The Architect, Engineer, and Operative

Livre de Lyon Academic Works of Livre de Lyon Architectural Sciences 2020 The architect, engineer, and operative builder's constructive manual; or, A practical and scientific treatise on the construction of artificial foundations for buildings, ailwar ys, &c. Christopher Davy 2020 Follow this and additional works at: https://academicworks.livredelyon.com/arch_sci Part of the Architectural Engineering Commons, and the Systems Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Davy, Christopher, "The architect, engineer, and operative builder's constructive manual; or, A practical and scientific treatise on the construction of artificial foundations for buildings, ailwar ys, &c." (2020). Architectural Sciences. 23. https://academicworks.livredelyon.com/arch_sci/23 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by Livre de Lyon, an international publisher specializing in academic books and journals. Browse more titles on Academic Works of Livre de Lyon, hosted on Digital Commons, an Elsevier platform. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ARCHITECT, ENGINEER, AND OPERATIVE BUILDER’S CONSTRUCTIVE MANUAL, BEING A PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL FOUNDATIONS FOR BUILDINGS, RAILWAYS, &c. WITH A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF PILING AND CONCRETING TO SUCH PURPOSE ; ALSO AN INVESTIGATION OF THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN SECURING THE STABILITY OF BUILDINGS. THE WHOLE IL LUS- TRATED BY EXAMPLES SELECTED FROM THE MOST IMPOR TANT ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING WORKS OF THIS COUNTRY. ’ TO WHICH IS ADDED AN ANALYSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL LEGAL ENACTMENTS AFFECTING THE OPERATIONS OF THE PRACTICAL BUILDER. ILLUSTRATED BT NOTES OF CASES OCCURRING IN ACTUAL PRACTICE. WITH THIRTEEN PLATES, AND NUMEROUS FIGURES. By CHRISTOPHER DAVY, Arch. & C.E. A new Edition . ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION. The author of the following treatise is happy to avail himself of the present opportunity of tendering his respectful acknowledgments to the members of the Architectural and Engineering professions, and to the public generally, for the very flattering manner in which the first part of the “ Manual ” has been received. The very rapid sale of the work, and the still increasing demand for it, have more than realised the antici- pations of the author. A second edition having been called for, the writer has been enabled to make such corrections and improvements as have appeared desirable, and which, he hopes, will render it more worthy of the approbation of those for whose use it has been written. The success of the first edition having assured the author of the support of the profession, he naturally feels greater confidence in the task which he has undertaken, and is simulated to exert his utmost endeavours to retain so honour- able a mark of distinction. In consequence of the vigorous condition of engineering practice, the author considered that a correct analysis of those mineral substances which comprise the greatest portion of building materials would add materially to the practical value of the work. For this purpose, he has made a collection of British specimens, and has subjected them to minute chemical analysis. The result of these examinations will be given in the forthcom- ing part; and it is hoped that the information thus laid before the profession will prove to be of considerable importance. The second part will contain chapters on the following subjects:— v vi the architect, engineer, and operative builder’s 1. On the sands of the plastic clay formation. 2. On the analysis of the principal mineral substances employed in building. 3. On concrete, asphaltic, and other cements. 4. The construction of foundations on various soils. 5. On the machines and scaffolding used in excavating and building. 6. Description of machines for proving the strength of materials. 7. On railway works and estimates. The whole of the chapters in the second part will be fully illustrated with original drawings explanatory of the text. The liberal patronage bestowed upon the first part of this treatise has induced the publisher, Mr. Williams, to secure the talent of Mr. T. C. Dibdin, whose pencil will be employed (under the direction of the author) in delineating some views (taken expressly for this work), illustrative of the geological formations of this country, and also of important railway works, showing the progress of their construction. The analytical portion of the work having occupied a greater length of time than was originally contem plated, it was considered indispensable to publish it in parts to prevent greater delay. The author trusts that this explanation will atone for the slight • breach of his original engagement. C. D. No. 3, Furnival’s Inn, 24th Jan., 1839. CONTENTS OF PART I. A REGISTER Page Of the principal Geological Formations in each of the Counties of England and Wales, with Observations on the Quality of the Materials to be derived therefrom, and applicable to the purposes of Building; also, the situation of the principal Stone Quarries, Lime Works, &c. xi CHAPTER I. Preliminary Observations.—Remarks on the General Order and Succession of Strata.—On the Examination of Strata, and Description of Boring Apparatus employed for that purpose.— Nature of Strata above the London Clay.— Sections of Strata in the neighbourhood of London, &c 1 CHAPTER II. On Pile Driving and Piling 30 CHAPTER III. On the Nature and Application of Beton.—-Translated from “ Belidor Architecture Hydraulique.” 57 CHAPTER IV. On the Analysis of Limestone 68 vii viii the architect, engineer, and operative builder’s CHAPTER V. On the Calcination of Limestone.—Observations on Brit- ish Limestones—Action of Acids thereon, &c 81 CHAPTER VI. On the Proportion and Admixture of Ingredients employed in the Composition of ordinary Mortar.—Quality of Sands, Sand- tones, &c 115 ADVERTISEMENT. The ramification of railways throughout the king dom has so extended the sphere of the engineer’s operations, as to render a knowledge of the geological formations peculiar to each county through which his passage lies, of considerable, nay, of essential importance. Geological knowledge is now to the engineer indispensable, inasmuch as it forms the source from which his supplies must be drawn, and, at the same time, forms the index by which may be ascertained the nature of that foun- dation upon which hjfl construction is to rest. In the ordinary routine of architectural prac tice, it is notori- ous that information of this kind has been rarely sought for until the time has arrived for carrying the intended works into execution. The uncertainty and delay incident to this mode of inquiry has not unfrequently entailed ruinous consequences upon both architect and builder. If proofs were wanting, we should be prepared to show from specifications on the one, and breach of contracts on the other side, instances of defective information, and consequent difficulties and extravagance of execution, fully corroborative of this opinion. It is evident therefore, that the engineer should be pre pared with such information as will enable him to avail himself of the resources of each particular district, and to apply them with promptitude and decision. The calcareous and siliceous deposits of this country have hitherto received but little attention from the profession; and we may add, that with respect to the nature and properties of the materials, we are as yet “ upon the threshold of our know ledge.” The great and increasing demand for geolo gical information applicable to architectural and engineering purposes, has induced the author to prefix to the following Treatise a Regis- ix x the architect, engineer, and operative builder’s ter* of the principal geological formations in each of the counties of England and Wales, with observations on the quality of the materials to be derived therefrom, and applicable to the purposes of building; also, the situation of the principal stone quarries, lime works, &c. In compiling this “ Register,” the author has attempted to give a concise view of the resources of each county, in order that the draft of the specifications for important works may be made with greater accuracy than heretofore, and that the builder may be directed to the sources from which he may obtain his materials with facility and economy. To trace the extent and disposition of the strata, the engineer must necessarily consult an accurate geological map; for this purpose, the “Index Map,” by J. Philips, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., and the large map by Messrs. Walker, will supply much valu- able information. The reader will perceive, from the authorities which are given, that the author has, in the following compilation, freely availed himself of such informa tion as was afforded by refer- ence to the works of the most eminent writers on geological science ; and having, also, visited and carefully examined most of the northern and western counties of England during the last two summers, he trusts that the variety of facts and data thus collected and brought under immediate observation, may meet with the approbation of the members of that profession to which he has the honour to belong. 3, Furnival’s Inn, Nov. 1838. * In consequence of the extent occupied by this additional matter, (which has much exceeded our original plan,) the “ Introduction,” which is chiefly historical, is deferred till the publication of the secbnd part of the “ Treatise.” A REGISTER OF THE PRINCIPAL GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN EACH OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE QUALITY OF THE MATERIALS TO BE DERIVED THEREFROM, AND APPLICABLE TO THE PUR- POSES OF BUILDING j ALSO, THE SITUATION OF THE PRINCIPAL STONE QUARRIES, LIME WORKS, &c. Northumberland. The county of Northumberland contains, 1. Moun tain or carboniferous limestone. 2. Coal. 3. Basaltic and porphyritic trap. And, 4. Old red sandstone, with the accompanying beds of con- glomerates, grit-stones, variegated marls, and cornstones.

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