could provide little protection in the event of exposure to the dreaded mustard gas (in my opinion, this was primarily a psychological support measure). Most of the "scuds" that managed to pass the line of the "patriot" interceptor batteries equip ped with US personnel, fell into Yarkon Park, which was located next to the Ministry of Defense, which was their final objective. In any city in Israel, television screens could be seen everywhere that, in case of detecting the interference of a missile, showed the place of probable impact while a siren sounded. Shelters existed in almost every building and public place. One day, I was in Tel Aviv visiting a sergeant in the hospital, when a “scud” fell about 500 meters away. The roar and screams of panic gave way to an organized aid system to receive the wounded, who luckily were few. I finished the mission with an excellent knowledge of the two countries that I visited assiduously (Israel and Egypt): their customs and the innumerable places of interest, mo re than anything tourist. The fact of working daily in English with military and civilian personnel allowed me to see many opportunities that opened before my eyes, all very interesting and different from those carried out so far. This mission continues with its mandate to this day. From time to time, there are group attacks in the area, but I think the war between Egypt and Israel has been prevented, at least as to the reason why it was deployed in 1981. The budget is provided by the US, Israel and Egypt, although I do not know the amount and I do not have the information to analyze its effectiveness; this mission has kept that area in peace since its insertion. This first mission, marked the course of my future.

Cambodia UNTAC May 1992 - Oct 1993

My second mission in Cambodia would be totally different. It was the first where thirteen (13) battalions from different countries were concentrated; the logistical challenge was enormous to provide support to more than 20,000 troops scattered throughout the territory, and many times in places of difficult access, all the b attalions had different types of vehicles and materials from different sources; the latter made support even more complicated, since the UN was responsible (this system would later change to one where each country provided its own materials and spare parts). The UN continues to support with everything necessary for daily sustenance (food, water, fuel, various equipment, etc.); all of this is negotiated through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with each country. After a bloody war, the country was devastated, and the communist administration of Pol Pot tried to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat in a compulsive way. The war had left millions of mines scattered throughout the territory, which moved through the waterways, being a few kilometers from the city. On one occasion, we meet a man with mutilated arms, asking for money and receiving it, using his feet; then he would sit on the ground and clap their soles for the gift received. Seeing mutilated legs and feet was common, not so much of both arms. After asking a local to translate for us, he told us that many people used the mines to fish. When they found an antipersonnel mine that was the shape and size of a large shoe polish can, they would pick it up and throw it at the lagoons: when the shock wave exploded, it provided them with fish. But it turns out that there were two types of mines, some that could be moved and others could not; the latter had a seesaw system that made them explode just by moving them and they were very similar, so if they ran into one of the latter, when they picked it up they would explode in their hands. After just over 18 months on a pioneering mission in its style, as expressed by its name UNTAC (United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia), it was able to pacif y the country and to hold free and transparent elections. Where today you see 5-star hotels around the famous Angkor Wat temple, when we opened the mission it was surrounded by tall grass and many anti-personnel mines scattered around it.

Liberia and Mozambique Dec 1993 - Dec 1994 I served as a military observer in both missions, having almost always been deployed in the field, particularly in Mozambique and in charge of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration missions. This mission was successful in leading the country to free and transparent elections. During my days in the "Mozambican" bush, six months living in a tent and surrounded by members of one of the factions that had to surrender their weapons, we were taken prisoner for three days and two nights. After various vicissitudes and negotiations, we were able to get around the situation without major problems. Today the country is among one of the most sought after tourist destinations on the Indian Ocean coast.

Democratic Republic of Congo / MONUC / MONUSCO - DRC Dec 1999 - Mar 2011 I landed in Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of Congo, in December 1999 as chief of logistics in the force's staff. At that time Laurent Desiré Kabila was still ruling. The city looked as if it had been devastated, not so much by war but by the state of a population with its destroyed economy that was mostly mired in misery. Services of all kinds had collapsed and the UN still did not know if it could deploy the troops, observers and civilians necessary to bring peace to a region of Africa whose territorial extension exceeds that of all of Europe. After obtaining a contract with the UN as a civil servant, nothing could tell me that I would spend more than 11 years of my life in those lands, and less that I would end up being responsible for logistical support to more than 80% of the mission in the east of the DRC, supporting more than 25,000 members of the UN and the same number of the Congolese armed forces and police. From that December 1999 to 2008 in the city of Goma located in eastern DRC, I served as administrator of the UN in Mbandaka (Ecuador Province of the DRC), Kindu (Maniema Province), Bunia (Ituri Province), Bukavu (South Kivu Province) and finally Goma (North Kivu), where I had my office and the headquarters of the region. The support was carried out with a budget of 250 million dollars a year; the most diverse materials were received by land and by air from Entebbe (Uganda) or Brindisi (Italy), as well as from local contractors. The mission had 54 aircraft (24 fixed-wing aircraft and 30 helicopters) positioned in strategic locations for air support, both to distribute equipment and supplies and for military operations and medical evacuation. Civilian personnel in support of operations numbered around 1,500 men and women, performing the most diverse tasks: office workers, mechanics, engineers, communication and computer experts, drivers, airport maintenance and

28 movement control personnel, military equipment controller, pilots and flight attendants, doctors and medical personnel, personnel managing troop supplies, finance and attorney personnel, human resources and a long etcetera that make up a mission support machinery not only within it but also in the New York HQ , as well as in Brindisi and Entebbe. The UN is no stranger to natural disasters, and the Congo would be no exception. In January 2002, due to the eruption of the Nyaragongo volcano, we had to evacuate the city of Goma to Rwanda. Initially, the Rwandans did not allow UN vehicles to pass. After several negotiations we were able to reach Kigali. The Congolese crossed the border for hours on foot, in cars and vehicles with all their belongings, heading to the neighboring city of Gysenyi. Together with the 15 section chiefs deployed in Goma, we planned and executed the logistical support that reached 11 distribution centers, and also supplied 82 companies of infantry soldiers deployed in the jungle, which could only be accessed by helicopter. The complexity and size of this logistics operation was a constant challenge that was met responsibly and effectively every day of the week from Monday to Monday and 24/7, knowing that many times not only the well-being of the troops depended on it and civilians, but their own lives when it came to medical evacuations. The mission support personnel who accompanied me in the DRC had to face situations of war and isolation from their families in various situations, due to guerrilla attacks and even clashes with Congolese forces. After more than 20 years and several billion dollars, the mission in the DRC and the international community still continue to support a defenseless population and violated their human rights, particularly those living in areas devoid of security and the most basic services subsistence. Free and transparent elections have been held, but the government has not yet been able to govern adequately in such a vast and complex country.

Ivory Coast / ONUCI Mar 2011 - Sep 2017 Having been appointed to lead support operations in the Ivory Coast, I embarked for the city of Abidjan (capital of the Ivory Coast) via Entebbe and Nairobi. After landing in Abidjan and already doing the migration process with my UN passport, I was informed that my presence was not required, "that there were already too many UN members in the country" and that I had to return to my destination of origin. After informing the UNOCI SRSG of the situation, and several hours of explanations and comings and goings inside the airport, I returned to Nairobi after 8 hours at the airport. Laureant Gbagbo was at war with the UN because he had lost the elections with Alassane Ouattara, and UNOCI had certified him (the mission had to fulfill the mandate of certification of the elections, which required that all its members count all the votes) according to its mandate. Finally, I returned to Nairobi, and the next day I flew to Accra (Ghana). From there, the SRSG sent a helicopter to look for me along with other people who were also stranded; We landed inside the UNOCI HQ in Abidjan, obviously without going through migration. Once again, the mission had to make Herculean logistical efforts to continue supporting the military, police and civilians. The Gbagbo government closed the port for UNOCI operations; in the streets the “young patriots” (Gbagbo civilian militias) harassed and threatened all UNOCI members, making tolls and barricading them with machetes and Kalashnikov rifles (AK-47), forcing the mission to rent civilian vehicles for move; the military moved in heavily armed convoys. Logistical support had to be reversed from the northeast to the south, entering through the border with Burkina Faso. At the pinnacle of hostilities, the UNHQ was besieged and g unned down for approximately 15 days, until forces loyal to Outtara liberated Abidjan. The end of the Gbagbo administration came at the hands of the UN, which neutralized his bunker with attack helicopters. While at UNOCI, I was appointed to establish initial contacts and carry out plans for the fight against Ebola in Sierra Leone; the mission was carried out successfully and the disease was contained.

Conclusions As a corollary, I would like to express my most sincere thanks to all those with whom I have worked side by side for so many years, having shared so many joys and why not disappointments, fears and frustrations. However, the pleasure of the duty accomplished and the mostly positive results obtained, have enriched us and many memories told here very briefly have marked our lives.

I urge those who want to be on the path of service, to join the Peace Corps wherever it is; the reward of being part of the history of so many nations, even with a small contribution, made us assess the effort of so many who have remained along the way honoring their memory to give eternal value to PEACE.

Kisangani - Arrival of the first rafts Mbandaka - Arrival of the first train from Kinshasa

Ceremonial Awarding of Medals

FROM THE BRAHIMI REPORT TO THE A4P. THE COMMITMENT TO PEACE OF THE TRAINING CENTERS FOR PEACE OPERATIONS. A LOOK FROM ARGENTINA Argentina Contribution - CAECOPAZ – BA Ana Florencia Talamoni23

The year 2020 seems to be a year to celebrate. If we make use of our memory, we could recall some ephemeris: 75 years have passed since the creation of the United Nations; 20 years since the promulgation of Resolution 1325 of the Security Council and 25 years of the Beijing Platform for Action, among other anniversaries. However, the international community does not experience a climate of celebration in the face of these dates immortalized in books of international law and their contents provided for in international action plans. Thus we also remember "The Brahimi Report" as the opportunity in which the United Nations took a deep and critical look at its own Organization.

4 This year, that same Organization that through its founders thought of a humanity without wars or conflicts, invites us to cast its critical gaze on the current system, and ask ourselves: Is a celebration for the 75 years of the Organization corresponding, when the gender inequality and its silent pandemic of violence against women and girls continue to be a threat and challenge to Human Rights? Does the festive climate persist when the threats of a catastrophic projection caused by global climate change harm not only human life and biodiversity, but will also become threats to peace and security? Are we capable of rejoicing when the pandemic and its health / economic / social / psychological emergency caused by Covid-19 continue without a death sentence, or when the naked fragility in the face of the technological threat and nuclear weapons, put us in check in the face of the very hand that created it? The end of the cold war, without a doubt, has given way to an ambiguous new international order. The community of Nations was in a doctrinal battle to try to understand, under traditional parameters, a system that was recovering from the scourge of war. The rise of enthusiasm was fostered through studies of peace and security, also inquiring about what would be the role of the United Nations in said emerging world order. The United Nations continues to be the only organization with the legitimacy, normative power and international support to face emerging threats. In this regard, multilateralism would be the best condiment to accompany and respond to the current international context. Peacekeeping operations are not immune to these threats.

Lessons learned indicate that adaptation, together with a holistic approach, are necessary to deal with a complex context. The question seems simple: do you want to manage the crisis or manage in crisis? Anticipating and making provisions in the face of intensified conflicts and transnational threats are key to the success of the mission.

If the need to improve technology and information processes was a reality for the missions, the experience of the current health emergency indicates that the reality exceeded all forecasts. Improving technology and facing the dilemma of whether or not to include artificial intelligence is today a fact, a necessity and a security tool, while also representing a threat to the mission and to the soldiers themselves. Argentina is accompanying the

2 Licenciada en Relaciones Internacionales (USAL) y Maestranda en Defensa Nacional (UNDEF). Es Jefa de la División de Relaciones Internacionales e Institucionales del Centro Argentino de Entrenamiento Co njunto para Operaciones de Paz (CAECOPAZ). Posee la Distinción Conjunta de Instructora en Operaciones de Paz de Naciones Unidas (Estado Mayor Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas Argentinas) y ha sido distinguida con el “Diploma de Honor” por su compromiso y Trabajo por la Equidad de Género en el ámbito de la Defensa” (Ministerio de Defensa, Argentina año 2015). 3 Las opiniones expresadas en el presente artículo son a título personal y no necesariamente representan la opinión de ninguna Institución a la que pertenezco. 4 Foto del Edificio del Secretariado General de las Naciones Unidas en su construcción. Fuente ONU.

31 vertiginous changes adopted by the international security system, offering its support and confidence to the peaceful solutions of conflicts, the latter being reflected in its vast and long -lived contribution to United Nations Peace Operations.

Since 1958, the Argentine Armed Forces have been actively engaged in contributing to alleviating human suffering and establishing conditions and institutions that guarantee sustainable peace, participating in peace operations in the world, acting with neutrality towards the parties in conflict, guaranteeing compliance with the mandate and International Law and promoting the economic and social development of the people. Historically, Argentina has contributed to Peace Operations in 37 missions totaling 41,000 military personnel, of which 1,000 have been female military personnel. Currently Argentina has military personnel deployed in the following missions: UNFICYP (Cyprus); MINUSCA (Central Africa); UNTSO (Middle East); MINURSO (Western Sahara), with a total of 252 troops, of which 22 correspond to female personnel. The Argentine Center for Joint Training for Peacekeeping Operations (CAECOPAZ), which this year celebrated its 25th anniversary, has been training all military personnel deployed in Peacekeeping Operations, integrating doctrine and the latest developments regarding peacekeeping missions, to provide updated and cutting-edge training. Like any center of excellence, it has a Pre-deployment Course and the Military Observer Course certified by the United Nations. Likewise, it has a great responsibility, not only for training and pre-deployment training, but also finds great commitment and challenges for peace in its support of the “Action for Peacekeeping” (A4P) initiative. Through said A4P initiative, which was supported by the Argentine Republic at the time, the Secretary General of the United Nations invites, mainly the countries that contribute troops, to renew their collective commitment to maintaining peace. In this regard, training centers have a lot to contribute.

5 Regarding the security of the peacekeepers provided by the initiative, certified and updated training is vital, with exercises that simulate security situations in missions, among other aspects. CAECOPAZ is committed to the initiative by providing intense and up-to-date training of excellence in the entire stage prior to deployment, giving classes corresponding to the protection of Human Rights under the requirements of the United Nations. It also supports their instruction in the latest United Nations reports, Security Council resolutions, and case studies. Said contents are verified in a final evaluation. Related to the commitment to training both in gender issues as well as in Conduct and Discipline content, for CAECOPAZ the A4P is not an imperative implementation based on a political commitment, but rather a need of our org anization. CAECOPAZ has been committed for 25 years to the initiative of maintaining the highest standards of conduct and discipline, teaching in all Pre-deployment and advanced training courses, classes on prevention of abuse and sexual exploitation and code of conduct. Likewise, the International Seminar on Women Peace and Security was held 9 years ago, adapted in its different versions to the latest developments in Peace Operations. In addition to the foregoing, Argentina joined the Voluntary Pact for the Prevention and Fight against sexual abuse and exploitation. To conclude, it should be noted that although 2020 offers us a good opportunity to reflect on whether the founding fathers who devised the United Nations Organization 75 years ago and p rojected a cooperative and peacefully interdependent world, effectively continues to be the safe world they longed for. our present. This reflection invites us to review and renew our commitment as a training center, and on the occasion of the participation of CAECOPAZ in the Annual Assembly of the Latin American Association of Training Centers in Peacekeeping Operations (ALCOPAZ) and the International Association of Peacekeeping Centers. Peace

5 Escultura por la No Violencia del artista sueco Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd en la sede de la ONU en Nueva York. Foto: ONU

Operations Training (IAPTC) it is appropriate to highlight the words of Secretary General Guterres where he invites us to: “work together and overcome the surplus of multilateral challenges ”.6

Bibliography Consulted Web Pages: Noticias, fecha 20 de Septiembre de 2020. En los 75 años de la ONU, Guterres llama al mundo a superar el “superávit de desafíos y soluciones multilaterales” de https://news.un.org/es/story/2020/09/1480792 Rescate de noticia: 5 de octubre de 2020. Departamento de Operaciones de Paz, Hechos y Cifras. https://peacekeeping.un.org/es/department-of-peace-operations. Rescate Julio 2020 Declaración de la Asamblea General sobre la Conmemoración de los 75 Años de Naciones Unidas. A/71/L1. 16 de Septiembre 2020. En https://undocs.org/es/A/75/L.1. Rescate de la noticia: 5 de octubre.

6 En los 75 años de la ONU, Guterres llama al mundo a superar el “superávit de desafíos y soluciones multilaterales” de https://news.un.org/es/story/2020/09/1480792

PARTICIPATION OF THE BOLIVIAN ARMY IN THE UNITED NATIONS Bolivia Contribution - DIOPE - Colonel Rodolfo Javier Garvizu Díaz

What is the Memorandum of Understanding? The memorandum of understanding is the official document by which the conditions for participation of the contributing country and the United Nations (United Nations-State) are established.

Development Brief overview of the participation of the Bolivian Army in Peacekeeping Operations. As described in the preceding paragraphs, it is essential that the national and international legal framewo rk has existed and exists, so that Bolivia, as a signatory to the United Nations Charter, has contributed with Contingents in Angola, Congo and Haiti, complying with the provisions of the agreement of the Statute of Forces Agreement (SOFA) and the Rules of Engagement (ROE - Rules of Engagement) and within the existing national and international legal framework for this type of operations.

Participation in Angola (MONUA) In May 1999, the Army sent 70 troops to the Republic of Angola to help consolidate peace, reconciliation, foster confidence-building, and create an environment conducive to guaranteeing lasting stability and democratic development. The Bolivian Contingent had the mission of providing "Security at the end of the mission in the evacuation operations of the human, material and technical resources of the Logistics Bases of Vila Espa, Viana and Madiva, in their final phase." This first experience ended in November 1999. It was a short period, but quite recognized by local authoriti es and the population in general.

Permanent patrols of the Bolivian blue helmets in the Republic of Haiti.

Formal greeting between the contingents (Bolivia and France)

Participation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) Three years after our first experience in peace operations, in October 2001, the Bolivian Guard Unit was deployed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, specifically to the town of Boende, which carried out security and protection tasks at the facilities of the United Nations Observation Mission in the Congo (MONUC), a mission that was successfully and efficiently carried out by the Bolivian Guard Units I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, later the Companies of Mechanized Infantry Bolivia VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV, ending the Bolivian contribution to the peace process in this sister country in 2010. Currently the acronym for this mission is MONUSCO.

Republic of Haiti (MINUSTAH). As of September 2006, Bolivia is part of the UN System of Forces deployed in the United Nations Mission for the Stabilization of Haiti "MINUSTAH" in the Republic of Haiti, with a Mechanized Infantry Company, with the mission of: "To become the Reserve Unit of the Force Commander and be in a position to assume the tasks of other contingents throughout the MINUSTAH area of responsibility." Initially made up of 215 civilians and military personnel, it currently contributes 205 personnel. The mission and the tasks performed by the different contingents in this mission area was and is undoubtedly one of the most f ruitful for our Army, not only because of the experience gained by its members, but also because of the international prestige achieved.

Carrying out humanitarian aid tasks in medical care

What is a mission area like in which our representatives carry out their work? Here it is necessary to call for reflection to the various actors who, without measuring the consequences of armed conflicts, on many occasions, call for internal disorder in a country. Those of us who had the opportunity to be deployed in the mission area were able to see up close the horrors and disasters generated by the conflict. Just to mention a few, one can cite: the extermination of entire communities due to the predominance of one of these; tribal, religious, ethnic and other conflicts; all with a common denominator: the violation of Human Rights, the existence of orphaned children, families disintegrated or exterminated, people who are internally displaced, leaving behind what they built throughout their lives or people who are sheltered, for a long time, in camps. of refugees under the protection of the United Nations away from their loved ones. It is in this scenario that Bolivia not only contributes with Contingents to international peace, but also went further and made Subaltern Officials and Senior Officials available to the United Nations considering gender equality, becoming one of the countries that most women contribute to peace operations. Female personnel perform missions as Military Observers, Staff Officers, Liaison Officers and Military Advisory Officers, who contributed and contribute to the well-being of the peoples, fulfilling tasks of monitoring and reporting violations of the ceasefire among the parties in conflict, protection of civilians, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants into civil society, contributing and supporting peace and cooperation among peoples with solidarity.

But, how many personnel participated in favor of international peace? Among the military personnel of cadres, troops, reservists, employees and civilian personnel there were approximately 6,300 people who had the opportunity to represent our country in peace missions, not counting the 450 Officers who performed the functions of Military Observer and / or State Officials. Higher. Because of this work, the international community considers that the Bolivian Army contributes significantly to the fulfillment of international agreements for the benefit of peace.

Conclusions A. The Plurinational State of Bolivia, through the contingents (ANGOLA-RDC-HAITI), has managed to project itself to the world as a State that exports peace, has gained spaces at the continental level due to the professionalism and preparation of the personnel, transmitting the culture and traditions of the Bolivian people in other continents. B. In the military field, international recognition has been achieved for the role played in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti and the various countries in which our representatives are deployed. C. Training and qualification of the Military Units was acquired in combined and joint operations in accordance with the United Nations procedures, enriching the experience for the Bolivian Army.

BRAZIL IN PEACE OPERATIONS AND THE SOUTH AMERICAN CONTRIBUTION FOR PEACE AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY Brazil Contribution - CCOPAB - Mayor Henrique Santos

Summary The qualified participation of the Brazilian State in the United Nations (UN) and the Organization of American States (OAS) Peacekeeping Operations has been taking place since 1948. These actions are the result of the preparation and training of their military and police personnel. This article aims to present some relevant points in the history of the Brazilian participation in the UN and OAS peace operations, highlighting the importance, both cooperation mechanisms and regional integration in the development and technical and doctrinal preparation of South American contingents. The present work, based on a qualitative approach, also seeks to establish and demonstrate, based on Brazilian history in Peace Operations, the relationship between qualified preparation and the South American contribution to international peace and security.

Key words: preparedness, peace operations, peace and international security.

INTRODUCTION Brazil has a history of relevant contributions to global stability through its participation in Peacekeeping Operations. Latin American cooperation aimed at preparatory actions is surely a relevant factor that makes the Brazilian Peace Forces stand out positively in the Peace Operations of the UN and the OAS, as well as humanitarian and demining operations. Thus, this article aims to outline the contribution to international peace and security derived from Brazilian preparation and participation in Peace Operations.

Brazilian participation in Peace Operations The country sent, for the first time, in 1948, a military officer from each of its Armed Forces, to act in the service of the United Nations in the Balkans, in the UNSCOB (United Nations Special Committee on the Balkans), the monitoring of the termination and acceptance of the peace agreement between Greece and Yugoslavia [2]. A year later, the Brazilian flag would once again be present, monitoring the Arab-Israeli ceasefire agreement, at the Supervisory Organization of the Trans-Saharan Region (UNTSO), in what was consecrated as the first United Nations peace mission, and that motivated the assignment of May 29 as the International Peacekeeper’s Day, the "Blue Helmets". However, the first contribution of the Brazilian Armed Forces to troops formed in peacekeeping operations took place between 1957 and 1967 in Ecuador, with the Suez Base as the first United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I). For this mission, Brazil contributed 20 troops for 10 years. Since then, Brazil has participated in more than 50 peace operations and similar missions, surpassing the figure of 55,000 Brazilian civilians, military and police, who have moved to regions devastated by war and affected by humanitarian crises in operations in the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East, working to maintai n international peace. Brazilian participation in peacekeeping missions is based on the p recepts of article 4 of its National Constitution and occurs only after compliance with certain principles, the most important being the consent of the parties involved in the conflict, on the presence of foreign observers or troops on its territory. The Brazilian State considers that peace operations are useful instruments for the resolution of conflicts and help to promote political-diplomatic negotiations, but they cannot replace them since the final decision will always depend on the self -determination of the peoples. Brazil contributed significantly with troops, air units, vessels, medical teams and civilian specialists in operations such as: UNEF I in Egypt; MONUC in Congo, from 1960 to 1964; UNSF in New Guinea, from 1962 to 1963; and UNIPOM in Pakistan, from 1965 to 1966. Even in the 1960s, Brazil participated in the Inter-American Peace Force to intervene in the political crisis that had erupted in the Dominican Republic (1965-1966). In the following decades, missions were reduced, until restarting in 1989, when several peace operations were opened and the Brazilian presence grew and diversified. In 1994, troops (a company) were sent to assist peace-

37 keeping in Mozambique. In September 1995, the Army sent a contingent of more than 1,000 men to Angola (one battalion, one engineering company and one health post). In recent years, Brazilian military personnel have been serving the United Nations as observers in Africa, Central America and the Middle East. Currently, eight of the 13 UN peacekeeping operations are assisted by approximately 250 Brazilian military and police officers, who serve as military observers, UN personnel officers, contingents and UN police officers in Cyprus, Lebanon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Western S ahara, Sudan, South Sudan and Abyei. In the last sixteen years, Brazil has sent more than 37,000 military personnel from the three Armed Forces to peacekeeping missions, leaving an undeniable legacy of success with the international community and the UN, confirmed by Brazil’s role in three recent missions. Throughout the thirteen years, Brazil continuously commanded the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), a fact unprecedented in other peacekeeping operations, in addition to carrying out the largest deployment of national and foreign troops since the Second World War, projecting Brazilian military competence and logistical capacity to maintain the peace and stability of that Caribbean country [3]. In the United Nations Interim Force Mission in Lebanon (UNIFIL), Brazil maintains a contingent, with the participation of the flagship of the MaritimeTask Force (MTF). This type of Marine Force is the only one in the field of peace operations and deserves special mention for the opportunity, as it improves the logistics and operational octrine, in addition to the presence of a Brazilian admiral and his General Staff in command since 2011.

Figure 1 - Brazilian frigate in Lebanon

The Brazilian contribution has always had the support of the force projection capacity represented by the Brazilian Air Force, which was present offering the necessary air-logistical support for the fulfillment of the deployment, rotation and repatriation phases in all the operations of peace in which the Brazilian Stat e operated with constituted troops. Since 2015, Brazil is in charge of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), with a Brazilian Army General as Force Commander of this complex mission, with about 18 thousand soldiers, of different countries, as well as police, civilians and humanitarian agents, ratifying the confidence of the UN in the preparation of our military leaders.

Figure 2 - Arrival of the C-130 aircraft to support the Brazilian troops in Mozambique in 1993

Brazil has long contributed to the effort of international peace organizations, whether by sending unarmed military observers or inserting lightly armed troops into conflict areas. The objectives have been to monitor the ceasefire between the parties involved and develop the best conditions for the full restoration of regional peace. Participation in peace missions consolidates the principles of international relations of the Brazilian State and demonstrates the capacity f or strategic projection of national power through the execution of professional, peaceful and collaborative activities of its Armed Forces.

Figure 3 - Formation of MINUSTAH troops on September 7, Brazilian National date

Joint Center for Peacekeeping Operations of Brazil The United Nations, due to its universality, legitimacy and experience of more than 70 years in similar missions, will probably continue to carry out peacekeeping operations that will have the participation of Brazil, whic h as one of its founding Members shares responsibilities and purposes. Part of the country's preparation comes from the work and experience of the Joint Center for Peacekeeping Operations of Brazil (CCOPAB) as an international reference in training for missions of this nature, fundamental for the success of the Brazilian contribution to the multilateral effort to maintain world peace. . This center has already prepared more than 20 thousand Brazilian and foreign military and police officers to carry out dif ferent tasks in peacekeeping missions and humanitarian demining together with various international organizations. Faced with the demand for specific training aimed at MINUSTAH, the Brazilian Army created, in 2005, the Instruction Center for Peace Operations (CIOpPaz), with the mission of training Brazilian military and civilians and those of friendly nations, to be sent to peace missions.

Figure 4 - Joint Center for Peacekeeping Operations of Brazil (CCOPAB)

In 2010, the Ministry of Defense changed the name of CIOpPaz to the Joint Center for Peace Operations of Brazil (CCOPAB), making it an organ of the Ministry of Defense, but linked and administered by the Army. Its staff is currently made up of military personnel from the Army, Navy and Air Force, in addition to the presence of police and military personnel from friendly nations such as Argentina, Chile and France. The CCOPAB is attributed, among national military organizations, the historical name of Centro Sergio Vieira de Mello, in honor of the illustrious Brazilian diplomat and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

The Importance of Preparation The training of human resources for peace operations is one of the activities carried out by the Brazilian Armed Forces, with the doctrinal support of the CCOPAB, an activity that requires constant updating and the participation of experienced instructors. Through agreements between the Training Centers of Friendly Nations, there is the permanent collaboration of military personnel from Argentina, Chile and France, in addition to the timely cooperation of representatives of countries such as Germany, England, Ethiopia, India, Peru, etc. Of the 13 ongoing UN peace operations, Brazil currently participates with 258 military and police officers in eight of them, such as: UNIFIL in Lebanon, UNMISS in South Sudan, MINURSO in Western Sahara, MINUSCA in the Central African Republic, MONUSCO in Democratic Republic of the Congo, UNAMID in Darfur, UNFICYP in Cyprus and UNISFA in Abyei.

Contribution to peace and security in Latin America Currently, Brazil is present in peace missions of the UN, the Organization of American States (OAS) and the European Union with the action of troops and specially trained human resources among police, civilian and military personnel of the Army, Navy and Air Force. For the OAS, Brazil has traditionally maintained the presence of military personnel from the Army and Marine Corps in the Mission to Support the Peace Process in Colombia - MAPP OEA, acting in conflict prevention and dispute resolution. Due to the pacifist tendency and the appreciation of the Friendly Nations in their strategic environment, the Brazilian State is a frequent contributor of troops and individual experts in the peace and security process es implemented in the South American Region, Central America and the Caribbean, thus playing a emphasis role on mine action, peacebuilding and diplomatic mediation.

Mission of Military Observers Ecuador - Peru (MOMEP) To resolve the border conflict between Peru and Ecuador, in 1995 the "Definition of procedures agreed between the parties and the countries that guarantee the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro of 1942" was signed. Accordi ng to the aforementioned document and under the supervision of the Mission of Military Observers Ecuador - Peru (MOMEP), peace was restored.

Mine Action Assistance Mission in Central America (MARMINCA) In 1996, with the resumption of demining work in Nicaragua, the Mission for Assistance in Action against Mines in Central America (MARMINCA) was established, which lasted 17 years, destroyed 81,014 artifacts and employed 297 foreign military personnel, of which the 46% were Brazilian, considering the partici pation of military personnel from 11 countries [3]. In 2010, Central America became the first landmine-free region in the world, thus meeting the requirements of Art. 5 of the Ottawa Treaty. Under the peace agreement, the demarcation of the border and demining of the region was left to the belligerents, with the support of the guarantor countries and others, who volunteered to help in the difficult task. From April 2002 to April 2003, MARMINCA supported the work by providing technical assistance and training to the military personnel of the Ecuadorian and Peruvian armies.

Demining Assistance Mission in South America (MARMINAS) - Ecuador and Peru On May 1, 2003, the Demining Assistance Mission in South America (MARMINAS) was created to act under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS), with technical assistance from the Inter-American Defense Board (IADB).

Figure 5 - Designation symbol of the MARMINAS Mission

The removal work is fraught with difficulty due to the jungle operating environment and the large number of landmines dropped in the region of operations and along the border line. The highest concentration is found in the Cordillera del Cóndor. MARMINAS relied on members of the Army and Navy Infantry from 2003 to 2013, monitoring an area of about 240,000 m2 between Peru and Ecuador, which resulted in the deactivation of about 12,500 landmines and explosive devices.

Group of Inter-American Monitors of the Assistance Mission of the Organization of American States (OAS) to the National Demining Plan - Colombia Mission created in 2006, under the auspices of the Organization of American States. The Brazilian Army has participated since March 2007 with 2 officers. The GMI / CO is made up entirely of Brazilian military personnel and participates in the Comprehensive Action Program against Antipersonnel Mines (AICMA) of the Organization of American States (OAS). GMI / CO has worked in conjunction with the Colombian Military Forces, providing training to demining squads and national supervisors, certification and quality control of the demining process, thus contributing to the destruction of more than 3,400 landmines and 326 improvised explosive devices. since the project started in 2005.

Conclusion It is possible to evidence from the history of Brazilian participation in peace operations and the combined cooperation efforts between Latin American Nations to prepare human resources for peace operations, humanitarian and demining actions that not only influence the Latin American region. South and the Caribbean, but also offer agents ready to act for international peace and security as a product. The peace operations and humanitarian demining actions that are currently being carried out are examples of regional cooperation, yet, as can be seen, they also represent South America's support for international peace and security through preparedness.

References [1] DEFESA NET. Consultado en: 08 Octubre 2020 [2] FONTOURA, PRCT da. Brasil: 60 anos de operações de paz. Rio de Janeiro: Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha, 2009. [3] SILVA, F. A., Ordem do dia do Ministro da Defesa por ocasião da celebração do dia internacional do Peacekeeper. Disponible en: https://www.eb.mil.br/todos-os-avisos/-/asset_publisher/nElT00TYrefc/content/ordem-do-dia-do-ministro-da-defesa- alusiva-ao-dia-internacional-dos-peacekeepers

UNIFORMED WOMEN IN PEACE OPERATIONS, THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS AND GAPS TO BRING: A LOOK AT 20 YEARS OF RESOLUTION 1325 Chile Contribution - CECOPAC - International Analyst Pía Vergara

Summary Various studies and lived experiences have highlighted the contribution made by women in conflict and post - conflict areas, proving to be an important strategy both to prevent them and to maintain and promote lasting peace. In this sense, both the United Nations and the Member States have adopted measures and committed to comply with the guidelines set forth in Resolution 1325 with the purpose of firstly protecting women and girls in situations of armed conflict, given the reality of sexual violence, abuse by combatants and other situations of gender discrimination that affect them and secondly promote the participation of women in peace processes, at all levels of decision-making, including the three components: military, police and civilians in peacekeeping operations, as well as local women in peacebuilding and negotiation processes. However, according to the antecedents and various seminars that have been held on the topic of Women, Peace, and Security, it can be seen that the application of this resolution and the measures adopted by the Member States have been deficient, particularly with regard to promoting of female participation, s ince it is not only about expanding the number of uniformed women in Peace Operations, but also about applying a gender perspective that allows both the increase and the optimal participation of women in the areas of mission.

Keywords: Uniformed Women, Peace Operations, Resolution 1325, Gender perspective.

General Objective: Contribute to the promotion of access and participation of uniformed women in Peacekeeping Operations.

Specific objectives: 1) Identify the barriers that prevent uniformed women from having greater participation in Peacekeeping Operations. 2) Identify and Analyze National Action Plans in Latin America 3) Consider the opportunities that the participation of uniformed women in Peace Operations entails.

Introduction Women and girls have suffered in a systematic, brutal and generalized way violence conceived particularly in contexts of armed conflicts, be these between states or intra-states. Recent wars in the former Yugoslavia (now Bosnia-Herzegovina), Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nepal and Afghanistan, as well as other conflict areas, were characterized by the evident degree of violence against women and girls. In this context, the United Nations, through the Security Council, recognized the importance of understanding the repercussions of armed conf licts on women and girls, while ensuring their protection and their full participation in peace agreements. On the other hand, the demands emanating from women through demands, mobilizations and protests, for justice and protection for all women and girls, victims of armed conflicts also promoted and exposed the need to implement a gender perspective in the context of Peace Operations. On October 31, 2000, Resolution 1325 of the United Nations Security Council on Women, Peace and Security was adopted. This resolution recommends the incorporation of the gender perspective so that women can participate and be an integral part of all the tasks of the United Nations for the prevention of conflicts, the consolidation of peace, the maintenance of peace, rehabilitation and reconstruction.7 This resolution highlights, on the one hand, the leadership as a role of women in conflict resolution and, on the other hand, encourages increasing the participation of women in the United Nations decision-making process regarding peace and security, protect women from Sexual and Gender Violence, among others. Resolution 1325 places an important emphasis on the full participation of women in all aspects of the promotion and maintenance of international peace and security, by increasing their participation at all levels of decision-

7 Naciones Unidas (2000) Resolución 1325 (2000) Consejo de Seguridad. En línea https://www.un.org/womenwatch/ods/S-RES- 1325(2000)-S.pdf

43 making. The resolution recommends that all peacekeeping personnel, both men and women, be given specialized training and education in the protection and special needs and human rights of women, girls and boys in all plans and programs. conducted by the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DOP). In order to comply with the mandate set forth by Resolution 1325, the most organic strategy corresponds to the implementation of the National Action Plans. The realization of the National Action Plans are the direct responsibility of the States, since they are the ones mandated to develop the greatest number of strategies to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women. Based on the foregoing, this research seeks to promote the participation of women, and particularly of uniformed women in Peace Operations contexts, for which it has been considered pertinent, on the one hand, to identify the barriers that hinder the participation of women. uniformed women in Peacekeeping Operations, on the other hand, identify and analyze the National Action Plans available from Latin American countries, this in order to observe the measures and initiatives adopted to comply with the obligations of Resolution 1325 and finally consider the opportunities that entails their participation.

Barriers that hinder the participation of uniformed women in Peace Operations Female participation in Peace Operations has gained strength in recent decades, through the intervention of the Security Council on the issue, which was demonstrated with the approval of Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. Based on the importance of being able to apply the Resolution, the Security Council decided to make it binding for all Member States. This decision, together with the commitment of the Member States and contributors of troops and police to Peace Operations, has achieved a slight but persistent increase in the participation of women in such operations; however, female participation continues to be lower, particularly in the reality of Latin America. For most of the countries in the region, the gender issue was not a priority on the national political agenda for a long time. However, due to the multidimensional characteristics of Peace Operations, it has become imperative to emphasize the promotion and monitoring of aspects related to the situation of women. In order to implement and apply the considerations set forth in Resolution 1325 regarding the p articipation of women in Peacekeeping Operations and all issues related to Women, Peace and Security, it is pertinent to carry out a prior analysis regarding the barriers that already exist. which women face, which makes it difficult and, in some cases, impossible for them to fully participate in missions. Therefore, one of the difficulties that women face to participate in Peacekeeping Operations has to do with the lack of knowledge and understanding of Resolution 1325 and the United Nations guidelines regarding gender equality. in missions, on the other hand, the prevalence of social norms and attitudes that perpetuate inequalities between genders, which also become barriers. One of the errors identified in the application of the gender perspective indicated in Resolution 1325 has to do with the unique approach of the United Nations together with the Member States regarding the increase in the number of uniformed women in Peacekeeping Operations.

This idea obscures the objective, that although it seeks an increase in participation, this increase must go hand in hand with the incorporation of a gender perspective in the work of the different missions that the UN, through the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. (PDO) is currently in place. Another challenge faced by the Member States that contribute to Peace Operations is the achievement of reaching the levels of command and leadership in the main peace processes as mediators, as witnesses and signatories, and as negotiators, in order to achieve that the signed peace agreements contain gender provisions. The incorporation of gender implies equal opportunities for men and women, it means an integral dimension in all stages and activities of a Peace Operation, in which men and women benefit in the same way, which would finally allow the presence of women to all levels in planning, conducting, as well as legislation, policies and programs. Another of the barriers identified that hinder the participation of women and in particular of uniformed women in Peacekeeping Operations, are the social norms that perpetuate gender inequality.

The prevalence of social norms and behaviors that perpetuate inequality between men and women act as barriers to the full participation of women in the security and defense sector. Although practically all countries are lagging behind regarding the increase in women who contribute to Peacekeeping Operations, some stand out and lead because they have established national frameworks to integrate the gender perspective i n their Armed Forces and Forces of Public Order and Security. In order to establish strong national frameworks for gender mainstreaming, today's leading countries have had to directly address the prevalence of norms and biases that perpetuate gender inequality in the past and present. There are still great challenges for women to be able to participate in positions where they are allowed to make decisions, which due to the very institutional nature (military hierarchy) do not yet do so, with this it is not affirming that at present they do not make decisions, if they do. they do, but at scales and hierarchical levels estimable to their military rank. Starting from the aforementioned, the role that military women have played in Peace Operations to date has been an operational role just like that of their peers, their work or good performance is not subtracted; but it is questionable that they are not yet an integral part of the peacebuilding and negotiation processes.

Comparative table: Incorporation of women into the Armed Forces of Latin America COUNTRY PROFFESIONAL BODY COMMAND BODY GROUND NAVAL AIR GROUND NAVAL AIR FORCE FORCE FORCE FORCE FORCE FORCE Argentina 1982 1981 1982 1997 2002 2001 Bolivia 1982 2010 2007 1979- 1985/2003 2010 2007 Brazil 1992 1980 1982 2012/2017 2012 1996 Chile 1974 2003 1952 1995 2007 2000 Colombia 1976 1984 1979 2008 1997 1997 Ecuador 1956 1977 2000 1997 El Salvador 1985 2000 2009 2002 Guatemala 1967 1985 2000 1997 Honduras 1970 2001 1964 1998 1999 1996 Mexico 1938 1975 1937 2007 2010 2007 Nicaragua 1979 1993 Paraguay 1932 1970 1970 1993 Peru 1997 1997 1997 1997 1999 1998 Rep. Dominicana 1981 1981 1981 2001 2001 2001 Uruguay 1973 1997 1998 2000 1997 Venezuela 1980 1979 1980 2001 1978 1978 Source: Own elaboration based on data from RESDAL, 2009

The scarce female participation in Peacekeeping Operations also has to do with the recent incorporation of women into the Armed Forces and its different branches and specialties in the command or officer corps. The recent incorporation of women into the Armed Forces in the officer corps has now become an opportunity, but also a barrier for women to participate in Peacekeeping Operations and achieve command positions in those missions. It will take years to have female staff that meet the requirements and conditions required by the United Nations. In the case of the Police, it is different, since women can reach the highest ranks of the police hierarchy and there are even cases where women have managed to assume managerial positions. However, the greatest limitation present in policewomen has to do with their low participation in Peacekeeping Operations because they are absent from the regional agenda, which in turn is linked to the internal needs of the police. countries and with the scant information about the participation of the police in Peacekeeping Operations.

Analysis of the National Action Plans (PAN) in Latin America: implementing Resolution 1325 The lack of knowledge and understanding of how to apply Resolution 1325 has to do with the absence and scarce linkage of the National Action Plans, especially in those countries that contribute troops and police in Peacekeeping Operations. In this sense, the States are the main actors summoned to develop strategies and mechanisms to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women. One of the alternatives that national governments have to achieve gender equality and other issues related to women's participation is through the development of National Action Plans. Now, what is a National Action Plan? A National Action Plan or PAN corresponds to a document which details the measures that a State will adopt to comply with the obligations included in Resolution 1325 within a specified period.

Implementation of the National Action Plans for the application of Resolution 1325 in Latin America

Source: Own elaboration based on data from PEACEWOMEN8

At the international level, as of August 2020, 86 member countries of the United Nations complied with the creation of National Action Plans (PAN), necessary for the application of Resolution 1325. At the regional level, in Latin America, only 6 countries they have conceived National Action Plans. Making a brief analysis on the implementation of National Action Plans, the first co untry to develop the National Action Plan (PAN) in the region was Chile in 2009, then in 2015 it launched its second PAN. This second plan incorporates the new United Nations recommendations regarding Women, Peace and Security, in addition to including proposals from various civil society organizations. Another important element of Chile's second NAP is the incorporation of clearer indicators to monitor and evaluate the achievement of the objectives. The second National Action Plan is also based on the four fundamental pillars of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda (participation, prevention, protection and, relief and recovery), on the other hand, it also seeks: the incorporation of the gender perspective In all its activities, promote the meaningful participation of women in peace negotiations, their protection and finally increase their participation. One of the elements that has not yet been properly developed has to do with the role played by civil society organizations, in addition to the fact that this Plan does not address disarmament issues, nor does it connect the proliferation of weapons with the insecurity of women. In the case of Argentina, the country launched its first National Action Plan in 2015, with the aim of implementing policies that guarantee compliance with the Women, Peace and Security Agenda. The development of the PAN had an intersectoral work of various ministries. The National Action Plan of Argentina has a national (internal) and international (external) approach, therefore its objective is the participation of women in politics together with the incorporation of the gender perspective in all matters related to the peace and security on all levels. However, in this NAP there is a lack of mention of the inclusion of civil society organizations in the implementation and monitoring of the plan.

8 PEACE WOMEN http://www.peacewomen.org/member-states

Paraguay, like Argentina launched its first National Action Plan in 2015, this NAP aims to eliminate cultural barriers that hinder the full participation of women in all aspects related to conf lict resolution, peace and national security. This PAN does not have a defined budget and does not incorporate disarmament issues, and like Chile there is a lack of connection between the proliferation of weapons and the insecurity of women. In 2017, three countries in the Latin American region launched their National Action Plans. In the case of Brazil, the PAN was developed through coordinated and intersectoral work, made up of t he ministries and the Armed Forces. With the adoption of this Plan, Brazil reaffirmed its commitment to the promotion of international peace and security, as well as the defense of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. In the case of El Salvador, the PAN was created to organize existing strategies and actions to implement the Women, Peace and Security Agenda. By adopting this plan, the country reaffirms its commitment to address issues related to women, peacekeeping and security. Like Chile and Paraguay, this NAP does not include information on disarmament. Finally, Guatemala established its National Action Plan in charge of the Interinstitutional Table on Women, Peace and Security (MIMPAZ), this PAN offers an analysis on gender equality, f emale participation in peace negotiations, etc.

Opportunities for the participation of women in Peacekeeping Operations Women who participate in Peacekeeping Operations are present in all components of the mission: military, police and civilian; in each of these components, women have proven to be able to carry out the same tasks as their peers. Based on the experience of the contingents in Peace Operations, it has been observed that the participation of women in the mission has had a positive impact, particularly in the protection of women's rights and in the construction of more peace. durable. A mission made up of both men and women allows a greater representation of the population in the place where it is deployed, which produces greater legitimacy on the part of the inhabitants receiving the mission. This in turn means that the effectiveness of peacekeeping is increased and therefore having greater access to communities there is a better performance of peace. The diversity of the contingent deployed makes it possible to involve all members of the communities that must be protected. On the other hand, this diversity helps to address the negative effects that conflict has on women's livelihoods, as well as new perspectives and solutions. However, particularly the presence of women in Peacekeeping Operations facilitates the rapprochement of women affected by the armed conflict. Women access communities more quickly as they have better communication with women and girls in the communities. It is important to mention that the presence of women in Peace Operations allowed the reduction of abuse or sexual harassment committed by their own forces. (RESDAL, 2013). Female participation in the contingents deployed in Peace Operations promotes and encourages the participation of local women and their organizations in the political processes that take place after the armed conflict has ended. The presence of women in missions contributes to the promotion of human rights and the protection of civilians, as well as encouraging women to participate actively in political and peace processes. Women d eployed in the mission area become role models and inspiration for those women and girls who have been devastated by armed conflict.9

Conclusions At present, a large number of countries contemplate the entry of women to a greater or lesser extent to the Armed Forces as well as their contingents to deploy in peace missions, this in turn means an advance in the visualization of women in these areas. However, the incorporation of women into the Armed Forces as well as in Peacekeeping Operations does not mean a change in the institutional culture; this change, which also implies social change, will be achieved once

9 Naciones Unidas - Mantenimiento de la paz. Empoderamiento de las mujeres. En línea https://peacekeeping.un.org/es/promoting- women-peace-and-security

47 the institutions develop policies of equity and respect for the gender, and as these are implemented, both men and women will be able to develop their capacities to the maximum. It is important to mention that there is still enough work to overcome situations of discrimination and marginalization of women that allow the professional performance of women, mainly in the Institutions of the Armed Forces and Public Order and Security, as well as in national institutions. Some options to consider regarding the responsibility of both the United Natio ns Member States and contributors of troops and police in Peacekeeping Operations, as well as the training and education centers in the formation and preparation of their contingents, are in the first place, develop specific training programs for women, which provides them with the necessary tools to achieve early detection on issues of violence and discriminatory practices, leadership, empowerment, among others, and secondly reserve spaces for them in training exchanges between countries and finally create scholarships to encourage recruitment. In relation to disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programs for ex-combatants, it is necessary to implement specific measures for the prevention and protection of women. In summary, to achieve female participation in Peacekeeping Operations, we must not only focus on the number of women that we must deploy in a mission, but as indicated by Resolution 1325 and the complementary resolutions that are present in the Agenda for Women, Peace and Security, we must incorporate a gender perspective in the doctrine, planning and exercise of Peace Operations. Consequent ly, beyond the study of the quantitative aspect of the incorporation of women in Peacekeeping Operations, qualitative aspects must be addressed, such as the implementation of gender equality policies both in the military and at the national level.

References Naciones Unidas – Mantenimiento de la paz. Mujeres en las Operaciones de Mantenimiento de la Paz. En línea https://peacekeeping.un.org/es/women-peacekeeping Naciones Unidas - Mantenimiento de la paz. Empoderamiento de las mujeres. En línea https://peacekeeping.un.org/es/promoting- women-peace-and-security Mayanja R. (2010) Los conflictos armados y la mujer – Décimo aniversário de la resolución 1325 del Consejo de Seguridad. Crónica ONU. En línea https://www.un.org/es/chronicle/article/los-conflictos-armados-y-la-mujer-decimo-aniversario-de-la-resolucion-1325-del- consejo-de- seguridad#:~:text=La%20aprobaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20resoluci%C3%B3n,paz%20y%20en%20las%20negociaciones Naciones Unidas (2000) Resolución 1325 (2000) Consejo de Seguridad. En línea https://www.un.org/womenwatch/ods/S-RES- 1325(2000)-S.pdf RESDAL (2009) “Género, Fuerzas Armadas y Policía: la participación del cono sur en 57 operaciones de paz”, en La mujer en las instituciones armadas y policiales, Resolución 1325 y operaciones de paz en América Latina. RESDAL (2013) La sombra de la violencia, mujeres y Fuerzas de Paz en Haití y el Congo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. En línea https://www.resdal.org/genero-y-paz/La_sombra_de_la_violencia.pdf Villanueva N. (2017) Participación de la mujer militar de las Fuerzas Armadas de la República de Chile en las misiones para el mantenimiento y fomento de la paz y seguridad, resolución 1325 (2000). Universidad de Chile. PeaceWomen (2020) Plan de Acción Nacional para la implementación de la resolución 1325 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas. En línea http://www.peacewomen.org/member-states Gauche X. (2017) Planes de Acción Nacional sobre mujeres, paz y seguridad. Experiencias comparadas y proyecciones para el caso chileno. Revista de Derecho. En línea https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/revider/v30n2/art09.pdf

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE MILITARY FORCES OF COLOMBIA IN THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Colombia Contribution - CENCOPAZ - Lieutenant LADM Carlos Franco Sanabria

Summary More than 60 years after the Korean War, Colombia, through its Military Forces, has taken discrete steps to progressively advance towards greater participation in Peace Operations developed by the United Nations, since it understands the importance to contribute to the strengthening o f the country's foreign policy while improving its capabilities in defense and national security. In this sense, the Colombian Military Forces, being first of all aware of the need to acquire greater knowledge and experience in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, have developed a strategy aimed at materializing a more active participation in this type operations, giving rise to the creation of the Joint Plan for Participation in Peace Operations with the United Nations. Key Words: Peace operations, United Nations, constructivism.

Introduction According to Verdugo (2019) "(...) from the 19th century, every State has an armed group whose function is to ensure its peace and external defense" (p.10), in this sense the Military Forces of Colombia are the guaranteeing institutions of development at the national level and have addressed their functions in relation to the internal defense of the nation, as a result of the armed conflict between the State and the different illegal actors since the last half of the 20th century. It is evident that during the last 50 years, the Government of Colombia and its Military Forces have focused their efforts on addressing the internal conflict, which is why the participation of the Military Forces in international settings has been limited in part; However, after the signing in 2016 of the peace agreement between the Government of Colombia and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), a new national scenario has emerged where participation in United Nations peace missions United is part of the strategic objectives set out in the National Defense and Security Policy (Ministry of National Defense, 2019). To address the subject of this article, initially an important event in military history will be addressed, bringing up Colombia's participation in the Korean War, where the country's military forces materialized their first experience outside the national territory under the flag of a nascent international organization, the United Nations. Subsequently, this document uses the constructivist theory of International Relations to explain the change in Colombia's position regarding its participation in peace operations, briefly reviewing some facts that contributed to the change in national policy regarding participation in Peacekeeping Operations. Peace. Finally, the projection of the participation of the Colombian Military Forces in United Nations Peace Operations is described, where different dynamics are contemplated aimed at fulfilling the objective set out in the Natio nal Security and Defense Policy.

A look at Colombia's participation in the Korean War At the end of the Second World War the international scene turned around the framework of the Cold War, a conflict defined as the “political, ideological, social and cultural confrontation that took place between 1945 and 1989 between two blocks of countries led by the United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) ”(Encyclopedia of History, 2019). This change in the international sys tem gave rise to one of the first tests for the United Nations after its birth under the concept of collective security, the War on the Korean Peninsula, one of the conflicts on the international scene that continues in force since it has not been possible to achieve the establishment of a peace agreement. Under the aforementioned conditions, Colombia played an important role in said international conflict by allying itself from the beginning with the western bloc of the United States, a fact that during the government of Laureano Gómez (1950 - 1951) led to the political decision to participate directly in the conflict through the deployment of personnel from our Military Forces to support the intervention of the United Nations in said conflict; however, it is important to note the following: The United Nations Forces in Korea did not constitute a peacekeeping operation in the way that a PKO is normally defined because: The forces there were not led by the Secretary General; and they used force.

Nor was it considered an enforcement operation under Chapter VII of the Charter, because: It was not under the control of the Security Council; and the permissive resolutions of the Council, had not invoked that Chapter. (Ram, 2009) The active participation of Colombia in the Korean War “began with Decree 3230 of 1950 in which the shipment of the Almirante Padilla frigate was ordered and with Decree 3927 of December 1950 by means of which the Infantry Battalion No. 1 was created. Colombia (…) 1050 men made up the contingent sent to Korea ” (Meléndez, 2014), a figure that at the end of the war amounted to a total participation of almost 5100 men; additionally, during the conflict the frigates ARC Capitán Tono and ARC Almirante Brion of the National Navy also participated. During the development of the conflict, the bloc of the United States in which Colombia was, advanced rapidly and managed to take the North Korean troops to an unfavorable position; However, the entry of the Chinese Military Forces into the conflict in support of the North Koreans, led to the balance being balanced and brought the situation to a difficult point to resolve by military means. Finally, the cessation of hostilities between both nations and their respective allies was given thanks to the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953. The war on the Korean Peninsula came to an end and Infantry Battalion No. 1 "Colombia" return to the country; 183 men gave their lives thousands of kilometers outside our borders under the banner of a nascent international organization, which, through the concept of collective security, sought a way to achieve peace and security, however, contrary to the initial approach, the objective did not It was fulfilled to the extent that power relations and the particular interests of the powers of the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, caused the concept of security to be inefficient and difficult to apply, thus hindering the performance of the United Nations. and questioning its principle of impartiality.

Present in the participation of Colombia in Peace Operations under the constructivist approach In the last half of the 20th century, the Republic of Colombia went through an internal scenario in which different illegal actors born in the bipolar system led the State to prioritize its policies around combating non-state forces. Therefore, the internal conflict led to the failure to continue contributing troops to United Nations peacekeeping operations, as was done in the Korean War, since efforts were focused on addressing the delicate situation of internal public order in the United Nations. nation. However, during the last decade there has been evidence of a change in the political will of the Colombian State as a result of different variables of national and international politics, giving rise to considering after many years to resume the participation of the Colombian Military Forces in the Peace Operations with the United Nations, an intention that has been established as one of the objectives of national security and defense. A clear example of the national political position regarding participation in Peacekeeping Operations was the signing in 2015 of the “Framework Agreement between the United Nations and the Government of the Republic of Colombia regarding contributions to the system of agreements for security forces. United Nations reserve for peacekeeping operations”, an event that took place during the period of peace negotiations between the National Government and the FARC.

This Framework Agreement gave rise to Law 1794 of 2016, which aims to “establish the framework for the contribution of the Government of the Republic of Colombia to United Nations peacekeeping operations and identify the resources that the Government will provide the United Nations peacekeeping operations for the fulfillment of the mandates authorized by the Security Council” (Law 1794 of 2016). Likewise and with the aim of providing the necessary capacities for the training of the personnel of the Military Forces contemplated to participate in Peace Operations in accordance with the guidelines and doctrine of the United Nations, the National Navy of Colombia, after an agreement carried out among the Commanders of the Forces regarding f uture roles in a post-conflict scenario, in 2015 I created the Training and Training Center for Peace Operations (CENCOPAZ), thus assuming leadership in training for Peace Operations. In this sense, after Colombia's commitment to the United Nations, the Co lombian Military Forces have deployed in recent years a total of 13 officers, including Military Observers and UN General Staff, who with commitment and professionalism have played a fundamental role which has allowed the Military Forces to progressively

50 acquire the necessary knowledge for Colombia to project a more active participation in peacekeeping missions in the future. This change in Colombia's political position regarding participation in United Nations Peace Operations is understood from the perspective of the Constructivism Theory of International Relations, since it allows us to see how the role of ideas shapes the system. international; Constructivists refer to ideas as goals, threats, fears, identities, and other elements of perceived reality that influence states and non-state actors within the international system (Reus-Smit, 2014). In the case of Colombia, among the elements that promoted the change in political will regarding participation in United Nations Peace Operations, we can observe internal factors, such as the change in the dynamics given by the internal conflict, going from Democratic Security model to the Comprehensive Security and Defense Policy for Prosperity; and on the other hand, the increase in social policies and agreements with ex-combatants that compromise military spending. Similarly, some of the international factors that have led to the change in political position are given by the change in the structure of the international system, the fall in oil prices and the emergence of new transnational threats. For these reasons, the identity of the Colombian State has been redefined by going from being an actor with a security and defense policy of internal control of the territory exclusively, to building the “idea” of the State with a foreign security and defense policy with a view to in international organizations. Thus, at present, participation through the Military Forces in international operations such as those carried out by the North Atlantic Organization (NATO) and in Peacekeeping Operations carried out by the United Nations is part of the political will, in order to acquire new capacities that allow to face the new variables and that potentiate Colombia as a country that guarantees international law and the search f or world peace.

Projection of the Colombian Military Forces in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations As a result of the changes in the political will described above, the General Command of the Armed Forces created the "Joint Plan for the Participation of the Armed Forces with the United Nations" with the purpose of developing a strategy to take advantage of opportunities to participate in operations. peace, and thus strengthen and sustain the capabilities of the Colombian Military Forces; This plan is co nstituted as the guiding document through which the Military Forces seek to more actively comply with the agreement reached with the United Nations in 2015. The Joint Plan establishes 3 phases, which will be developed in the short, medium and long term, in order to provide the knowledge and experience necessary to materialize in the future a g reater participation of the Colombian Military Forces in the Peace Operations that advance the United Nations. In the short term, the registration of capabilities of the Military Forces in the Peacekeeping Capability Readiness System - PCRS is contemplated, which will allow them to be really visible before the United Nations System, likewise, the initial effort will focus on individual deployments, Observers Military and General Staff Officers, in this sense, should continue to guarantee the relief of the 04 Officers currently deployed in MINURSO, MINUSCA and UNIFIL. It should be noted that in addition to the above, the deployment of 01 Officer as Military Observer in MINURSO is pending, increasing to 05 the personnel participating in Peacekeeping Operations . In the medium term, the objective is to continue acquiring experience through the individual deployment of Officers in the General Staffs under the flag of other Member States of the United Nations, which currently contribute troops to peace operations. The last phase contemplates the consolidation of the previous phases, the enlistment of the troops and finally the deployment under their own flag. In summary, the projection of the Military Forces arises from the national need to acquire capacities within the framework of the new structure of the international system, which is why the Joint Plan contemplates the acquisition of knowledge and the search for experience within the framework of the United Nations, since it is important for the Military Forces to be certain that they have the necessary knowledge and experience, thus seeking to reduce the risks that arise from not being prepared to face the challenge of participating in a peace operation.

Conclusion Colombia's political will has always been focused on international cooperation and support for international organizations, an example of this was its participation in the Korean War where, under the flag of the United Nations, the Colombian Military Forces contributed to the search to achieve peace in said region. The Military Forces of Colombia, attending to the political will of the country, have remained at the forefront of changes in the international environment without detaching themselves from their fundamental mission of defending sovereignty and territorial integrity, which is why training and constant updating are factors keys in the projection of future participation with Colombian troops in United Nations Peace Operations. The policy of non-participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations observed in the previous decade was transformed due to the changes generated at the international level (new transnational threats, fall in oil prices, loss of hegemony of the United States in the international system, etc.) and national (peace agreement with the FARC, polarization of national threats and demonstrations against social policies, etc.), thus consolidating a clearer vision of the importance of international cooperation. Finally, the need to adapt to the new international scenario in terms of security and defense, led the Military Forces to create the "Joint Plan for the Participation of the Military Forces with the United Nations" with the purpose of defining a strategy oriented to the use of opportunities by participating in United Nat ions Peace Operations and thus strengthening and sustaining their own capacities, aligning themselves at the same time with the other countries of the region in the search for world peace and collective security. .

Participation of the Infantry Battalion No. 1 "Colombia" Development of the UN Military Observer Course at the in the Korean Peninsula War Training Center for Peace Operations - CENCOPAZ

Naval Lieutenant Astrid González, first officer of the Colombian National Navy to deploy as a Military Observer in MINURSO.

References Enciclopedia de Historia, (20 de Septiembre del 2020), Guerra Fría, https://enciclopediadehistoria.com/guerra-fria/ Lozano, J. (04 de Enero 2020), Los retos políticos con los que el Gobierno arranca este 2020, EL TIEMPO, https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/los-retos-politicos-con-los-que-el-gobierno-arranca-este-2020-448956. Morgenthau, Hans, (1985), Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace, New York; St. Louis; San Francisco: McGraw-Hill, cop. 1985. Nariño, M., (2017), Análisis De La Sostenibilidad del Gasto en Defensa y Seguridad en Colombia desde el enfoque de la Nueva G estión Pública, Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá D.C. Política de Defensa y Seguridad, (2019), Ministerio de Defensa Nacional. Enero de 2019, Bogotá - Colombia. Política de Seguridad Democrática, (2003), Ministerio de Defensa Nacional. Enero de 2003, Bogotá - Colombia. Ram, Sunil, (2009), La Historia de las Operaciones de Mantenimiento de Paz de las Naciones Unidas durante la Guerra Fría: 1945– 1987, Instituto de Capacitación en Operaciones de Paz [02-01-09]. Reus-Smit, C. (2014), Constructivism, Christian Reus-Smit and the Moral Purpose of the State, Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education. Verdugo, Mario (2002), Funciones de las Fuerzas Armadas y el Consejo de Seguridad Nacional en Chile de Acuerdo a las Propuestas de la Reforma Constitucional, https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-00122002000100006

"LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES IN SUPPORT OF PEACE OPERATIONS: HISTORY, CURRENT AND PROSPECTIVE FROM THE ECUADORIAN OPTICS" Ecuador Contribution - UEMPE - Artillery Captain Rodrigo Rivas Paz

Introduction Peacekeeping missions are an instrument that is at the disposal of the United Nations, with the objective of helping countries navigate the dif ficult path between conflict and peace, “We have unique virtues, which include legitimacy, division of responsibilities and the ability to deploy troops and police forces around the world, which are integrated with civilian peacekeeping personnel to address a series of mandates established by the Security Council and the United Nations General Assembly ”(Peacekeeping.un.org; 2020). Latin America is the region that contributes with 3% of the entire contingent to peace missions, the countries of the region that have a greater contribution to missions are Uruguay, El Salvador, Argentina and Brazil, there are other countries that have a reduced contribution to the contingent, such as Chile, Bolivia and Ecuador, there are also other countries that due to internal political situations do not contribute personnel to the different peacekeeping missions, and others that since 2015 have contributed personnel again. In this research we will consider two internationalist theories whose point of equilibrium is international cooperation.

Theoretical debate Multilateralism is a concept that occurs within international relations, since it refers to the fact that several countries work in coordination on the same issue that affects them (climate change, economy, conflicts) (Manrique, A. 2020). This conceptual approach goes hand in hand with the approach of Robert Keohane for whom “multilateralism is a practice to coordinate national policies in groups of three or more states; and so do other forms of organizations that take as a reference the successes and principles of relations between states”. John Ruggie completes the definition. The main characteristic that makes multilateralism is the search for a world governed by norms and transnational cooperation. Added to this feature is the preference for negotiation and diplomacy over coercion. One of the working tools of this concept is international law, conventions and public opinion, another of the tools that multilateralism uses to bring States closer is constituted by the establishment of commercial and economic ties (Manrique, A. 2020). International cooperation is understood as a system of interactions between different agents (States, NGOs) with the aim of achieving levels of reciprocity through negotiation processes known as “policy coordination”. International Cooperation is seen as a valid instrument for the solution of world problems, as stated in the Charter of San Francisco “… to carry out international cooperation in the solution of international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian nature, and in development and encouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms of all, without making distinctions for reasons of race, sex, language or religion…” (Vergara, 1995). In order to contribute to a more stable, peaceful and secure international context for all the world's inhabitants (Ripoll; Ghotme. 2014). International cooperation occurs when various state or non-state actors adjust their behavior to the current or anticipated preferences of other actors through the political relationship. It should be taken into account that at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, a long list of conflicts was witnessed that became more violent and with this background it can be correctly concluded that no region is immune. Conflicts can remain unresolved even within the borders of a nation that we consider to be living in relative peace. Yet on a daily basis peacekeepers in many forms do their best to resolve disputes peacefully, contain the scope and level of violence, and seek effective solutions to deeply rooted conflicts. Peacekeeping operations have become a prominent strategic intervention to manage and resolve post -Cold War conflicts in the community, however, due to the increase in new threats to international security and stability, responses have become more complex and diverse (including conflict prevention, humanitarian assistance, human rights monitoring, electoral monitoring, demobilization and rehabilitation, peaceb uilding and post-conflict reconstruction), with the composition of developing missions, intergovernmental, governmental and non- governmental actors.

Case Study (Latin America in Peace Operations). In the second decade of the 20th century, Mexico experienced one of the bloodiest civil wars, in which around a million people died. Faced with this event, an attempt was made to carry out the first multinational mediation formula, in which the ABC group (Argentina, Brazil and Chile) was created with the aim of preventing the civil war from spreading throughout the Mexican territory. Another of the armed conflicts in which the mediating formula was applied was the Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay; In said conflict, a Neutral Military Commission made up of Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay and the United States was aligned; the same that was created with the objective of verifying the separation of forces and the fulfillment of the peace accords. For the first time in Latin America, the formula of mediation and verification of agreements was applied, which later became a modality applied by the UN. With this preface in which some of the countries of Hispanic America have participated as observers and mediators in conflicts within the same region, it will be our st arting point to briefly analyze the participation of Latin America in peace missions in fulfillment of the UN mandate.

Fig. 1. Officials of the Latin American Community Course UNMEoM-2018 (Germany)

Raúl Benítez in his investigation of "Latin America: Peace Operations", has indicated that Chile since 1949 has sent numerous contingents that have intervened in peace missions and mediation requested by the Organization of American States, mainly this country interceded to stop the fire between Nicaragua and El Salvador in the verification mission in Nicaragua. Since 1957, Brazil has been present in UN peacekeeping missions, since its first assistance in the United Nations Emergency Force in the Middle East (UNEF I); Until the beginning of 1990 it only participated militarily, however, in that same year it added electoral observers. Colombia and Honduras are two other Latin American countries that have also participated in peace missions. From 1949 to 1952, Colombia actively participated in the Korean War; While Honduras participated as an observer in the Western Sahara mission, since then it has maintained its participation in the missions assigned by the UN. Argentina is another Latin American country that has been present in peacekeeping missions since 1991, after having contributed with the naval forces in the Persian Gulf (Benítez, R. 2007). In the 1950s and 1970s, the participation of Latin American countries in peace missions decreased considerably and some countries even suppressed their participation, such as Chile and Argentina; This is due to the fact that in that period of time there were military governments whose foreign policy was not aligned with the practices of multilateralism and cooperativism at the international level (Benítez, R. 2007). Within the Latin American region, there have also been missions in which Spanish American countries have also participated. We can mention the ONUSAL mission in El Salvador and MINUGUA in Guatemala. ONUSAL started as a mission of verification and respect for human rights. This mission had 380 military observers and had the participation of several countries in the region such as: Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela and countries from other continents.

According to Jaime Azpiri, the contributions of Latin America to the peace missions in 2020 remain below the weight of its population and the economy, which is around 8% and 7% respectively. In other words, 2,473 (2.9%)

55 of the personnel sent came from Latin America, the same that the vast majority have been sent to fulfill a mission of peace in the African continent. Uruguay is the Latin American country that lends the most contingent with 45%, followed by El Salvador with 12%, Argentina and Brazil with 11%, Peru with 9% and Guatemala with 7%. Other countries in the region have a small contribution to peacekeeping missions with 1%, among which we can mention Ecuador, Chile, Paraguay, Bolivia, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic.

Currently, participation in UN peacekeeping missions until March 31, 2020 is detailed in t he following table:

Ecuador at the invitation of the United Nations since 1948 has been participating in some peace missions around the world. The Ecuadorian contingent fulfills the functions of the General Staff of Peacekeeping Operations, Military Observers for the peaceful resolution of conflicts and, in some cases, humanitarian assistance. Likewise, it has not only participated in missions on the African Continent, it has also been present in the peace missions that have been created in Central America, mainly as military observers and as humanitarian assistance; A clear example of this is the participation in the mission "United Nations Observer Group for Central America" (ONUCA) in 1989, with the objective of verifying that Central American governments do not collaborate with insurgent movements and irregular forces. In 1991, the “United Nations Observation Mission in El Salvador” (ONUSAL) was created, a mission implemented to verify the agreement between the government and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front”. With all of the above, it should be considered that peacemakers need to develop awareness of the many ways in which cultural differences are relevant, both between peacemakers, as well as relationships with the local population, and behind each of these, lies the fundamental fact that conflict zones are highly charged arenas. Peacekeeping settings have their own internal politics and cultural dynamics that peacemakers often ignore and that constitute a latent danger. In the atmosphere concentrated by inopportune insoluble ethical dilemmas, including the question of whether the intervention is improving or worsening the situation of those living in the conflict area The new demands placed on peacekeeping and the multidimensional nature of contemporary operations call for the necessary innovation in the training and preparation processes of anyone involved in a peacekeeping operation. This makes it imperative to maximize synergy between the military contingents, the military and civilian components participating in the mission, with special reference to maintaining strict, reciprocal and timely communication and cooperation measures.

An essential component of training and preparation is a better understanding of the conflict and its reso lution. Peacekeeping experiences in the past clearly demonstrate that to be successful international actors, awareness of the nature and relevance of Conflict Resolution theory and its application in the field is required. Given the complexity and diversity of contemporary conflicts, as well as the variety of actors involved in trying to create and sustain peace in societies convulsed by internal and / or external conflicts, and in the absence of two identical conflicts, effective conflict intervention requires understanding, flexibility and creativity, requires the ability to assess the situation and determine whether it is safe and / or constructive to intervene or not. While post-war reconciliation between individuals and communities is generally a long -term project, military, police, civilian peacekeepers, and humanitarian workers often have opportunities to contribute to these processes in small but significant ways. Complementing what was previously investigated and described after having spent 13 months deployed as a Military Observer in the Hybrid Mission of the United Nations Organization and the African Union for Peacekeeping "UNAMID" in Sudan - Darfur; I have been able to verify that comprehensive security is based on successful multisectoral participation, where civil-military cooperation is key to achieving the objectives set. It is a reality that the participation of various Latin American countries in Peacekeeping Operations and Humanitarian Aid has allowed them to project themselves internationally as nations in pursuit and achievement of world peace, security and stability.

Fig. 2. Officer of the Armed Forces of Ecuador, deployed in UNAMID-DARFUR as a military expert in United Nations Peace Mission (UNMEM) 2017.

References Azpiri, J. (2020). Latinoamérica aporta solo el 3% del contingente de las misiones de paz de Naciones Unidas. Misiones de Paz / Seguridad Regional Americana. Global Affairs. https://www.unav.edu/documents/16800098/17755721/SRA-2020_23-25_ONU-misiones.pdf Benítez, R. (2007). América Latina: Operaciones de Paz y Acciones Militares Internacionales de las Fuerzas Armadas. Foro Internacional. El Colegio de México. Distrito Federal-México. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/599/59918705.pdf De Luna, A. (2020). El Multilateralismo en las Relaciones Internacionales. Peru. Rescued from: file:///C:/Users/Madriz/Downloads/12183-Texto%20del%20art%C3%ADculo-48473-1-10-20150427.pdf Sánchez, L. (2012). ¿ De qué se habla cuando se habla de Constructivismo? Revisión de sus clasificaciones y Categorías. Revista de Relaciones Internacionales de la UNAM. México. file:///C:/Users/Madriz/Downloads/48992-134508-1-PB%20(5).pdf Ripoll & Ghotme. (2014). La cooperación Internacional: herramienta de desarrollo o de atraso. Revista Latinoamericana de Bioética. Bogotá-Colombia. Notimerica. 22 de febrero del 2016 ¿Qué misiones de paz se han desarrollado en Latinoamérica y el Caribe?. Revista Digital. Sociedad. https://www.notimerica.com/sociedad/noticia-misiones-paz-desarrollado-latinoamerica-caribe 20160222120029.html Pauselli,G. (2013). Teorías de relaciones internacionales y la explicación de la ayuda externa. Universidad de San Andrés-Argentina. file:///C:/Users/Madriz/Downloads/Dialnet-TeoriasDeRelacionesInternacionalesYLaExplicacionDe-4480294.pdfgg

CREOMPAZ CREATION AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS Guatemala Contribution - CREOMPAZ - Infantry Colonel DEM. Edwin Giovani Ochoa Coto

Since the founding of the United Nations on June 26, 1945, its main objective is to maintain world peace and security, taking effective collective measures, to prevent and eliminate threats that disturb the world order, suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of peace and achieve by peaceful means in accordance with the principles of justice and international law. The peacekeeping operations carried out by the United Nations are the instruments aimed at promoting and maintaining international peace and security. Along with special political missions, these are one of the most effective tools that the UN has for these purposes (United Nations, 2019). Guatemala, being one of the 51 founding countries of the United Nations and committed to world peace, has constantly worked with this ideal; that all nations yearn for and by materializing these efforts actively contributes to achieving it. The Regional Command for Peacekeeping Operations Training (CREOMPAZ) was founded on October 1, 2003, in accordance with the Plan for Modernization and Transformation of the Guatemalan Army No. 3 "H" - 01/2004 dated April 29, 2004. On May 18, 2004, the Guatemalan Army School Center was transferred to the facilities of the deactivated Command of the First Military Region “Coronel Antonio José de Irisarri”, Cobán, A.V., on April 28, 2006. The State of Guatemala and the United Nations sign a memorandum of understanding as a troop -contributing country for the Guatemalan Army to participate in peace operations; authorizing the deployment of the first 70 military policemen on October 28, 2004 in the United Nations mission in the Republic of Haiti; protected according to Government agreement No. 315-2004. Subsequently, the government agreement No. 92-2005 dated March 18, 2005, authorized and legally protected the deployment of the Guatemalan contingent of Special Forces of the Guatemalan Army to the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MONUC, now MONUSCO. The high command of the Army sees the need to train military personnel in peace operations according to the United Nations doctrine; As a result, the initiative was born to create the Regional Command for Peacekeeping Operations Training, in order to multiply the knowledge in the framework of Peace Operations, to the personnel prior to their deployment, to comply with standard procedures of United Nations peacekeepers. The mission of the Regional Peacekeeping Operations Training Command is: to plan, provide instruction, training and training to military personnel, as well as to national and foreign civilian personnel; in order to prepare them to participate in Peacekeeping Operations worldwide as United Nations blue helmets.

The Regional Command in its vision, to specialize in the general system of the United Nations Organization and Civil and Military Relations, is capable of developing training activities for military and civilian, national and foreign personnel; to maintain leadership in peace operations and civil-military coordination and humanitarian assistance. The School of Peacekeeping Operations is constituted as the heart of the Regional Command for Peacekeeping Operations Training, sharing teaching activities with the School of Civil-Military Coordination and Humanitarian Assistance, interacting with United Nations doctrine and providing training to both women and men without distinction of gender in peace operations for the Guatemalan Army, CFAC member countries and internationally. Due to discipline and the faithful fulfillment of the missions entrusted to the State of Guatemala through the units of the Guatemalan Army, at present they are deployed in peacekeeping operations, General Staff officers, Military Observer officers and a contingent of special forces; who with their good performance st rengthen the foreign policy of the Republic of Guatemala, before the United Nations in the construction of world peace. The Regional Command for Peacekeeping Operations Training, as a certified Regional Command, trains personnel participating in Peacekeeping Operations, the Guatemalan Army and CFAC member countries, this training is comprehensive for all contingent personnel, Military Observers and Staff Officers, to meet the international standards required worldwide by the United Nations. This Regional Command receives the encouragement and academic support of the Pearson Center for Peacekeeping of Canada and the Canadian Defense Academy (CDA), Directorate of Training and Military Cooperation of Canada (DMTC). The commitment of the Regional Peacekeeping Operations Training Command, maintaining prestige and excellence, has the responsibility of providing training of the best quality and with which it allows the effective development of the training processes that are taught, constantly updating the methodologies to maintain the standards that are required in peace operations in the different missions. In this way, the Peace Operations School seeks excellence through constant updating with strategic alliances and implementing in its classrooms together with the Peacekeeping Operations Training Institute (POTI) as an active partner. In order to innovate in educational strategies with technology and strengthening the computer platform, in accordance with the 2020-2032 technological modernization plan, courses are taught virtually to personnel from the Army of Guatemala and from CFAC member countries, in order to increase knowledge in the field of peace operations. The Peace Operations School has a language laboratory, to emphasize the learning and reinforcement of the English language, to the personnel who will be deployed in compliance with the standards required by the United Nations. With the premise of training personnel from the Guatemalan Army, such as Blue Helmets, the Regional Command for Peacekeeping Operations Training through the Peace Operations School, has trained more than 7,836 national blue helmets and those from CFAC member countries. ; silent witnesses to the commitment of

59 the Guatemalan Army, who have contributed to the Foreign policy of the Republic of Guatemala, especially by contributing to maintaining and preserving world peace.

"THE TRUE FREEDOM OF THE PEOPLES IS ONLY ACHIEVED BY BUILDING PEACE, KEEPING IT IS A CONSTANT TASK OF THE SOLDIERS"

MEXICO'S PARTICIPATION IN THE PEACE OPERATIONS Mexico Contribution - CECOPAM

Mexico has at all times endorsed its commitment to multilateral institutions and the legality that emanates from them and plays an increasingly notorious role as a true actor with global responsibility.

Historical Participation Previously, Mexico had participated in the PKO, on three occasions: • Balkans (UNSCOB): From 1947 to 1950, Mexico sent 4 military observers to patrol the border between what was then Yugoslavia and Greece. • Kashmir (UNMOGIP): In 1949, it sent 6 officers from the Mexican Army and Air Force to observe the ceasefire between India and Pakistan. • El Salvador (ONUSAL): Between 1992 and 1993, around 120 police elements were deployed to El Salvador to observe and supervise the bodies that carried out police functions and provide advice for the creation of the new civil police.

Announcement at the UN General Assembly to resume Mexico's participation in the PKO In 2013, the President of Mexico instructed the heads of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of National Defense and the Secretariat of the Navy-Navy of Mexico to evaluate the convenience and possibility of Mexico resuming its participation in the PKO. Following the positive recommendation of the heads of the aforementioned State Secretariats, on September 24, 2014 the resumption of the gradual participation of Mexico in the PKO was announced, during the intervention of Mexico in the general debate of the 69th regular session of the United Nations General Assembly. As a result of this decision, Mexico received not only tokens of appreciation from many sister countries, but also offers of cooperation and training from friendly countries with extensive experience in these Operations. Friendly countries and partners of Mexico in defense matters and with extensive experience in the PKO, have approached to express their interest in sharing this experience and expanding their cooperation with our country, as is the case of: Germany, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Spain, Finland, Guatemala Paraguay, Uruguay among others. Mexico has participated in the Defense Ministerial Meetings on PKO in the United Kingdom (2016), Canad a (2017) and New York (2019) and in the UN Police Chiefs Meetings (2016 and 2018), as well as in consultations regional information on the UN PMS (Uruguay and Ethiopia).

Gradual Participation of Mexico in the PKO In coordination with the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPO), in 2015, Mexico resumed its participation in the PKO and the first deployments were carried out: two military observers in the Mission of the UN for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) and two General Staff officers at the Headquarters of the UN Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). In 2015 the objective of deploying up to a total of 12 military elements of the Armed Forces was met: • Six in the UN Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) three of them in the Headquarters of the Chilean contingent to carry out advisory and planning functions • Four in the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara - (MINURSO) • Two integrated into the Spanish contingent in the UN Force in Lebanon UNIFIL, in accordance with the plan drawn up by the Mexican Armed Forces. In 2018, Mexico participated for the first time with police personnel in UN peacekeeping operations, deploying a Non-Commissioned Officer in the United Nations Mission in Support of Justice in Haiti (MINUJUSTH) to fill the vacancy of Planning Officer.

The objective of the first deployments was the training and formation of a high-profile critical mass on the protocols and modus operandi of the PKO. In 2016, the rotation of deployed military personnel was carried out and preparations began for the establishment of the Training Center in Mexico for Peacekeeping Operations.

Mexico has deployed a total of 94 Armed Forces elements and currently has 13 elements deployed as General Staff officers, military observers, international observers and as flight crews integrated into a contingent, in the following missions: • United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO). • United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA). • United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA). • United Nations Verif ication Mission in Colombia (MVNUC). • United Nations Group of Military Observers in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP). In compliance with Resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security and the recommendations of the UN, Mexico in 2016, deployed the first military women in a political mission of the United Nations and in 2018 to the first woman in a peacekeeping mission and so far a total of 17 women have been deployed in the Missions in Colombia, Mali, Western Sahara, Central African Republic and India-Pakistan.

Mexico Peace Operations Joint Training Center (CECOPAM)

Background The Mexican State began the construction of the Joint Training Center for Peacekeeping Operations in Mexico (CECOPAM) in September 2015, conducting an entrance review on January 16, 2018, being located inside Military Camp No. 37-C, San Miguel de los Jagüeyes, State of Mexico, 57 km from Mexico City, its non- permanent facilities being inaugurated on October 1, 2018 and its permanent facilities on January 8, 2020, by the President of the Mexican Republic and the Mr. Jean-Pierre Lacroix, Assistant Secretary General for UN Peacekeeping Operations, accompanied by Mexican State officials and national and foreign military guests.

Mission Provide training prior to deployment to individuals and circumstantial units or agencies of the Mexican Armed Forces, as well as officials from the different Dependencies of the Mexican State, and eventually to foreign military and civilian personnel, to perform efficiently in the humanitarian aid activities that are carried out. in the peace operations of the United Nations Organization in which it is decid ed to participate, meeting the training standards established by the aforementioned organization.

Vision To become a model training center in peace operations in the Latin American region, which complies with international standards, and prepares the personnel of the Mexican Armed Forces, as well as other public officials of the Federal Government that request it, to perform efficiently in any p osition assigned to them, and in any type of peacekeeping mission, using information and communication techno logies for this purpose; also presenting an alternative for the training of personnel and units from friendly countries.

Goals • Train Mexican military, police and civilian personnel to perform efficiently in UN peacekeeping operations and eventually foreign personnel that are ordered. • Train units and circumstantial organizations of the Mexican Armed Forces, to participate efficiently in UN peacekeeping operations.

• Maintain liaison with other similar institutions, within regional and multinational mechanisms for the exchange of experiences, good practices and lessons learned. • Advise the different Arms, Services, Corps and Branches of the Mexican Armed Forces for the inclusion of issues related to UN peacekeeping operations in their respective training programs.

Courses The following courses are currently taught at CECOPAM: • Course for United Nations General Staff Officers (COEM). • United Nations Military Observer Course (COM). • United Nations Gender-Focus Pre-Deployment Essential Course (CEPEG). • Technical French Course in Peace Operations (CFTOP) • In coordination with the United Nations Department of Security and Protection (UNDSS), the Safe Approach to Field Activities (SSAFE) Course is held, aimed at national and foreign personnel from the different United Nations offices, agencies, funds and programs in Mexico, using the CECOPAM infrastructure.

COEM Certification On April 1, 2020, CECOPAM obtained the Official Recognition of the United Nations General Staff Officers Course (COEM), through the Integrated Training Service (ITS) of the UN Department of Peace Operations (DPO); Likewise, it will seek to start the certification process for the United Nations Military Observer Course and the Pre-Deployment Course for the Contingent that is about to be deployed. It is important to point out that the directives and instructors of the CECOPAM plant have been deployed in different United Nations Peacekeeping Missions in accordance with the directives indicated by the DP O. In this way, it continues to join efforts for the multilateral cooperation of Mexico with the UN and friendly countries, expanding cooperation and support to said organization in this area and thus meeting the commitments assumed in favour of world peace and respect for rights. human rights and with a gender perspective at the UN.

PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF PARAGUAY HISTORY, CURRENT AND PROSPECTIVE . Paraguay Contribution - CECOPAZ

The Peace Operations in Paraguay, in its genesis, dates back to the famous event, when the then Brigadier General Francisco Solano López Carrillo achieved the agreement and the signing of the Pact of San José de Flores that ended the war between Buenos Aires of Bartolomé Miter and the Confederation of General Justo José Urquiza, mediating for several days, seeking an agreement for the long -awaited Peace between both parties. Already in the 20th century, the Republic of Paraguay is among the first countries to ratify the Constitutive Agreement of the Organization, Decree-Law No. 10423 of September 28, 1945, the corresponding instrument having been deposited on October 12, same year. The current National Constitution accepts as International Law and conforms to the following principle, among others.

International solidarity and cooperation

Forming part of the 51 countries that signed and ratified their agreement for the signing of the Charter of creation of the UN in the city of San Francisco USA on October 24, 1945. The Paraguayan presence becomes visible, already in a pragmatic way, in the international arena when it agrees to integrate a contingent with other Latin American countries to participate under the mandate of the OAS in an intervention in the Dominican Republic, this mission lasted 13 months from June 24, 1965 to July 31, 1966, with a contingent made up of approximately 200 men, under the command of Col. DEM Roberto Cubas Barboza, whose name our Center now gracefully displays, in homage to the brilliant performance of the Commander of the Company “Mcal. Francisco Solano López” and his commanders.

At the end of the 90s, the memorandum of understanding was signed with the Argentine Federal Republic on November 30, 1998, so that a fraction of the troops of the Armed Forces. of the Republic of Paraguay join the Argentine Task Force and initiate the first contingent deployments to the Island of Cyprus, under the mandate of UNFICYP. In 2001, considering the international commitments assumed through the memorandum of understanding with the United Nations dated September 22, 1999, the Republic of Paraguay began sending several senior officers of the Armed Forces, to fulfill the role of Military Observers in various parts of the world within mission areas, such as, ETHIOPIA / ERITREA (UNMEE), Congo (MONUC), South Sudan (UNMISS), Rca. Central Africa (MONUSCA), Ivory Coast (UNOCI), Afghanistan (UNAMA), Liberia (UNMIL), Nepal (UNMIN), Western Sahara (MINURSO), Abyei (UNISFA), Burundi (ONUB). Being the first instructors belonging to the Army Special Troops (TEE), responsible for training and training for deployments. The result of the aforementioned missions and relevant experiences of senior officers, has awakened the urgent need for the creation of a Center, where it can serve as a source of education and training to all the Armed Forces of the Nation and others components of Peacekeeping Operations.

In this way, the Joint Peace Operations Training Center (CECOPAZ) is created, by General Order No. 218 dated October 8, 2001 of the Command in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Nation, initially depending on the Special Troops of the Army (TEE), having its seat in the city of Cerrito, Chaco Paraguayo. The mission of CECOPAZ as an institution is to train and develop courses for military, police and civil personnel; nationals and foreigners, to play roles in peace operations in accordance with the standards established by the United Nations for multinational operations in order to meet emerging requirements of the international commitments signed by Paraguay. Focusing its vision to become a regional benchmark among Peacekeeping Operations Training Centers with sufficient facilities and equipment to train Paraguayan and foreign personnel in the different branches established by the UN for the preparation of personnel to be deployed in the mission area. In the same way, to provide all possible efforts under the framework of Latin American cooperation and integration in what concerns the field of education and training for peace operations in the Latin American Association of Peace Operations Center (ALCOPAZ). By General Order No. 151 dated 04/ Oct/2004 of COMANJEFE, the CECOPAZ of the TEE is disaffected and it becomes dependent on the Command of Military Institutes of Teaching of the Army (CIMEE), moving to its new seat in the month of February of 2005 in Campo Grande, on the grounds of the Army Command. Site that currently occupies approximately 5 ha as a seat, with comfortable and adequate facilities to current requirements, which were remodeled through cooperation, initially with the EIPC Funds (Strengthening International Capacity in Peace Operations) and It was continued through the GPOI Funds (Global Initiative for Peacekeep ing Operations). In addition, it has considerable training and education sectors, to carry out all kinds of practical instructions, where the students for the completion of the course must be in a position to present a final exercise, applying everything they have learned in a simulation of Peacekeeping Operations.

This exercise is supported by means such as; Armored Personnel Transport Vehicles of the Army Armored Course and air resources of the Paraguayan Air Force Helicopter Air Group. It is worth mentioning that since the creation of the Center to date, the collaboration and good disposition of the United Nations has always been received through the (UNTAT) United Nations Instructor Advisory Team, such

65 as the strategic development programs. of the Americas with the support of the Massachusetts National Guard which is our Partner Nation, as well as support and supplies of adequate equipment from countries such as Spain, Germany and also with the different training centers of neighboring c ountries and friendly members of ALCOPAZ, such as CAECOPAZ Argentina, CCOPAB Brazil, CECOPAC Chile, CREOMPAZ Guatemala, ENOPU Uruguay, CECOPAZ Peru, CENCOPAZ Colombia among others, we are currently coordinating exchanges of students and instructors with the United Nations Training Center of the German Armed Forces.

Within the Center, since its creation, several courses have been developed according to institutional needs and in accordance with the established requirements of the United Nations, such as the Contingent Course on Peacekeeping Operations (2001), the Course on Military Observers. (2002), UN Multinational Logistics Course (2005), UN Correspondent Course (2012), UN Police Course and Civil Protection Course, are created in the same year (2016). In addition to the existing courses, CECOPAZ is responsible for preparing and training selected personnel for the respective pre-deployments, such as future contingents and Military Observers, as well as workshops, conferences and seminars related to Peacekeeping Operations. As an example we can cite, emphasizing resolution 1.325 (2000) of the United Nations Security Council and considering the priorities of women occupy an important place in decisions about peace and security at all levels, it has been carried out Last year, the UN WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY International Seminar, focused on issues concerning “Gender in Peacekeeping Operations”, said seminar was attended by the instructor representatives from several countries, such as Chile, USA, Guatemala and Uruguay, as well as participants from Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, Peru, Uruguay, from the different components of the UN. The institutional mission of the center is going through a magnanimous challenge, which is to look for valid and correct mechanisms, presenting favorable and optimal courses of action, to be able to carry out the different courses that were visualized by the Teaching Council and the Commander of CECOPAZ.

Currently, CECOPAZ has demonstrated to the other institutions, both civil and military in the republic, to be the vanguard, in terms of the use of the virtual platform POTI PY, with its acronym in English (PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE) since 2016 and other digital platforms that were adopted for this purpose, which achieved considerable success in their performance and in the results obtained. Taking into account, despite the COVID 19 pandemic, online courses have been given along with other virtual platforms, which have yielded lessons learned, which will be used for the successive courses to come and future operations, as a source of consultation or theoretical body and mode of reference, adopting the appropriate procedures and making the most appropriate decisions for the Teaching and Evaluation Section of the Center.

In 2005, the Paraguayan Armed Forces, through a memorandum of understanding with the Federative Republic of Brazil - Brazilian Army, participated with a platoon of 30 (thirty) men in the Brazilian Battalion (BRABAT) in the mission of MINUSTAH until 2015, totaling the participation of 496 contingents in that period of time. In 2010, the great desire to deploy a Paraguayan Multirole Engineering Company was achieved, remaining for seven consecutive years in the Republic of Haiti, to help in the reconstruction of that country, which was devastated by a tragic earthquake, until the United Nations Security Council established the end of the Mission. In the same way, the mission for military observers is opened in said mission, being deployed from 2010 to 2017, 20 senior officers of the Armed Forces of the nation.

It is honorable and commendable to highlight that through the comprehensive support of the GPOI Fund. Global Initiative for Peacekeeping Operations, which has served as the initial impetus to obtain significant funds to reinforce, structure and adequately equip our Training Center with everything necessary to achieve the optimization of our equipment and the preparation and training of personnel necessary to participate on a larger scale in operations of humanitarian characteristics in support of Nations affected by Natural Disasters and thus we got to Deploy the First Paraguay Multirole Engineering Company with its own flag to integrate Humanitarian support to Haiti (MINUSTAH). In 2012, the missions for senior officers in the role of military observers in Syria (UNSMIS) increased, until 2017, totaling 10 senior officers. It is relevant to mention that several officers of the National Police have been deployed to fulfill functions as United Nations police in various mission areas, such as: in Guinea-Africa (2013), Haiti-MINUSTAH (2015) and Colombia (2016), totaling 08 (eight) to date. Several of the National Police officers have taken the OMP (Contingent) course prior to the creation of the UNPOL course at CECOPAZ, through the extensive invitation made to the National Police. This event aroused interest in Peacekeeping Operations by members of the Paraguayan Police Forces. In 2015, the memorandum of understanding between the Republic of Paraguay and the Kingdom of Spain is celebrated, with the objective that a fraction of troops of the Paraguayan Armed Forces can accompany the missions of Peacekeeping Operations to the Armed Forces Spanish companies, said agreement is under study analysis and is being visualized to be executed. In the same year, Paraguay assumed the Pro-tempore Presidency of ALCOPAZ, coinciding with the illustrious visit of the Secretary General of the United Nations, at that time Mr. Ban Ki-moon, within the order of priorities in his itinerary of protocol visits was the CECOPAZ. In 2016, in the same way in Colombia (UNMVC), the mission for military observers was opened, totaling 49 senior officers, who have participated in the mission to date. In the same year, the agreement of understanding was signed with the Eastern Republic of Uruguay, for the purpose of sending officers of the rank of captain, to perform the functions of STAFF OFFICER in the Uruguayan Battalion, deployed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), deployed with 2 junior officers per year. The Republic of Paraguay, to date has deployed approx. 1900 contingent personnel and almost 700 military observers until 2020, according to statistics made by the Directorate of Peacekeeping Operations of the EMC of the Paraguayan Military Forces. The rich experience gained through the seven consecutive years, in Haiti under the mandate of MINUSTAH, has strengthened the Paraguayan Armed Forces in continuing to invest in Peacekeeping Operations, taking into account the lessons learned and the benefits achieved, in various aspects, such as; in the deployed personnel, the means, equipment, armaments and the nature of the specific mission carried out. Paraguay remains with the intention of contributing to the UN, for this purpose a technical commission has been formed planning and preparing several OHSS with the competence and attitudes necessary to carry out the project of deploying a Paraguayan Construction Engineering Company to the African continent, under the mandate of the United Nations. The Republic of Paraguay and its armed forces have reaffirmed their faith in the sacred mission of contributing with all their possible human and material resources to the prevention of conflicts and the preservation of world peace, using as an effective epicenter the CECOPAZ, a committed institution with its existential cause, always trying and putting all the effort, in pursuit of the progress and improvement in the instruction, training and training of the future Paraguayan peacekeepers who will represent the United Nations, in any part of the world where it is required. the service in honor of Peace and Security.

TRANSCENDENCE IN PEACE OPERATIONS MORE THAN 20 MISSIONS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Peru Contribution - CECOPAZ

More than 20 missions in different countries In June 2003, Peru participated with military personnel from the Armed Forces and the National Police in the Exercise of the Peacekeeping Operations Command Post called PKO - SUR, prepared and directed by the United States Southern Command in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Peruvian personnel had to be trained at a Peace Operations Joint Training Center; However, in the absence of this Center, it was necessary to create one, since Peace Operations have to be managed and conducted from an integral point of view and accommodation within it, not only military personnel of the Armed Forces, but also police and even civil, according to the requirements.

Haiti – MINUSTAH - 2016 Central African Republic MINUSCA - 2020

On June 12, 2003, Army General Víctor BUSTAMANTE REATEGUI - Chief of the Joint Command of The Armed Forces APPROVES THE CREATION OF THE JOINT TRAINING CENTER FOR PEACE OPERATIONS IN PERU, as part of the organic structure of the Joint Command of the Armed Forces to be in charge as the governing body of advising, controlling, supervising and training military personnel, police and civilian law in the Doctrine of Peace Operations. Thus, with Directive No. 012 CCFFAA / 6TA DIV / OP of the Joint Command of the Armed Forces on January 31, 2003, the formation and operation of the Peace Operations System in Peru was regulated, establishing norms, procedures, orders, instructions and information for its correct administration and development. This contemplated the creation of a Joint Training Center for Peacekeeping Operations, CECOPAZ. A committee made up of Peruvian Army Colonel David CÁCERES GIRÓN, Navy Commander Luis HERNÁNDEZ SAMANEZ, Air Force Major Luis SMALL RUIZ, Air Force Non-commissioned Officer Luis CUNGA DELGADO and Navy Non-commissioned Officer Eliseo RODRÍGUEZ CHUCLE, was in charge of formulating the management documents, such as the Personnel Assignment, the administrative and academic organization of the brand new Center. CECOPAZ began its functions at the facilities of the Joint Command of the Armed Forces - CCFFAA; then, in the International Center for Humanitarian Law and Human Rights of the Armed Forces - CIDH, to later be placed in the Military Police Battalion No. 503, of the then Army Instruction and Doctrine Command - COINDE, in the district of Chorrillos, Lime. In December 2003, the First Course for Military Observers was given, aimed at 20 military women belonging to the Peruvian Army. On January 1, 2004, the First Director of CECOPAZ, Col. EP Germán GONZALES DOIMI, and the First Organic Plant, made up of 9 Officers and 3 Technicians and NCOs of the Armed Forces, were

68 appointed. This corporation dictates the First Course for the Military Contingent of the Armed Forces, which in turn was part of the Argentine Contingent, to be deployed in the United Nations Mission in Cyprus (UNFICYP). Subsequently, the Second Course Prior to the Deployment of Contingents was given to 205 members of the Armed Forces, who would make up the Airborne Military Unit, called "Peru Company", created on August 16, 2004 for the participation of Peru in the Maintenance Operation. of Peace in the Republic of Haiti. With Ministerial Resolution No. 212-2013 DE / SG of March 11, 2013, the Training Center for Peace Operations (CECOPAZ) was created as an academic body of the Defense Sector. (CECOPAZ - DIGEDOC - MINDEF); cease to belong to the Joint Command of the Armed Forces. Since 1935, Peru has participated in military actions within peacekeeping operations, according to the following detail:

N° MISSION DATE PARTICIPATION 1 BOREAL CHACO 1935 Military Observer 2 LÍBANO – UNGIR Jun - Dec 1958 Military Observer 3 ISRAEL - UNEF II 1973 Ago 1974 Peru Battalion - 2nd. Emergency Force 4 THE GOLAN Jun 1974 Peruvian Battalion Command Force FNUOS (Death of 3 blue helmets) 5 IRAN IRAK – UNIIMOG Ago 1988 – Feb 1991 Military Observer 6 NAMIBIA – UNTAG Apr 1989 - Mar 1990 Military Observer 7 ECUADOR & PERÚ 1995 a 2000 Military Observer MOMEP 8 SIERRA LEONE Oct 1999 Military Observer UNAMSIL 9 EAST TIMOR – UNTAET Oct 1999 – 2001 01 Helo MI - 26 with its crew 10 ETHIOPIA & ERITREA Jul 2000 - 2008 Military Observer UNMEE 11 BURUNDI – ONUB Jun 2004 – 2005 Military Observer 12 CYPRUS Mar 1964 With the Argentine Contingent (until 2007) UNFICYP 2002-2004 & 2008-2010 A Force Commander 13 DR CONGO – MONUC Dec 1999 – 2010 Military Observer 14 SUDAN – UNMISS 25 Mar 2005 - 2011 Military Observer 15 WESTERN SAHARA Apr 1991 – 2012 A Force Commander and Military Observers MINURSO 16 LIBERIA Apr 2004 – 2011 Military Observers and members of the General UNMIL Staff 17 HAITÍ Jun 2004 – 2017 General Staff Officers MINUSTAH 160 - member Military Contingent 18 IVORY COAST Apr 2004 to present Military Observer ONUCI 19 CENTRAL AFRICAN REP. 15 Sep 2014 to present General Staff Officers MINUSCA 205 - member Military Contingent 20 SOUTH SUDAN Jul 2011 to present General Staff Officers UNMISS 21 SUDAN - ABYEI Jun 2011 to present Military Observer UNISFA 22 SUDAN - DARFUR Jul 2007 to present Military Observer UNAMID 23 MALI 2016 to present General Staff Officers MINUSCA 205 - member Military Contingent

Since its creation, CECOPAZ has trained more than seven thousand military personnel, as detailed below:

COURSES FROM 2014 TO 2019 TOTAL COURSES FROM 2014 TO 2019 TOTAL

CONTINGENT HAITÍ 5120 ANTI RIOT 14 CONTINGENT CYPRUS 87 MERC-S 21 PERUVIAN ENGINEERING COMPANY MINUSCA 1144 UNPOL 70 UNMO 531 INSTRUCTOR TRAINING 16 INSTRUCTORS 29 SENIOR OFFICER 24 WAR CORRESPONDENT 41 IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVES 24 DEMOBILIZATION, DISARMAMENT AND 34 ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT 24 REINTEGRATION MALARIA AND INFECTIOUS HMMWV 33 43 DISEASES TOTAL 7239

In 2019, given the serious damage caused by humidity and corrosion in the place where the CECOPAZ headquarters (Ancón) was located, specialists recommended to vacate the building, because the structures of those buildings were in poor condition and endangered the staff integrity. Currently, the Center has an administrative office at the headquarters of the Ministry of Defense - MINDEF, while the Directorate, administrative offices, instruction, training and the language laboratory carry out their functions in the facilities of the School of Engineering, of the Education and Doctrine Command - COEDE, by virtue of an agreement between the MINDEF and the Peruvian Army.

In order to improve the standards of educational quality, in accordance with the requirements of the preparation of military, police and civilian personnel, the Center of Training for Peacekeeping Operations - Peru (CECOPAZ- PERU) of the MINDEF, has presented a project for the construction of a headquarters in an area of 47 thousand square meters, at the facilities of the Army Education and Doctrine Command - COEDE, in the district of Chorrillos.

The new Training Center will have training camps adapted to the characteristics of the work carri ed out by peacekeeping personnel, complying with the academic guidelines required by the United Nations to carry out the different missions of peace operations. It will also meet the standards of educational quality, in accordance with the preparation requirements of the officers, technicians, non-commissioned officers and personnel who provide military service, who will be deployed in the different missions.

Image of the project of the training center CECOPAZ PERU - Chorrillos – Lima

This year, despite the academic restrictions due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the following courses and seminars have been held and are expected to be held:

N° COURSES / SEMINARS DATE PARTICIPANTS 1 Women for Peace and Security Seminar Feb 2020 sr 2 XXXIX Course of Military Observers Feb 2020 sr 3 International seminar "Impact of COVID-19 on peace operations" Ago 2020 350 International Seminar "Repercussions of COVID-19 on UNPOL's 4 Sep 2020 455 functions in peace operations” 5 II "Course for the Personnel Office" Sep 2020 38 6 IV "UNPOL Course" Oct 2020 40 7 IAPTC Seminar Designated for 350

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE PEACE OPERATING MISSIONS WITH NATIONAL PARTICIPATION Uruguay Contribution - National System of Support to Peacekeeping Operations

Introduction During his visit to Uruguay in July 2011, Ban Ki-moon, the UN Secretary General stated that "Uruguay's commitment to maintaining global Peace is unrivaled".

This statement is based on the extensive and intense commitment shown by our country in contributing to the UN Peacekeeping Missions since 1935. Totaling more than 47,764 troops deployed since then, this endeavor places Uruguay as the second troop - contributing country to the UN in relation to population, with more than 320 troops per million inhabitants and seventeenth among one hundred and twenty-three troop-contributing countries. without considering its number of inhabitants or that of its respective Armed Forces. Likewise, with more than 80 women deployed, it is the 16th country in gender inclusion and is cited as an example in that sense, for deploying troops and female officers in combat roles. Today, it maintains 1,238 troops from the armed forces outside the country, which represents approximately 10% of its total human resources, its main deployments being in Haiti (Mission closed), Democratic Republic of the Congo and Golan Heights.

Develpoment The National Armed Forces and the National Police are deployed, under the UN mandate, in eight Operational Peacekeeping Missions, of the fifteen currently underway, and also comprise a Multinational Observer Force, with a transport and support unit of engineers, in the Sinai Peninsula, a product of the Camp Davis Accords. a. Missions Accomplished N° MISSION COUNTRY START END 2 Boreal Chaco Bolivia - Paraguay 1935 1937 3 MARMIN (OEA) Honduras - Nicaragua 1988 1994 4 UNOMIG Irak – Iran 1988 1991 5 UNTAC Cambodia 1992 1993 6 UNIKOM Irak-Kuwait 1992 1993 7 ONUMOZ Mozambique 1992 1994 8 UNOMIL Liberia 1993 1997 9 UNAMIR Rwanda 1993 1996 10 UNMOT Tajikistan 1994 2000 11 MINURSO Occidental Sahara 1994 2008 12 UNOMIG Georgia 1994 2006 13 UNAVEM III Angola 1995 1997 14 MINUGUA Guatemala 1995 2002 15 MONUA Angola 1997 1999 16 UNOMSIL - UNAMSIL Sierra Leone 1998 2005 17 MONUC DR Congo 1999 2010 18 UNTAET East Timor 1999 2004 19 UNAMET East Timor 1999 1999 21 MINUEE Eritrea – Ethiopia 2000 2008 22 UNMISET East Timor 2002 2005 23 UNMIL Liberia 2003 2015 24 MINUCI – ONUCI - UNICI Ivory Coast 2003 2017 25 UNAMA Afghanistan 2003 2011

26 ONUB Burundi 2004 2006 27 UNFICYP Chipre 2004 2006 28 UNMISS Sudan 2005 2008 29 UNMIT East Timor 2006 2012 30 UNMIN Nepal 2007 2011 31 MINUCART Central African Republic 2009 2010 32 MINUSMA Mali 2013 2015 33 MINUSTAH Haití 2004 2017

Contributions and deployment overview a) MONUSCO • Military Observers • General Staff Officers • Police Observers • 2 Infantry Batallions • 1 Engineers Company • 1 River Patrol Unit • 1 Transport and Engineers Unit • 1 Aviation Support Unit • 1 Helicopter Unit • Logistics Cell • Plants of Water Treatment Units b) MFO • Engineers Section • Transport Section • Campo Sur Company • Rs. Charly c) UNDOF • UMIC Mechanized Rifle Company • They are distributed in North, Central, South and West Sectors. • Carrying out reconnaissance and observation patrols. - Observation in static positions. - Control of assigned area. - Logistics convoy escort. - VIP escort.

PARTICIPATION OF LATIN AMERICAN CIVILIANS IN PEACE OPERATIONS Prof. Dr. Karla Pinhel Ribeiro - UNICURITUBA / UFSC / REBRAPAZ - Brazil

Introduction The article consists of presenting the joint work of the Civil Committee of ALCOPAZ with the subject of the Training of Civilians in Latin America. Try to present the investigations that have been made by said Committee, the special one, the line that is coordinated by the Curitiba University Center (UNICURITIBA), of Brazil, an invited member of ALCOPAZ. The objective is to reflect on the reasons for investigating civil participation in Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) from Latin America, using the frameworks of the United Nations (UN) and also from a perspective compared to Europe on the issue of training civilians to PKO. Of course, it is not going to deal with everything there is on the subject, but yes, still, to start the disc ussion. The Committee held a series of workshops and meetings to discuss and collect information with invited specialists and practitioners with experience in the field and also extensive academic knowledge. According to 2020 UN data, more than 14,000 civilians now serve in UN peacekeeping operations around the world. As peacekeeping operations have become more multidimensional, the need for specialized civilian ski lls is always in demand. Civilian staff members perform many of the mandatory tasks of peacek eeping operations: promoting and protecting human rights, helping to strengthen the rule of law, fostering reconciliation and political processes, promoting mine awareness, and serving as public information officers who explain and generate support for peace processes and the work of the UN. Civilians also serve in many support capacities in the areas of finance, logistics, communication and technology (ICT), human resources, and general administration to help missions promote peace and security. Civilians serve as international personnel or national personnel from the host country, but also as United Nations Volunteers, consultants or contractors. The approach that is proposed for investigating the participation of civilians is not summarized in the civilian military battalion cell. No, the study is broader, it seeks to identify the multiple tasks that civilians do in missions as a whole, especially in the multidimensional nature of the contemporary peace operation.

Background The Latin American region has participated in peace operations since the first deployments in United Nations peace operations. Brazil, for example, which is a founding member of the United Nations. The region has a contribution with troops that is a reference of excellence in the Unit ed Nations from the technical and ethical perspective of the conduct of the military. Still, despite the contribution of troops from Latin American countries they are an admirable framework, it is also necessary to promote the participation of civilians and police from our region to meet the changes in the nature of conflicts and operations of multidimensional peace, but also to strengthen the police corpo rations of the region with the UN framework of respect for human rights and especially, to develop in t he region the civil perspective of conflict resolution. UN peacekeeping helps countries achieve lasting peace, supports political processes, protects hundreds of thousands of civilians, and helps ensure a ceasefire. However, peacekeeping faces a number of challenges, including protracted conflicts, elusive political solutions, increasingly dangerous environments, rising deaths in peacekeeping, and broad and complex mandates. To respond to these challenges, the Secretary General launched Action for Peacekeep ing (A4P) to renew peacekeeping with more specific mandates, make operations stronger and safer, mobilize support for political solutions and better equipped forces, and trained.

Peacekeeping Measures (A4P)

A4P represents the central agenda for action and is an engine of change that permeates all aspects of UN peacekeeping work. A4P will strengthen peacekeeping by promoting collective action by all peacekeeping stakeholders, including all Member States, the Security Council, the General Assembly, financial contributors, troop-contributing countries. and police forces, intergovernmental and regional organizations and the UN Secretariat.

Image 1 - Training Institutions in Europe. Credit: ZIF, Berlin.

The UN is working towards the fulfillment of 45 mutually agreed commitments within the following eight areas: (1) primacy of political solutions; (2) women, peace and security; (3) protection of civilians; (4) protect and safeguard peacekeeping personnel; (5) capabilities and performance; (6) sustainable p eace; (7) associations; and (8) conduct of peacekeeping personnel. All those concerned with peacekeeping have a responsibility to strengthen peacekeeping. Some initiatives will depend on the actions of the United Nations Secretariat and Missions, others of the Security Council, and others of the Member States. We must all collectively play our part and increase our efforts, at both headquarters and mission levels, to strengthen peacekeeping.

Perspective Compared to Peace Operations Training Centers in Europe In the following images, you can see the Training Centers of Europe and also the Centers that do training for civilians.

Image 2 - Institutions in Sweden. Credit: ZIF, Berlin.

Image 3 - Institutions in France. Credit: ZIF, Berlin

Image 4 - Institutions in Germany. Credit: ZIF, Berlin.

Image 5 - Institutions in Germany. Credit: ZIF, Berlin.

Contemporary challenges of contemporary peace operations 10 The justification for the Committee's investigation are the contemporary challenges of multidimensional peace operations and also the Declaration of Commitments assumed by the countries for the implementation of the A4P, which has as its primary obligation political solutions, peace building and sustainable peace. Thus, there is a need for preparation and training of civilians and police in the region to act in United Nations peace operations due to the important role that civilians play in contemporary peace operations that have a multidimensional nature and that require a vision comprehensive.

Research objectives The research objectives of the Civil Committee are: I. Generate data on the participation of Latin American civilians in peacekeeping operations. II. Provide elements for Latin American governments and training centers for peace operations in the preparation, training and accompaniment of civilians in peace missions. III. Expand the knowledge of the training centers for peacekeeping personnel in Latin America on the participation of civilians in peacekeeping operations. As research questions, within the scope of the Civil Committee, we formulate the following: • What training centers in Latin America have and develop training for civilians in peacekeeping operations? How are these workouts? Do you have your own material? What is the curriculum? • What functions do civilians do in PKO? Who are these civilians (training, graduation and work in the contributing country)? What tasks do they perform within peacekeeping operations? • Is there a government policy or program to monitor, select, train and employ civilians in your country?

10 Contemporary challenges of contemporary peace operations are: Regionalization, Privatization, Protection of Civilians, Gender and Police (BELLAMY, 2010)

Preliminary conclusions of the investigation The investigation is a work in progress, and in the state of the art, the conclusions reached by the Committee up to that point are: • It was difficult to monitor deployed civilians due to lack of accompaniment from national institutions of these personnel. • There was an urgent need to produce knowledge, information and create mechanisms and strategies for development, training and support for civilian participation. There is a need to be developing specific and important CVs for this participation in a qualified way. The accompaniment itself provides updating of the demands of the field and that improves the training and preparation in the courses. • Expanding the knowledge of civilian personnel in peace operations was very necessary for Latin American training centers to be up-to-date with the main challenges of contemporary peace operations. • The only center that has and develops training for civilians is CCOPAB, Brazil. The trainings are based on military capabilities exclusively. • They are citizens of Latin American countries, with training especially in international relations, but also in the areas of health, technology, among others with high qualifications (eg, master's and doctorate), international background experiences, with knowledge of foreign languages, acting in governments and international and non-governmental organizations • There is no government policy or program to monitor, select, train and employ civilians in Latin American countries.

References BELLAMY, A., WILLIAMS, P. Understanding Peacekeeping. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2015. CCOPAB. Centro Conjunto de Operaciones de Paz del Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, BR: 2020. NACIONES UNIDAS, Consejo de Seguridad. Report of the Independent High-level Panel on Peace Operations. A/70/95–S/2015/446. New York, USA: 2020. NACIONES UNIDAS. Department of Peace Operatitions. New York, USA: 2020. NACIONES UNIDAS. Action for Peacekeeping/Declaration of Shared Commitments on UN Peacekeeping Operations. New York, USA: 2020. ZIF. Center for Internacional Peace Operations. Berlin, DE: 2020.

UNPOL - THE UNITED NATIONS POLICE Inspector Officer Dirce Avalos Benz - Instructor and Police Liaison Officer – Paraguay

The universal historiography of humanity, since its dawn, has presented enriching sources of information, guidance, and guidance for current (and future) generations, in various aspects, political, social, economic, cultural, that is why, based on this story, we will analyze by looking back at the most outstanding events of the last millennium, the 20th century (HOBSBAWM. 2010). This is found, with vast episodes that have marked the course of contemporary nations, revolutions, social transitions such as politics, famines, space explorations and wars. Taking into account the last topic mentioned, wars, both the First World War and the Second, are facts that we accept or no t, they marked a before and after in our lives. It was then that, due to the abuse of human dignity, the rights to life, ideologies, thoughts, both individual, national or international, the most important organization worldwide was born, The United Natio ns (UN 1945) created under the events of the middle of the century in question and before the failures of international relations. The Letter of UN, whose signature was held in June 1945, is today the document that governs the most prevailing issues of today's society, which will ensure from that moment through it, and the organizational structure of its functions, for the most precious of man, peace and security. This delicate work has been carried out for more than 50 years to fulfill its primary purposes; practice tolerance and live together in peace as good neighbours, and join forces to maintain international peace and security (UN Charter 1945). Through its main organs, the UN has established Mandates for the pursuit of its ends, in various periods of intervention in crises such as: Prevention, Mitigation, Termination and Recovery of Peace. All of them through Peacekeeping Operations (PKO). Which has a great structure of organizational composition, through the selection of assets necessary to fulfill the Mandate, whose components are: civil, military and police. It is in this last component that we will give emphasis, in the United Nations Police UNPOL. The first Peacekeeping Operations took place in the Middle East in 1948, but the first displaced policemen were in the 1960s, in the Co ngo mission (ONUC), then that of Western New Guinea (UNSF / UNTEA), then giving himself other missions. This is how the foundation of the UN Charter was fulfilled. For this reason, the member states have committed themselves to training and improving diff erent professionals according to the components for Peacekeeping Operations, thus creating Training Centers for Peacekeeping in different regions, and in South America they were not oblivious to it, being today these guiding centers in the formation of men for peace. Paraguay as a founding member state of the UN has made international commitments since the creation of the organization, sending deployments of trained personnel since 1998. Then with the creation of the Joint Training Center for Peacekeeping Operations “Cnel. Roberto Cubas Barboza” (CECOPAZ), training courses were held for active participation in missio ns, thus creating the first Peacekeeping Operations (OMP) course in 2001. At first, the course was only aimed at military personnel, but then at the insistence and impulse of the Committees of the Latin American Association of Training Centers for Peacekeeping Operations (ALCOPAZ), members of the National Police were given the opportunity to participate. of Paraguay, to be part of the trained personnel for future deployments.

This is how the proper training course for the United Nations Police UNPOL in the country began in 2016. With the training and professionalism of instructors from CECOPAZ PARAGUAY, four consecutive courses have been formed to date, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, with more than 90 trained police officers. It should be noted that, with the Paraguayan flag, 12 representatives of the National Police have been deployed in peace missions such as: Integrated Mission for the Constructio n of Peace in Guinea Bissau (UNIOGBIS - 5 missions), the following being deployed: Commissioner General Directo r Oscar Pereira, Chief Commissioner Edgar Sosa Salinas (twice), Commissioner César Pérez and Commissioner Ismael Alcides Romero. Service Mission as Staff Officer in the United Nations Stabilization in Haiti (MINUSTAH- 2 missions), were deployed: Chief Commissioner Edgar Sosa Salinas and Chief Commissioner Luis Milcíades Romero.

Currently the mission where Paraguayan police personnel are found is in the UNMC Mission - UNMC Verification (Colombia, with 3 missions): being deployed in it: MAAP Chief Commis sioner Ignacio Miranda, Commissioner Víctor Franco Fariña. First Officer Romina Welchen, First Officer Lida Villadet and Second Chief Warrant Officer Elisa Báez. Today, CECOPAZ PARAGUAY is developing the much desired Integrated Work Project (Frame Work Integrated), according to the composition of the UN, to have among its staff distinguished military, police and civilian professionals.

Carrying out a historic event this year, incorporating a police instructor as part of the Center's staff of instructors, seeking and reducing instances for the incorporation of civilian personnel in it, raising the level of CECOPAZ Paraguay to international standards. Likewise, strengthening ties between the nation's public forces. Therefore, it invites members of the Paraguayan National Police to socialize and participate in the different missions in Peacekeeping Operations. Promptly recommending to the institutional authorities to offer support to their members and increase the importance of the international commitments assumed by the Paraguayan State with the UN, in terms of deploying police personnel to the different Mission Areas.

THE NATIONAL POLICE OF PERU AND ITS PARTICIPATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS. Police Captain Juan G. Bajonero Rodríguez - Peru

The United Nations was created in 1945 with the fundamental purpose of maintaining international p eace and security, as well as avoiding the repetition of the tragedies of war; That is why the United Nations, under the protection of its charter, uses various mechanisms to fulfill its purposes, one of these mechanisms being peacekeeping operations, which includes the coordinated participation of military, police and civilian personnel. Responsible for a wide range of tasks, according to the nature of the function of each of these, in order to provide the respective support to a certain country and its po pulation victim of a conflict, such support is carried out until a lasting peace is achieved. This article explains the concept of peacekeeping operations and its legal framework, this in relation to the United Nations and its Charter of creation to later describe the role played by the United Nations Police Division in peacekeeping operations. peace-keeping. Subsequently, it is announced about the National Police of Peru (its history, nature, fundamental purpose and functions), the participation of the National Police of Peru in peacekeeping operations (its importance, situation and progress), as well such as the proposals for actions to operationalize the participation of the National Police of Peru in United Nations peacekeeping operations. Keywords: United Nations (UN), Peacekeeping Operations (PKOs), United Nations Police (UNPOL) and National Police of Peru (PNP).

Introduction The general purpose of this article is to present a vision regarding United Nations peacekeeping operations and how police participation in such peace operations contributes substantially to the fulfillment of the respective mandates issued by the Council of Security and, consequently, in the achievement of the purposes of the United Nations. In this context, as a specific objective, we will learn about the history of policing in the United Nations, the role they play and the types of police that act in a policing component of the United Nations. In addition to this, the current role of the National Police of Peru in peacekeeping op erations, its current situation, its progress and finally I will provide proposals for actions to operationalize the participation of the National Police of Peru in peacekeeping operations of the United Nations.

The United Nations (creation, purposes and principal organs) The year 1945 marked an important milestone for the history of humanity in its search for a peaceful world, since on June 26 of that year 50 States, including Peru, signed the Charter of the United Nations, a document that gave rise to the Nations. United, the largest international organization that watches over peace, development, and human rights and is currently made up of 193 States.

It is noteworthy that for the formulation of the Charter, 4 specialized commissions were formed, made up of representatives of each country. Peru was a member of the first commission and its contribution was related to "the general purposes of the Organization, its principles, members, the Secretariat, and the matter of amendments to the Charter."

Later, on October 24 of the same year, the Charter of the United Nations after being ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and most of the signatory countries entered into force, with the purpose of:

• Maintain international peace and security, and to this end: take effective collective measures to p revent and eliminate threats to the peace, and to suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace; and to achieve by peaceful means, and in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, the adjustment or settlement of controversies or international situations likely to lead to breaches of the peace; • Foster friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and the s elf- determination of peoples, and take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;

• Carry out international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian nature, and in the development and encouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms of all, without making a distinction on grounds of race, sex, language or religion; • Serve as a center that harmonizes the efforts of nations to achieve these common purposes.

Regarding its organization, the United Nations has the following main organs: Security Council, the General Assembly, the Secretariat, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the International Court of Justice. Being However, the United Nations, in order to fulfill its purposes, executes various mechanisms and actions, including peacekeeping operations, which are basically aimed at preventing conflicts, as well as generating the necessary conditions for lasting peace in those countries where there is already a conflict.

United Nations Peacekeeping Operations If we review the United Nations Charter in detail and try to find the term peacekeeping operations among its lines, we will realize that it does not exist, this because it has not been consigned as such in the Charter. So, the question arises, how has the United Nations been using this mechanism for a long time? This is possible under the protection and application of the legal framework regulated in Chapter VI and VII of the United Nations Charter, referring to the peaceful settlement of disputes and action in the event of threats to peace, respectively. Therefore, as Dr. Fernando VALVERDE CAMAN points out, “peacekeeping operations appeared from practice itself and that, over time, the UN, when launching them, has been expressly defining them and marking their action systematizing it legally”. From the doctrine we find some definitions, so we have that the former Secretary General of the United Nations, Boutros Ghali (1992: 20), in his peace program document, referring to a specific type of peace operations, defines as peacekeeping operations. peace to the "Deployment of a United Nations presence on the ground, until now with the consent of all the parties involved, which is normally done by resorting to military and / or police personnel, and even civilian personnel." Dr. Fernando VALVERDE CAMAN points out that from an institutional definition and gathering the essence of the role played by the PKOs, it should be specified that “Peacekeeping is the deployment of civilian and military personnel in a zone in conflict with the consent of the parties primarily involved in it, acting impartially and defensively to stop or contain hostilities or assist in the execution of a peace agreement." Picking up this def inition and in order to contextualize it to the current scenario of the PKOs, I consider that this should be understood as participation not only limited to military and civilian personnel, but also to police personnel, given that said participation dates back to August 1960 when A small contingent of the UN Police was deployed in the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) and due to the important role that police personnel play in the reform, training and restructuring of local police forces, as well as in the protection of civilians and the safeguarding of human rights, this police participation has increased notably, reaching historical levels in 2010 with more than 17,000 troops.11 Due to the aforementioned, I consider that the most accurate concept of peacekeeping operations is the one provided by Agada (2008) who points out that the PMOs imply the coordinated presence of military, police and civilian personnel responsible for a wide range of tasks such as such as humanitarian assistance, surveillance, human rights and electoral supervision, rehabilitation and social and economic reconstruction. This definition acquires greater relevance taking into consideration that at present the P KOs have gone from being “traditional missions” where a majority participation of military personnel is seen to “multidimensional missions” where, although it is true, military participation continues to be fundamental. The participation of police and civilian personnel is also necessary to achieve the objectives outlined in the mission's mandate.

The United Nations Police Division (UNPOL) The mission of the United Nations police is to enhance international peace and security by supporting Member States during and after conflict, as well as in other crisis situations, to carry out effective, efficient police services, representative, responsive and responsible that serve and protect the population. To this end, the United

11 UNPOL, “Nuestra historia”; como se citó en la obra “El Papel de la Policía de Naciones Unidas en las Operaciones de Paz” de autoría de la Detective Sub-Inspectora Principal (Ret.) Sue King, Policía Federal Australiana.

Nations Police builds and supports the capacity of the host state police, or is mandated to do so, to act as a surrogate or partial surrogate in the prevention and detection of crime, the protection of lives and property, and the maintenance of public order and security, in accordance with the rule of law and international human rights laws. At present, the mandates given to the components of the UN Police fall into 3 general categories: • Monitor, act as mentors and advise their peers from the host State police and other public order institutions, in order to strengthen their capacities, especially in relation to acting within the community, maintaining public order, as well as the fight against sexual gender violence (SGBV) and serious crimes and organized crime (SOC). • Provide operational support to the police and other public order institutions of the host State, in order to preserve the rule of law. • Support the reform, restructuring, and reconstruction of a police force and other public order institutions that are transparent and accountable for their actions, through technical assistance, performance in the same physical location, and training. Now, we wonder, and in what way can one participate in the OMPs as police, in this regard there are 4 categories of Police within the UN Police Component of a UN peacekeeping operation and within which the Police Nacional del Perú could deploy its members, these being the categories: • Formed Police Units (FPU); Consisting of cohesive mobile police units that provide support to United Nations operations and guarantee the security of UN personnel and facilities, mainly in the management of public order, it typically consists of a squad of 140 personnel and has its own personnel. own teams, resources and command structures. • Individual Police Officers (IPO); made up of police personnel of various ranks and experience, highlighted in commission by the governments of member states to act in the UN, developing the following roles: police administration (administrative systems, including budget management, procurement, record-keeping and personnel management, necessary for the effective and efficient performance of the police component); promotion and development of police capacity (how to better prepare agents and institutions of the host state to ensure the long -term sustainability of international peace efforts); Police Command (the resources, skills, capabilities and structures necessary to lead a complex and multidimensional peace operation) and Police Operations (everyday police work, applying the basic principles of community-oriented and intelligence-led policing to conduct investigations, provide public safety and conduct special operations). • Specialized Police Teams (SPT); as noted by Senior Detective Inspector (Ret.) Sue King of the Australian Federal Police are teams of officers, generally made up of individuals from one or two Member States, who act on missions to take on a specialized role. Police experts come to fill technically difficult or specialized roles in criminal investigations or complex police tasks. Examples of possible specializations are sex crimes, politically sensitive investigations, terrorism, transnational crime, intelligence, forensic science, cybercrime, and dog training, among others. • Civil Police Experts; are recognized in Security Council Resolution No. 2185 where it is stated: “the importance of highlighting civilian experts in policing with skills and specialized knowledge appropriate to peacekeeping operations and special political missions of the United Nations". In this regard, Senior Detective Inspector (Ret.) Sue King of the Australian Federal Police tells us that they are people who specialize in some aspect of policing or support functions, but they are not actual police officers. Examples of these are experts in finance and budgeting, policy making, the media, human resources, criminal psychology, and forensic science.

The National Police of Peru - History, nature, fundamental purpose and functions

The National Police of Peru (PNP) was created by Constitutional Reform Law No. 24949, dated December 6, 1988, in the aforementioned regulation it is stated that the organization and functions of the Police Forces: Civil Guard, Investigative Police and Civil Guard; They will be assumed by the National Police with all its rights and obligations.

Thus we have the Civil Guard created in 1874, in charge of order and public security; the Republican Guard created in 1919, responsible for State Security, (facilities, as well as borders - added by the undersigned), and the Investigative Police recognized in 1948, to which the investigation work was entrusted; they were unified, constituting a single organization called "National Police of Peru." After the creation of the PNP, its regulations were modified on several occasions, and Legislative Decree No. 1267 "Law of the National Police of Peru" is in force to date, which in its article II.- Nature, indicates that the PNP It is a civil body at the service of the citizens, which depends on the Ministry of the Interior; with administrative and operational competence for the exercise of the police function throughout the national territory, within the framework of the provisions of article 166 of the Political Constitution of Peru. Likewise, article No. 166 of the current Political Constitution of Peru, year 1993, establishes that the fundamental purpose of the PNP is to guarantee, maintain and restore internal order; provides protection and assistance to the person and the community; guarantees compliance with the laws and the security of public and private assets; Prevent, investigate and combat crime; monito r and control the borders. Regarding the functions and attributions of the PNP, these are stipulated in Article 2 and 3 of Legislative Decree No. 1267 “Law of the National Police of Peru”. It is noteworthy that paragraph 22 of article 2 of the aforementioned Legislative Decree indicates as one of the functions of the PNP "Participate in Peace Operations called by the United Nations (UN) and other international organizations." One point to take into consideration is that the previous norm (Legislative Decree No. 1148 of the year 2012) in its article Art. 10º numeral 26) regulated for the first time the participation of the PNP in United Nations peacekeeping operations. Along the same lines, the Regulation of the Law of the National Police of Peru (DL No. 1267), Supreme Decree No. 026-2017-IN (2017), in its Article 4 Functions, numeral 26), also indicates as a function of the PNP "Participate in Peacekeeping Operations called by the United Nations and other international organizations."

Participation of the National Police of Peru in Peacekeeping Operations its situation, progress and importance Since 1958 Peru has actively participated in peacekeeping operations, but this participation occurs only in the military field (Peruvian Armed Forces), which has allowed them to have an international presence, achieve international recognition and prestige, strategic alliances between your peers, continuously improve training for your staff and financial reimbursement. Regarding the participation of the National Police o f Peru in peacekeeping operations, this has not yet been carried out, however, the police insti tution has been progressively advancing in order to achieve said participation, highlighting the following actions: • Creation of a favorable legal framework (Legislative Decree No. 1267 with its respective regulations approved by Supreme Decree No. 026-2017-IN). Where it is indicated as one of the functions of the PNP "Participate in Peace Operations called by the United Nations (UN) and other international organizations." • Strategic alliance between the National Police of Peru and the Training Center for Peace Operations (CECOPAZ PERÚ), a body belonging to the Ministry of Defense and responsible for training military, police and / or civil, national or international personnel, to play roles in peacekeeping operations in the world. The aforementioned training center, from 2016 to date, has trained SEVENTY (70) members of the PNP between Officers and NCOs, with the projection of continuing with the referred training (30 personnel for the year 2020 according to the academic program of CECOPAZ PERU), which will allow for more police personnel capable of being deployed on a peace mission. Likewise, since 2019, CECOPAZ PERÚ has assigned TWO (02) members of the PNP within its organization (01 Official and 01 SO PNP), who are duly accredited nationally and internat ionally in matters of peace operations and have been performing as instructors, in addition to leading the United Nations Police course that takes place at CECOPAZ. Additionally, the assignment of TWO (02) police officers in CECOPAZ-PERÚ has allowed the National Police of Peru to integrate for the first time the “Police Committee of the Latin American Association of Training Centers for Peace Operations - ALCOPAZ”, whose general purpose is to promote the development of academic activities related to Peace Police Operations and facilitate joint work among their peers from other countries.

• Creation of a “PNP Facilitator Technical Team” created with Resolution of the General Command of the National Police No. 544-2019-CG.PNP / SUB.COMGEN dated August 22, 2019, signed by the General Commander of the PNP, which obtained as a result: o Set up a working meeting between Police Commissioner Luis Carrilho - United Nations Police Advisor and Police General José Luis LAVALLE SANTA CRUZ, PNP General Commander. In addition t o a dinner of camaraderie and work between officials of the United Nations Police Division and the PNP high command where Police Commissioner Luis Carrilho - United Nations Police Advisor was decorated, an event held on October 5, 2019. o The demonstration of the capabilities and potential of the PNP to Police Commissioner Luis Carrilho - United Nations Police Advisor and Major General Christoph BUIK - United Nations Permanent Police Director, during his visit to the National Directorate of Special Operations located in the Av. S / N Marco Puente Llanos - district of Santa Anita; visit that was made on October 5, 2019 in the morning. o Specify the participation of the Police Command in the international event called “Police workshop - United Nations Police Day - UNPOL DAY”, held on October 6, 2019 in the city of Lima. Event that was chaired by Police Commissioner Luis Carrilho - United Nations Police Advisor and Police General José Luis LAVALLE SANTA CRUZ, PNP General Commander (who provided opening remarks). Likewise, twelve (12) members of the PNP, sixty (60) members of the police from different countries of the world participated and made up the table of honor: - Brigadier General Giovanni PIETRO BARBANO - Director of the Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units - Italy and President of the Executive Committee of the International Association of Training Centers for Peacekeeping. - Major General Christoph BUIK - Permanent Police Director of the United Nations. - Mr. Mark Pedersen - Head of the United Nations Integrated Training Service. It is noteworthy that during his speech, Police General José Luis LAVALLE SANTA CRUZ, Commander General of the PNP, expressed in a public act the intention of the PNP to participate in peacekeeping operations and to take the necessary actions to operationalize said participation. • Specify the participation of the Police Command and twenty (20) members of the PNP in the international event called "25th Annual Conference of the International Association of Training Centers for Peacekeeping - 25th IAPTC-2019" developed in the city of Lima from October 07 to 10, 2019. Academic event that had the participation of two hundred fifty-eight (258) military, police, and civilian officials experts in the field of training, education and learning of the Peacekeeping operations, from more than 45 countries and 100 organizations from the 5 continents, dedicated to training and qualification in Peace Operations at a global level. This allowed the participating PNP personnel to increase their knowledge on issues related to peacekeeping operations, interact with personnel attending the aforementioned event, and learn about national and international institutions related to peacekeeping. Additionally, during the development of the "25th Annual Conference of the International Association of Training Centers for Peacekeeping - 25th IAPTC 2019", the PNP had a stand where it showed the participants of the international event the capabilities and potentialities of the PNP. • Arrange for officials of the United Nations Police Division to provide technical assistance to members of the PNP on the UN - SAAT (Selection, Assistance and Assessment Team) evaluation, a requirement to be deployed on mission. This technical assistance took place on 08OCT2019 from 09.50 to 14.30 at the facilities of the Engineering School of the Peruvian Army, where officials from the United Nations Police Division Mr. Christoph BUIK, Mr. Denis TIKHOMIROV and Mr. Ahmed ADBELRAHIM gave an informative presentation on the UN - SAAT evaluation to forty-eight (48) members of the PNP, who had already completed the UNPOL course in CECOPAZ-PERÚ. Additionally, officials from the UN Police Division conducted a simulation of the aforementioned UN SAAT examination.

As we can see from what is described above, the National Police of Peru has made substantial progress to achieve its participation in peacekeeping operations; however, actions are still pending to enable said participation to be operationalized. At this point, the undersigned, will later present a series of proposals that, in my humble consideration, will be very useful to specify the PNP's participation in peacekeeping operations. But first I will mention the importance of such participation, these being: • Contribute to fulfilling the purposes of the United Nations established in its charter of creation, these being to maintain international peace and security, promote friendly relations between nations, carry out international cooperation in solving international problems and serve as center that harmonizes the efforts of nations to achieve these common purposes. Also taking into consideration that Peru is a founding member of the United Nations. • Fulfill one of the functions of the PNP established in Legislative Decree No. 1267, article 2.- Functions, numeral “22”, where it is literally stated: The functions of the National Police of Peru are to participate in peace operations called by the United Nations (UN) and other international organizations. • In addition to this, the PNP, fulfilling this function, would no longer be outside the "Sixth Foreign Policy for Peace, Democracy, Development and Integration", established in the National Agreement - United to Grow, signed in the Government Palace. in the city of Lima on July 22, 2002, by which Peru undertakes to carry out a foreign policy at the service of peace, democracy and development, consolidating Peru's firm adherence to the norms and principles International Law, with special emphasis on Human Rights, the Charter of the United Nations and that of the Inter-American System. • Professionalize the members of the PNP, because the interaction and continuous work with other police institutions in the world will allow them to increase their knowledge of police techniques and procedures, which can be replicated in our country. Along these lines, it should be noted that exercising a role in other settings in the world will allow the members of the PNP to learn about other realities, a fact that will help to improve, exchange and develop new police techniques and procedures and then apply them to our reality. • Increase the potential and capabilities of the PNP members who are deployed on peace missions, sinc e they will be trained by the United Nations; They will also increase the command of other languages (English, French, Chinese, Arabic, Russian and Spanish; all official languages of the United Nations). • Obtain an economic reimbursement from the United Nations in favor of the Peruvian State, and this in turn to the National Police of Peru; yes, as well as PNP personnel participating in UN peacekeeping missions. • Achieve the internationalization of the National Police of Peru, allowing it to increase the good image of the institution in the world; This will contribute to international recognition and prestige. • Establish strategic alliances with countries and international organizations linked to peacekeeping operations, thereby achieving economic and logistical financing in favor of the National Police of Peru to carry out training programs and others in favor of the members of the PNP.

Proposal of actions to operationalize the participation of the Peruvian National Police in United Nations peacekeeping operations

The first necessary and urgent measure to be implemented is the creation of a Department of Peace Operations in the National Police of Peru, which, among other functions, would be responsible for:

• Be the governing body for peace operations in the PNP. • Advise the Police Command in matters of peace operations. • Make the PNP's participation operational in peace operations and guarantee its continuity. • Be a liaison in matters of peace operations between the PNP, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Permanent Mission of Peru to the UN and the United Nations Police Division. • ummon, evaluate and select police personnel who will participate in peace operations. • Coordinate with the Training and Training Center for Peacekeeping Operations (CECOPAZ PERÚ), t he training of PNP personnel through their participation in the "United Natio ns Police Course" developed by CECOPAZ PERÚ.

• Develop training programs for PNP personnel through immersion courses in English and / or French in order to consolidate their mastery, this because they are the languages required by the United Nations in peacekeeping missions; In addition, each course must be complemented with mock exams UN - SAAT (Selection, Assistance and Assessment Team). • Provide technical assistance on the UN - SAAT (Selection, Assistance and Assessment Team) evaluation, a requirement to be deployed on a peacekeeping mission, to members of the PNP who have completed the "United Nations Police Course" in CECOPAZ PERU and / or equivalent national or foreign institutions. • Plan, coordinate and conduct peace operations in the PNP. • Propose PNP personnel who have passed the SAAT exam to be deployed in a Peacekeeping Operation. • Consolidate police participation in peace operations.

One can clearly appreciate the fundamental role that the Department of Peace Operations in the National Police of Peru plays in the execution of actions necessary to articulate efforts that allow the participation of the PNP in peace operations; In addition to all this, this department will allow continuity and follow-up to the entire process that includes police participation in peace operations.

Given the importance already described, I would like to suggest this organization chart, but not without first highlighting that the personnel working in these areas must have command of the English and / or French language, as they are the languages used in the UN and due to the documentation they will handle, and they will formulate will be using these two languages.

Proposal for a basic organization chart of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations in the National Police of Peru

DIRECTORATE

SECRETARIAT

SUBDIRECTION

TRANSLATION PERSONNEL INSTRUCTION LOGISTICS REFUND AREA OFFICE

The second measure to be carried out is the creation of a Special Commission and / or work team in the PNP, in charge of implementing and carrying out the implementation of the participation of PNP personnel in peacekeeping missions. Said commission must prepare a final report where, among other points, it must suggest the action documents to be formulated and procedures to operationalize the PNP's participation in peace operations. In addition, it must arrange for the Ministry of the Interior to establish a focal point responsible for managing the PNP's participation in peace operations. Likewise, this Special Commission and / or work team in the PNP with the focal representative of the Ministry of the Interior must be part of the Intersectoral Commission for Peacekeeping Operations, chaired by the Director of Security and Defense of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and integrated also by the Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru and the Ministry of Defense. The third measure consists of managing the addendum to the Memorandum of Understanding between Peru and the United Nations, where it is considered as a contribution to the personnel of the National Police of Peru in peace operations in the following categories: Constituted Po lice Units (FPU), Individual Police Officer (IPO) and Specialized Police Teams (SPT). However, given the complexity of planning and executing the deployments of Constituted Police Units (FPU) and Specialized Police Teams (SPT), it is suggested to focus on the procedures for the deployment of Individual Police Officers (IPO), after the who, with more experience in the field, project the implementation of the other 2 categories mentioned. The fourth measure to be adopted is to sign a Framework Agreement between the PNP and the Training and Training Center for Peace Operations (CECOPAZ PERU), this agreement would have the objective of guaranteeing that CECOPAZ PERÚ continues to provide the training course called “Course for Police of the United Nations - UNPOL” in favor of the members of the PNP. Likewise, the second objective would be that the PNP personnel (Officers and NCOs) duly accredited with knowledge in peace operations work within the organic plant of CECOPAZ PERÚ exercising the role of facilitator and / or instructor, emphasizing the Course for United Nations Police; At this point, the PNP must guarantee the co ntinuity of the police personnel in CECOPAZ PERU and their rotation according to the regulations on the matter. The fifth measure is the holding of seminars, workshops, talks and other similar ones referring to the role played by the United Nations Police in peace operations, this would firstly capture the interest of the members of the PNP (Officers and NCOs) to take the course developed by CECOPAZ PERÚ (United Nations Police Course - UNPOL). Similarly, this measure would allow for a greater number of police officers trained in peace operations, in addition to training relief cadres for personnel deployed on peace missions. The sixth measure is the preliminary evaluation and training of PNP personnel who have followed the “United Nations Police Course - UNPOL” in CECOPAZ PERÚ and / or equivalent national or foreign institutions; The implementation of the first necessary and urgent measure (creation of a Department of Peace Operations in the National Police of Peru) will facilitate the execution of this sixth measure, since there will already be an entity responsible for peace operations. Regarding the preliminary evaluation, it should be approached according to what is established in the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) on the Evaluation for the Service in Mission of Individual Police Officers (IPOs), which comprises 4 categories: • Basic eligibility: age (between 25 and 60 years old), medical aptitude (physically and mentally suitable) and professional experience (officer in activity with a minimum time of service of 5 years). • Abilities: Knowledge of the United Nations Peacekeeping Missions and Special Political Missions, linguistic abilities (the candidate must understand, speak fluently, read easily and write clearly the language of the mission being commonly ENGLISH or FRENCH (whose level must be equal to or higher than B1), driving skills (have a driver's license from their country of origin that is valid during the time of the mission and driving a 4x4 or pickup type vehicle), handling of firearms and shooting ( possess a license to carry weapons and have proven shooting skills) and computer skills (who will have preference over those who do not). • Conduct and performance: United Nations Standards of Conduct and Background Integrity (no criminal or police record). • Specific skills according to the mission, according to annex “A” of the SOP

After carrying out the preliminary evaluation and knowing the real situation of the members of the PNP (strengths and weaknesses), a training program should be formulated basically aimed at reinforcing the weak points, this in order to conclude the training of all the members of the The PNP are in a position to approve the evaluation that would be carried out by the Selection and Evaluation Assistance Team (SAAT) of the United Nations Department of Peace Operations, which, as I mentioned in the preceding paragrap h, consists of 4 categories according to what is established in the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Regardless of the result of the preliminary evaluation mentioned above, I suggest that the training should focus on language skills, skills to handle and use firearms and shooting; being the use of computer platforms an ideal resource for training regarding language skills. Likewise, it must be taken into account that the seventy (70) PNP personnel trained by CECOPAZ PERÚ and / or equivalent national or f oreign institutions already have a level of English and / or French; Therefore, the training regarding language skills should only be for review and reinforcement in certain areas and then work on mock SAAT exams, which should require more time. Another alternative to carry out the training in regards to linguistic abilities is the realization of immersion courses to the English and / or French language in order to consolidate their mastery, additionally each course must be complemented with mock UN - SAAT exams. The seventh measure consists of coordinating with the Director of Security and Defense of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs the date on which the permission of the aforementioned Selection and Evaluation Assistance Team (SAAT) of the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations could be requested. United; It is important to bear in mind that this management should be implemented after the implementation of the sixth measure, since the success of the evaluation carried out by the Selection and Evaluation Assistance Team (SAAT) of the Department of Peace Operations of the The United Nations will largely depend on the training received in the 4 categories established in the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) by SEVENTY (70) PNP personnel trained by CECOPAZ PERÚ and / or equivalent national or foreign institutions. The eighth measure to be adopted is the signing of strategic alliances (framework agreements and others) with national and international institutions and / or organizations linked to peace operations, this will allow the PNP to have the cooperation of external partners to develop its capacity to permanent training in linguistic subjects (immersion courses in English and / or French) and in subjects related to peace operations. Likewise, it will be possible to have technical assistance in health matters, highlighting at this point the experience of the medical personnel of the Armed Forces of Peru who have been attending to the cases of military personnel before, during and after their deployment on a peacekeeping mission. In addition, the signing of strategic alliances in some cases will allow obtaining economic and logistical financing in favor of the National Police of Peru to carry out training programs and others in favor o f the members of the PNP who are about to be deployed on a peace mission in The United Nations. I must specify that the implementation and start-up of the measures mentioned above do not necessarily have to be adopted in a chronological order, since it is possible to implement each one independently of the others; However, in certain cases, the prior implementation of a measure would facilitate the implementation of another, such is the case of the sixth measure and its relationship with the first.

Epilogue Peru is a founding member of the United Nations, having signed the UN Charter on October 24, 1945 and, as such, is obliged to fulfill the purposes of the organization, one of the main ones being to maintain peace. and international security, for which it contributes with military personnel in the categories of Military Observer, Staff Officer and Contingent. This contribution is not reflected in the participation of the members of the National Police of Peru in peacekeeping operations, since to date such participation is nil. However, although currently the contribution of the National Police of Peru in United Nations peacekeeping operations is not being carried out, the police institution has been progressively advancing in order to achieve such participation, pending certain actions to be implemented. that allow the p articipation of the National Police of Peru to be operationalized in the aforementioned peacekeeping operations.

Bibliography •“75 años de una carta que cambio al mundo”, se accedió el 23 de setiembre de 2020. Disponible en español en: https://onuperu.exposure.co/75- anos-de-una-carta-que-cambio-al-mundo. •Mantenimiento del orden, “¿cuál es la misión de la policía de la ONU”, se accedió el 04 de octubre de 2020. Disponible en inglés: https://peacekeeping.un.org/es/policing •UNPOL, “Oficiales de policía individuales”, se accedió el 04 de octubre de 2020. Disponible en inglés: https://police.un.org/en/individual-police- officers •Dr. Fernando VALVERDE CAMAN “Las operaciones de paz de la ONU para el siglo XXI: Su evolución conceptual y su impacto para preservar la paz internacional”. •Detective Inspectora Principal (Ret.) Sue King de la Policía Federal Australiana, El Papel de la Policía de las Naciones unidas en las Operaciones de Paz. •Informe Defensorial N°142 “Fortalecimiento de la Policía Nacional del Perú: Cinco áreas de atención urgente”. Lima, Perú, abril del 2009. •Alberto Andrés SOTO MILLONEZ, “Participación Peruana en Operaciones de Paz de Naciones Unidas: Problemas, Perspectivas y Oportunidades” - Tesis para obtener el grado académico de Magister en Diplomacia y Relaciones Internacionales. •Revista PNP – EDICIÓN N°07 “Policía Nacional del Perú participa en la 25° Conferencia Anual de la Asociación Internacional de Centros de Formación para el Mantenimiento de la Paz”, se accedió el 04 de octubre de 2020. Disponible en español en: https://issuu.com/policiaperu/docs/1854doc_revista_pnp_octubre_hd_opt/s/10227162

“Educating for Peace”

XII General Assembly

12-13 Nov. 2020