Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh

क� द्र�यू�म भ जल बोड셍 जल संसाधन, नद� �वकास और गंगा संर�ण मंत्रालय भारत सरकार Central Ground Water Board Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Government of India

AQUIFER MAPPING REPORT Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh

उ�र� म鵍य �ेत्र, भोपाल North Central Region, Bhopal

Government ofIndia CentralGroundWaterBoard MinistryofWaterResources,River Development & GangaRejuvenation

AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN CHHATARPUR DISTRICT, MADHYA PRADESH

BY Dr L.K.Mathur Dr.K.Paramasivam Scientist 'D' STA (HG)

NORTH CENTRAL REGION BHOPAL March 2018

CONTENTS

CHAPTER DESCRIPTION Page No. Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of Aquifer Mapping 1 1.2 Scope of study 1 1.3 Objectives 1 1.4 Approach and Methodology 2 1.5 Study Area 3 1.6 Rainfall & Climate 4 1.7 Physiography/DEM 5 1.8 Geomorphology 7 1.9 Soil cover 10 1.10 Geology 11 1.11 Hydrology and drainage 12 1.12 Land use Agriculture, irrigation and cropping patterns 15 Chapter- 2 DATA COLLECTION AND GENERATION 17 2.1 Hydrogeology 17 2.2 Ground water scenario 19 2.3 Ground water Exploration 24 2.4 Hydrochemical of Chhatarpur District 30 2.5 Geophysical Survey 32

Chapter-3 DATA INTERPRETATION, INTEGRATION AND 68 AQUIFER MAPPING 3.1 3-D Lithological Model 68 3.3 Fence Diagram 70 3.4 2-D Cross Sections 71 Chapter-4 GROUND WATER RESOURCES 74 4.1 Dynamic Ground Water Resource 74 4.2 Static Ground Water Resource 74 4.3 Draft 74 Chapter-5 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES 77 5.1Declining of water level 77 5.2 Ground Water Quality 77 Chapter-6 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 79 6.1 District Ground Water Management Plan 79 6.2 Post-Intervention Impact 84 6.3 Block wise Ground Water Management Plan 84 Chapter-7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 102

Annexure I 105

PREFACE

‘Aquifer mapping’ is a holistic approach for aquifer-based groundwater management. It may not be construed as aquifer geometry mapping only. In a broader perspective it can be defined as understanding the aquifers, ascertaining and establishing their quantity and quality sustainability through multi-disciplinary scientific approach integrating the techniques of geology, remote sensing, hydrogeology, geophysics, borehole drilling, hydrochemistry, hydrology, hydrometeorology, mathematical modelling, agriculture and soil science, water treatment and remediation, economics and social and environmental sciences.

Under the project on National Aquifer Mapping (NAQUIM) in XII & XIII Plan to formulate sustainable aquifer management plan, Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), North Central Region, Bhopal has taken up Chhatarpur district to prepare the 3-Dimensional Model and 2-Dimensional Aquifer Maps for the entire district and formulate Block-wise Aquifer Management Plan.

Chhatarpur district occupies an area of 8687 sq km out of which the ground water recharge worthy area is 7904 sq. km. and the rest is covered by hilly and forest area. The major rivers flowing through the area includes the river Dhasan, ken. The major part of the district is covered by the Bundelkhand Granite and in southern part by Bijawar, Vindhayan sandstones and Deccan traps. On the basis of the 94 Exploratory borewells drilled by CGWB, NCR under its Exploratory/NAQUIM program, it has been observed that the yield varies from meagre to 4.5 lps in Granite and meagre to 40 lps in Bijawar formation. As per the Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report (2013), the net ground water availability in the district is 795 MCM and ground water draft for all uses is 500 MCM, resulting the stage of ground water development to be 62.92 % as a whole for district.

The Chhatarpur district falls under safe category. After the implemented of project interventions in the report, the stage of development is expected to improve by 8% i.e. from 62.92% to 54.21% for the Chhatarpur district and additional area for the irrigation will be 63384Ha.Chhatarpur district comprises of eleven blocks, namely Gourihar, Loundi, Nowgarn, Chhatarpur, Rajnagar, Bijawar, Badamalhera&Buxwaha. As per the Management plan prepared under NAQUIM of all the Block of ChhatarpurDistrict , a total number of 423 Percolation Tanks, 1266 Recharge Shafts/Tube wells and 2958 Nala Bunds/Check Dams/Cement Plugs have been proposed and financial expenditure is expected to be Rs 390.28 Crores in Chhatarpur District for sustainable development and management of ground water resources.

Before finalization of this report a three tier evaluation mechanism is adopted ,presentations were made at Regional level & State level Coordination Committee ,then the revised presentation were made before the Member and finally it was presented to National Level Expert Committee , after all corrections this report is prepared.Results of these comprehensive studies will contribute significantly to ground water sustainable management tools. It will not only enhance the long-term aquifer monitoring networks and but would also help in building the conceptual and quantitative regional ground-water-flow models for planners, policy makers and other stakeholders.

I would like to place on record my appreciation for Dr. L.K. Mathur, Scientist ‘D’ who had supervised and guided Dr.K.Paramasivam ,STA Hg to compile this report . I fondly hope that this report will serve as a valuable guide for sustainable development of ground water in the Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh.

Parvinder Singh (Regional Director)

Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION

Central Ground Water Board has pioneered extensive groundwater studies, in all the hydrogeological terrain of the country. It has remarkably brought out comprehensive regional picture of the aquifers in terms of their water quality and yield potential. To meet the challenges of growing groundwater demand and sustainability of the resource, an effective aquifer based groundwater management in the country, through adequate and precise information on aquifers in time and space at a scale as large as possible, is the most imperative and earnestly desired. The aquifer-mapping programme demands for a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional, innovative and modern approach to arrive at a comprehensive aquifer data base under National Aquifer Mapping Programmer.

1.1 Background of Aquifer Mapping ‘Aquifer mapping’ is a holistic approach for aquifer-based groundwater management. It may not be construed as aquifer geometry mapping only. In a broader perspective it can be defined as understanding the aquifers, ascertaining and establishing their quantity and quality sustainability through multi-disciplinary scientific approach integrating the techniques of geology, remote sensing, hydrogeology, geophysics, borehole drilling, hydrochemistry, hydrology, hydrometeorology, mathematical modelling, agriculture and soil science, water treatment and remediation, economics and social and environmental sciences. Out of these the Geophysical technique will help as a strong tool to identify the aquifer geometry precisely.

1.2 Scope of Study At present a generalized picture of aquifer-dispositions and their characteristics are known from the existing hydrogeological and surface geophysical data, the borehole lithological and geophysical logs and the aquifer performance tests conducted by CGWB and other central and state agencies. But it is not enough to prepare aquifer maps because of the inadequate density of data vis-à-vis geological heterogeneities. The extrapolation and interpolation within the existing boreholes may not yield accurate information on aquifer disposition unless they are tied up further by close-grid geophysical measurements conducted in between. This has necessitated in a systematic mapping of aquifers. Further hydrogeological investigation either by geophysical technique or by exploration is proposed for the aquifer mapping. It is to provide adequate and precise subsurface information in terms of aquifer lithology and geometry leading to 3-dimensional aquifer dispositions. Also it is to establish the most appropriate technique or combination of techniques for identifying the aquifers in different hydrogeological terrains.

1.3 Objectives The objective of applying the hydrogeological and geophysical techniques is to provide more adequate and more precise (reduced uncertainty and ambiguity) information on aquifers – shallow and deep including dry and saturated zones with their geometry at reasonable scale (1: 50,000) in the area. The tentative depth of the hydrogeological and geophysical exploration will be 200 m in hard rock area. However, the depth of exploration may vary depending on the geological conditions and requirements. Additional exploratory wells shall be drilled for validations of aquifer parameter estimations where borehole data are not available.

The information thus generated through additional drilling of boreholes shall be used for refinement of hydrogeological data base in terms of aquifer characterization, yield capacity, chemical quality, selecting areas for artificial recharge and sustainability under varied future demand scenario leading to preparations of aquifer-management plans and recommendations to mitigate mining of aquifer.

1.4 Approach and Methodology National Aquifer Mapping Programme basically aims at characterizing the geometry, parameters, behavior of ground water levels and status of ground water development in various aquifer systems to facilitate Major Aquifers planning of their sustainable management. The major activities involved in this process include compilation of existing data, identification of data gaps and generation of data for filling data gaps and preparation of aquifer maps. The overall methodology of aquifer mapping is presented once the maps are prepared, plans for sustainable management of ground water resources in the aquifers mapped shall be formulated and implemented through participatory approach involving all stakeholders.

Fig:1 Flow Chart of Methodology

1.5 Study Area Chhatarpur district in located on the central portion on the plateau of Bundelkhand in M.P. the district is spread over an area of 8616.82 sq. km and is located at the northern boundary of the state, laying between north latitudes 240 06’ and 250 20’ and east longitude 790 59’ and 800 26 falls under the survey of India toposheet No. 54O, 54P, 63D. The district is bounded by Mohaba district U.P in the north, Panna district, in the east Tikamgarh district in the west and Sagar & Damoh district in the south (fig.-2).

Fig:2. Location Map

The district is divided in to six Tehsil (Gourihar, Londi, Nowgaon, Chhatarpur, Rajnagar, Badamalhara and Bijawar) and eight development blocks (Gourihar, Loundi, Nowgarn,

Chhatarpur, Rajnagar, Bijawar, Badamalhera & Buxwaha). These are 1080 inhabited villages in the district (Table- 1). As per census 2011, the total population of the district is 1762857

Table – 1 : Administrative Units of Chhatarpur district.

Total Blocks Area (sq km)

Total Geographical Area (sq km) 8687.36 Recharge worthy Area (sq km) 7904.34 (90.98%)

Hilly/Forest (sq km) 783.02 (9.02%)

Block Geographical Area Recharge Area (Sq Km) (Sq Km) Badamalhera 1082.35 894.00 Bijawar 1590.43 1418.43 Buxwaha 900.33 791.13 Chhatarpur 1058.89 933.89 Gourihar 921.52 909.92 Loundi 841.81 822.61 Nowgaon 913.68 822.61 Rajnagar 1378.35 1310.75 DISTRICT TOTAL 8687.36 7904.34

The district as a whole lies in the Yamuna sub basin of the Ganga basin and traversed by the left bank tributaries of the Ken & the right bank tributaries of the Dhasen. The catchment area of Ken Dhasen rivers falling in the district are 6033.15 Sq.km and (69.99%) and 2594.25 Sq. km (30.10%) respectively.

1.6 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE RAINFALL Chhatarpur District receives maximum rainfall during the south west monsoon. The South west monsoon arrives at the end of June and last till end of September. Normal isohyetal Map is shown in plate 4. There are five raingauge stations in Chhatarpur district namely Chhatarpur, Buxwaha, Bijawar, Rajnagar and Nowgaon. The long term regular rainfall data is available for two stations viz Chhatarpur, and Nawagaon only ( Table 9& 1 0). On the basis of long term data the normal rainfall has been worked out. The maximum rainfall received at Bizawar is 1130mm and minimum at Nowagaon is 1028 mm.

About 91 % of the annual rainfall takes place during the south west monsoon ie. between 4

June to September. Only about 2% of the annual rainfall takes place duri.ng the winter season from October to February and only about 7% of the annual rainfall takes place during the summer season i.e. between March to May. Hence only about 9% of the annual rainfall takes place from October to May. Thus, the surplus water is available only during the south west monsoon. July is the wettest month of the year. About 3% of the annual rainfall takes place during the month of July only.

Recent rainfall data of Chhatarpur and Nowgaon is available from 1976 to 1997. While analysis, the recent year rainfall data, is clear that" Most Severe Drought" conditions have occurred in the last seventeen years. Only once during 1984 in Chhatarpur area and 1979 in Nowgaon area has severe drought conditions were observed. During other years, more than the normal or rainfall within normal range of drought condition was received. Hence Chhatarpur district is not a drought prone district. During the year 1997. Nowgaon Station received more than the normal rainfall while Chattarpur Station received about 82% of the normal rainfall.

TEMPERATURE Chhatarpur district can be classified into three major seasons. Summer, Winter and Monsoon. The temperature starts rising from the middle of February and reaches maximum during the month of May. The daily maximum temperature during the month of May is around 42.7"C, while annual daily maximum normal temperature is around 32.6° C the day temperature on individual days during the summer season goes upto around 45°C. On the arrival of monsoon at the end of June there is a dip in temperature and weather becomes pleasant. After withdrawal of monsoon early in October, there is slight increase in day temperature. After October or from middle of November both the day and night temperature starts falling and lowest temperature recorded in the month of December. The minimum mean normal daily temperature is about 7.5" C and the annual daily mean normal temperature is about 18.6') C. Sometimes, the minimum temperature drops down to even as low as 1 & 2° C.

HUMIDITY The summer season with the driest period of the year. Hence humidity is also very low during the summer season. The minimum humidity recorded during the month of April/May about 33%. On the arrival of South west monsoon the humidity increases and highest recorded during the month of August i.e.85%. The humidity again decreases 011 withdrawal of monsoon and due to high temperature.

WIND VELOCITY The wind velocity is high during the premonsoon period as compared to post monsoon. The highest wind velocity is recorded during the month of June. The mean monthly normal wind velocity during the month of June is around 8.2. The annual average normal wind velocity is around 4.5 Km/hr.

1.7 PHYSIOGRAPHY/DEM Physiographically the district has been divided broadly in to three main geomorphic units. The Panna range, the central plateau & northern plains range which traverses district in a

south west north east direction. This range separates the upper Bundelkhand from lower bundelkhand plateau. Overlying the archeans is if formed by Bijawar and vindhyan beds which are highly folded and are also dissected by the superimposed drainage system.

The highest peak lies at Ban pathar (240 37’: 790 45’) in the district at 607 m amsl. The central plateau runs to the north as an offshoot of Panna range. It lies mainly on the Bundelkhand granites & forms the central sub water divide. They give way to lower plains along the Ken and Dhasan in the east & west respectively. The northern plateau lies between 150 to 300 m amsl & covers nearly the whole of Loundi Tehsil. It is covered by varying thickness of alluvium but is cut in ravines resulting in “bad land” topography.

The district can be divided into three physical units:

1 The Panna range 2 The Central Plateau 3 The Northern Plains

The Panna range is a branch of the Vindhyan mountain range. It traverses Sagar, Chhatarpur and Panna districts in a south west - northeast direction. This range separates the Upper Buudelkhand from the lower Bundelkhand plateau. Overlying the Achaeans, it is formed by the Bijawar and vindhyan beds which arc highly folded and are also dissected by the superimposed drainage system. A few hill tops now capped by the Deccan trap rocks stand evidence of their being covered by extensive lava flows. Since then, the drainage developed on the slopes of the original lava beds has eroded the surface deeper to the present level. Because of this, the main streams of the district now flow across the Panna range. The highest peak lies at Bans Pathar ( 24°37:79"45") in the district at 607 mamsl. Kusmar hill on Buxwaha plateau is 551 and Madanwa at 564 mamsl.

The Central Platean runs to the North as Oll offshoot of Panna range. It lies mainly on the Bundelkhand granites and forms the central sub - water divide. The result is the presence of small hills and ridges at intervals between the tributaries of streams. They give way to lower plains along the Ken and the Dhasan, in the east and west respectively.

The Northern Plateau lies between 150 to 300 m amsl and covers nearly the whole of Laundi tehsil. It is covered by varying thickness of alluvium but is cut in ravines resulting in "bad land" topography.

Fig:3. Digital Elevation Map

1.8 GEOMORPHOLOGY In Chhatarpur district, land forms have been classified en the basis of genetic factor and the geomorphic processes involved. FU11her, the geomorphic units have been classified on the basis of differential erosion of rock material, process and relief amplitude. The classification system adopted in this report is as per ITC Scheme of classification of land forms.

In the district four group of Landforms are identified and are given below: 1 Denudational landforms 2 Depositional landforms 3 Structural landforms 4 Intrusive landforms

DENUDATIONAL LANDFORMS

(a) Pediplain (Granite) P8(G) Pediplain refers to the flat or gently sloping surface which is the end product of erosion. In Chhatarpur district, Bundelkhand granite dominates as the underlying lithology and it is also criss- crossed by fractures etc. The ground water prospects in this unit are moderate especially along the fractured and in weathered zones.

(b) Burried Pediplain (Granite) BPP (G) This is characterised by a broad landscape of low relief broken by isolated residual uplands with thick overburden of weathered material. It is also formed over Bundelkhand granitic with shallow to thick overburden. This unit is also criss- crossed by fractures and faults etc.

(c) Structural Hills (Meta sedimentary) SH(MS) These arc composed or meta sedimentary rocks like quartzite etc and are usually associated with folding and faulting. These occur in the form of liuear to arcuate hills showing defunct trendlines. These have poor ground water potential.

(d) Pediplain (Meta sedimentary) pp(ms) These pediplains have developed over the metasedimentary rocks as the underlying lithology and are criss crossed by joints and fractures. They have a thin soil cover erosional surface with low relief and gentle slopes. The ground water potential of this unit in poor.

(e) Structural Hills ( Vindhyau Sediments) SH (VC) These comprise sandstone, shale and limestone etc. of the Vindhyan supergroup and is associated with folding and faulting-These are in the form of linear to arcuate hills showing definite trend lines and generally have poor to moderate ground water potential.

(f) Pediment (Sand Stone) P (SST) This unit occupies a very small area ill the Southwest tip of be district. This unit is characterised by broad, gently sloping erosional surface with detritus of sandstone and thin soil cover with Vindhyan sandstone dominating as the underlying lithology. This group is also criss-crosscd by joints and fractures and has moderate ground water potential.

(g) Deccan Plateau (DP) Plateau is formed due to volcanic eruption of basaltic lava having low amount of dip slopes. The upper most part of the plateau unit comprises of soil where as the lower part in hard. The plateau is characterized by low relief and undulating topography. This unit has moderate ground water potential, especially along lineaments, in weathered zone and depressions.

(h) Denudational hills (Volcanic) DNH (V) These are the remnants of the natural dynamic process of denudation, weathering and fluvial action. The geomorphic forms occur as residual bills, denudational hills with scree or debris. These have high relief and steep sided hills and are highly jointed and fractured. These have poor ground water potential.

DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORM (a) Valley Fill (VF) These are mostly unconsolidated sedimentary deposited in a valley and are contentious also controlled by fractures forming linear depressions. The sediments are composed of boulders, cobbles, pebbles, gravel, sand, silt and clay sized grains of varying lithology. The ground water potential of this unit is good.

(b) Alluvial Plain: The alluvial plains in the district is restricted to the lower reaches of the Ken. This unit is a level or gently sloping tract produced by deposition or alluvium composed or gravel, sand, silt and clay. The ground water potential of this unit is excellent.

STRUTURAL LANDFORMS -LINEAMENT This is a linear feature is the form of faults, fractures, joints, shear zones, contact zones and similar features, as well as straight stream courses which reflect the crustal structure. A majority of lineaments in the district have a NE-SW trend since, some of the lineaments are dislocations generated by structural disturbances, and they provide channels for ground water movement especially at their intersection. The intersection areas of the lineaments thus have good to excellent ground water potential.

INTRUSIVE LAND FORM - DYKE There are intrusive of quartzite ill the form of discordant mass of consolidated igneous intrusion that cuts across the granite country rock. These generally have a NE-SW trend and act as a barrier as well as carrier and thus control ground water flow. These have a good ground water potential on the up-gradient side. The following table gives a brief description of the geomorphic units occurring in Chhatarpur district.

Fig:4. Geomorphology Map

1.9 Soil Covers Soils in the district are generally of classified in four groups viz alluvial soils which occurs in north eastern part of the district. Red and yellow soil in north eastern parts mixed red & black yellow soil in central part and medium black soil in the south western extreme of the district. 10

1.10 GEOLOGY Archaean Bundelkhand granite of the Archaean age, occupying almost 65 % of the district in the oldest rock type occurring in the area. It underlies northern and north - central part of the district. The entire granite country is undulating and rocky with a thin soil cover. lnselbergs of granites stand out prominently at a few places. The granite is pink in colour, medium to coarse grained porphyritic in texture.

It is very hard and compact with well developed joints. The prominent joint sets are - (i) N400E -S400W dipping 85° towards east to vertical, ( ii) NW-SE with a vertical dip, (iii) N85° E- S85° W dipping 84° due North to vertical, and ( iv) Sheet joints. The joints are open at the surface and persist to about 20 m below land surface. However, beyond 45 m, these are very tight, thus restricting the storage and movement of ground water. Top portion of the granite is weathered; the depth or which is not uniform. The depth of weathering is as high as 20 m in areas where the granite is coarse grained and well jointed. At places, image swallow holes are also observed over the weathered man lie.

Quartz Reefs, Basic Dykes and Pipe Rock The granite country in the district is traversed by quartz reef and basic dykes. The basic dykes generally occupy topographic depressions where as quartz reefs stand out as wall like structure due to differential weathering. The general trend of the basic dykes in WNW-ESE.

The quartz reefs trend in NE-SW and NW-SE direction. However, the NE-SW trend is more prominent. surface water tanks / reservoirs along this alignment. These reels also act as ground water barrier.

The only exposure of pipe rock in the area is at Angore (24°44': 79°285'). The pipe rock is greenish grey in colour and traversed by numerous calcite veins, which have left back inter connected openings due to solution action.

Bijawars Bundelkhand granites are overlain by the rocks or the Bijawars series belonging to Pre Cambrian age. The exposure of Bijawars is triangular in shape and constitutes about 15% of the district area. Bijawars in the area arc represented by all the three divisions as follows-

Division Lithology Upper Bijawars Phyllitic shale, highly fragmented red shale with zones of assorted boulders of quartzite. Basic material in siliceous matrix towards top (at places appearing as glacial till material) ferruginous quartzite breccias with concentration of iron are at

Places. Middle Bijawars Limestone, cherty, showing elephant skin weathering, dirty white in colour Lower Bijawars Conglomerate, ferruginous quartzite and associated trap flow.

Vindhyans Bijawars are succeeded by the rocks of the Vindhyan system which are exposed in the form of NE-SW trending strike ridges and alternating valleys in the southern part of the district. These occupy about 20% of the district area. The contact of the Bijawars and underlying Vindhyans is unconformable and is marked by a basal conglomerate at places. Towards eastern part of the district, Vindhyans are directly in contact with the granites.Vindhiyans are represented by conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, shales and limestone ill a sequence which constitutes the Semri, Kaimur and Rewa Series. Rocks belonging to the Bhander series of the Vindhyan System are not exposed in the area.

The general trend or the Vindhyans in the area is N40E - S40W to ENE-WSW with a dip of 3° to 8° towards south. The hard lithounits stand out as ridges and the softer units form valleys.

Pre Trapean A Gravel zone is present between traps and underlying Vindhiyans in and around Baxwaha .It is about 6 to 10 m thick and has been reported in the tubewells drilled in the area. The zone probably represents paleo drainage channel deposit.

Deccan Trap Exposures of Deccan trap flows are seen in the south western extremity of the district. The trap in the area represents the north eastern limit of the main volcanic activity experienced by the peninsular region in the Cretaceous period. Trap consists of characteristic plateau basalts, greenish grey in color, hard, compact and well jointed. At places; columnar jointing is also well developed.

Alluvium Alluvium in Chliatarpur district is restricted mainly to the area along the Ken and the Dhasan. Minor alluvial deposits are also observed along Bharar, Tarpcr, Siamri, Kahtne and Kutni rivers. Other drainage channels have almost no alluvial cover. The Ken river alluvium has a maximum aerial extent in the north eastern part of the district, where it covers almost km wide belt on the left bank of the river and has a maximum thickness of 30 to 111m. Alluvium consists of sand, silt and clay. Dhasan river alluvium is confined to 2 km distance from for river channel and the maximum thickness is 10 m. The proportion of sand is higher in Dhasan alluvium.

1.11 HYDROLOGY AND DRAINAGE The District as a whole lies in the Yamuma sub-basin of the Ganga basin. On a localised scale, there is a surface water divide running from South to North past Buxwaha, Rajnagar 12

Chhatarpur and Lundi. The area to the East of this divide forming almost 70% of the district, is drained by the Ken and to the West by the Dhasan. The Ken is perennial while the Dhasan has ephemeral tendency in the major part of its course. Most of the stream traversing in the area has their courses in rocky terrain with almost no alluvium or very thin sand cover even in their channels section, except along the Ken and Bharav where the alluvium is comparatively thicker.

The streams in the area exhibit large variation in the drainage pattern. Where as, the drainage is uncontrolled in the granitic terrain, litho logically and structurally controlled drainage is observed in the Vindhyaus, where the streams have calved out their courses in strike alignment through the soft rock unit. Parallel to sub parallel drainage is seen on the dip slope side of the Vindhyans and is especially well developed on the Rewa sandstones. Drainage in the Bijawar is mainly lithologically controlled and the streams have their courses through shales and limestone.

The Ken

The Ken flows to the north and Northeast along the eastern boundary of Chhatarpur district.The Northern course of the liver has cut a deep gorge across the panna range of the Vindhyan mountain. The river bed and the ban k expose massive sandstone and shales of the Vindhyans, and later the breccisses and limestone of the Pulkawau allcr which Ken flows 011 the lower plateau composed of Bundelkhaud granites and gneisses.

There are several tributaries of the Ken, Sonar, Burala, Shyamari, Khurar, Kutri, Urrnil, Lahrak and Koil which join the left bank of the river.

The Dhasan The Dhasan has a northerly course and forms the boundary with Tikamgarh district. It joins the Betwa in Uttar Pradesh. In its early course, the river flows through the Deccan traps and then crosses the Viudhyans, Bijawars and Bundelkhand granites before entering the alluvial plains. The main tributaries of the Dhasan are - Kather, Majrer, Tarper, Sharar which join the river.

Fig:5. Drainage Map ..

1.12. LAND USE, IRRIGATION, AND CROPPING PATTERN A perusal of the table above shown that almost 25 percent of the total geographical area is under forest cover. Nearly 61 % of the total geographical area is fit for cultivation. However only 70 percent of the total cultivable land is actually under cultivation. Net cultivated area is only about 43 percent of the geographical area.

A comparison between the land utilization in 1988 and 1996 is given below ill table 4. It is observed that the increase in net cultivated land over the last eight years is only 2.08 present.

Fig:6. Landuse Map

The area under various crops in the district is given below in Table Perusal of the table shows that Rabi crops predominate with nearly 57 percent of the gross cropped area being Rabi crops. Wheat is the major Rabi crop Area under pulse cultivation is equally high at 28 percent of gross cultivated area. Oil seed production makes use of nearly 21 percent of the gross cropped area.

Table: no-2 Irrigation Area & Crops

Block

Tube Well Well Tube Irrigated (Ha) Area Dug Well Irrigated (Ha) Area Ground Water Irrigated (Ha) Area Canal Irrigated (Ha) Area Pond Irrigated (Ha) Area Surface Water Irrigated (Ha) Area Crop Rabi (Wheat) (Ha) Area Crop Kharif Jwar, (Rice, Area Maize) (Ha) Badamalhera 9565 18699 28264 4532 811 5343 33163 213 Bijawar 2982 14814 17796 1057 1281 2338 17520 409 Baxwaha 7559 4894 12453 900 61 961 6696 464 Chhatarpur 1195 3291 4486 5454 1011 6465 30822 532 Gourihar 84 3660 3744 172 210 382 18365 12881 Loundi 435 13079 13514 2889 129 3018 15651 3880 Nowgaon 11897 8450 20347 270 - 270 22970 155 Rajnagar 210 40296 40506 6367 35 6402 39605 254 TOTAL 33927 107183 141110 21641 3538 25179 184792 18788

A cornparison of the recent data with those of 2013 table shows an increase of 184792 Ha till gross cultivated area over eight years period.an increase of nearly 5%. However au interesting scenario emerges from the data. A dear negative shift is seen in areas under wheat and rice, 2.65 ( %) respectively. A clear positive shill is seen in area under pulses (2.29 %) and strong positive shill ill oil seed cultivation 10.76%.

Chapter-2 DATA COLLECTION AND GENERATION

2.1 Hydrogeology (i) Aquifer System About 65% of the district is occupied by Bundelkhand granite in northern & north central part with a thin soil cover. The granite is pink in colour, medium to coarse grained porphyiatic in texture. It is very hard & compact with well developed joints. The joints are open at the surface and persist to about 20 m below land surface. However, beyond 45m these are very tight, thus restricting the storage and movement of ground water. The depth of weathering is as high as 20m in areas where the granite in coarse grained & well jointed. The granite country in the district is traversed by quartz reef and basic dykes. The basic dykes generally occupy topographic depression where as quartz reefs stand out as wall like structure. From the ground water important & act as surface water barriers leading to prominent surface water tanks and also act as ground water barriers Bundelkhand granites are overlain by the rocks of Bijawar beries.

The exposure of Bijawars triangular in shape and constitute about 15% of the south eastern part of the district. The vindhyans are exposed in the form of NE-SW trending strike ridges and alternating valley in the southern part of the district these occupy about 20% of the district areas represented by conglomerates, sandstone, shale and limestone in a sequence. Exposure of Deccan trap flows are seen in the south western extremity of the district. Alluvium is restricted mainly to the area along the ken and Dhasan on the left bank of ken it has maximum thickness of 30 m and along Dhasan, it has maximum thickness of 10m.

Ground water in granites occurs in joints, fractures planes and in weathered zone mostly under water table conditions and its occurrence is controlled by extent, size and interconnection of joints and degree of weathering which varies from place to place and under favourable conditions tube wells having discharge of 0.5 to 7.8 lps. Bijawar limestone, where Karst and well developed solution cavities are available are quite promising from ground water point of view. Vindhyan sandstone and limestone when occurring at lower deviation and having well developed joints, yield moderate amount of ground water generally below 3 lps. The semri limestone at places, has well developed and inter connected solution opening and ground water occurs under confined conditions. The yield recorded in vindhyans and Bijawar formation ranges from 1.8 lps to 9.5 lps( Table-7).

Ground water in the Deccan traps also occurs in the weathered mantle in joints and fracture under water table conditions and can sustain well having upto 2 lps discharge ground water in the alluvium also occurs under water table conditions. The grain size of Dhasan alluvium is coarser as compared to ken alluvium and thus Dhasan alluvium can sustain tube wells having discharge upto 15-20 lps and tube wells of ken alluvium have discharge in range of 10-15 lps (Fig. – 7).

Fig:7. Hydrogelogy Map

2.2. Ground water scenario (ii) Water Levels Water level data, including historical data are essential for not only to know the present ground water conditions but also for forecasting future trends in response to ground water reservoir operations. Using the water level data of 33 NHS monitoring wells, 425 NQUIM key wells data and 100 State monitoring wells of Chhatarpur districtas shown in Fig:8. Pre and post monsoon depth to water level maps are reproduced.

Pre Monsoon (May 2015) Pre-Monsoon depth to water level in the year 2015 range from 2.1 to 23.63 mbgl. Shallow water level (< 3.00 m) occurs north eastern and south eastern part of the district. The long term water level trend (1997-2015) shows declining trend ranges from 0.0015 to 0.64 m/year (Annual) water level fall is noticed in all block where a large scale withdrawal of ground water for irrigation purpose is observed (Fig-9).

Fig:8. Monitoring Well Location Map

Fig:9. DW Pre Monsoon Map

Post Monsoon November 2015. During post monsoon period, water level ranges from 0.89 to 12.8 mbgl shallow water level (< 5 mbgl) occurs in northern central & southern parts while deep water levels (12.8 mgl) observed in North West and past (Fig-10).

Fig:10. DW Post Monsoon Map

Fig:11 Ground Water Level Trend Map :

Fig 11 (a) :Maharajpur village, Nowgaon Block

Fig 11(b) :Issanagar village, Chhatarpur Block

2.3. Ground water Exploration:

CGWB has drilled 94 exploration borewells and 9 Piezometers (Fig. 12).On the basis of samples collected during drilling, lithologs have been prepared. The aquifer parameters are calculated on the basis of pumping tests. The salient details of the some of the drilled bore wells and piezometers is given in Table No 4 & 4a

Fig. 12: Exploratory wells location Map, Chhatarpur District

Table No :4 Salient Features of the Exploratory Wells Constructed Chhatarpur District during NAQUIM, CGWB, NCR, Bhopal

Zones Total tapped/ Fromation/ Aquifer SWL Discharge Name Latitude Longitude Block District Depth Fractures Material (mbgl) (lps) S (m) Encountered No (m)

Akona 24.8469 80.0419 Rajnagar Chhatarpur 200.1 12,121 Granite 24.12 0.14 indrawas nagar 1 2 Angore EW 25.2506 79.7178 Bijawar Chhatarpur 104.7 169-171 Granite 8.23 2.2

Bakshwaha 24.6614 79.3997 Bijawar Chhatarpur - Granite NA Negligible 3 251.20 4 Bamita EW 24.7664 79.8825 Rajnagar Chhatarpur 202.3 Granite 10.2 0.8

Bamni Ghat 24.6467 79.2678 Bada Malhara Chhatarpur 199.2 Nil Granite Dry Dry 5

Banianagar 24.9692 80.0614 Chhatarpur 201.3 22.50 6 Laundi (Moist) Granite NA Nil 7 Bhadator 24.2946 79.2375 Buxwaha Chhatarpur 68.1 Nil Sandstone & Shale - Abondoned 10-10.5, Bhagwan 24.5766 79.1729 Bada Malhara Chhatarpur 202.3 Granite NA Negligible 8 63.5-64.5

Bharath pura 24.6525 79.4503 Bijawar Chhatarpur 104.7 Granite - dry 9 10 Bharatpura 24.6525 79.4503 Bijawar Chhatarpur 5 - - - Abondoned Bhim Kund I 24.4383 79.3750 Buxwaha Chhatarpur 20.00 - - - Abondoned 11 (Bajna)

28.5-30, 31.5-34, 35- Bhim Kund II Shale & Limestone of 18 (after 24.4415 79.3764 Buxwaha Chhatarpur 86.10 38, 39-42, 14.6 (Bajna) Middle Bijawars casing) 43.7-54, 55- 56, 57-59 12 25

28.5-30, 31.5-34, 35- Bhim Kund III Shale & Limestone of 24.4416 79.3763 Buxwaha Chhatarpur 65.00 38, 39-42, 14.8 140 (Bajna) Middle Bijawars 43.7-54, 55- 56, 57-59 13 14 Bhiyatal 24.7786 79.9597 Rajnagar Chhatarpur 201.7 4 Granite 4.02 0.14

Bijawar EW 24.6378 79.4961 Bijawar Chhatarpur 196.2 Granite 15.3 2.3 15

132.9-136, Bokna I 24.7043 79.3434 Bada Malhara Chhatarpur 200.2 Granite 14.1 0.8 145.1-151.2 16 Chandrapura 25.3675 80.1868 Chhatarpur 17 Gaurihar 196.2 20 12 0.7 Chithari 19.2 Granite 0.35 25.2351 79.8984 Chhatarpur 18 Laundi 202.1 11 Devri Laundi 30.80-33.80 Granite & 64.30- 25.0144 80.0578 Chhatarpur 67.40 19 201.6 10 0.51 20 Dhamna 24.7664 80.0014 Rajnagar Chhatarpur 202.3 Granite 24.1 0.14

25.40- Shale & Limestone of Dhanguwan 24.4798 79.2167 Bada Malhara Chhatarpur 42.7 26.40, 14 15.1 Middle Bijawars 28.40-31.50 21 Dhawari 25.1 Granite 0.7 25.2772 80.0730 Chhatarpur 22 Gaurihar 202 12 Gahabara 19.2 25.2331 80.2086 Chhatarpur 23 Gaurihar 196.2 Granite 12 0.35 Gaurihar I - Granite NA Dry 25.2694 80.2020 Chhatarpur 24 Gaurihar 201.6

Gaurihar II 25.2711 80.2828 Chhatarpur 25 Gaurihar 200 6.1 Granite 5 0.51 26 Gulganj 79.4686 25.0856 Bijawar Chhatarpur 196.2 Granite 3.75 4.3 Kanjarpur 14.80 & 122 Granite (Kanchanpur) 25.0996 80.2130 Chhatarpur 27 Laundi 201.3 12 0.7 Kishanpura Laundi 140.6 NA 25.1869 79.9972 Chhatarpur 28 201.6 Granite 0.35 29 Mankari I 24.5919 79.3697 Bada Malhara Chhatarpur 202.2 11-14 Granite 6.12 Negligible Mankari II 24.5922 79.3719 Bada Malhara Chhatarpur 200 11-14 Granite 6.15 Negligible 30 (OW) Mohori Khurd Granite 0.35 25.1619 80.2690 Chhatarpur 18.20 & 31 Gaurihar 201.3 131.10 18 Muderi 25.1114 80.0613 Chhatarpur 32 Laundi 201.3 11 (Moist) Granite NA Nil 33 Pathariya 24.9494 79.9681 Rajnagar Chhatarpur 201.6 24.7 Granite 25.32 0.3 34 Pay 24.9086 79.8853 Rajnagar Chhatarpur 201.6 20,107 Granite 24 0.14 35 Pipat 24.6402 79.4914 Bijawar Chhatarpur 104.7 Granite 24.43 0.14 36 putri 24.9686 79.7989 Rajnagar Chhatarpur 200.1 Granite Negligible Ragauli 11.5 NA 25.1351 79.8819 Chhatarpur 37 Laundi 201.3 Weathered Granite 0.51 Rajapur 6.1 Granite 0.3 24.9909 80.0413 Chhatarpur 38 Laundi 201.3 18 39 Richhahi 24.8083 79.8250 Rajnagar Chhatarpur 195.9 Granite - Negligible Sanjay Nagar 25.1011 79.9432 Chhatarpur 11.50 40 Laundi 201.3 (Moist) Granite NA 0.3 Sidhpur Chandla 25.0653 80.1692 Chhatarpur 41 Laundi 201.3 6.1 Granite 14 0.51 42 Tattam 25.0467 79.8631 Rajnagar Chhatarpur 200.0 Granite 15 0.3

Length Thickne Depth Depth of of Fractured ss of Discharge Location Lattitude Longtude Block District Drilled the Well Cassing Encountered Aquifer SWL(m) weather (lps) (M) (m) lowered (m) ing (m) with dia S.No 43 Chhatarpur Chhatarp jila Panchayat 24.9059 79.5273 Chhatarpur ur 174.8 174.8 12.6 10-13.5 Granite 11.2 0.1

44 Chhatarp Sandstone Beharwara 24.4549 79.8157 Bijawar ur 129.6 129.6 5 6.5 105-107 /Shale 22 0.2

45 Chhatarp Barchon Loundy ur 201.3 201.3 11.2 12.1 18-21 Granite 20.2 0.2

46 Chhatarp Loundy 25.14119 80.0033 Loundy ur 200 200 17.7 18.2 17.6-19.30 Granite 11.35 0.1

47 Chhatarp 16.90- Indrapuri 25.2322 80.1323 Gourihar ur 200 200 18 18.2 17.70 Granite 12.13 0.2

48 24.2- Churiyari Chhatarp 27.1,16.9- EW 24.23 80.2358 Gourihar ur 200 25.7 26.35 119.9 Granite 14.1 2.8

49 37.6- Chhatarp 40.6,144.3- Nand 25.22 80.2948 Gourihar ur 200 200 24 24.5 147.40 Granite 15.1 0.3

50 Maharajpu Chhatarp r 25.0292 79.7097 Loundy ur 200.3 200.3 6 5.5 72.1-75.3 Granite 18.3 0.2

51 Bhachraw 24.5454 79.0416 Badamalhera Chhatarp 200.3 200.3 8 8.5 13.20- Granite 11 0.2 16.2,65- 28 | P a g e

ni ur 68.10

52 Ramtoria 24.4004 79.8157 Badamalhera Chhatarp 200.3 200.3 8.5 9.7 10.9- Granite 6.2 2.8 Ew ur 14,23.1- 26.2,44.5- 47.5,111.6- 114.6

53 Chhatarp Bamnora 24.4437 79.1097 200 200 5 7.8 0.05 Badamalhera ur 5 Granite

54 Chhatarp Meagr Niwar 24.2515 79.0723 Buxwaha 202.3 202.3 ur 5 Vindhiyan e

55 Chhatarp Ghugwara 24.2107 79.1377 Buxwaha 202.3 202.3 18.1 0.38 ur 9.8 9.8 Vindhiyan

56 Chhatarp JagaraEW 24.3490 79.3326 Buxwaha 202.3 202.3 3.3 4.3 ur 6 Vindhiyan

57 Chhatarp Ranital 24.5446 79.4107 Badamalhera ur 42

58 Chhatarp Lakhanwa 24.5200 79.2653 15 Badamalhera ur

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2.4 Hydrochemical of Chhatarpur District The water samples were collected from National Hydrograph Stations in clean double stopped poly ethylene bottles from 31 different locations of Chhatarpur district during May 2017. The pH of ground water of Chhatarpur district ranged in between 6.73 to 7.57 shows the ground water of the district is slightly acidic to alkaline in nature; the highest value of pH (7.57) has been observed in Sendpa dugwell.

The electrical conductivity of ground water in Chhatarpur district ranged between 396 to 1870 µS/cm at 25°C and the maximum EC value at Laundi (Lavkush Nagar) (1870 µS/cm at 25°C). The electrical conductivity shows that the ground water in Chhatarpur district is slightly to moderately saline in nature.

The fluoride concentration in Chhatarpur district ranged in between 0.30 to 1.35 mg/l. In the district, fluoride concentration has not been observed more than BIS recommendation of fluoride concentration in drinking water i.e. 1.5 mg/l and the maximum concentration of fluoride has been recorded in the dug well of Niwari1 i.e. 0.95 mg/l. In the district, nitrate concentration in ground water ranged in between 3 to 175 mg/l. The 71 % ground water samples recorded nitrate concentration within the acceptable limit of 45 mg/l and 29% water samples recorded more than 45 mg/l as per BIS recommendation. The nitrate concentration has been recorded more than 100 mg/l in ground water of Tatampur 9150 mg/l) and Ganj (175 mg/l). Total hardness of ground water in the study area ranged in between 110 to 795 mg/l. The maximum concentration have been observed in the dug well of Tatampur (645 mg/l), Laundi (Lavkush Nagar) (655 mg/l), Gaurihar (715 mg/l) and Chhatarpur (795 mg/l).

As per the piper diagram of district, water samples are Calcium Chloride (permanent hardness), Calcium Bi-carbonate (temporary hardness), Mixed Type (Calcium Magnesium Chloride) types of water. The US Salinity Diagram of Chhatarpur district shows the ground water is low to high salinity classes i.e. C2S1, and C3S1 classes and water should not be used for irrigation purpose unless proper soil management C3S1 class.

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2.5 Geophysical Survey Geophysical survey have been conducted in AP 2014-15 in parts of Chhatterpur district. In this study, surface geophysical method comprised of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), Gradient Resistivity Profiling (GRP) and Erath Resistivity Imaging (ERI) have been conducted. Electrical resistivity is one of the most sensitive geophysical methods for monitoring changes of electrical properties in the subsurface. It is very effective in determining depth to water saturated zone.

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2.5.1 Resistivity Sounding Resistivity sounding is a process by which the depth investigation is made. In this, the center of configuration is kept fixed and the measurements are made by successively increasing the electrode spacing. The apparent resistivity values obtained with increasing values of electrode separations are used to estimate the thickness and resistivities of the subsurface formations. In Schlumberger sounding arrangement all the four electrodes are kept in a line symmetrically over a point `0; with inner (Potential) electrodes kept closer. For increasing the depth of investigation the current electrodes A and B are moved apart symmetrically about the center point `0’ keeping the potential electrodes fixed. The separation between the Potential Electrodes is changed only when the potential between them drops to allow value during the course of sounding. The apparent resistivity for each electrode separation is calculated by multiplying the resistance `R’ by Schlumberger configuration factor.

In total Thirty VESs conducted. The locations of VESs are shown in figure ---. Coordinates of VES locations were obtained by GPS. Location details of VESs are given in table 3 Depending upon site conditions and the space available the maximum current electrode spacing (AB) of 200 to 600 m was kept. SSR MP Resistivity meter have been used for conducting the investigations.

Fig. 2: Location Map of VES conducted around Bhimkund in parts of Chhatterpur district.

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Table-3. Details of VES Conducted in Chhatterpur district, MP. Longitude Latitude ( in degree ( in degree Sl.No. Location VES No ERT No. decimal) decimal) 1 Bhimkund CBH-1 79.37472222 24.43855556 2 Malar Tigada CBH-2 79.38008333 24.39133333 3 Chopra CBH-3 79.39991667 24.45025 4 Rampura CBH-4 ERT-16 79.34811111 24.43361111 5 ERT-14, Arjunkund CBH-5 ERT-15 79.20713889 24.4565 6 Dhanguwa CBH-6 79.21655556 24.47869444 7 Lakhanwa CBH-7 ERT-8 79.26522222 24.51983333 8 Gandhi Nagar CBH-8 79.29525 24.51933333 9 Sarwa CBH-9 79.27272222 24.48544444 10 Patal Ganga CBH-10 ERT-19 79.25383333 24.43980556 11 Bada malhera CBH-11 79.31461111 24.57144444 12 Mankari CBH-12 ERT-1 79.37005556 24.59238889 13 Naya tal CBH-13 79.43219444 24.62602778 14 Bijawar CBH-14 79.49377778 24.6175 15 Tikri CBH-15 79.45488889 24.57325 16 Rani tal CBH-16 79.41113889 24.545 17 Bhujpura CBH-17 79.30980556 24.43355556 18 Sagar - 89 km CBH-18 79.25858333 24.41386111 19 Bakhswaha CBH-19 ERT-2 243947.8 792403.4 20 Angour CBH-20 ERT-3 24 46 48 79 2526.5 21 Dharguan CBH-21 ERT-6 24 25 45 79 15 56 22 Surajpura CBH-22 ERT-7 24 27 25 79 15 47 23 Karri CBH-23 ERT-9 24 29 09 79 19 27.7 24 ERT-11, Bhimkhund - ERT-12, Bajana CBH-24 ERT-13 24 26 34 79 22 30 25 Shoba CBH-25 ERT-17 24 24 27 79 23 06 26 Ranital CBH-26 ERT-18 24 32 40.4 79 24 38.5 27 Bhujpura CBH-27 ERT-20 242627.4 791839 28 Dhanguan-II CBH-28 ERT-4 242847.7 79130.4 29 Sadwa-II CBH-29 ERT-5 242912.3 791605 30 Badamalera-II CBH-30 ERT-10 24 33 05 79 18 29

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Table-4: Interpreted results of VES observed in Chhatterpur district.

S VES Layer Resistivity ohm-m Layer thickness (m) s No No.

p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 P6 P7 h1 h2 h3 h4 H5 H6 Total thickne s m 1 1 205 77 289 153 468 275 >8000 0.8 7.6 11.7 6.1 28.1 16.5 2 2 28 129 55 489 268 - - 1.2 3.7 10.6 60.2 - - 3 3 81 16 550 248 - - - 0.9 5.2 44.6 - - - 4 4 76 32 136 334 - - - 1.1 4.8 24.6 - - - 5 5 45 15 153 66 - - - 1.5 12.4 36.6 - - - 6 6 115 79 429 126 - - - 1.3 4.1 38.6 - - - 7 7 102 52 86 66 426 - - 1.8 7.8 41.3 8.2 - - 8 8 61 36 800 - - - - 1.5 2.6 - - - - 9 9 31 20 288 1200 - - - 1.3 5.9 36.1 - - - 10 10 750 538 226 2500 - - - 1.1 3.6 49.4 - - - 11 11 186 99 498 1266 - - - 1.3 2.6 26.8 - - - 12 12 36.5 22 629 - - - - 1.6 3.2 - - - - 13 13 17.6 9.6 888 - - - - 1.4 3.1 - - - - 14 14 324 112 635 524 - - - 1.2 16.6 73.2 - - - 15 15 311 92.6 225 - - - - 1.1 12.6 - - - - 16 16 225 103 228 - - - - 1.6 14.2 - - - - 17 17 20.5 36.2 24.1 882 - - - 1.2 2.6 7.3 - - - 18 18 77 38.2 66.4 18.4 228 - - 1.4 3.1 12.1 64.2 - - 19 19 208 26 180 3500 - - - 1.3 24.4 16.6 20 20 196 50 208 1700 1.0 16.3 10.4 21 21 28 16 56 2500 1.2 24.3 22.4 22 22 30 12 83 800 1.0 14.6 16.6 23 23 36 14 105 2400 1.2 24.8 20.6 24 24 28 10 26 650 1.6 24.2 36.4 25 25 68 23 106 2500 1.2 14.4 26.3 26 26 217 55 21 156 1.1 9.6 41.5 27 27 56 20 88 2200 1 16.6 21.3 28 28 48 106 38 860 1.0 11.5 18.6 29 29 106 24 88 2400 1.2 26.8 20.3 30 30 98 52 16 105 240 1.6 14.3 28.3 18.3

Gradient Resistivity Profiling: In gradient profiling, current electrodes are planted well apart, say 500 to 1200 m, and the central one-third space is scanned by a potential dipole of 10 to 20 m in length, at a station spacing of 5 to 10 m. Gradient measurements can also be made along closely spaced (50 m apart) parallel profiles within the central one-third space without changing the positions of the more distant current electrodes. In profiling, apparent resistivity values are plotted against stations on arithmetic graph paper.

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The center of the potential electrode spacing is the point of measurement for the gradient configurations. For the dipole-dipole configuration, the point of measurement is between the current and potential dipoles.

A gradient profile has been observed near Bhimkund and results are shown below.

Resistivity Imaging: Traditional resistivity surveys use four equidistant electrodes in a standard configuration. A low frequency current is applied across the outer electrodes and the voltage measured across the inner electrodes. The voltage is converted into a resistivity value representing average ground resistivity between the electrodes. Depth probes provide models of vertical variations in ground resistivity using an expanding electrode array offset from a central reference point.

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Depth penetration increases with wider electrode separation, providing a one dimensional layered resistivity model. Composite sections are produced by interpolating between depth probes at regular intervals along a survey line. Resistivity Imaging also known as resistivity tomography, is an advanced development of the method. Enhanced data quality and resolution provide continuous two-dimensional resistivity models. Fifty or more electrodes are set-out in a regularly spaced array, connected to a computer-controlled resistivity meter via multicore cables. Unit electrode spacing is determined by parameters that include profile length, desired resolution and targeted depth penetration. A switching unit takes a series of constant separation readings along the length of the electrode array. The separation between sampled electrodes is then widened to increase the effective depth penetration and the procedure is repeated automatically.

Figure below shows an example of the electrodes arrangement and measurements sequence for 2-D electrical imaging survey.

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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Mankari, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur The south – north tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 600 m was observed at village Mankari (24035’32.6” 79022’12.2”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. It falls in Survey of India topo sheet number 54 P/6. The profile tentatively lay along the east of Bara Malehra - Bijawer road in west of village. Profile orientation and location is shown in Google map fig. . The observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration. Sixty electrodes were placed along the profile line of 590 m with a unit electrode separation of 10 m. In total 741, 912 and 570 reading of measured apparent resistivity were recorded with minimum of 10 m and maximum of 195 m unit electrode separation with Wenner array. The observed data have been processed with RES2DINV software and the resistivity tomograms have been presented in figure --. The obtained pseudo sections are presenting the measured apparent resistivity values in a pictorial form, and as an initial guide for further quantitative interpretation of prevailing subsurface geological conditions beneath the profile line. It is observed that different arrays used to map the same region are giving rise to different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot for different depths.

The investigated location is occupied by Bundelkhand granite with thin soil cover. The depth to groundwater level varies from 3.5 to 7.0 mbgl during post and pre monsoon period. The study area comes under semi critical block. The groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) is 658 µS/cm. According to CGWB exploratory borehole 0-3 m top soil, 3-18 m weathered granite and 18 – 200 m hard and compact granite is present.

The correlation of borehole litholog with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered granite while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

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Mankari-Dipole-Dipole

Mankari- Schlumberger

Mankari – Wenner

Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Angour, Bijawar Block, Chhatterpur: The southwest – northeast tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m has been observed at village Angour (24044’45.34” 79025’26”) in Bijawar block of Chhatterpur district. It falls in Survey of India topo sheet number 54 P/6. The profile tentatively lay along the Sagar - Chhatterpur road in northeast of village. Profile orientation and location is shown in google map fig. .The observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration. Sixty electrodes were placed along the profile line with a unit electrode separation of 10 m. In total 741, 912 and 570 reading of measured apparent resistivity were recorded with minimum of 10 m and maximum of 195 m unit electrode separation with Wenner array. The observed data have been processed with RES2DINV software and the resistivity tomograms have been presented in figure --. The obtained pseudo sections are presenting the measured apparent resistivity values in a pictorial form, and as an initial guide for further quantitative interpretation of prevailing subsurface geological conditions beneath the profile line. It is observed that different arrays used to map the same region are giving rise to different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot for different depths.

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The investigated location is occupied by Bundelkhand granite with thin soil cover. The depth to groundwater level varies from 3.5 to 5.0 mbgl during post and pre monsoon period. The study area comes under semi critical block. The groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) is 700 µS/cm. The exploratory bore has yielded 3 lps discharge from deeper aquifer. According to CGWB exploratory borehole 0-3 m top soil, 3-18 m weathered granite and 18 – 200 m hard and compact granite is present.

The subsurface resistivity tomograms/sections (Figure-) clearly demonstrate the geoelectrical layer sequence along the profile beneath the ground. The different color contours represent the different lithological unit within a depth range of 105 m bgl. In general the resistivity of the subsurface geological formation along the 2-D image shows gradual increase in resistivity with depth from top to bottom (from 60 -m to >3000 -m). It appears from the subsurface geoelectrical profile that there is a low resistivity layer (20 ohm-m to 400 ohm-m) extending down to the depth of about 12-20 m bgl of profiles. It appears that this continuous geoelectrical layer in upper part of the section representing the top soil covers and weathered rock. The resistivity values of layer is indicative the low groundwater saturation in this layer. It is evident from the section that the deeper part of resistivity section is having higher range of resistivity which are almost continuous except southeastern part is comparatively more resistive. The significant observation of profile is presence of low resistivity zone at the deepest part of profile. Dipole-Dipole array have indicated some anomalous resistive zones in the central and corner part of section.

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Angour Dipole-Dipole

Angour Schlumberger

Angour- Wenner

Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Bakswaha, Bijawer Block, Chhatterpur: The southwest – northeast tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Bakswaha (24039’47.8” 79024’03.4”) in Bijawer block of Chhatterpur district. It falls in Survey of India topo sheet number 54 P/6. The profile tentatively laid in west of village and observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.

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Sixty electrodes were placed along the profile line with a unit electrode separation of 10 m. In total 741, 912 and 570 reading of measured apparent resistivity were recorded with minimum of 10 m unit electrode separation with Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger array respectively. The observed data have been processed with RES2DINV software and the resistivity tomograms have been presented in figure --. The obtained pseudo sections are presenting the measured apparent resistivity values in a pictorial form, and as an initial guide for further quantitative interpretation of prevailing subsurface geological conditions beneath the profile line. It is observed that different arrays used to map the same region are giving rise to different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot for different depths.

The subsurface resistivity tomograms/sections (Figure-) clearly demonstrate the geoelectrical layer sequence along the profile beneath the ground along the profile line. The different color contours represent the different lithological unit within a depth range of 105 m bgl. In general the resistivity of the subsurface geological formation along the 2-D image shows gradual increase in resistivity with depth from top to bottom (from 15 -m to >5000 -m). It appears from the subsurface geoelectrical profile that there is a low resistivity layer (15 ohm-m to 200 ohm-m) extending down to the depth of about 20 m bgl all along the profile line. This continuous geoelectrical layer in upper part of the section representing the top soil covers and weathered rock followed by weathered/fractured rock formation. In general, these zones are expected to be part of shallow aquifer/phreatic zones for groundwater in hard rock area. The resistivity values of this layer are indicative the modest water saturation in this layer.

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It is evident from the section that at the southwestern part of the image, in deeper part of resistivity section is indicating higher range of resistivity in comparison of northeastern part of section. However the variation in resistivity value is not uniform in nature. The southeastern part is having more resistivity (>5000 ohm-m) in comparison to northeastern part of section (<2000 ohm- m). Dipole-Dipole array have indicated some anomalous resistivity zones in the central part of the section within the 60 m depts. However Schlumberger and Wenner array is indicating the contact of two anomalous resistivity zone . The correlation of borehole litholog with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered granite while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

Bakswaha-Dipole-Dipole

Bakswaha- Schlumberger

Bakswaha- Wenner

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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Bhimkund, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur Three parallel east - west tending resistivity imaging profiles having the length of 590 m each were observed at Bhimkund (24026’31.4” 79022’31”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. pictorial form, and as an initial guide for further quantitative interpretation of prevailing subsurface geological conditions beneath the profile line. It is observed that different arrays used to map the same region are giving rise to different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot for different depths.

Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

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Bhimkund-P1-Dipole-Dipole

Bhimkund-P1- Schlumberger

Bhimkund-P1- Wenner

Bhimkund-P2-Dipole-Dipole

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Bhimkund-P2- Schlumberger

Bhimkund-P2- Wenner

Bhimkund-P3-Dipole-Dipole

Bhimkund-P3- Schlumberger

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Bhimkund-P3- Wenner

Resistivity Imaging Profile at Bara Malehra, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur The south – north tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at Bara Malehra (24033’05” 79018’29”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively laid along the Sagar - Chhatterpur road about 150 m in east of road and observations were made using the Wenner , dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.

The correlation of borehole litholog with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered granite/bijawer while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

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Bara Malehra-Dipole-Dipole

Bara Malehra - Schlumberger

Bara Malehra - Wenner

Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Dhanguwan, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur The west - east tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Dhanguwan (24028’47.7” 79013’0.4”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile laid in north of school campus and observations were made using the Wenner , dipole- dipole and Schlumberger configuration.

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The low to moderate resistivity layer is comprised of soil cover and cavernous limestone while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence. Dhanguwan -Dipole-Dipole

Dhanguwan - Schlumberger

Dhanguwan - Wenner

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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Darguwan, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur The south – north tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Darguwan (24025’45” 79015’56”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively lay along the Sagar - Chhatterpur road in west of road and observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.

However Schlumberger and Wenner array is indicating the compact resistivity zone. The correlation of borehole litholog with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and limestone formation while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

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Darguwan -Dipole-Dipole

Darguwan - Schlumberger

Darguwan - Wenner

Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Lakhanwa, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur The southeast – northwest tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Lakhanwa (24031’15” 79015’43”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively laid in west of village and observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.

This geoelectrical layer in upper part of the section representing the top soil covers and weathered rock followed by weathered/fractured/cavernous rock formation. In general, these zones are expected to be part of shallow aquifer/phreatic zones for groundwater in hard rock area. The resistivity values of this layer are indicating good water saturation in this layer.

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It is evident from the section that at the northwestern part of the image, in deeper part of resistivity section is indicating higher range of resistivity in comparison of southeastern part of section. However the variation in resistivity value is not uniform in nature. The correlation of hydrogeological situation with resistivity values of resistivity tomograms indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and cavernous limestone while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

Lakhanwa-Dipole-Dipole

Lakhanwa - Schlumberger

Lakhanwa - Wenner

Resistivity Imaging Profile at Patal Ganga, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur The southeast – northwest tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at Patal Ganga (24026’23” 79015’15”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively laid very close to Patal Ganga caves and observations were made using the Wenner , dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration. Sixty electrodes were placed along the profile line with a unit electrode separation of 10 m.

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Patal Ganga-Dipole-Dipole

Patal Ganga - Schlumberger

Patal Ganga - Wenner

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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Rampura, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur The southeast – northwest tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Rampura (24026’11” 79020’46”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively laid in north of Bhimkund road in northeast of village and observations were made using the Wenner , dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.

The correlation of borehole litholog with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered granite while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact limestone/granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

Rampura-Dipole-Dipole

Rampura - Schlumberger

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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Sadwa, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur: The south – north tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Sadwa (24029’12.3” 79016’05”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively laid in northwest of Sagar – Chhatterpur road in nortwest of village and observations were made using the Wenner , dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.

The correlation of hydrogeological information with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered/cavernous limestone while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

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Sadwa-Dipole-Dipole

Sadwa – Schlumberger

Sadwa - Wenner

Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Ranital, Bijawer Block, Chhatterpur: The southwest – northeast tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Ranital (24032’40.4” 79024’38.5”) in Bijawer block of Chhatterpur district. The profile tentatively laid along the Bijawer-Bhimkund road in southwest of village and observations were made using the Wenner and Schlumberger configuration.

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Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

Rani Tal-Dipole-Dipole

Rani Tal – Schlumberger

Rani Tal - Wenner

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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Sobha, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur The northeast - southwest tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Sobha (24024’27” 79023’06”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhatterpur district. It is observed that different arrays used to map the same region are giving rise to different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot for different depths.

The correlation of hydrogeological information with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered hard while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact hard rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

Sobha-Dipole-Dipole

Sobha - Schlumberger

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Sobha – Wenner

Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Suajpura, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur The southwest – northeast tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Surajpura (24027’25” 79015’47”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district. The profile tentatively lay in west of Sagar – Chhatterpur road in north of village and observations were made using the Wenner, dipole-dipole and Schlumberger configuration.

This continuous geoelectrical layer in upper part of the section representing the top soil covers and weathered rock followed by weathered/fractured rock formation. In general, these zones are expected to be part of shallow aquifer/phreatic zones for groundwater in hard rock area. The resistivity values of this layer are indicative of good water saturation in this layer. However Schlumberger and Wenner array is indicating the anomalous resistivity zones at the corners and low resistivity zone in middle of profile. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

Surajpura-Dipole-Dipole

Surajpura – Schlumberger

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Surajpura - Wenner

Resistivity Imaging Profile at Arjunkund, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur Two parallel northwest - southeast tending resistivity imaging profiles having the length of 590 m each were observed at Arjunkund (24027’23” 79012’25”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhaterpur district.

Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

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Arjun kund-P1-Dipole-Dipole

Arjun kund-P1- Schlumberger

Arjun kund-P1- Wenner

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Arjun kund-P2-Dipole-Dipole

Arjun kund-P2-Schlumberger

Arjun kund-P2-Wenner

Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Karri, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur: The south – north tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Karri (24029’09” 79019’27.7”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhatterpur district.

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This continuous geoelectrical layer in upper part of the section representing the top soil covers and weathered rock followed by weathered/fractured rock formation. In general, these zones are expected to be part of shallow aquifer/phreatic zones for groundwater in hard rock area. The correlation of hydrogeological conditions with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered/cavernous limestone while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

Karri-Dipole-Dipole

Karri - Schlumberger

Karri - Wenner

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Resistivity Imaging Profile at Village Bhujpura, Bara Malehra Block, Chhatterpur: The southwest – northeast tending resistivity imaging profile having the length of 590 m was observed at village Bhujpura (24026’28.5” 79018’36.1”) in Bara Malehra block of Chhatterpur district.

It is evident from the section that at the deeper part of resistivity section is indicating higher range of resistivity however the variation in resistivity value is not uniform in nature. The correlation of hydrogeological information with resistivity value indicate that the upper part of profile having low to moderate resistivity is comprised of soil cover and weathered/cavernous limestone while the bottom portion of profile indicates the presence of high resistivity layer representing the compact granite rock. Over all the profile overview that the subsurface layers are not homogeneous and representing the heterogeneous geological layer sequence.

Bhujpura - Wenner

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Discussions The pseudo section and inversion models are useful means of presenting the measured apparent resistivity values in a pictorial form, and as an initial guide for further quantitative interpretation. Different arrays used to map the same region have given different contour shapes in the pseudo section plot. It has given an idea of the depth coverage that can be obtained with different arrays. The nearest available borehole litholog data are used to understand the interpretation of the resistivity pseudo sections. It is felt necessary to consider further exploratory geophysical results gathered from the surface with borehole log data. This will reduce the site characterization cost to pinpoint the most suitable locations for borehole drilling. The results obtained based on 2D inversion of field data and borehole information, were interpreted to determine the depth and extent of shallow bedrock, thickness of overburden, aquifer etc. The electrical imaging as shown in figures surprisingly showed that this area is further composed of partly saturated but compacted materials that gave rise to a high resistivity value of 433 Ωm and 2261 Ωm in the top layer. The electrical resistivity inverse model of the same profile showed some areas of high resistivity zones in the overburden probably due to compactness and cavity. However this may have also contributed to high resistivity values in the overburden.

It is fact that dipole-dipole gives high resolution, but has the weakest signal. It is used when the highest resolution is required. Schlumberger does not have as high resolution as dipole-dipole but has stronger signal. It is used in case of electrically noisy conditions which is often the case under low resistive conditions such as landfills and environmental sites. Wenner has poor lateral resolution, but has the strongest signal. It is used as a last resort, or if you are mapping basically horizontal layers. The general results show that 2D ERT image and borehole litholog show the same anomalies. Thus, the results show good agreement and correlation between the 2D electrical imaging surveys results and borehole drilling. Various anomalies probably reflect cavities distributed in the limestone. Moreover, linear changes in the resistivity distribution that are obvious in profile are probably related to contacts between the hard limestone and the marl as well as other linear structures.

Twenty resistivity imaging profiles were observed with 590 m spread length and 10 m electrode spacing using 60 electrodes. At most of profile Wenner, Dipole-Dipole and Wenner- Schlumberger configurations have been used. The Geomative resistivity imaging system of Govt. of Madhya Pradesh has been used for acquiring the imaging data. The data have been processed and analyzed with software Res2dinv/ Res3dinv. The processed data demonstrated the lithological changes in terms of resistivity laterally as well as vertically down to the maximum depths of 105 m bgl for profile lengths of 590 m. Available wells data, geological and hydrogeological information were used to help in the interpretation of the resistivity tomograms. Analysis and interpretation of resistivity imaging data and its correlations with borehole lithology conclude that the method is helpful in delineation of cavities in lime stone formation and also useful in pinpointing the exploratory borehole sites in granitic rock formation.

Resistivity tomograms of the profiles indicated remarkably the different geo-stratigraphic units of Bijawer and the granitic aquifer system. The high potential area was found to be located in the central part of the investigated area. The drilled borewells show logical match between the 2-D resistivity tomograms and lithology of boreholes.

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It is observed that surrounding Bhimkund carbonate rock is mainly composed of calcite or aragonite and dolostone. It is observed that at places calcite have been either dissolved by groundwater or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several prevailed factors including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. It is noticed that the Karst topography and caves have been developed in carbonate rocks of the area due to their solubility in dilute acidic groundwater. It may happen that cooling of groundwater or mixing of different groundwater may have also created favorable conditions in forming cavities and caves.

Where ever the carbonate rocks are exposed at land surface in the area, solution activities have created karst topography, characterized by little surface drainage as well as by sinkholes, blind valleys, sinking streams, etc.

Large numbers of surface and subsurface cavities and caves have been noticed in the investigated area.

It is observed that solution opening in carbonate rocks ranging from small cracks and widened joints to caverns that may be of few meters wide and hundreds to thousands of meters in length. These many solution cavities are able to store and transmit large quantities of water. Where they are saturated and have well-connected networks of solution openings yield large amounts of water to wells that penetrate the openings. The un dissolved rocks between the large openings are almost impermeable. It may be happening that natural groundwater recharge as well as cavities connections to the surface water bodies or drainages system may be source of water availability in cavities and caves.

It is found that in the area caverns and fractures form the complex paths for groundwater movement in multi aquifer system. Analysis and interpretation of resistivity imaging data and its correlations with borehole lithology indicate the uneven occurrence existence of saturated as well as dry limestone cavities surrounding the Bhimkund area.

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Chapter-3 DATA INTERPRETATION, INTEGRATION AND AQUIFER MAPPING

The lithological data collected from 94 CGWB Exploratory Borewells were studied, compiled and integrated as per Rockworks software format to prepare the 3-Dimensional Stratigraphic model and 2-Dimensional Cross section. From the 3-D Model and 2-D Section is presented in the fig 4 & 5 it has been interpreted that the major water bearing zones has been encountered in weathered/fractured basalts and fractured sandstone/shale formations.

3.1 3-D Lithological & 3-D Stratigraphic model A 3-Dimensional Lithological & Stratigraphic model was prepared for the Chhatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh after detailed analysis of the pre-existing and available bore-log data collected from the Basic Data Reports of CGWB. A comprehensive analysis was made as per lithology and stratigraphy of the area. The location details with RL values and their corresponding stratigraphic details as per the Rockworks format is provided in the Annexures- I and II.

The 3-D Model results showed that the region is dominantly occupied by Granite. The subsurface lithology has been broadly classified into Top soil/Unsaturated zone, underlain by Weathered Granite and Massive Granite which has been considered as shallow aquifer (upto a depth of 30 mts) and Deeper Aquifer (30-200) mts.

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Fig 13: 3-D Lithological Model of Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh

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3.2 Fence Diagram The Fence diagram was also prepared using the Rockworks software. The pattern for the Fence was chosen as such to cover the maximum portion of the region to represent the enhanced picture of the sub-surface as deciphered from the 3-D stratigraphic model. It has also been interpreted from the diagram that the shallow and deeper aquifers are not in connection to each other Fig 15: Fence Diagram, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh

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3.3 2-D Cross Section section of Chhatarpur District 2-Dimensional cross-section along the section line A-A’(Ramtoria–Bokna) ,B-B’(Kupia- Kurra) and C-C’(Dhaeani-Banianagar) (NE-SE), (E-W), (N-S) direction respectively covering the wells has been prepared using Rockworks. The cross-section shows that the shallow aquifer is not continuing for the whole region and occurs as narrow pinches in the northern portion of Chhatarpur. The deeper aquifers whereas, occurs throughout the section line and can be encountered at depth where fractures are present.

Fig. 16: 2-D Cross sections A-A’(Ramtoria–Bokna) ,B-B’(Kupia-Kurra) and C-C (Dhaeani-Banianagar), Chhatarpur District)

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Chapter-4 GROUND WATER RESOURCES

4.1 Dynamic Ground water Recourses: Chhatarpur district is underlain by Bundelkhand Granite, Bijawar Caverner Lime stone, Vindhyan Sandstone and Shale Basaltic lava flows of Deccan trap, and Alluvium. Dynamic ground water resources of the district have been estimated on block-wise basis. Out of 8687.36 sq. km of geographical area, 7904.34 (90.98%) is ground water recharge worthy area and 783.02 sq. km is forest and hilly area ((9.02%).

There are eight assessment units (block) in the district out of which 3 blocks fall under safe category namely Bijawar,Gourihar and Loundi. Five blocks comes under semi- critical category with stage of ground water development being Badamalhera 75.57%, Buxwaha 81.9%, Chhatarpur 91.73%, Nowgoan 87.44% and Rajnagar73.31%.

The net ground water availability in the district is 795.07 MCM and ground water draft for all uses is 500.22 MCM, making stage of ground water development to 62.92% as a whole for the district. Table 7 shows the Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment estimated by CGWB for the year 2013.

4.2 Static Ground Water recourses:

The Ground Water Resource of Chhatarpur District has also been calculated block- wise as an outcome of NAQUIM. The In-storage resource for the shallow aquifer below zone of fluctuation (upto 30 mbgl) is computed to be around 240.91MCM. The static resource for the deeper aquifer (30-200 mbgl) is computed as 89.71MCM.

4.3 Ground water Draft: The draft of dug well and tube well has been calculated separately to assess the ground water draft for irrigation from shallow and deeper aquifers that accounts to 450.96MCM and 17.296MCM respectively. The block-wise ground water resources and draft as an outcome of NAQUIM is presented in the Table no 8.

Table 7: Dynamic Ground Water Resources (as on March 2013) Existing Gross Existing Allocation Existing Net Ground Ground Gross For Net Gross Water Stage of Water Ground Domestic Assessment Command Ground Ground Availability Ground Draft for Water & Unit / / Non Water Water for Future Water Domestic & Draft for Industrial District Command Availabilit Draft for Irrigation Developme Industrial All Uses in Water y in Ham Irrigation Development nt in % Water Ham Supply in in Ham in Ham Supply in Ham Ham Command 2065.37 134.87 46.73 181.60 57.40 1873.10 8.79 Non Badamalhara 7577.00 5294.16 431.89 5726.05 452.00 1830.84 75.57 Command Block 9642.37 5429.03 478.62 5907.65 509.40 3703.94 61.27 Total Non 11523.49 6613.10 317.92 6931.02 748.00 4162.39 60.15 Command Bijawar Block 11523.49 6613.10 317.92 6931.02 748.00 4162.39 60.15 Total Non 6965.70 5476.68 178.90 5655.58 414.00 1075.02 81.19 Command Buxwaha Block 6965.70 5476.68 178.90 5655.58 414.00 1075.02 81.19 Total Command 1950.08 241.61 89.76 331.37 124.63 1583.84 16.99 Non Chhatarpur 8765.71 7652.22 388.85 8041.07 692.54 420.95 91.73 Command Block 10715.79 7893.83 478.61 8372.44 817.17 2004.79 78.13 Total Command 2682.14 104.33 147.61 251.94 251.00 2326.81 9.39 Non Gourihar 5293.13 1107.86 250.54 1358.40 257.92 3927.35 25.66 Command Block 7975.27 1212.19 398.15 1610.34 508.92 6254.16 20.19 Total Command 1848.80 574.86 157.70 732.56 162.35 1111.59 39.62 Non Loundi 6743.53 4136.99 212.59 4349.58 218.85 2387.69 64.50 Command Block 8592.33 4711.85 370.29 5082.14 381.20 3499.28 59.15 Total Command 1909.36 306.18 51.11 357.29 58.10 1545.08 18.71 Non Nowgaon 7421.79 6050.27 439.31 6489.58 583.90 787.62 87.44 Command Block 9331.15 6356.45 490.42 6846.87 642.00 2332.70 73.38 Total Command 2723.03 574.86 215.95 790.81 222.32 1925.85 29.04 Non Rajnagar 12037.98 8558.14 267.31 8825.45 375.00 3104.84 73.31 Command Block 14761.01 9133.00 483.26 9616.26 597.32 5030.69 65.15 Total DISTRIC 79507.11 46826.13 3196.17 50022.30 4618.01 28062.97 62.92 T TOTAL

Table 8: Total Ground Water Resources (Outcome of NAQUIM)

Block Badamalhera Bijawar Buxwaha Chhatarpur Gourihar Loundi Nowgoan Rajnagar Total

Shallow Aquifer Dynamic Resources (MCM) 96.424 115.235 69.657 107.158 79.753 85.923 93.312 147.6101 795.07

In Storage (MCM) 21.077 35.531 34.060 26.610 31.529 32.514 19.370 34.014 240.91

Total Resources (MCM) 117.501 150.766 103.717 133.768 111.281 118.437 112.682 181.624 1029.77

Irrigation Draft 52.685 61.563 54.167 77.824 8.342 44.189 61.605 90.590 450.96

Domestic+ Industries Draft 4.786 3.179 1.789 4.786 3.9815 3.703 4.904 4.833 31.96

Deeper Aquifer

Static Resources (MCM) 10.830 26.383 10.28469 8.405 6.369 6.581 6.828 19.399 89.71

Irrigation GW Draft (MCM 1.60488 4.5684 0.5994 1.11456 3.78 2.92 1.95 0.734 17.296

Total GW Resources (MCM) 128.330 177.149 114.002 142.173 117.651 125.018 119.509 201.023 1119.49

Ground Water Irrigation 54.290 66.131 54.767 78.938 12.122 47.119 63.564 91.330 468.26 Draft (MCM)

Gross GW Draft (MCM) 59.077 69.310 56.556 83.724 16.103 50.821 68.469 96.163 500.22

Chapter-5 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES

5.1 Declining of water level The long-term water level trend analysis indicates mixed results. During premonsoon season, out of 39 Hydrograph Stations, more than 60 percent of the areas are showing declining trend (Fig. 17).

Similarly, during post-monsoon season, out of 39 stations more than 70 percent of the areas are showing falling trend in the district and all stations of Chhatarpur and Nowgoan blocks are showing depletion of water levels in the area.

Ground Water Resource Estimation also reveals that out of 8 Blocks of the district 5 Blocks have crossed 70% stage of ground water development. Non-command area of Banda falls in the semi-critical category and Chhatarpur blocks are Safe.

Over all stage of ground water development of the district is computed as 60.59%, which cautions for further uncontrolled withdrawal of ground water.

5.2 Ground water quality Excessive nitrate content is reported in the district at Maximum concentration at Satkhedi, Shagarh, Chhatarpur Dalpathpur,Hurra, Kesli, Khurai, Rehli. High nitrate content in ground water of these areas is perhaps from seepage of sewerage into ground water system of the area, causing local pollution and contamination of ground water.

The EC values higher than 1000 µS/cm has also been found at places in Chhatarpur district. Although the district does not faces salinity problems but the higher value of more than 2620 µS/chas been found at Khimlasa.

Fig 17: Hydrographs showing declining water level trend during Pre- monsoon and Post-Monsoon at sites Rehili and Bina, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh

Maharajpur village, Nowgaon Block

Issanagar village, Chhatarpur Block

Chapter-6 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Groundwater has been contributing more to agricultural wealth than surface irrigation since ages. Tube wells are now the largest source of irrigation in the country. Since this sector has almost no dependence on the government, it is growing at a rapid rate and it is estimated that one million wells are added every year (Shah and Deb, 2004). Being an individually managed source, ground water irrigation is also a more efficient form of irrigation, with crop yields per cubic meter of water being 1.2 to 3 times higher than surface irrigation. However, since this sector has grown through investment by individual farmers, with little state involvement compared to canal irrigation, government support for understanding this sector and improving its performance is negligible. The major issues for the future growth of groundwater irrigation are declining resource base, demand driven growth, and a lack of policy and regulatory framework. Since groundwater extraction is primarily driven by the needs of the population and the density of farmer population and not the quality of resource, groundwater irrigation is scaling up even in such hard rock areas causing irreversible depletion of the resource base (Shah and Deb, 2004). To warrant the current situation effective groundwater management strategies needs to be evolved.

6.1 District Ground Water Management Plan (Outcome of NAQUIM) Chhatarpur district has been facing problems of ground water exploitation which in turn are depleting the ground water resources in the area. This has led to evolve sustainable water conservation and management practices through an integrated approach. The ground water management plan for Chhatarpur district has been made keeping in view the area specific details and includes the strategies like enhancing the ground water resources through construction of artificial recharge structures such as percolation tanks, check dams/nala bunds, recharge shafts, etc. and ensuring water use efficiency through maintenance/ renovation of existing water bodies/water conservation structures. Also, adoption of micro- irrigation techniques such as sprinkler irrigation has been proposed, that would not only conserve ground water resources by reducing the draft, but would also increase the net cropping area thereby augmenting the agricultural economy of the district.

6.1.1 Supply Side Management Artificial recharge to ground water is one of the most efficient, scientifically proven and cost effective technology to mitigate the problems of over exploitation of ground water resources. The artificial recharge techniques simultaneously rejuvenates the depleted ground water storage, reduces the ground water quality problems and also improves the sustainability of wells in the affected areas.

The supply side management plan for Chhatarpur district has been formulated using the basic concepts of hydrogeology. Sub-surface storage is calculated by multiplying the total area with the respective specific yield (considering the variable lithology) and the unsaturated zone thickness obtained by subtracting 3 mts from the post-monsoon water level. The volume of ground water recharge generated through pre-existing rain water harvesting/water conservation structures is subtracted from the sub-surface storage to assess the available storage potential. Thus, the surface water requirement to completely saturate the sub-surface storage is obtained by multiplying a factor of 1.33 to available storage potential.

A runoff coefficient factor of 0.23 has been considered for Chhatarpur district to calculate the total surface water runoff, 30% of which accounts to the non-committed runoff which is available to sustain the proposed artificial recharge structures. Further, the number of structures has been calculated by allotting 35%, 20% and 35% of non-committed runoff to Percolation tanks, Recharge shafts/Tube wells and Nala bunds/Check dams/Cement Plugs respectively.

The remaining runoff is considered to restore the pre-existing village tanks, ponds and water conservation structures. A detailed calculation of the proposed artificial recharge structures is presented in the Table no. 12.

A financial outlay plan has also been chalked out, assuming the cost for the artificial recharge structures to be Rs. 20 lakhs each for percolation tanks, Rs. 10 lakhs each for Nala bunds/Check Dams/Cement Plugs, Rs. 5 lakhs each for Recharge shafts/Tube wells and Rs. 2 lakhs each for renovation of Village tanks/ponds/WCS. This accounts to a total of Rs.390.28 Crores to successfully implement the supply side management strategy. Table no. 13 represents the complete financial outlay plan for the district.

6.1.2 Demand Side Management Micro irrigation technologies such as drip and sprinkler systems are being increasingly promoted as technological solutions for achieving water conservation. micro- irrigation comprises two technologies—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both saves conveyance losses and improve water application efficiency by applying water near the root-zone of the plant Some benefits of the micro-irrigation have been listed below:

1. The increase in yield for different crops ranges from 27 per cent to 88 per cent and water saving ranges from 36 per cent to 68 per cent vis-à-vis conventional flow irrigation systems (Phansalker and Verma, 2005).

2. It enables farmers to grow crops which would not be possible under conventional systems since it can irrigate adequately with lower water quantities.

3. It saves costs of hired labour and other inputs like fertilizer.

4. It reduces the energy needs for pumping, thus reducing energy per ha of irrigation

because of its reduced water needs. However, overall energy needs of the agriculture sector may not get reduced because most farmers use the increased water efficiency to bring more area under irrigation.

Adoption of Sprinkler irrigation techniques would save 20% of gross ground water draft for irrigation. Also, the 60% of additional recharge created by construction of artificial recharge structures can be utilized to increase the total cropping area, thereby enhancing the productivity and economy of the district. A summarized table for the demand side management is given in the Table no. 14.

Table 9: Ground Water Management– Supply Side, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh

off) off) - off

- - -

Rainfall Rainfall (m) Area Km) (Sq Area suitable for recharge Km) (Sq Average post monsoon water level (m) Unsaturate (m) d zone Average SP (%) Yield Sub surface storage (mcm) Surface water required (mcm) Surface water (Run available (mcm) Non committed Run (mcm) Percolation tank Recharge shaft/ Tube well NB/ CP CD/ No Village ponds of Badamalhera 1.29 1082.35 894.00 6.05 3.05 0.015 40.90 54.40 270.59 81.18 41 82 286 163 BBlock

Bijawar 1.02 1590.43 1418.43 7.03 4.03 0.015 85.64 113.90 433.19 129.96 86 114 399 158

Baxwaha 0.81 900.33 791.13 6.77 3.77 0.015 44.74 59.50 225.08 67.52 45 89 313 123

Chhatarpur 0.74 1058.89 933.89 4.87 1.87 0.015 26.20 34.84 264.72 79.42 26 52 183 131

Gourihar 0.80 921.52 909.92 8.40 5.40 0.015 73.70 85.34 252.71 75.81 43 85 299 130

Loundi 1.02 841.81 822.61 6.91 3.91 0.015 48.25 64.17 210.45 63.14 48 96 338 145

Nowgaon 0.96 913.68 822.61 7.20 4.20 0.015 51.82 68.93 228.42 68.53 52 104 363 119

Rajnagar 0.92 1378.35 1310.75 5.61 2.61 0.015 51.32 68.25 344.59 103.38 51 103 359 114

Total 0.95 8687 7903 6.60 3.60 0.015 423 549 2230 669 423 845 2958 1083

Table 10: Financial Outlay Plan- Supply Side Management, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh

es) es)

cost (crores) (crores) cost Block Name Name Block AR Suitable for Area Volume of Surface Water (MCM) for available AR Volume required of for (MCM) recharge Water Proportionate water Surface for planning (MCM) AR Percolation (Nos) structure Tanks NB/ CD/ CP (Nos) structure (cror cost Recharge shaft/ (Nos) well structure Tube (crores) cost Renovation of (Nos) Ponds structure Village (crores) cost Total Cost crores of Rs. in Badamalhera 894 271 54.40 16.32 40 8.18 286 28.60 82 4.10 163 3.26 44.14

Bijawar 1418 398 83.20 24.96 85 17.13 399 39.90 114 5.70 158 3.16 65.89

Baxwaha 791 225 59.50 17.85 44 8.95 313 31.30 89 4.45 123 2.46 47.16

Chhatarpur 934 265 34.84 10.45 26 5.24 183 18.30 52 2.60 131 2.62 28.76

Gourihar 910 230 87.50 26.25 43 8.60 299 29.90 85 4.25 130 2.60 45.35

Loundi 823 210 64.17 19.25 48 9.65 338 33.80 96 4.80 145 2.90 51.15

Nowgaon 823 228 68.93 20.68 51 10.36 363 36.30 104 5.20 119 2.38 54.24

Rajnagar 1311 345 68.25 20.48 51 10.26 359 35.90 103 5.15 114 2.28 53.59

TOTAL 7903 2172 520.78 156.23 422 84.51 2958 295.80 845 36.25 1083 21.66 390.28

6.2 Post-Intervention Impact The expected outcome of the proposed interventions from both supply side and demand side has been described in Table no 15. It can be envisaged that the Stage of ground water development for the entire Chhatarpur district, would reduce to 53.74% as compared to the present stage of ground water development of 60.69% after implying and successful implementation of proposed interventions.

6.3 Block-wise Ground Water Management Plan (Outcome of NAQUIM) As per directions of Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India, Aquifer Management Plan for Chhatarpur district has been prepared block-wise. The plan for each block discusses the broad framework of ground water situation in the block, status of water availability (both surface and ground water), feasibility of artificial recharge and other water conservation structures and their numbers and cost estimates.

Table 11: Groundwater Management- Demand Side Management, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh Block Ground Water 50% of GW Irrigated Saving by Sprinkler in Irrigated Area Area (Sq.Km) MCM (Sq.Km)

Badamalhera 282.64 141.32 11.3056 Bijawar 177.96 88.98 7.1184 Baxwaha 124.53 62.265 4.9812 Chhatarpur 44.86 22.43 1.7944 Gourihar 37.44 18.72 1.4976 Loundi 135.14 67.57 5.4056 Nowgaon 203.47 101.735 8.1388 Rajnagar 405.06 202.53 16.2024 TOTAL 1411.10 705.55 56.444

Table 12: Post-Intervention Impact, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh

Block Net GW Gross Stage of Saving by Additional After After Draft after Additional Stage of Availabilit Draft Develop Sprinklar recharge intervention intervention sprinkler & area Developme y ment created by of AR of AR additional irrigated by nt W/O AR Structure Structure & area created GW after GW use Net GW utilization of for intervention for AvL. 60% of agriculture additional additional Area GW created. Irrigation

MCM MCM % MCM MCM MCM MCM MCM Sq.Km % Badamalhera 96.42 59.08 75.57 11.30 40.90 137.32 24.54 72.76 61.35 52.98 Bijawar 115.23 69.31 60.2 7.11 85.64 200.87 51.38 107.47 128.46 53.50 Baxwaha 69.66 56.56 81.1 4.98 44.74 114.40 26.84 72.45 67.11 63.33 Chhatarpur 107.16 83.72 91.73 1.79 26.20 133.35 15.72 83.65 39.29 62.73 Gourihar 79.75 16.10 25.66 1.49 73.70 153.46 44.22 57.90 110.56 37.73 Loundi 85.92 50.82 64.5 5.40 48.25 134.17 28.95 70.35 72.37 52.43 Nowgaon 93.31 68.47 87.44 8.13 51.82 145.14 31.09 86.85 77.74 59.84 Rajnagar 147.61 96.16 73.31 16.20 51.32 198.93 30.79 108.69 76.97 54.64 TOTAL 795.07 500.22 62.92 56.44 422.56 1217.63 253.54 660.11 633.84 54.21

6.3 Block wise Ground Water Management Plan MANAGEMENT PLAN BADAMALHERA BLOCK

Area in Sq Km 1082.35 Rainfall in m 1.294 Area Suitable for Recharge in Sq Km 894

Average Post Monsoon DTW in mbgl 6.05 Unsaturated Zone in m 3.05 Average Specific Yield in % 1.5

Sub Surface Storage Available (MCM) 40.90 Surface Water Required (MCM) 54.4

Runoff Available (MCM) 270.58 Non committed Runoff available (MCM) 81.17 No. of Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 82 No. of Pecolation tanks 41 No. of NB/CD/CP 286 No. of Village Ponds 163

MANAGEMENT PLAN BADAMALHERA BLOCK

Type of Structure Number Cost INR in Crores Percolation Tanks 41 8.18(Rs 20 Lakh Per Structure) Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 82 4.10(Rs Five Lakh Per Structure) NB/CD/CP 190 28.60(Rs 10 Lakh Per Structure) Renovation of Village Ponds 163 3.26(Rs two Lakh Per Structure) Total Cost 44.14 IMPACT

After Draft interventi after Stage of Additional on of AR sprinkler Developm area Additiona After Structure & ent W/O Net GW Stage of irrigated Gross Saving by l recharge intervention of & additional GW use Block Availabil Developm by GW Draft Sprinklar created AR Structure Net utilisation area for ity ent after by AR GW AvL. of 60% of created addidtion interventi additional for al Area on GW agricultur Irrigation created. e

MCM MCM % MCM MCM MCM MCM MCM Sq.Km % Badamalhera 96.42 59.08 75.57 11.30 40.90 137.32 24.54 72.76 61.35 52.98

MANAGEMENT PLAN BIJAWAR BLOCK

Area in Sq Km 1590.43 Rainfall in m 1.018 Area Suitable for Recharge in Sq Km 1418.4

Average Post Monsoon DTW in mbgl 7.03

Unsaturated Zone in m 4.03 Average Specific Yield in % 1.5

Sub Surface Storage Available (MCM) 85.64

Surface Water Required (MCM) 113.90

Runoff Available (MCM) 433.19 Non committed Runoff available (MCM) 129.96

No. of Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 114.00

No. of Pecolation tanks 84.64 No. of NB/CD/CP 399 No. of Village Ponds 158

MANAGEMENT PLAN Type of Structure Number Cost INR in Crores Percolation Tanks 85.64 17.13 (Rs 20 Lakh Per Stucture) Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 114 5.70(Rs Five Lakh Per Stucture) NB/CD/CP 399 39.90(Rs 10 Lakh Per Stucture) Renovation of Village Ponds 158 3.16(Rs two Lakh Per Stucture) Total Cost 44.81 IMPACT

After interventio n of AR Additional Stage of Structure & Draft after area Developmen After utilisation sprinkler & irrigated t W/O GW Additional intervention of 60% of additional by GW use for Stage of recharge of AR additional area created after additional Net GW Gross Developm Saving by created by Structure GW for interventio Area Block Availability Draft ent Sprinkler AR Net GW AvL. created. agriculture n Irrigation MCM MCM % MCM MCM MCM MCM MCM Sq.Km %

Bijawar 115.23 69.31 60.2 7.11 85.64 200.87 51.38 107.47 128.46 53.50

Management Plan Buxwaha Block

Area in Sq Km 900.4 Rainfall in m 0.806 Area Suitable for Recharge in Sq Km 791.1

Average Post Monsoon DTW in mbgl 6.77

Unsaturated Zone in m 3.77 Average Specific Yield in % 1.5

Sub Surface Storage Available (MCM) 44.7

Surface Water Required (MCM) 59.50

Runoff Available (MCM) 225.08 Non committed Runoff available (MCM) 67.52

No. of Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 89

No. of Pecolation tanks 44 No. of NB/CD/CP 313 No. of Village Ponds 123

Management Plan

Type of Structure Number Cost INR in Crores Percolation Tanks 44 8.95 (Rs 20 Lakh Per Stucture) Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 89 4.45(Rs Five Lakh Per Stucture) NB/CD/CP 313 31.30(Rs 10 Lakh Per Stucture) Renovation of Village Ponds 123 2.46(Rs two Lakh Per Stucture) Total Cost 47.16 IMPACT After Draft interventi after on of AR sprinkler Stage of Structure & Additiona Develop & additiona l area ment After utilisation l area irrigated W/O GW Additional intervention of 60% of created by GW use for Net GW Stage of recharge of AR additiona for after addidtion Availabi Gross Develop Saving by created by Structure Net l GW agricultur interventi al Area Block lity Draft ment Sprinklar AR GW AvL. created. e on Irrigation MCM MCM % MCM MCM MCM MCM MCM Sq.Km %

Baxwaha 69.66 56.56 81.1 4.98 44.74 114.40 26.84 72.45 67.11 63.33 91

Management Plan Chhatarpur Block

Area in Sq Km 1058.9 Rainfall in m 0.738 Area Suitable for Recharge in Sq Km 933.9

Average Post Monsoon DTW in mbgl 4.87

Unsaturated Zone in m 1.87 Average Specific Yield in % 1.5

Sub Surface Storage Available (MCM) 26.2

Surface Water Required (MCM) 34.84

Runoff Available (MCM) 264 Non committed Runoff available (MCM) 79.42

No. of Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 26

No. of Pecolation tanks 52 No. of NB/CD/CP 183 No. of Village Ponds 131

Management plan

Type of Structure Number Cost INR in Crores Percolation Tanks 26 5.24 (Rs 20 Lakh Per Stucture) Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 52 2.60(Rs Five Lakh Per Stucture) NB/CD/CP 183 18.3(Rs 10 Lakh Per Stucture) Renovation of Village Ponds 131 2.6(Rs two Lakh Per Stucture) Total Cost 28 IMPACT After Draft interventi after on of AR sprinkler Stage of Structure & Additiona Develop & additiona l area ment After utilisation l area irrigated W/O GW Additional intervention of 60% of created by GW use for Net GW Stage of recharge of AR additiona for after addidtion Availabi Gross Develop Saving by created by Structure Net l GW agricultur interventi al Area Block lity Draft ment Sprinklar AR GW AvL. created. e on Irrigation MCM MCM % MCM MCM MCM MCM MCM Sq.Km %

Chhatarpur 107.16 83.72 91.73 1.79 26.20 133.35 15.72 83.65 39.29 62.73

Management Plan Gourihar Block

Area in Sq Km 921.52 Rainfall in m 0.801 Area Suitable for Recharge in Sq Km 909.9

Average Post Monsoon DTW in mbgl 8.40

Unsaturated Zone in m 5.40 Average Specific Yield in % 1.5

Sub Surface Storage Available (MCM) 73.70

Surface Water Required (MCM) 85.34

Runoff Available (MCM) 252.71 Non committed Runoff available (MCM) 75.81

No. of Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 85

No. of Pecolation tanks 43 No. of NB/CD/CP 299 No. of Village Ponds 130

MANAGEMENT PLAN

Type of Structure Number Cost INR in Crores Percolation Tanks 43 8.60 (Rs 20 Lakh Per Stucture) Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 85 4.25(Rs Five Lakh Per Stucture) NB/CD/CP 299 29.90 (Rs 10 Lakh Per Stucture) Renovation of Village Ponds 130 2.6(Rs two Lakh Per Stucture) Total Cost Rs 46.35 IMPACT After Draft interventi after on of AR sprinkler Stage of Structure & Additiona Develop & additiona l area ment After utilisation l area irrigated W/O GW Additional intervention of 60% of created by GW use for Net GW Stage of recharge of AR additiona for after addidtion Availabi Gross Develop Saving by created by Structure Net l GW agricultur interventi al Area Block lity Draft ment Sprinklar AR GW AvL. created. e on Irrigation MCM MCM % MCM MCM MCM MCM MCM Sq.Km % 25.66 Gourihar 79.75 16.10 1.49 73.70 153.46 44.22 57.90 110.56 37.73 95

Management Plan Loundi Block

Area in Sq Km 841.8 Rainfall in m 1.02 Area Suitable for Recharge in Sq Km 822.6

Average Post Monsoon DTW in mbgl 6.91

Unsaturated Zone in m 3.91 Average Specific Yield in % 1.5

Sub Surface Storage Available (MCM) 48.2

Surface Water Required (MCM) 64.2

Runoff Available (MCM) 210.4 Non committed Runoff available (MCM) 63.1

No. of Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 96

No. of Pecolation tanks 48 No. of NB/CD/CP 338 No. of Village Ponds 145

MANAGEMENT PLAN Type of Structure Number Cost INR in Crores Percolation Tanks 48 9.65 (Rs 20 Lakh Per Stucture) Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 96 4.80(Rs Five Lakh Per Stucture) NB/CD/CP 338 33.80(Rs 10 Lakh Per Stucture) Renovation of Village Ponds 145 2.9(Rs two Lakh Per Stucture) Total Cost 51 IMPACT After Draft interventi after on of AR sprinkler Stage of Structure & Additiona Develop & additiona l area ment After utilisation l area irrigated W/O GW Additional intervention of 60% of created by GW use for Net GW Stage of recharge of AR additiona for after addidtion Availabi Gross Develop Saving by created by Structure Net l GW agricultur interventi al Area Block lity Draft ment Sprinklar AR GW AvL. created. e on Irrigation MCM MCM % MCM MCM MCM MCM MCM Sq.Km %

Loundi 85.92 50.82 64.5 5.40 48.25 134.17 28.95 70.35 72.37 52.43 97

Management Plan Nowgoan Block

Area in Sq Km 913.7 Rainfall in m 0.958 Area Suitable for Recharge in Sq Km 822.6

Average Post Monsoon DTW in mbgl 7.2

Unsaturated Zone in m 4.2 Average Specific Yield in % 1.5

Sub Surface Storage Available (MCM) 51.82

Surface Water Required (MCM) 68.93

Runoff Available (MCM) 228.4 Non committed Runoff available (MCM) 68.53

No. of Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 104

No. of Pecolation tanks 52 No. of NB/CD/CP 363 No. of Village Ponds 119

MANAGEMENT PLAN Type of Structure Number Cost INR in Crores Percolation Tanks 52 10.36 (Rs 20 Lakh Per Stucture) Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 104 35.20Rs Five Lakh Per Stucture) NB/CD/CP 363 36.30(Rs 10 Lakh Per Stucture) Renovation of Village Ponds 119 2.38(Rs two Lakh Per Stucture) Total Cost 54 IMPACT After Draft interventi after on of AR sprinkler Stage of Structure & Additiona Develop & additiona l area ment After utilisation l area irrigated W/O GW Additional intervention of 60% of created by GW use for Net GW Stage of recharge of AR additiona for after addidtion Availabi Gross Develop Saving by created by Structure Net l GW agricultur interventi al Area Block lity Draft ment Sprinklar AR GW AvL. created. e on Irrigation MCM MCM % MCM MCM MCM MCM MCM Sq.Km %

Nowgaon 93.31 68.47 87.44 8.13 51.82 145.14 31.09 86.85 77.74 59.84

Management Plan Rajnagar Block

Area in Sq Km 1378 Rainfall in m 0.923 Area Suitable for Recharge in Sq Km 1310.7

Average Post Monsoon DTW in mbgl 5.61

Unsaturated Zone in m 2.61 Average Specific Yield in % 1.5

Sub Surface Storage Available (MCM) 51.3

Surface Water Required (MCM) 68.2

Runoff Available (MCM) 344.5 Non committed Runoff available (MCM) 103

No. of Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 104

No. of Pecolation tanks 51 No. of NB/CD/CP 359 No. of Village Ponds 114

100

MANAGEMENT PLAN

Type of Structure Number Cost INR in Crores Percolation Tanks 51 10.36 (Rs 20 Lakh Per Stucture) Recharge Shaft/ Tube Wells 103 5.15(Rs Five Lakh Per Stucture) NB/CD/CP 359 35.90(Rs 10 Lakh Per Stucture) Renovation of Village Ponds 114 2.28(Rs two Lakh Per Stucture) Total Cost 53.59 IMPACT

Additio After nal intervention of Stage of Stage rechar After AR Structure & Draft after Additional Development Net of Saving ge intervention utilisation of sprinkler & area W/O GW use GW Devel by create of AR 60% of additional area irrigated by for Availa Gross opme Sprinkl d by Structure additional GW created for GW after addidtional Block bility Draft nt ar AR Net GW AvL. created. agriculture intervention Area Irrigation

MCM MCM % MCM MCM MCM MCM MCM Sq.Km % 147.6 Rajnagar 1 96.16 73.31 16.20 51.32 198.93 30.79 108.69 76.97 54.64

101

Chapter-7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

. Chhatarpur district occupies an area of 8687 sq km out of which the ground water recharge worthy area is 7904 sq. km. and the rest is covered by hilly and forest area.The major rivers flowing through the area includes the river Dhasan, Ken.

. The major part of the district is covered by the Deccan trap lava flows and in eastern part by Vindhayan sandstones.

. Chhatarpur district comprises of eleven blocks, namely Gourihar, Loundi, Nowgarn, Chhatarpur, Rajnagar, Bijawar, Badamalhera & Buxwaha.

. The phreatic aquifer is recharged during monsoon and sustains for 3 to 4 months.

. More stress on Groundwater, 85 % of irrigation carried out by Ground water and 15% of irrigation by surface water.

. Groundwater decline range is 0.10 to 0.20 m/year. More decline in Nowgaone, Chhatrpur, Rajnagar and Baxwaha Blocks Pre-Monsoon: 0. 13-0.17 m/yr, Post- Monsoon: 0. 09-0.20 m/yr

. Isolated pockets TDS- ranges from >500 to 3516 mg/l. Isolated pockets Nitrate ranges from >45 to 380 mg/l

. On the basis of the 94 Exploratory borewells drilled by CGWB, NCR under its Exploratory/NAQUIM program, it has been observed that the yield varies from meagre to 4.5 lps in Granite and meagre to 40 lps in Bijawar formation.

. As per the Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report (2013), the net ground water availability in the district is 795 MCM and ground water draft for all uses is 500 MCM, resulting the stage of ground water development to be 62.92 % as a whole for district. The Chhatarpur district falls under safe category.

. There are 3 (semi critical) out of 8 Blocks (73,78 & 81 % Stage of Development in Nowgaon, Chhatarpur and Baxwaha respectively.

. . After the implemented of project interventions in the report, the stage of development is expected to improve by 8% i.e. from 62.92% to 54.21% for the Chhatarpur district and additional area for the irrigation will be 63384Ha. 102

. As per the Management plan prepared under NAQUIM of all the Block of Chhatarpur District , a total number of 423 Percolation Tanks, 1266 Recharge Shafts/Tube wells and 2958 Nala Bunds/Check Dams/Cement Plugs have been proposed and financial expenditure is expected to be Rs 390.28 Crores in Chhatarpur District for sustainable development and management of ground water resources.

. The number of artificial recharge structure and financial estimation has been proposed based on the CGWB Master plan 2013. It may be differ from the field condition as well as changes in dynamic Ground water resources.

. It is also recommended implementation intervention would be three face fist face should be in above 70 % stage of Development of the Blocks.

103

Activities Carried out by CGWB

 Shri U. I. Pitale (GSI) carried out reconnaissance hydrogeological survey of Chhatarpur district during field season 1971-72.

 Shri A. Mukkerji (CGWB) carried out systematic hydrogeological survey around Buxwaha during 1984-85.

 Shri. R. N. Sharma (CGWB) Carried out systematic hydrogeological survey in parts of Bijawar & Rajnagar blocks during 1985-86.

 Shri Babu Nair, (CGWB) Carried out integrated ground water development & management studies during AAP 1998-99 in Gourihar, Loundi & Rajnagar blocks.

 Shri. A. K. Budhauliya (CGWB) carried out detailed hydrogeological investigation for hard core source finding villages for Kishangarh block in the year 2001.

 Shri. M.L. Parmar and Shri. Rakesh Singh attended contractual drilling operation in the district during year 2002- 2005.

Annexure I Total Bore File Easting Northing Elevation Depth Akona Akona 1009834 2757438 195 200.1 Amkheda Amkheda 945043 2766916 256 200 Amkhera Amkhera 944592 2766480 261.1 200.1 Angore Angore 947326 2743713 304.8 200.0 Bada Malhara Bada Malhara 935926 2724366 314.3 298.9 Bada Malhara Bada Malhara 934252 2724653 303.3 200 Bakshwaha Bakshwaha 945469 2734602 314.5 251.20 Bamita EW Bamita EW 994010 2747914 240.4 202.3 Bamni Ghat Bamni Ghat 932148 2732548 295 199.2 Bamnora Bamnora 916793 2709544 374.2 200 Bamnora Bamnora 916980 2709050 372.3 200 Bandha Bandha 935762 2730563 300.3 200 Bangaun EW Bangaun EW 959185 2775591 259.7 200 Banianagar Banianagar 1011303 2771087 169.6 201.3 Bardwaha Bardwaha 943391 2747484 292.5 202.3

104

Barethi EW Barethi EW 978068 2750901 272.7 200 Baxwaha Baxwaha 935340 2689523 478 200 Behariwara Behariwara 988453 2713103 474.4 132.8 Bhachrawni Bhachrawni 909548 2720619 333 200 Bhadator Bhadator 930275 2693398 451 68.1 Bhagwa Bhagwa 923001 2723685 310 200 Bhagwan Bhagwan 922764 2724477 306.6 202.3 Bharath pura Bharath pura 950589 2733812 364.8 200.0 Bhim Kund II (Bajna) Bhim Kund II (Bajna) 943882 2710132 414.8 86.10 Bhim Kund III Bhim Kund III (Bajna) 65.00 (Bajna) 943872 2710142 411.8 Bhiyatal Bhiyatal 1001784 2749550 226.9 201.7 Bijawar Bijawar 955286 2732355 349.7 200.0 Bokna Bokna 938881 2738834 273.2 52.05 Brijpura EW Brijpura EW 961599 2766539 286 200 Chandrapura Chandrapura 1022285 2815788 147 196.2 Chauka EW Chauka EW 956610 2754123 307 200 Chithari Chithari 993737 2799993 208.6 202.1 Churiyari Churiyari 1032086 2689687 474 200 Dargawan Dargawan 925775 2740168 315.3 200.3 Devri Devri 1010751 2776091 194 201.6 Dhamna Dhamna 1006060 2748351 215.2 202.3 Dhawari Dhawari 1011188 2805322 174.2 202 Gahabara Gahabara 1025066 2800952 153.4 196.2 Gangaich EW Gangaich EW 976484 2763283 255.3 200 Ganj Ganj 983018 2750336 256 200 Garda Garda 984274 2714269 496 200 Garroli Garroli 939379 2780592 211.7 202.3 Gaurihar I Gaurihar I 1024243 2804956 154.9 201.6 Gaurihar II Gaurihar II 1032393 2805464 124.4 200 Ghinochi Ghinochi 935659 2729327 304.7 245 Gughwara Gughwara 920406 2683784 489.3 202.3 Gulganj Gulganj 932234 2777865 239.9 196.2 Indarpuri Indarpuri 1021642 2792158 162.6 200 Jagara Jagara 939755 2699730 469.6 202.3 Jatashankar Jatashankar 960894 2720877 398.7 200 Kanjarpur (Kanchanpur) Kanjarpur (Kanchanpur) 1026085 2786147 174.9 201.3 karri karri 980416 2719691 365.3 200 Khajwa Khajwa 997756 2765242 206.3 200 Khandavra EW Khandavra EW 955727 2770538 273.3 200 Kherakalan Kherakalan 961473 2723951 346.3 200 105

Kishangarh Kishangarh 982593 2713744 496 200 Kishanpura Kishanpura 1003911 2795011 170.1 201.6 Kupia Kupia 969259 2732265 338 148 Kurra Kurra 937568 2750174 266.7 200 Lovkush nagar Lovkush nagar 1002963 2787840 196.3 200 Maharajpur EW Maharajpur EW 975491 2776458 244.3 200 Mankari I Mankari I 942673 2726795 331.6 202.2 Mankari II Mankari II 942895 2726835 327.3 200 Matguwan Matguwan 953362 2749529 311.1 200.1 Meharkaun Meharkaun 986877 2712504 461 200 Mohori Khurd Mohori Khurd 1031476 2793285 154.7 201.3 Muderi Muderi 1010701 2786872 203.7 201.3 Mungwari Mungwari 939115 2731435 294.7 268.4 Nainagri Nainagri 920536 2683524 490.7 200 Nand Nand 1042636 2691556 329.2 200 Nayagoan Nayagoan 955414 2741744 370 200 Nimani Nimani 942462 2701314 471.3 257.2 Niwar Niwar 913621 2688116 442.5 202.3 Nowgaon Nowgaon 946970 2779818 228 202.3 Nuna EW Nuna EW 964709 2780129 246.2 200 Padaria EW Padaria EW 968293 2748405 306.3 200 Pahargaon Pahargaon 948200 2759545 274.2 200.1 Pathada Pathada 943660 2744494 289.4 200.1 Pathariya Pathariya 1001943 2768540 190.1 201.6 Pay Pay 993727 2763707 217.3 201.6 Phutwari Phutwari 924156 2721751 330 300 Pipat Pipat 954843 2732551 345.6 200.0 putri putri 984746 2770054 229.2 200.1 Ragauli Ragauli 992475 2788833 209.8 201.3 Rajapur Rajapur 1009179 2773420 176.2 201.3 Ramtoria Ramtoria 988664 2707055 394.3 200 Rani Tal Rani Tal 947000 2721680 363.4 42 Richhahi Richhahi 988018 2752357 250.8 195.9 Sairara Sairara 918141 2682224 493 302.9 Sanjay Nagar Sanjay Nagar 998807 2785286 206.8 201.3 Sidhpur Chandla Sidhpur Chandla 1021803 2782169 189.3 201.3 Tatam Tatam 1004559 2668208 418 200 Tattam Tattam 990929 2778953 240.3 200 Transport Nagar Transport Nagar 200 (Chhaterpur) EW (Chhaterpur) EW 964783 2763900 301.1

106

Bore Depth1 Depth2 Lithology Angore 0 8 Highly Weathered Granite Angore 8 18 Weathered granite Angore 18 159.8 Massive granite Angore 159.8 172 Fractured granite Angore 172 200 Massive granite Bada Malhara 0.00 4.00 Highly Weathered Granite Bada Malhara 4.00 10.20 Massive granite Bada Malhara 10.20 16.30 Fractured granite Bada Malhara 16.30 298.90 Massive granite Bakshwaha EW 0.00 4.50 Highly Weathered Granite Bakshwaha EW 4.50 13.00 Weathered granite Bakshwaha EW 13.00 251.20 Massive granite Bamni Ghat EW 0.00 4.10 Highly Weathered Granite Bamni Ghat EW 4.10 10.10 Weathered granite Bamni Ghat EW 10.10 199.90 Massive granite Bamnora 0 3 Highly Weathered Granite Bamnora 3 31.5 Weathered granite Bamnora 31.5 129.1 Massive granite Bamnora 129.1 132.5 Fractured granite Bamnora 132.5 200.1 Massive granite Behariwara 0 3 Weathered Sandstone Behariwara 3 102.3 Massive sandstone Behariwara 102.3 132.8 Massive Shale Bhadator EW 0.00 4.10 Weathered Shale Bhadator EW 4.10 19.30 Weathered shale Bhadator EW 19.30 66.10 Weathered sandstone Bhagwan EW 0.00 4.50 Highly Weathered Granite Bhagwan EW 4.50 31.50 Weathered granite Bhagwan EW 31.50 62.00 Massive granite Bhagwan EW 62.00 65.00 Fractured granite Bhagwan EW 65.00 202.30 Massive granite Bharath pura 0 3 Highly Weathered Granite Bharath pura 3 9 Weathered granite Bharath pura 9 200 Massive granite Bhim Kund EW II 3.00 6.00 Weathered shale Bhim Kund EW II 6.00 25.40 Weathered sandstone Bhim Kund EW II 25.40 31.50 Weathered shale Bhim Kund EW II 31.50 40.60 Weathered sandstone Bhim Kund EW II 40.60 55.90 Massive limestone Bhim Kund EW II 55.90 58.90 Fractured limestone Bhim Kund EW II 58.90 86.40 Massive limestone Bhim Kund EW II 0.00 3.00 Weathered shale Bhim Kund EW III 3.00 6.00 Weathered shale

107

Bhim Kund EW III 6.00 25.40 Weathered sandstone

Bhim Kund EW III 25.40 31.50 Weathered shale Bhim Kund EW III 31.50 40.60 Weathered sandstone Bhim Kund EW III 40.60 65.00 Fractured limestone Bijawar 0 8 Highly Weathered Granite Bijawar 8 18 Weathered granite Bijawar 18 138 Massive granite Bijawar 138 166.5 Fractured granite Bijawar 166.5 200 Massive granite Bokna EW 0.00 3.00 Highly Weathered Granite Bokna EW 3.00 12.00 Weathered granite Bokna EW 12.00 120.00 Massive granite Bokna EW 120.00 151.00 Fractured granite Bokna EW 151.00 200.20 Massive granite Bokna OW 0.00 3.00 Highly Weathered Granite Bokna OW 3.00 12.00 Weathered granite Bokna OW 12.00 148.00 Massive granite Bokna OW 148.00 150.00 Fractured granite Dhanguwan EW 0.00 25.00 Weathered limestone Dhanguwan EW 25.00 42.70 Fractured limestone Ghinochi 0.00 4.00 Highly Weathered Granite Ghinochi 4.00 7.50 Weathered granite Ghinochi 7.50 245.00 Massive granite Kupia 0.00 4.00 Highly Weathered Granite Kupia 4.00 7.50 Weathered granite Kupia 7.50 23.00 Massive granite Kupia 23.00 26.00 Fractured granite Kupia 26.00 62.50 Massive granite Kupia 62.50 89.00 Fractured granite Kupia 89.00 100.00 Massive granite Kupia 100.00 105.00 Fractured granite Kupia 105.00 148.20 Massive granite Mankari EW I 0.00 4.10 Highly Weathered Granite Mankari EW I 4.10 17.10 Weathered granite Mankari EW I 17.10 202.20 Massive granite Mankari EW II 0.00 4.20 Highly Weathered Granite Mankari EW II 4.20 20.00 Weathered granite Mankari EW II 20.00 200.00 Massive granite Mungwari 0.00 4.00 Highly Weathered Granite Mungwari 4.00 13.20 Weathered granite Mungwari 13.20 268.40 Massive granite Nimani 0.00 4.00 Highly Weathered Granite Nimani 4.00 16.20 Weathered sandstone Nimani 16.20 31.50 Weathered shale

108

Nimani 31.50 46.70 Massive sandstone Nimani 46.70 257.20 Massive Shale Phutwari 0.00 4.00 Highly Weathered Granite Phutwari 4.00 128.10 Massive granite Phutwari 128.10 140.30 Fractured granite Phutwari 140.30 300.00 Massive granite Pipat 0 3 Highly Weathered Granite Pipat 3 30 Weathered granite Pipat 30 200 Massive granite Sairara 0.00 19.30 Weathered shale Sairara 19.30 49.80 Massive sandstone Sairara 49.80 128.10 Massive Shale Sairara 128.10 158.60 Massive sandstone Sairara 158.60 302.90 Massive Shale Gughwara 0.00 16.20 Weathered sandstone Gughwara 16.20 31.50 Massive Shale Gughwara 31.50 55.90 Massive sandstone Gughwara 55.90 74.20 Massive Shale Gughwara 74.20 202.30 Massive sandstone Niwar 0.00 10.10 Weathered sandstone Niwar 10.10 13.20 Massive Shale Niwar 13.20 19.20 Massive sandstone Niwar 19.20 22.30 Massive Shale Niwar 22.30 49.80 Massive sandstone Niwar 49.80 74.20 Massive Shale Niwar 74.20 150.40 Massive limestone Niwar 150.40 202.30 Massive sandstone Jagara 0.00 25.40 Weathered sandstone Jagara 25.40 49.80 Massive limestone Jagara 49.80 55.90 Massive sandstone Jagara 55.90 95.50 Massive limestone Jagara 95.50 144.3 Massive shale Jagara 141.3 202.3 Massive sandstone Rani Tal 0 6 Highly Weathered shale Rani Tal 6 42 massive shale Chauka EW 0 3 Highly Weathered Granite Chauka EW 3 6.1 Granite weathered Chauka EW 6.1 19.3 Granite fractured Chauka EW 19.3 202.3 Massive granite Gangaich EW 0 3.5 Highly Weathered Granite Gangaich EW 3.5 16 Granite weathered Gangaich EW 16 117 Massive granite Gangaich EW 117 171 Basic intrusion Gangaich EW 171 202.3 Massive granite Padaria EW 0 4 Highly Weathered Granite Padaria EW 4 12 Granite weathered Padaria EW 12 18.5 Granite fractured Padaria EW 18.5 177.9 Massive granite 109

Bangaun EW 0 5.5 Highly Weathered Granite Bangaun EW 5.5 11 Granite weathered Bangaun EW 11 41 Massive granite Bangaun EW 41 52 Granite fractured Bangaun EW 52 203.1 Massive granite Chhaterpur EW 0 1.5 Granite weathered Chhaterpur EW 1.5 14.5 Granite fractured Chhaterpur EW 14.5 202.3 Massive granite Khandavra EW 0 1.5 Highly Weathered Granite Khandavra EW 1.5 12 Granite weathered Khandavra EW 31.5 202.3 Massive granite Nuna EW 0 5.5 Granite weathered Nuna EW 5.5 202.3 Massive granite Maharajpur EW 0 1 Highly Weathered Granite Maharajpur EW 1 12 Granite weathered Maharajpur EW 12 202.3 Massive granite Garhi-Malhara EW 0 3 Highly Weathered Granite Garhi-Malhara EW 3 13.5 Granite fractured Garhi-Malhara EW 13.5 98 Massive granite Garhi-Malhara EW 98 104 Basic intrusion Garhi-Malhara EW 104 202.3 Massive granite Brijpura EW 0 7 highly weathered granite Brijpura EW 7 14 Granite weathered Brijpura EW 14 105 Massive granite Brijpura EW 105 105.9 Fractured granite Brijpura EW 105.9 145 Massive granite Brijpura EW 145 145.8 Fractured granite Barethi EW 0 6 highly weathered granite Barethi EW 6 16.5 Granite weathered Barethi EW 16.5 31.2 Massive granite Barethi EW 31.2 32.5 Fractured granite Barethi EW 32.5 200 Massive granite Chithari 0 12.2 highly weathered granite Chithari 12.2 19.2 Granite weathered Chithari 19.2 201.3 Massive granite Dhawari 0 6.1 highly weathered granite Dhawari 6.1 25.1 Massive granite Dhawari 25.1 25.6 Fractured granite Dhawari 25.6 201.3 Massive granite Gahbara 0 6.1 highly weathered granite Gahbara 6.1 19.2 Weathered granite Gahbara 19.2 201.3 Massive granite Chandrapura 0 6 highly weathered granite Chandrapura 6 27 Weathered granite Chandrapura 27 201.3 Massive granite Muderi 0 3.05 highly weathered granite Muderi 3.05 12.2 Weathered granite

110

Muderi 12.2 201.3 Massive granite Banianagar 0 6.1 highly weathered granite Banianagar 6.1 22.4 Weathered granite Banianagar 22.4 201.3 Massive granite Sanjaynagar 0 27.45 highly weathered granite Sanjaynagar 27.45 201.3 Massive granite Raghauli 0 3.05 Highly weathered granite Raghauli 3.05 201.3 Massive granite Kishanpura 0 30.5 weathered granite Kishanpura 30.5 146.1 Massive granite Kishanpura 146.1 147 Fractured granite Kishanpura 147 201.3 Massive granite Gaurihar I 0 6 highly weathered granite Gaurihar I 6 201.3 Massive granite Gaurihar II 0 12.2 highly weathered granite Gaurihar II 12.2 15.25 weathered granite Gaurihar II 15.25 201.3 Massive granite Devri 0 3.05 highly weathered granite Devri 3.05 9.15 weathered granite Devri 9.15 30.8 Massive granite Devri 30.8 33.8 Fractured granite Devri 33.8 64.3 Massive granite Devri 64.3 67.4 Fractured granite Devri 67.4 201.3 Massive granite Siddhpur_Chandla 0 9.15 highly weathered granite Siddhpur_Chandla 9.15 57.95 weathered granite Siddhpur_Chandla 57.95 201.3 Massive granite Rajapur 0 6.1 highly weathered granite Rajapur 6.1 12.2 weathered granite Rajapur 54.9 201.3 Massive granite Mohoi Khurd 0 6.1 highly weathered granite Mohoi Khurd 6.1 18.5 weathered granite Mohoi Khurd 18.5 131.1 Massive granite Mohoi Khurd 131.1 131.8 Fractured granite Mohoi Khurd 18.5 201.3 Massive granite Kanjarpur 0 6.1 highly weathered granite Kanjarpur 6.1 14.8 weathered granite Kanjarpur 14.8 122 Massive granite Kanjarpur 122 122.4 Fractured granite Kanjarpur 122.4 201.3 Massive granite Pathariya 0 6 highly weathered granite Pathariya 6 24 weathered Granite Pathariya 24.7 25.2 Fracture Granite Pathariya 25.2 100.2 Massive granite Pathariya 100.2 100.5 Fracture Granite Pathariya 100.5 131 Massive granite Pathariya 131 131.3 Fracture Granite Pathariya 12 200 Massive granite 111

pay 0 6 highly weathered granite pay 6 18.6 weathered Granite with clay pay 18.6 107 Massive granite pay 107 107.4 Fracture Granite pay 107.4 200 Massive granite Akona 0 6 highly weathered granite Akona 6 12 weathered Granite Akona 12 54 Massive granite Akona 54 60 Basic intrusion Akona 60 200 Massive granite Putri 0 6 highly weathered granite Putri 6 12 weathered Granite Putri 12 30 Massive granite Putri 30 42 Bsaltic intrution Putri 42 72 Massive granite Putri 72 81 Bsaltic intrution Putri 81 86 Massive granite Putri 86 90 Bsaltic intrution Putri 90 200 Massive granite Tattam 0 8 highly weathered granite Tattam 8 12 weartherdGranite Tattam 12 72 Massive granite Tattam 72 90 Basic intrution Tattam 90 200 Massive granite Dhamna 0 3 highly weathered granite Dhamna 3 15 weathered Granite with pink colour Dhamna 15 200 Massive granite Richhahi 0 6 highly weathered granite Richhahi 6 18 weathered Granite Richhahi 18 200 Massive granite Bamitha EW 0 6 highly weathered granite Bamitha EW 6 18 weathered Granite Bamitha EW 18 24.1 Fracture Granite Bamitha EW 24.1 200 Massive granite Ramtoria 0 3 highly weathered granite Ramtoria 3 24 weathered Granite Ramtoria 24 24.6 Fracture Granite Ramtoria 24.6 76.5 Massive granite Ramtoria 76.5 77.2 Fracture Granite Ramtoria 76.5 113.1 Massive granite Ramtoria 113.1 113.1 Fracture Granite Ramtoria 113.9 200 Massive granite Bhachrawni 0 6.4 highly weathered granite Bhachrawni 6.4 12.5 Granite, weathered Bhachrawni 12.5 200.1 Massive granite Bardwaha 0 12 Weatherd Granite Bardwaha 12 58.2 Massive Granite Bardwaha 58.2 58.3 Fracture Granite 112

Bardwaha 58.3 202.3 Massive Granite Pathada 0 8 Weatherd Granite Pathada 8 53.8 Massive Granite Pathada 53.8 54.7 Fracture Granite Pathada 54.7 78.2 Massive Granite Pathada 78.2 79 Fracture Granite Pathada 79 200.1 Massive Granite Matguwan 0 12 Weatherd Granite Matguwan 12 200.1 Massive Granite Amkhera 0 9 Weatherd Granite Amkhera 9 77.3 Massive Granite Amkhera 77.3 78 Fracture Granite Amkhera 78 200.1 Massive Granite Pahargaon 0 9 Weatherd Granite Pahargaon 9 140.5 Massive Granite Pahargaon 140.5 141 Fracture Granite Pahargaon 141 200.1 Massive Granite Gulganj 0 3 Highly Weathered Granite Gulganj 3 17.2 Weathered granite Gulganj 31.5 129.1 Massive granite Gulganj 142.1 142.8 Fractured granite Gulganj 132.5 200.1 Massive granite Bhiyatal 0 6.4 Highly Weathered Granite Bhiyatal 6.4 8.3 Weathered granite Bhiyatal 8.3 200.1 Massive granite Nowgaon 0 3 Highly Weathered Granite Nowgaon 3 10.6 Weathered granite Nowgaon 10.6 44.7 Massive granite Nowgaon 44.7 45.1 Fractured granite Nowgaon 45.1 202.3 Massive granite Garroli 0 3 Highly Weathered Granite Garroli 3 10.6 Weathered granite Garroli 10.6 43.7 Massive granite Garroli 43.7 44.2 Fractured granite Garroli 45.1 86.4 Massive granite Garroli 86.4 89.1 Fractured granite Garroli 89.1 202.3 Massive granite Lovkush nagar 0 7.8 highly weathered granite Lovkush nagar 7.8 17.6 Weathered granite Lovkush nagar 17.6 200 Massive granite Indarpuri 0 4.7 highly weathered granite Indarpuri 4.7 19.3 Weathered granite Indarpuri 19.3 27.8 Massive granite Indarpuri 27.8 31.5 Fractured granite Indarpuri 31.5 200 Massive granite Churiyari 0 7.8 highly weathered granite Churiyari 7.8 23 Weathered granite Churiyari 23 116.9 Massive granite 113

Churiyari 116.9 117.6 Fractured granite Churiyari 11.6 200 Massive granite Nand 0 10.8 highly weathered granite Nand 10.8 20 Weathered granite Nand 20 37.6 Massive granite Nand 37.6 38.4 Fractured granite Nand 38.4 144.3 Massive granite Nand 144.3 145.1 Fractured granite Nand 145.1 200 Massive granite Bandha 0 9 highly weathered granite Bandha 9 14 Weathered granite Bandha 14 84 Massive granite Bandha 84 84.8 Fractured granite Bandha 84.8 192.54 Massive granite Nainagri 0 6 highly weathered granite Nainagri 6 14.5 Weathered granite Nainagri 14.5 200 Massive granite Bamnora 0 4.8 highly weathered granite Bamnora 4.8 14 Weathered granite Bamnora 14 28 Massive granite Bamnora 28 29 Fractured granite Bamnora 29 64 Massive granite Bamnora 64 64.8 Fractured granite Bamnora 64.8 183.4 Massive granite Kherakalan 0 4.3 highly weathered granite Kherakalan 4.3 15.3 Weathered granite Kherakalan 15.3 33.5 Massive granite Kherakalan 33.5 34.2 Fractured granite Kherakalan 34.2 190.32 Massive granite Nayagoan 0 6 highly weathered granite Nayagoan 6 13 Weathered granite Nayagoan 13 192.54 Massive granite Garda 0 6.4 highly weathered granite Garda 6.4 15.2 Weathered granite Garda 15.2 200 Massive granite Amkheda 1 4 highly weathered granite Amkheda 4 14 Weathered granite Amkheda 14 160 Massive granite Ganj 0 9.5 highly weathered granite Ganj 9.5 14 Weathered granite Ganj 14 200 Massive granite Kurra 0 6.4 highly weathered granite Kurra 6.4 17 Weathered granite Kurra 17 200 Massive granite Bhagwa 0 7.45 highly weathered granite Bhagwa 7.45 14.3 Weathered granite Bhagwa 14.3 44 Massive granite Bhagwa 44 44.7 Fractured granite 114

Bhagwa 44.7 60 Massive granite Bhagwa 60 60.6 Fractured granite Bhagwa 60.6 94.28 Massive granite Bhagwa 94.28 95.11 Fractured granite Bhagwa 95.11 101.4 Massive granite Jatashankar 0 6 Highly Weathered shale Jatashankar 6 21 Weathered shale Jatashankar 21 29 Massive Shale Jatashankar 29 30.1 Fractured Shale Jatashankar 30.1 200 Massive sandstone karri 0 6 Highly Weathered shale karri 6 15 Weathered shale karri 15 142 Massive Shale karri 142 143.1 Fractured Shale karri 143.1 200 Massive sandstone Khajwa 0 6 highly weathered granite Khajwa 6 14.7 Weathered granite Khajwa 14.7 46 Massive granite Khajwa 46 46.8 Fractured granite Khajwa 46.8 96 Massive granite Khajwa 96 96.6 Fractured granite Khajwa 96.6 200 Massive granite Kishangarh 0 15 Weathered Sandstone Kishangarh 15 126 Massive sandstone Kishangarh 126 200 Massive Shale Meharkaun 0 6 highly weathered granite Meharkaun 6 12 Weathered granite Meharkaun 12 67 Massive granite Meharkaun 67 68.84 Fractured granite Meharkaun 68.84 68.84 Massive granite Tatam 0 6 highly weathered granite Tatam 6 21 Weathered granite Tatam 21 40 Massive granite Tatam 40 41 Fractured granite Tatam 41 167 Massive granite Tatam 167 167.9 Fractured granite Tatam 167.9 200 Massive granite Bada Malhara 0 9 highly weathered granite Bada Malhara 9 14 Weathered granite Bada Malhara 14 30 Massive granite Bada Malhara 30 30.8 Fractured granite Bada Malhara 30.8 149 Massive granite Bada Malhara 149 149.7 Fractured granite Bada Malhara 149.7 200 Massive granite Baxwaha 0 6.4 highly weathered granite Baxwaha 6.4 14 Weathered granite Baxwaha 14 32 Massive granite Baxwaha 32 32.8 Fractured granite 115

Baxwaha 30.8 66 Massive granite Baxwaha 66 66.7 Fractured granite Baxwaha 66.7 200 Massive granite

116