Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway

Home , Avinor, Fen Complex, Manger Church, NTNU University Museum, Siggerud, Western Gneiss Region

33rd Geological winter meeting

Number 1, 2019

Edited by: Hans Arne Nakrem and Ann Mari Husås www.geologi.no © Norsk Geologisk Forening (NGF) , 2019

ISBN: 978-82-8347-041-3

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings NGF Abstracts and Proceedings was first published in 2001. The objective of this series is to generate a common publishing channel of all scientific meetings held in Norway with a geological content.

Editors: Hans Arne Nakrem, UiO/NHM Ann Mari Husås, NGF

Orders to: Norsk Geologisk Forening c/o Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse N-7491 Trondheim, Norway E-mail: [email protected] www.geologi.no

Published by: Norsk Geologisk Forening c/o Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse N-7491 Trondheim, Norway E-mail: [email protected] www.geologi.no

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings Of the Geological Society of Norway

Number 1, 2019

Vinterkonferansen 2019

Bergen, January 7th-9th, 2019

Editors: Hans Arne Nakrem, UiO/NHM Ann Mari Husås

Conference committee:

Rune Berg-Larsen Larsen, NTNU (chairman) Christian Eide, UiB Elisabeth Femsteinevik, Faroe Petroleum Maarten Felix, NTNU Thorbjørn Kalland,Halliburton/UiB Axel Müller, UiO/NHM Hans Arne Nakrem, UiO/NHM Sylvia Nordfjord, Equinor Sabina Palinkas, UiT Israel Polonia, Lundin Norway Trond Slagstad, NGU Ann Mari Husås, Geological Society of Norway

Hovedtemaet på Vinterkonferansen i 2019 er Mineraler og metaller i grønne teknologier. Dette er et tidsriktig tema som berører store deler av geovitenskapene. Samtidig er det et paradoks at førende grønne teknologier som vind- og solcelle-parker, elbiler og gigantiske energibuffere, vil forårsake langt større inngrep i naturen enn de tradisjonelle energi- og transport-løsningene som dominerer dagens samfunn. Meng- den av geologiske råmaterialer som kreves for de grønne teknologiene er gigantiske. Konfliktnivået i forbindelse med etableringen av nye gruver, mineralprosesseringfasiliteter og storstilete infrastrukturløsninger vil derfor øke.

Som geovitere er et av våre viktige samfunnsoppdrag å endre fortellingen om gruveindustrien som en bransje som bare etterlater stygge sår i landskapet. Gruvedrift er en grønn industri og den er inne i en ri- vende utvikling. Om det ”Grønne skiftet” skal bli mer enn en håndfull vindmøller på Fosen-halvøya og flere Teslaer i kollektiv-feltet, da må den ekspandere i og utenfor Norge. Satt litt på spissen, så har Norge en internasjonal forpliktelse til å dele sine rike mineralske ressurser med resten av verden og fasilitere fossilfri energi og transportløsninger for fremtidige samfunn. Vi kan rett og slett være med å vise hvordan bære- kraftig mineralproduksjon kan komme hele samfunnet til gode.

Hovedtemaet i vinterkonferansen 2019 er Mineraler for neste generasjon, men tradisjonen tro har vi et bredt spektrum av faglige sesjoner. Ni sesjoner skal dekke hele det geofaglige spekteret og som en ny- kommer i 2019 har vi sesjonen Geologi i grenseland. Dette er et svært spennende tema som utforsker og dokumenterer det kompliserte samspillet mellom geovitenskapkultur og resten av samfunnet. Geologisk- teknologisk grensesnitt er en annen sesjon hvor vi bryter ned fagbarrierer og viser hvordan nye teknologier kan tilpasses geologiske utfordringer på land og på sokkelen.

Vi har invitert to hovedtalere (plenary speakers) til årets møte som profilerer årets tema og brøyter vei inn i nye territorier. Professor Daniel Beat Müller (NTNU) skal øke vår forståelse av konseptet sirkulær økonomi og den såkalte sosio-økonomiske metabolismen innen bruk og resirkulering av geologiske råstoffer i samspillet med resten av samfunnet. Professor Fernando Corfu (UiO) vil forelese om Kaledonidenes dannelse og utvikling, - et foredrag som ganske sikkert vil føre til mange friske diskusjoner med framsatte nye teo- rier.

Velkommen til vinterkonferansen 2019 i Bergen

Glück Auf

Rune B. Larsen The main theme of the winter conference in 2019 is Minerals and metals in green technologies. This is a contemporary theme, affecting large portions of the geosciences. At the same time, it is a paradox that leading green technologies such as wind and solar cell parks, electric cars and giant energy buffers, will cause much greater invasions in the geosphere and the biosphere t than the traditional energy and transportation solutions that dominate today's society. The amount of geological raw materials required for the green technologies is gigantic. The conflict level in connection with the creation of new mines, mineral processing facili- ties and large-scale infrastructure solutions will therefore increase.

As geoscientists, one of our important social enterprises is to change the story about mining as an industry leaving ugly wounds in the landscape. Mining Is a green industry, is in a rapid development and it is impera- tive to facilitate the Green Shift. If this Green Shift should be more than a handful of windmills on the Fosen peninsula and more Tesla’s In the car pool lane, it must expand throughout the World and Norway has an international commitment to share its rich mineral resources to accelerate Fossil-free energy and transport solutions for future societies. Our collective aim should be to show how sustainable mineral production can benefit everyone, with no environmental scars to the wilderness, neither on employees extracting and processing the raw materials nor the next generations of people.

The main theme of the 2019 winter conference is Minerals and metals in green technologies, but as always, we have a wide spectrum of sessions. Nine sessions will cover the whole Geoscience spectrum and as a newcomer in 2019 we also have a session baptized Geology for Society. This is a very intriguing theme where we will explore and document the complex interactions between Earth sciences – culture and the rest of the society. Geological-Technological interface is another interdisciplinary session where we demonstrate how new technologies can be adapted to geological challenges on land as well as in the oceans and reduce the costs and time of geological mapping with a hitherto unknown resolution.

We have invited two plenary speakers at this year's meeting that profiles the main theme and bring us into new territories. Professor Daniel Beat Müller (NTNU) should increase our understanding of the concept of the circular economy and the so-called socio-economic metabolism in the use and recycling of geological raw materials and the societal ramifications imposed by this value chain. Professor Fernando Corfu (UiO) will lecture over the state of the art of the Caledonian orogeny, its formation and tectonic division and will almost certainly animate to many fresh discussions sprouting from new terrain reconstructions of the Caledonides.

Welcome to the Winter Conference 2019 in Bergen.

Glück Auf

Rune B. Larsen Sponsors and supporters:

NGF gratefully acknowledges support from following:

Conference sponsors

Shell-award:

Conference exhibitors: Gass er i vinden som aldri før.

Anna Arteeva, Vind er et av våre satsingsområder, og vi ser store av gass, blant annet fra Equinor. Kombinasjonen av jobber med gass i Equinor. muligheter innenfor havvind. Flere vindparker står gass og vind bidro til at Storbritannia i 2017 hadde allerede ferdig og vi er i full gang med å se på de laveste CO2-utslippene siden den industrielle prosjekter i både Storbritannia, USA, Tyskland og revolusjon. Det handler om å finne riktig balanse Polen. Mulighetene synes enorme. Men hva skjer når mellom energiformene, på kort og lang sikt. det ikke blåser? Da trenger man andre energikilder som sikrer folk energien de trenger. Vi har store ambisjoner, og møter framtiden med optimisme. Og nytt navn. Storbritannia er et godt eksempel på dette. De satser stort på vindkraft. Samtidig er de helt avhengige equinor.com MondayJanuary7th Tuesday, January 8

09:00 Registration and posters up Room: Dragefjellet (2.etg) Room: Teatergaten (2.etg.) Room: Sydneshaugen (2.etg.) Room: Museplass (3.etg.) Room: Tårnplass (4.etg.) Room: Dragefjellet (2.etg) T3 Petroleum geoscience - T7 Geologisk-teknologisk Den norske fjellrekkens T1 Mineraler for neste T9 Geofarer / geohazards 10:00 Welcome, Janka Rom, President of NGF Norwegian Sea grensesnitt / Geological- opprinnelse generasjon / Minerals for 10:30 A systems approach for the monitoring of the physical economy, Daniel Muller technological interface the next generation 11:15 Brøgger award 11:45 Lunch Room: Dragefjellet (2.etg) Room: Teatergaten (2.etg.) Room: Sydneshaugen (2.etg.) Room: Museplass (3.etg.) Room: Tårnplass (4.etg.) 08:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation T3 Petroleum geoscience - T8 Sedimentologi . T6 Berggrunns-geologi og T1 Mineraler for neste T4 Kvartær geologi / 09:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Barents Sea Stratigrafi og klima / geodynamikk / Bedrock generasjon / Minerals for Quarternary Geology 09:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Sedimentology - Geology and geodynamics the next generation 09:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Stratigraphy and climate 10:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 10:20 Coffe break 12:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation T3 Petroleum geoscience, T8 Sedimentologi . Den norske fjellrekkens T1 Mineraler for neste T9 Geofarer / geohazards 13:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Norwegian Sea Stratigrafi og klima / opprinnelse generasjon / Minerals for 13:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Sedimentology - the next generation 13:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Stratigraphy and climate - 14:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Karst 14:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 10:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 14:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 11:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 15:00 Coffee break 11:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation T3 Petroleum geoscience - T8 Sedimentologi . T6 Berggrunns-geologi og T1 Mineraler for neste T4 Kvartær geologi / 11:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Barents Sea Stratigrafi og klima / geodynamikk / Bedrock generasjon / Minerals for Quarternary Geology 12:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Sedimentology - Geology and geodynamics the next generation 12:20 Lunch Stratigraphy and climate Room: Dragefjellet 13:20 Toffen award 15:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 13:45 Plenary: New perspectives on the Caledonides of Scandinavia, Fernando Corfu 15:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 14:40 Poster 16:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation T3 Petroleum geoscience T8 Sedimentologi . T6 Berggrunns-geologi og T7 Geologisk-teknologisk 16:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Stratigrafi og klima / geodynamikk / Bedrock grensesnitt / Geological- 16:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Sedimentology - Geology and geodynamics technological interface 17:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Stratigraphy and climate - 17:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Karst International Association of 17:40 End of day 15:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Hydrageologists Årsmøte 18:30 Tour of Bergen - Øystein Jansen 16:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 19:30 Ice Breaker - University of Bergen 16:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 16:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 17:00 Presentation Presentation 17:20 End of day Nettverks-møte Geofag- NGF generalforsamling. Room Museplass 17:30 lærere? Conference Dinner 19:30 including Reusch award og Shell student award

Wednesday, January 9

Room: Dragefjellet (2.etg) Room: Teatergaten (2.etg.) Room: Sydneshaugen (2.etg.) Room: Museplass (3.etg.) Room: Tårnplass (4.etg.) T3 Petroleum geoscience, T8 Sedimentologi . T6 Berggrunns-geologi og T5 Hydrogeologi / T2 Geologi i grenseland / Migration and source rock Stratigrafi og klima / geodynamikk / Bedrock Hydrogeology Geology and society Sedimentology - Geology and geodynamics Stratigraphy and climate 08:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 09:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 09:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 09:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 10:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 10:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 10:40 Coffee break T3 Petroleum geoscience, T8 Sedimentologi . T6 Berggrunns-geologi og T5 Hydrogeologi / T2 Geologi i grenseland / North Sea and Utsira High Stratigrafi og klima / geodynamikk / Bedrock Hydrogeology Geology and society Sedimentology - Geology and geodynamics Stratigraphy and climate 11:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 11:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 11:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 12:00 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 12:20 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 12:40 Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation 13:00 Lunch

14:00 End of conference and poster down NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 1

Kartlegging av vannkjemi, vannfør- CEED, Univ. Oslo; 1)Århus Univ.; 2)Sorbonne Univ, ISTeP-Paris; 3)Univ. Cergy-Pontoise Email: ing og fysiske forhold som årsaks- [email protected] sammenheng for episoder av fiske- The pre-Caledonian Baltican rifted margin has been død i elven Risa outlined as a tapering wedge with increasing magmatism towards the ocean-continent transition (OCT), 1 2 3 Almhjell, D.D. , Frogner, I.A. , Pedersen, H.B. , and with a mostly similar structure along its length. It is, 4 5 Haaland, S.L. & French, H.K. however, well-known that passive margins can be complex, with different and diachronous segment- 1 NMBU, [email protected] evolutions along and across strike. The Baltican nappes 2 NMBU, [email protected], in the Scandes preserve a complexity akin to modern 3 HUVO, [email protected], margins, including an OCT, a micro-continent and 4 NMBU, [email protected] continental slivers, hyperextended-to-embryonic ocean- 5 NMBU, [email protected] ic basins as well as a major magma-rich segment. The margin was several hundred-, probably up to 1500 km I mai 2007, 2015 og 2016 ble det oppdaget at nesten all wide, before its distal parts were affected by converg- ørret på strekningen fra Risebru til Dalsdammen like ence between ~480 and 450 Ma. Its vestiges, over- nord for Gardermoen i Ullensaker kommune var død. printed by Scandian and earlier fabrics as well as the Det ble ikke funnet noe som tydet på forurensnings- late/post-orogenic extension, now occur at low to utslipp til vassdraget Det ble konkludert med at fiske- middle structural levels in the mountain belt. Proximal døden skyldtes avleiring av jern- og manganoksider på parts comprise continental to marine rift-basins with syn gjelleoverflaten, og muligens andre metaller, som følge - to post-rift deposits of Late Cryogenian, Ediacaran and av innblanding av surt metallrikt vann og/eller anoksisk Lower Palaeozoic age. Its vestiges also comprise conti- metallrikt vann. nental slivers, coarse- to fine-grained sediments as well Oppgavens hovedmål er å kartlegge de fysiske og de as deep-marine deposits. A major change in the nappe- kjemiske forholdene i vanntilførselene, både grunnvann structure occurs across a NW-SE transverse zone og overflatevann, i Risas øvre deler for å finne årsaks- parallel to a fundamental basement structure within sammenhengene som ligger bak fiskedødepisodene i Baltica, the Sveconorwegian front. The most prominent 2007, 2015 og 2016, samt avklare hvorvidt dette må changes across this lineament are: 1) the coincidence ansees for å være naturlige episoder eller forårsaket av with the NE-termination of the Jotun-Lindås-Dalsfjord menneskelige inngrep. Dette er en populær fiskeelv med nappe complex, interpreted as the Jotun- Lindås- stor naturverdi. Det er derfor viktig å vurdere tiltak som Dalsfjord microcontinent (JMC) and 2) the transition kan beskytte ørretbestanden i fremtiden. from the magma-rich segment in the NE to the Området domineres av tykke glasifluviale avsetninger hyperextended, magma-poor segment in the SW. The med stort grunnvannspotensiale, samt vernede gryte- latter has numerous (>100) solitary meta-peridotites and hullsjøer, og har meget spennende og spesiell kvartær- detrital serpentinites (some fossiliferous). The mantle- geologi. Vi ønsker å lage en lokal grunnvannsmodell for fragments w/ophicalcite breccias were emplaced området for å kunne si noe om grunnvannets strømning, tectonically and are covered mostly by deep-basin kjemi og dets bidrag til Risa. Dette gjøres ved hjelp av sediments and local breccias and conglomerates. This peilerør, geofysiske målinger, multiparameterloggere og ‘mixed’ (mélange) unit was locally affected by pre- kjemiske analyser i sidebekker og hovedelv. Caledonian metasomatism and intruded by gabbros and Georadarmålinger og resistivitetsundersøkelser for granitoids (at ~487±1 to 471±2 Ma); this magmatism is området vil kombineres for å kartlegge løsmassenes also reflected by clastic zircons (>468 Ma) present in egenskaper og grunnvannsnivå. Det har foreløpig ikke the sediments. Other important features are Baltican blitt oppdaget unormalt høye ledningsevneverdier i basement slivers (up to 40 x 1.5 km). The magma-poor hverken sidebekker eller elv. Det er derimot tydelige SW segment is overlain by a huge basement/cover forskjeller på temperatur og ledningsevne i vann fra nappe complex, which after rifting, but prior to sidebekkene og elvevannet. Undersøkelser fra to grunne Scandian collision, was positioned outboard the og ett dypt peilerør viser at det er en tydelig hyperextended domain as the Jotun-Lindås-Dalsfjord oppadgående grunnvannsstrøm mot Risa. Microcontinent (JMC). JMC´s distal parts at Atløy, have mafic dykes and lavas in the Høyvik Gp, and were affected by early-Caledonian event(s). The SW margin segment was ~400 km long, hyperextended- and magma Hyperextension in magma-poor and -poor, and received sediments as late as the Middle magma-rich domains along the pre- Ordovician (and perhaps until the onset of the mid- Caledonian passive margin of Bal- Silurian Scandian orogeny?). The NE magma-rich segment also has mantle peridotites and detrital tica serpentinites (locally w/fossils), but its most prominent characteristic is the Scandinavian Dyke Complex (SDC) Andersen, T.B, Jakob, J., Kjøll, H.-J., Quintela, O., forming parts of a ~615-595 Ma Large Igneous 1 2 Corfu, F., Torsvik, T.H., Tegner, C. , Labrousse, L. & Province that probably assisted opening of the Iapetus 3 Mohn, G. Ocean. In the SW segment there is so far no evidence of 2 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

Late Proterozoic magmatism, but Baltican basement University of Oslo, Norway was locally truncated by mafic dykes at ~850 and 615 Ma. The magma-poor SW segment, inboard the JMC, The North Sea Basin has subjected to several modifi- formed a transitional-crust basin opening to an ocean cations during the late Cenozoic. Analyses of seismic basin, similar to the present North Atlantic rift system and well logs data indicate that a large amount of sedi- between Ireland and the Hatton-Rockall ribbons. The ments are deposited in the deeper parts of the basin and margin of Baltica probably has its best modern analogue at the same time a large amount of sediments are also in the North-Atlantic and Norwegian-Greenland Sea eroded in the basin margin areas. A knowledge of the margins. behavior of the lithosphere in response to deposition/ loading and erosion/unloading is essential to understand the configuration and development of the sedimentary 3D computer animation as a re- basins. Deposition/loading and erosion/unloading on the lithosphere cause deflection, and therefore subsidence search visualization tool and/or uplift. The cumulative effect of loading and unloading requires a full source-to-sink focus. To quan- 1 2 Angvik, T.L. & Henderson, I. H.C. tify these effects we have to better understand the isostatic effects of these processes, as well as the time 1 Norges geologiske undersøkelse, Leiv Eirikssons vei involved. This study seeks to determine the basin evo- 39, 7040 Trondheim. [email protected] lution in a time-reversed manner to establish a relation- 2 Norges geologiske undersøkelse, Leiv Eirikssons vei ship between the loading and unloading of the North 39, 7040 Trondheim. [email protected] Sea Basin starting from the early Cenozoic with some particular emphasis on the Quaternary basin configur- In geology we can have access to, interpret and work ation and evolution. For this purpose, backstripping with fantastic quality 3D data, helping to visualize how technique was used to progressively removing each the geology may look like above or underneath the stratigraphic sequence, decompacting sediments, and Earth’s surface. However, geologists are often limited to restoring horizons to their interpreted water depths. 2D present their data in 2D. A new project will explore how backstripping and sequential restoration were done by we can improve our workflow in 3D visualization and using airy and flexural isostasy modeling along selected even advance into 4D imaging. profiles based on offshore seismic data and in-house The project will be built in two main steps, where the seismic stratigraphic interpretation, lithofacies distri- first part aims at developing knowledge of animation bution, compaction curves, and erosion estimates to- methods and tools for visualizing geological features. In gether with paleo-water depths. Preliminary results indi- the second part, we will use data or interpretations from cate that loading/unloading rates and the time required real locations and animate them backwards and for- to achieve isostatic compensation can significantly wards in time. In this way we can visualize the progress- affect the temporal distribution of subsidence, control ive development for selected study areas. The program the sediment supply and modify the filling of accom- we used for animation is Blender®, an open source modation. program, that has many similarities with geological 3D interpretation programs. The animation uses computer- based calculations to define a start and end animation position, whereas the middle parts of the animation are Changing the learning environment automatically calculated. Three steps will be employed by developing a national cross-disci- in the workflow in this project. The first is to create a plinary course in geohazards passive scene of geological features and use the mobil- ity of light and camera movement to visualize the geo- Bakke, J.1 & the iEarth consortium2 logy; the second is an active movement of the geology, where the features move within the scene and there are 1 Department of Earth science, University of Bergen possibilities to add simulations (for example water or 2 Representatives from department of Earth science, smoke or gravity related movement). The third way is to UiB, department of geoscience, UiO, department of create genuine “real-life” scenes with the right lighting Earth science, UiT, and Arctic Geology department, and angle for visualization. UNIS This project is highly relevant for highlighting 3D geology and the improved visualization of research both for Geological and environmental hazards (i.e. earthquakes, scientific purposes and for an increased public under- landslides, floods, etc.) are a threat to society, and standing of earth processes. bound to increase in a changing climate. Therefore, we need competent Earth scientist to help society tackle Modeling of isostatic response to these challenges. Hence, it is a pertinent question how deposition and erosion in the North educational institutes can fulfil the obligation to create a learning environment that helps to equip students with Sea Basin the relevant knowledge and tools to understand geohazards and implement necessary mitigation measures Baig, I. & Faleide, J.I. (Boulton, 2009). Our vision is to help students build NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 3 broader skills and competencies, integrating a strong to the present (13 times), and are thus used to pinpoint theoretical basis with real-life work and research exper- the Holocene variability in ELA to this level. Based on iences (Kastens & Manduca 2012). Therefore, iEarth is ice radar measurements and lake coring we have in developing a cross-disciplinary national online course detail recorded the Holocene history at Folgefonna. We on geohazards, including a two-day hands-on excursion. use past changes in glacier size to evaluate scenarios for A unique feature of the course will be that students will how the glacier will respond to future warming with benefit from the expertise of all partnering departments, especially focus on meltwater routing relevant for the exposing students to the research environment beyond hydropower producers. Folgefonna melted away around their home institution and outside of academia. A digital 8000 yrs ago and reformed in mid-Holocene glacier platform is being developed to provide the basis for growth (6400 cal. yr BP). First phase was characterized activities, webinars and group work. The focus is on by gradual glacier expansion culminating in the glacial research-based active learning and the use of informat- event at 2300 cal. yr BP. During the last 2000 years, ion and communication technology. All teaching will be Folgefonna expanded and decayed with significant tailored to reduce threshold terms (Meyer & Land, decadal variability. 2003) and redundancy in the curriculum. This course leaves a good opportunity to research the challenges and opportunities such a course poses, being High permeable zones in basement multi-institutional, combining several techniques new to the teachers and distance learning with local teaching. rocks - Fracture Corridors in the Øy- Building the scholarship of teaching and learning garden gneiss complex, western (SoTL) structure leaves some questions; 1) should the research be carried out by separate institutional teams or Norway as one investigation? 2) Who investigates - bachelor/ Bastesen, E.1*, Zuluaga, L.2 , Hermansen, E.2, Olsen, master students, iEarth or the course teachers? And 3) 2 3 2 what is investigated - student learning outcomes, R. , Keilegavlen, E. & Rotevatn, A. *[email protected] barriers to teachers implementing a new teaching form (or many new methods) with many colleagues, or 1 challenges with the webinar form? NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen 2 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway Assessing the risk of geohazards at 3 Department for mathematics, university of Bergen, the plateau glacier Folgefonna in a Allegaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway warmer climate – evidences from Fracture corridors are tabular zones of densely spaced distal glacier-fed lakes fractures with no or negligible fracture parallel shear offsets. Fracture corridors represent efficient fluid flow Bakke, J., Røthe, T., Støren, E. & Johansson, F.M.E. conduits in fractured reservoirs, but they are likely underestimated in terms of their effect on fluid flow in Department of Earth science and Bjerknes Centre for reservoirs. These structures are common in the meta- Climate Research, University of Bergen morphic crystalline bedrock of Norway, but also documented worldwide in sedimentary carbonates and The maritime plateau glacier Folgefonna (60oN) in is sandstones. Recent increased interest followed by disco- Norway’s southernmost glacier. With its costal location veries of hydrocarbon reservoirs in Utsira High (Rolfs- the mass balance of the glacier responds to both changes nes field) shows the need for better understanding of in North Atlantic sea surface temperatures and changes fluid flow in crystalline rocks. In this study we have in the westerlies transporting humid air towards the west investigated the map-view expression and distribution coast of Norway. Many of the steepest outlet glaciers of fracture corridors in outcrops in islands and islets in has a short (sub decadal) response time to climatic Sotra and Øygarden, W Norway. Here these form up to shifts, and is therefore well suited for reconstructing 10 km long zones that are 0.4 to 60 meters wide and a high-resolution glacier fluctuations. Here we present have a fracture frequencies 6 times more than surround- results from lakes that has been cored in order to record ing rock. These zones form part of a conjugate network past glacier variability based on sediments deposited in of NE-SW and NW-SE trending fracture sets and faults distal glacier fed lakes combined with mapping and formed during polyphasal tectonic activity since Cale- independent dating of marginal moraines. Based on ice donian orogeny onwards. Field works shows that these radar measurements we have identified a number of zones consists of joints (swarms), veins (epidote, possible glacier dammed lakes, lakes with potential chlorite and quartz), shear zones, alteration and weath- calving fronts and possible rerouting of meltwater drain- ering zones (clay), manifesting a multiphase evolution. age, risks that will appear as the glacier melts in a We use 3D drone photogrammetry and detailed fracture warmer world. In depth we have investigated one outlet tracing, scan line, petrological studies and numerical glacier with historical recorded GLOFs that have form- simulations in order to unravel their formation in depth ed repeatedly during periods with glacier extent similar and time. 4 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

The formation mechanisms for these localized fracture reflections. Our results show that the Norwegian corridors is disputed and not well understood. We pro- Channel Ice Stream reached the shelf edge during six pose that the studied fracture corridors formed through marine isotope stages, and that the ice stream oscillated sinistral transtensive fault movement possible in Meso- six times during the last glacial stage. Negative, high- zoic time backed up by field kinematic evidence and amplitude reflections below the GDFs and megaslides further supported by results from numerical modelling. indicate a gas-charged sandy base, and show a strong We will also discuss the permeability of these structures correlation between pre-conditioned glacimarine glide and their role as fluid conduits and problems (thief planes and megaslide occurrence. This study highlights zones) related to such structures in basement and as well the capacity of high-quality 3D seismic data for as geothermal reservoirs. characterizing GDFs and megaslides on a ten-meter scale, and allows new conclusions about shelf-edge glaciations and fluid flow processes. Characterization of glacigenic debris

flows and megaslides of the North Bjørnelva: A Pleistocene braided Sea Fan from 3D seismic data river imaged in high-resolution 3D Bellwald, B.1, Planke, S.1,2,3, Barrett, R.4, Berndt, C.5, seismic data in the SW Barents Sea Manton, B.1 & Myklebust, R.6 Bellwald, B.1, Planke, S.1,2,3, Polteau, S.1, Lebedeva- 1 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS (VBPR), Oslo, Ivanova, N.1, Faleide, J.I.2,3, Morris, S.M.1, Morse, S.4 Norway ([email protected]) & Castelltort, S.5 2 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 1 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS (VBPR), Oslo, 3 Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration Norway ([email protected]) (ARCEx), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 2 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), Tromsø, Norway University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 4 Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel, Kiel, 3 Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration Germany (ARCEx), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 5 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Tromsø, Norway Kiel, Germany 4 Lyme Bay Consulting, London, United Kingdom 6 TGS, Asker, Norway 5 Département des Sciences de la Terre, Université de Genève, Rue des Maraîchers 13, CH-1205 Genève, High-latitude trough mouth fans are high-resolution Switzerland paleoclimate and ice-sheet monitors dominated by stacked sequences of glacigenic debris flows (GDFs). Proglacial braided river systems discharge large volum- The aim of this contribution is to characterize the sedi- es of meltwater from ice caps and transport coarse- mentary processes and deposits of the North Sea Fan grained sediments from the glaciated areas to the and relate them to the glacial history of the Atlantic oceans. Here, we investigate the morphology and margins. The database consists of high-resolution proc- formation of a 25 km long and 1-3 km wide Pleistocene essed 3D seismic data covering c. 16,000 km2 of the channel system recently imaged in 3D seismic data in North Sea Fan. The vertical and horizontal resolution is the Hoop area, SW Barents Sea, named Bjørnelva (Bear c. 8 m and c. 20 m, respectively. Twelve horizons have River). The database consists of a 30 km2 P-Cable 3D been picked with an in-line spacing of 150 m, followed seismic cube with a vertical and horizontal resolution of by gridding, horizon attribute extraction, and seismic c. 1 m and c. 6 m, respectively. We conducted a detailed geomorphological interpretation. Six sediment packages horizon picking to map and subsequently statistically containing stacked GDFs have been deposited at the analyze the landforms in this channel system. The inter- upper slope of the North Sea Fan. The up to 400 m-thick pretation shows that Bjørnelva carved 20 m deep uppermost package can be separated into six GDF sub- channels into Lower Cretaceous bedrock at the Upper units. The structure maps of the top GDF horizons are Regional Unconformity (URU). We identified 28 characterized by sharp SE-NW-oriented gullies with channel bars that are in average 350 m long and 150 m well-developed levees, eroded islands of pre-existing wide, with an elongation ratio of 2.54±0.04. The lower- GDFs, and densely-spaced pockmarks with diameters of most part of the channel infill is characterized by dis- c. 30 m. The GDF bases are dominated by negative, continuous and scattered reflections with dominant high-amplitude reflections. The GDF deposits have been negative-amplitude anomalies, while the upper part removed from the upper slope by three megaslides, typically consists of layered and continuous reflections. which are identified as deformed sequences bound by The landform morphologies and position relative to the smooth lower and irregular upper surfaces. Negative- URU support that Bjørnelva formed in the proglacial amplitude, continuous reflections at the base of the domain of the Pleistocene Barents Sea Ice Sheet. The megaslides fade out uphill of the headwalls. The topo- dimensions of the bars are similar to channel bars of graphy shaped by these megaslides is infilled by glaci- modern braided river systems, indicating that Bjørnelva marine deposits identified as low-amplitude, continuous developed along a very low paleo-slope gradient of c. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 5

0.64 m/km. We suggest that Bjørnelva represents a The NPD has contributed to surveys and data collection braided river system fed by violent outburst floods from over several years, e.g. the 2013 successful survey with a glacial lake, with estimated discharges of c. 160,000 several ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) and collec- m3/s. The chaotic seismic facies and negative-amplitude tion of crust material from depths down to 3600 metres. anomalies at the base of the channels likely represent In cooperation with UiB. gas-charged coarse-grained sands deposited in such a During August 2018, NPD performed a survey for high-energy environment. This study also shows that mapping and sampling sulphide deposits on location on high-resolution 3D seismic data are useful to image and the central part of the Mohn’s Ridge. Bathymetric, interpret buried glacial landforms that can be compared video- and geophysical data were also gathered, and a to modern analogues. previously undiscovered sulphide field was found at a depth of some 3000 metres. This consisted of both active chimney as well as inactive areas. Examples from Delimitation Iceland - Norway / Jan the geophysical-, sensor- and geochemical analysis will be presented. Mayen

Bergsager, E. Occurrences of Thalassinoides isp. "Geological prolongation" was introduced in The new within an organic rich hydrocarbon Law of the Sea as a criteria in offshore delimitation source rock; the Botneheia Format- between countries. When establishing the borderline between Iceland and Norway/Jan Mayen "Geological ion, Edgeøya, Svalbard Prolongation" was used for the first time. Scientists who 1 2 3 1 had been involved in research on the Jan Mayen ridge Bernhardsen, S. , , Engelschiøn, V.S. & Mørk, A. . and the area between Iceland and Jan Mayen, had a one 1 week work shop on Lamont Laboratory. Olav Eldholm Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian and I represented Norway. University of Science and Technology, The report was presented and delivered to the officially [email protected] 2 appointed Mediators. Chairman Elliot Richardson US, Department of Arctic Geology, The University Centre Jens Evensen Norway and Hans Anderson Iceland. The in Svalbard 3 principle of sharing resources within a defined area bet- The Natural History Museum, The University of Oslo ween the countries was introduced. Another criteria used for the first time in offshore delimitation. During a The Middle Triassic Botneheia Formation on Eastern "prolonged" weekend in Geneve together with Jens Svalbard is characterised by being the best source rock Evensen the propositon to Stortinget was written. The on the NW Barents Sea shelf. The formation is organic proposed agreement was approved by both governments rich and represents a transgressive-regressive second followed by unanimous ratification in Alltinget and order regime. In the exposed areas, a large number of against 4 votes in Stortinget. phosphate nodules occur. It is believed that many of The Jan Mayen agreement used by the Pope. these nodules have originated from the phosphatisation Argentina and Chile had very complicated borderline of the similarly abundant Thalassinoides isp. trace negotiations in the Magellan area. Skermish with weap- fossil. The traces have now been studied in detail on the on had occurred in the 1950´s. The Pope had been Muen plateau, Eastern Edgeøya in order to reveal more appointed as mediator. I was approached by both sides about the relationship between Thalassinoides isp. and to explain the philosophy behind the agreement between the formation of phosphate nodules. Iceland and Norway. It was included in the mediation The trace fossil Thalassinoides isp. occurs frequently in by the Pope. the regressive part of the upper Blanknuten Member. It is often found interbedded with the bivalves Daonella spp., and in certain layers also with ichthyopterygian remains. The trace fossils are characteristic with hori- Massive sulphide deposits and Fe- zontal burrow systems that are Y- to T-shaped, and are Mn crusts in the Norwegian Sea often present in this kind of open shelf environment. The traces are monospecific and no other ichnotaxa Bering, D., Stenløkk, J. Sandstå, N.R., Brekke, H., have been observed. The preservation of the trace fossils Gilje, S.R. & Bjørnestad, A. are variable due to mechanical and diagenetic processes. Logging and sampling was conducted during geological The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate fieldwork in 2017 and 2018 on Edgeøya and Oscar II Land in Svalbard. A detailed, high-resolution study of The governmental responsibility for resource manage- the Muen plateau on Edgeøya has been done in order to ment of the seafloor minerals was given to the Ministry describe the occurrence of Thalassinoides isp.traces. By of Oil and Energy in 2018. The NPD, as a governmental analysing thetrace morphology and degree of compacti- institution for offshore petroleum resources, was given on using visual observation combined with 3D com- the tasks of mapping and resource estimates, together puted tomography scanning (CT), and applying scann- with data collection and storage of all physical samples. ing electron microscope (SEM) this study aims at furth- 6 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 ering our understanding of spatial and temporal variat- Overvåking og varsling av fjellskred: ions in Thalassinoides isp. from the Botneheia Format- ion in Svalbard. Terskelverdier og faglig grunnlag This study provides valuable information in order to

better understand sea bottom conditions and give a more Blikra, L.H.

comprehensive picture of the trace fossil assemblage of the Middle Triassic in Eastern and Central Svalbard. NVE, [email protected]

I forbindelse med fare for store skred kan overvåkinger og varsling være det eneste alternativet for å redusere Geochemistry of peridotite and risiko. Det er imidlertid en rekke utfordringer med dette, gabbro from the Schultz oceanic både geofaglig og samfunnsmessig. I Norge blir over- core complex, 73°N: implications for våking og varsling benyttet som tiltak for å håndtere risikoen for fjellskred som kan føre til store konsekven- magmatic processes at ultraslow ser og tap av menneskeliv. Det er imidlertid bare en spreading-rates liten del av fjellpartiet Mannen i Romsdalen som har hatt så store bevegelser at varsling av rødt farenivå har Bjerga, A., Stubseid. H. H. & Pedersen, R. B. vært nødvendig. Utfordringen med overvåking av skred er å få tilstrekk- Department of Earth Science and K.G. Jebsen Center elig kunnskap om stabilitetsforholdene i fjellpartiene, og for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Allégaten dette vil variere fra objekt til objekt. For det begrensa 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway fjellpartiet Veslemannen, med et estimert volum på 3 120.000 – 180.000 m , må NVE i hovedsak klare seg Magmatic activity at mid-ocean ridges is largely con- med det en ser på overflaten, og kontinuerlige beveg- trolled by spreading-rate where fast-spreading ridges are elsesmålinger. Dette begrenser selvsagt hva en kan characterized by a high magma budget and thick crust. bruke som grunnlag for fastsetting av terskelverdier for At slower spreading-rates, the magmatic activity is varsling av ulike farenivå. Erfaringene fra Vesle- limited and seafloor spreading can be accommodated by mannen vil gås gjennom, og vil bli satt i sammenheng long-lived detachment faults leading to a diversity of med erfaringer fra andre lignende situasjoner inter- crustal structures. This type of tectonic dominated nasjonalt. Fokus vil være bruk av terskelverdier for spreading leads to uplift and exposure of upper mantle bevegelse, spesielt hastighet og akselerasjonskurver. and lower crustal material on the seafloor in oceanic core complexes. Despite their widespread occurrence, oceanic core complexes have largely been unexplored along the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridges (AMOR). In order New mapping of the Palaeic Relief to shed light on magmatic processes in ultraslow- spreading systems, we have mapped the Schultz oceanic in southern Norway core complex (73°) in high-resolution using an auton- Bonow, J.M.1,2, Japsen, P.3 & Chalmers, J.A.3 omous underwater vehicle (AUV) and conducted in-situ ROV sampling. Here we present the first study of 1 mantle and lower-crustal rocks recovered from the Nor- Geovisiona AB, [email protected] 2 Uppsala University wegian-Greenland Sea providing insights into the crust- 3 al architecture and mantle composition in this area. The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland core complex is dome-shaped and characterized by a (GEUS) deep basin to the east filled with sediments reaching ~500 m in thickness. A variety of gabbroic rocks togeth- The large-scale landscapes of southern Norway have er with serpentinized peridotites and diabase were previously not been mapped in detail, but since long collected from outcrops along the uplifted fault surface. they have been described in broad terms of the undul- The gabbroic rocks show textures and compositions ating Palaeic Relief at high elevation in contrast to the similar to those observed from the plutonic sections of deeply incised valleys along the flanks and the re- ophiolite complexes. Olivine-gabbros (Mg#=84-85) exposed Mesozoic surfaces at low elevation. display cumulate textures, but their geochemistry is not Here we present detailed maps of the three major erosi- compatible with pure fractional crystallization. The on surfaces that have developed across different types of peridotites represent residues after partial melting and bedrock within the Palaeic Relief in Norway south of are intruded by diabase, depleted in the light rare earth 60°N. The mapping was carried out by applying the elements (LREE). All recovered mantle rocks lack the method of stratigraphic landscape analysis and was LREE-depletion, commonly observed in abyssal peri- funded by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate. dotites, indicating a post melt-extraction enrichment. The most extensive surface that includes Hardanger- Our results provide insight into magmatic processes and vidda, defines the bottom level of the Palaeic Relief. In crustal accretion in a part of the AMOR that has been general, this surface is a tilted plain, reaching from ele- fluctuating between magmatic and tectonic activity for vations of about 1300-1400 m a.s.l. in the west to 800- at least 10 Ma. 900 m a.s.l. in the east. In the west, between Hardanger- fjord and Sognefjord, it rolls over to lower elevations. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 7 Its eastern flank coincides with the Oslo rift, but the Ferromonzodiorites from Lofoten- mapping suggests that the plain can be traced into Swe- den, where it cuts off a sub-Mesozoic surface. Towards Vesterålen and potential implicati- the south, south-east and south-west it cuts off more ons for AMCG (Anorthosite-Manger- inclined Mesozoic surfaces as high as 1000 m a.s.l. The mapping also defined two surfaces at higher elevat- ite-Charnockite-Granite) magmatism ions, separated from each other by erosional escarp- 1 1 2 ments. The middle surface is most developed in the area Braue, R. , Hetherington, C.J. , Coint, N. & Barnes, C.G.1 around Jostedalsbreen, while the highest surface is most developed in Dovre, Rondane and Hallingskarvet. These 1 surfaces are also tilted towards the east. Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, [email protected] The relative chronology defined by the mapping, sugg- 2 ests that the three surfaces of the Palaeic Relief were Norges geologiske undersøkelse, graded towards former base levels in post-Mesozoic [email protected] time. The preservation of Mesozoic surfaces indicates that they were covered by sediments until late, and thus AMCG suites may also contain gabbro, leuco-gabbro, that the uplift of the Palaeic Relief occurred in the late troctolite, norite, and ferromonzodiorite. These suites Cenozoic. are widespread in the Proterozoic and have numerous hypotheses as to their formation. The Raftsund Batho- lith is a monzonitic/quartz-monzonitic pluton that is intruded by numerous ferromonzodioritic dikes. The dikes and their host rocks were petrographically and Reservoir characterization of the Stø geochemically studied to determine potential petro- Formation (Realgrunnen Subgroup) genetic links. The dikes are fine-grained, with subophitic to nesophitic in the Fingerdjupet Subbasin, NW texture and a mineral assemblage of plagioclase + Barents Sea clinopyroxene + biotite + Fe-Ti-oxides + apatite ± orthopyroxene ± Fe-sulfides with occasional 1-2 cm Borgenvik, J.H. 1, Eide, C.H. 1, Ahokas, J.M.2 & plagioclase laths. At least three of the sampled dikes Helland-Hansen, W.1 contain coarser crystal aggregates of plagioclase with a Na-enriched rim, fayalitic olivine (with exsolved Fe- 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, oxides and orthopyroxene rims), euhedral apatite, Norway, [email protected] ilmenite, magnetite and pyrite. Many apatite grains 2 Aker BP ASA, Harstad, Norway contain two populations of melt inclusions: one domi- [email protected] nated by silicate minerals, and the other by Fe-(Ti)- oxides. Many the dikes have high abundances of FeOtot The condensed, predominantly shallow marine succ- (14-21 wt.%), TiO2 (> 2.5 wt.%) and P2O5 (>1.4 wt.%). ession of the Stø Formation forms the most prolific The host monzonites are coarse grained (3-5 mm), reservoir level in the Barents Sea. Proven hydrocarbons pigeonite-bearing, and are characterized by ternary in the Snøhvit, Goliat, Johan Castberg and Wisting feldspar. discoveries are found within the Stø Formation. Even Compositional data indicate that the dikes and their host with these prominent discoveries, the reservoir is not are unrelated via fractional crystallization, and no field fully understood in the Fingerdjupet Subbasin and the evidence suggests that the two rocks coexisted as Bjørnøya Basin areas in the NW Barents Sea. The newly magmas. It is noteworthy that dikes and host composit- drilled dry well Gråspett (7321/4-1) hit a 15-meter thick ions plot in the two-liquid field in the CaO-Al2O3- water bearing sandstone of poor reservoir quality. The (TiO2+P2O5+Na2O+K2O) system. Therefore, any well provides new insight to variability in reservoir potential linkage would be by immiscibility. This inter- quality within the Stø Formation. To increase the succ- pretation could explain two distinct populations of melt ess rate of exploration wells in this area it is therefore inclusions because the Fe-rich end-member of an im- critical to develop a proper understanding of the depo- miscible pair would wet apatite and ferromagnesian sitional model. crystal surfaces and promote formation of grain aggre- By correlating a sedimentological interpretation of gates. Plagioclase in the crystal aggregates is not in cores with well data, 3D seismic and a 2D seismic line compositional equilibrium with matrix plagioclase, and this study will present a depositional model for the Stø formation of orthopyroxene reaction rims requires addi- Formation in the Fingerdjupet Subbasin. Existing tion of silica; thus, the aggregates probably did not form exploration wells in the Fingerdjupet Subbasin are from in situ and may have crystallized from a different melt the late 1980s and cores from these wells (7321/7-1, 8- or less evolved parent to the ferrodiorite. 1, 9-1) will be the basis of the sedimentological interpretation. Additionally, selected well data from the area will be used. Coupled with interpretation of new 3D seismic data the new well data will provide tools to make more accurate interpretation of the Gross Deposit- ional Environments (GDE) and reservoir development. 8 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 Responsible and sustainable admin- cient quality of the material. The aim of this project is to test these approaches on South African speleothems. istration of mineral resources in Nor- Speleothems are secondary mineral deposits precipitated way from calcite rich water. Calcite is precipitated due to supersaturation with respect to calcite and equilibrium

Brekken, M. with the pCO2 in the cave atmosphere. Speleothems are a powerful tool in climatic studies, because; 1) They Directorate of Mining with the Commissioner of Mines record temporal changes in environmental conditions; 2) at Svalbard, [email protected] They are deposited continuously over thousands of years and can be dated precisely with U-series; 3) They The Directorate of Mining with Commissioner of Mines can form in low-latitude terrestrial environments close at Svalbard (DMF) is the state agency concerning min- to the sea, where high-resolution climatic records may eral matters, organized within the Ministry of Trade, be scarce. Industry and Fisheries. A stalagmite (BL3) from Bloukrantz Cave in South DMF’s primary task is to ensure a responsible and sust- Africa is used to test new methods for temperature ainable administration of mineral resources in Norway reconstructions. This sample includes a late Holocene and Svalbard. DMF shall facilitate growth in the mineral part and, below a hiatus, an older interval dating to 18 industry through good and efficient processing, and around 40 -50 kyr BP. First, the previous δ Oc record is assign permissions to mineral operations pursuant to the replicated in higher resolution and by more closely Minerals Act and the Mining Code for Svalbard. following the growth axis. This is done in order to test Administration of future resources is an important reproducibility and to refine the stratigraphic transects premise provider for the municipalities. To extract of the sample. minerals a permit is needed from DMF where The second part of this project will include clumped requirements on the standard of the extraction, Health isotope analysis on selected calcite samples, and as well 18 and Safety Executive regulations, culture, landscape, as δ Ow and liquid-vapor homogenization measure- economy and competence are set. DMF follows up the ments on fluid-inclusions. The ‘clumped isotope’ tech- operations to ensure compliance with operational plans, nique involves measurements of the distribution of and assess whether any sanctions are deemed necessary. isotopes within the carbonate ions. The main advantage Historical mining activities had an impact on both the of the method is that it is only dependent on temper- terrestrial and aquatic environment. Remediation and ature. The main challenge is low concentration of securing of some abandoned mines is therefore a major ‘clumping’ and disequilibrium effects which are com- task for DMF. monly (but not always) observed in speleothems. For the fluid inclusion methods, we will first assess whether the speleothem contains sufficiently abundant and well- preserved fluid-inclusions. The applicably temperature New methods for temperature rec- proxies will first be tested in the Holocene section of onstructions – Are they applicable in BL3, before applying them on the older part. caves from South Africa?

Brekken, T., Lauritzen, S.E., Meckler, N. & Krüger, Y. Temporal evolution of Norwegian Sea marine 14C reservoir ages 12.5 Department of Earth Science and Centre for Early Human behavior, SapienCE, University of Bergen, to 19 kyr ago: implications for de- Norway, [email protected] glacial 14C chronologies

In order to understand the evolution of symbolic and Brendryen, J.1,2,3, Haflidason, H.1,2, Yokoyama, Y.4, technological activities in Homo sapiens in South Haaga, K.A.1,2,3 & Hannisdal, B.1,2,3 Africa, it is of interest to find out if technological changes took place in pace with climatic change. The 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, archaeological sites (rock shelters) are adjacent to caves, [email protected] rich in speleothem from which we may extract climatic 2 Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of proxies. During a previous PhD project (Noah 2016) a Bergen reconnaissance study was performed, using U-series 3 K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research, University 18 chronology and stable isotope measurements (δ Oc, of Bergen 13 4 δ Cc) on speleothem calcite. However, simple oxygen Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University isotope composition of calcite is controlled by a number of Tokyo, Japan of factors in the rainwater, percolation, and cave processes, which turn any attempts of direct temperature The marine radiocarbon reservoir age effect in the estimates ambiguous. The use of new techniques Norwegian Sea is known to have been highly variable (“clumped isotopologues” and fluid inclusion thermo- during the last glacial period, and at times considerable metry) may yield temperature directly, provided suffi- larger than the modern value of approximately 400 years. Nevertheless, marine 14C chronologies have NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 9 typically assumed a marine radiocarbon reservoir age So far it seems that the mineralogical composition of the similar to the modern value, typically around 400 to 440 gneiss is influencing the fracture frequency. Higher yr. Although the uncertainty of this assumption is mica content, in relation to the feldspar and quartz, commonly acknowledged, a lack of constraints on the gives higher fracture frequency. This is especially valid temporal evolution of the reservoir age in the for fjord-dipping foliation parallel fractures of the Norwegian Sea during the deglaciation has prevented a exfoliation. These fracture systems seem important as more accurate calibration of marine conventional 14C sliding surfaces for the unstable rock volume. ages. Exfoliation fractures coupled with the steeper dipping We present a new reconstruction of the deglacial (12.5- fracture sets enable infiltration paths for surface water. 19 ka) (near) surface 14C reservoir ages in Norwegian As the work progresses, a basis for a DFN model will be Sea. We have compiled 90 new and previously developed describing the hydrogeological conditions of published 14C dates from four sediment cores and placed Åknes. The output will be a model covering surface them in a new chronological framework based on water infiltration paths into the unstable rock volume, correlation to proxy records sensitive to North Atlantic and subsurface flow toward discharge springs. Vertical climate from Greenland ice cores and a radiometrically core and monitoring holes and low-angle drainage holes dated speleothem record from Hulu Cave, China. The will be used to quality assure and calibrate the rock- alignment was corroborated by a tephra marker bed slope hydrogeological model. found both in the Norwegian Sea sediments and Greenland ice cores. The new chronology enables us to directly compare our Norwegian Sea 14C time-series to Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic sea the atmospheric 14C content represented by the Intcal13 calibration curve and to reconstruct the reservoir ages. surface temperatures from clumped Our results show that the deglacial reservoir ages isotope thermometry deviated substantially from modern values, and had considerable variability, which needs to be taken into Braaten, A.H.1*, Meinicke, N.1, Ho, S.L.2, De Schepper, 14 account when working with marine C chronologies. S.3 & Meckler, A.N.1 We discuss implications of the new reservoir age reconstruction on chronologies of marine ice sheet and 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, paleoclimate reconstructions. Norway 2 Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Hydrogeological fracture model of 3 NORCE, Norway *[email protected] Åknes rock slide

1 1 1 1 The Mid-Pliocene (early Piacenzian) from 3.6 to 3.0 Ma Bruun, H.R. , Ringstad, S.R. , Sena, C. , Braathen, A. , is the last interval in the geological past of sustained Mulrooney, M.1 & Pless, G.2 global warmth. During this period, temperatures were 1 likely warmer-than-present and CO2 levels were probab- UiO, University of Oslo, Geosciences Department, ly comparable to modern concentrations. The warm [email protected] 2 climate of the Mid-Pliocene was interrupted by a short- NVE, Norwegian Water and Energy Directorate. lived, intensive cooling event during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) M2 ~3.3 Ma. In the global benthic δ18O The rock slide at Åknes in Storfjorden extends from sea record, the MIS M2 event represents the largest positive level to approximately 800 meters up slope. As a large oxygen isotope excursion in the Pliocene prior to the collapse of the rock slope could create a tsunami in the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. However, fjord system NVE is running an R&D effort to monitor only a limited number of SST records covering MIS M2 and secure the slope. The goal is to drain the slope of are available and the exact nature of the event remains groundwater to increase stability. Data collection of poorly understood. mass movements, meteorological variables, and ground- Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry produces tem- water balance are used in subsurface groundwater flow peratures that are independent of the chemical compos- analysis .This thesis, focusing on surface water infiltrat- ition of the precipitating fluid, making it a potentially ion and groundwater flow through Discrete Fracture powerful tool for paleotemperature reconstructions. In Networks (DFNs) into the collapsing slope, is one part addition, the current state of knowledge indicates that of UiO’s contribution to the NVE led Åknes project. the proxy is free of “vital effects”. Recent analytical Data was generated during a field campaign in August advances allows for the application of clumped isotope 2018. The study area was covered by georeferenced thermometry to very small sample sizes. Here the drone images. Based on a series of fracture-mapping method is applied to planktic foraminifera from IODP stations the area was divided into domains. Datasets Site U1308 in the central North Atlantic. include: strike and dip of fractures, foliation and exfoli- Reconstructed clumped isotope temperatures from MIS ation, fracture termination types, and fracture set k M2 are compared to previously published U 37 and Mg/ frequency. Some fracture lineaments parallel to the Ca SST records by De Schepper et al. (2009; 2013). slope contribute to the overall fracture system. Results show that temperatures generated from clumped 10 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

isotope thermometry follow the same general trend as acceptable predicting power the wells should contain at the other proxy records, and they are all within error of least the gamma ray, density and neutron log. To Mg/Ca. This demonstrates that the clumped isotope accurately differentiate between water-bearing and thermometer can be applied to foraminifera in the North hydrocarbon-bearing intervals in sandstones the Atlantic as far back as the Pliocene and adds confidence resistivity logs should also be present. When to already existing proxy records from MIS M2. implementing machine learning on a regional scale De Schepper, S., Groeneveld, J., Naafs, B. D. A., Van varying burial depth and depositional environment both Renterghem, C., Hennissen, J., Head, M. J., Louwye, laterally and vertically/stratigraphically needs to be S. & Fabian, K.. 2013. Northern Hemisphere considered to gain optimal predicting power. glaciation during the globally warm Early Late Bøe, H. W. (2018). Enhanced lithological description Pliocene. Plos One, 8 (12), 15 pp. of the Jurassic sequence in the Viking Graben and De Schepper, S., Head, M. J. & Groeneveld, J. 2009. Oseberg Terrace using machine learning (Master's North Atlantic Current variability through marine thesis, NTNU). isotope stage M2 (circa 3.3 Ma) during the mid- Chen, T. and C. Guestrin (2016). Xgboost: A scalable Pliocene. Paleoceanography, 24, 17 pp. tree boosting system. In Proceedings of the 22nd acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, Pp. 785–794. ACM. Hall, B. (2016). Facies classification using machine Enhanced lithological description of learning. The Leading Edge, 35(10), 906-909. Marello, L., A. Antobreh, K. Brandsegg, A. Crne, the Jurassic sequence in the Viking C.Gyllenhammar, V. Kalashnikova, T. Kjennerud, B. Graben and Oseberg Terrace using Klein, J. Knudseth, J. Sandvik, G. Salvaggio, B. Seeland, J. Tetreault, H. Østby, and R. Øverås (2016). machine learning North Sea toolkit -part 1. Technical report

1 2 3 (2016/101), Exploro AS and partners proprietary Bøe, H.W. , Duffaut, K. & Brandsegg, K.B. multiclientreport.

1 Exploro AS, [email protected] 2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), [email protected] 3 Exploro AS, [email protected] Marine mine tailings disposal at Lillebukt, Stjernsundet, North Nor- Automatic classifications of well logs has gained improved attention within the last couple of years way

among others for increasing the accuracy and speed of 1 2 1 1 lithoclasses prediction on wireline logs (Hall, 2016). A Bøe, R. , Sandøy, R. , Baeten, N.J. , Lepland, A. , Bellec, V.K.1, Chand, S.1, Longva, O.1, Klug, M.1, supervised machine learning methodology written in R 1 1 combines initial wireline log signatures and computer Plassen, L. & Schønenberger, J.

assisted interpretations (CPI’s) to automatize lithoclass 1 predictions. The method utilizes the XGBoost algori- Geological Survey of Norway, P.O. Box 6315 Torgarden, 7491 Trondheim, Norway thm, a gradient boosting library with emphasis on com- 2 putational speed and model accuracy (Chen and Guest- Sibelco Nordic AS, Box 45, N-1309 Rud, Norway rin, 2016). The study area is quadrant 30 in the Norweg- ian northern North Sea, with 26 wells made available by Sibelco Nordic’s mine at Stjernøy, North Norway, dis- Exploro (Marello et.al, 2016) located on structural poses mine tailings into the fjord Stjernsundet. Nine highs, grabens and terraces. The stratigraphic interval of million tons have been disposed since 1962. The interest is the Jurassic. tailings, discharged at the shore line in the bay of Raw well log data are preprocessed in order to obtain a Lillebukt, comprise c. 85% fine silt to medium grained consistent database. Summary statistics is displayed by sand (0.01-0.5 mm). Upon discharge of the mine tailings boxplots to give an overview of the availability of logs into the fjord, they are redistributed by slides and densi- for each well and compare log value distributions. ty currents along major channels with pronounced Seven different lithoclasses are generated based on the levees. Multibeam echosounder data show sand waves CPI’s which are used as training data and validation in the channels, while seabed samples and cores docu- data. Three different machine learning models (initial, ment sand ripples and layers of mud between the sand normalized and enhanced) (Bøe, 2018) are created and layers. Mud accumulates outside of the channels on the optimized. seabed in Lillebukt and as a thin veneer along the shores The analysis of input well log data shows significant to the east and west. The bathymetry data show partly differences between the wells in terms of data quality, buried slide escarpments and slide deposits, while smal- log availability and their distribution, which influences ler slide scars are evident in the levees. Three slide events in the tailings are documented of which the most the prediction accuracy of lithoclasses. The results from th the machine learning predictions show that the number recent occurred 9 October 2017. Comparison of bathy- of available well logs has a direct influence on the acc- metry data collected in 2016 and 2018 show changes in uracy of the machine learning models. For an bathymetry in the channels of +/- 3 m. Slides are partly NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 11 initiated along fine-grained layers and caused by hyper- values in the Gulf of Panama. sedimentation. From 60 m depth, one single channel This novel technique is therefore appropriate for paleo- continues down to 100 m, where the sediment transport environmental reconstructions based on bivalves in is along a gully in the steep (45º) bedrock slope down to seasonal upwelling regimes. When applied to fossil c. 400 m depth. A sand-dominated submarine fan is shells, it offers better constraints on past temperatures, deposited at the foot of the slope, extending to c. 463 m upwelling intensities, thermocline stability and paleo- depth. Bathymetric data, seismic data and core analysis depths, and it could aid in understanding the regional show that the fan has a radius of up to 1500 m and implications of the closure of the isthmus of Panama covers an area of c. 1.5 km2. Comparison of bathymetry around 3Ma. data collected in 1998 and 2016 shows that a major part of the tailings disposed of in that 18-years period (4 million tons) have accumulated on the submarine fan. Norwegian viddas (high-level moun-

tain plateaus) were not produced by Temperature and salinity reconstruc- the "glacial buzz-saw" tions using carbonate clumped iso- Chalmers, J.A. tope thermometry in modern bivalve shells GEUS, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. e-mail: [email protected]

Caldarescu, D.E.1, Meckler, A.N.2, Andersson, C.3 & Sadatzki, H.4 Nielsen et al. (2008) suggested that the high-level mountain plateaus of Norway were produced by the 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, same "glacial buzzsaw" process that modified the [email protected] landscapes of the Cascade Mountains, Washington 2 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, State, USA (Mitchell & Montgomery, 2006) . [email protected] Here I compare the landscapes of the Cascade 3 NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, mountains with those of Norway. [email protected] Pleistocene ice erosion in the Cascades was limited to 4 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, interfluve ridges between deep fluvial valleys. The ice [email protected] reduced the height of the ridges as cirques eroded backwards from the headwaters of secondary streams. This Oxygen isotope-based thermometry has been a key tool process reduced the gradient of the highest part of hyp- in reconstructing past temperatures since the 1950s. This sometric curve in the Cascades above the equilibrium thermometer is commonly applied to biogenic carbonat- line altitude (ELA) for glaciers - the so-called buzzsaw es like corals, foraminifera and mollusks, however, it has effect. one important challenge: It requires an assumptions abo- In contrast, the high-level plateaus in Norway existed ut the isotopic composition of the water. In contrast, prior to dissection by river valleys with a V-shaped clumped isotope (Δ47) thermometry is built upon the cross-section (Bonow, 2003). River erosion must, fact that a multiply substituted isotopologue of m/z 47 therefore, have been pre-Pleistocene. Later Pleistocene (13C-18O-16O) of relatively small abundance contains a ice erosion deepened the V-shaped valleys into U- bond between two heavy stable isotopes, which makes it shaped cross-sections, but remnants of the older fluvial thermodynamically more stable at low temperatures. The valley slopes are still preserved in many places. variation in m/z 47 abundance inside the carbonate crys- The glacial erosion process in Norway during the Pleis- tal matrix not only reflects temperature changes, but it is tocene differed from that in the Cascades because the also independent on water composition the organisms ELA in Norway was well below present-day sea-level lived in. whereas the ELA in the Cascades was betwen 1500 and The Gulf of Panama represents a case of hydrodynamic 2500 m asl. So the "buzzsaw" in Norway produced the heterogeneity in which seasonal upwelling of cold, nutri- deeply-incised glacial valleys and fjords, not the high- ent rich thermocline water cools the eutrophic layer and level plateaus that existed prior to the onset of ice promotes primary productivity. Taking advantage of the erosion. seasonal temperature dichotomy, this study reconstructs Bonow, J.M., Lidmar-bergström, K & Näslund, J.O., the growth temperature of two modern bivalve shells and 2003. Global and Planetary Change, 50, 161–183. assesses the reliability of the obtained temperature vari- Mitchell, S.G. & Montgomery, D.R., 2006. Quaternary ation by comparing it to available data. Combining Δ47- Research 65, 96–107. based temperatures in biogenic carbonates with classical Nielsen, S.B., Gallagher, K. et al. 2009. Journal of oxygen isotopes allows reconstructing the isotopic com- Geodynamics, 47, 72–95. position of the water and thereby estimating the salinity of the water. The results from this study show that seasonal temperatures and salinities obtained from the bivalves are comparable within analytical errors to measured 12 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

Quaternary geochronology of the RePlugⓇ is a novel RePlug patent pending cement mixture developed by geologists. The well cement North Sea-preliminary results from mixture will improve the outcome and reduce the total Troll and Fladen region costs for both well operations and plug and abandon- ment (P&A) operations. This product will also make Chauhan, T., Sejrup, H.P. & Hjelstuen, B.O. the wells and plugs more resistant against carbon- dioxide in formations utilised for Carbon Capture Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, and Storage. We have developed a functional proto- Allegaten 41, 5007-Bergen, [email protected]; type, tested and qualified it at SINTEF Energy (Trond- [email protected]; [email protected] heim), Heriot Watt University (Edinburgh) and Uni- versity of Maryland (USA).

The global cement market is worth over €340 billion The up to 1 km thick Quaternary sediments in the North with an annual growth of 7,8%. The European Union Sea have a large potential for investigation of environ- (EU) is home to the world’s most successful cement mental variability, however, beyond the range of radio- producers. This industry employs 384.000 people carbon (c. 50ka), it has proven difficult to establish across the EU. The sector has, however, been secure chronologies. The present study aims at refining described as the second most polluting industry this part of the chronology. Amino acid racemisation world-wide. Polluters’ costs and the pressure to and strontium (Sr) isotope analysis on benthic foramini- innovate are now considerable. From a construction fera are performed on two shallow boreholes from the perspective, technical challenges, risks and costs could Troll field in the Norwegian Channel (core 8903; 220m be addressed more successfully with qualitatively long) and from the Fladen area (core 81/26; 200.6m better and, yet still affordable cement products. long). In aminostratigraphy, the reverse phase method Our self-healing cement will increase rather than utilized gives D/L values of eight amino acids compared decrease in strength when exposed to harsh chemicals, to previously reported single aIle/Ile ratio based on ion mechanical pressure, fouling, vibrations or other exchange method from the North Sea. disturbances. Our production techniques result in a 20% The new basal Sr ages in 8903 core confirms that Mid- reduction in CO2 emissions at fair prices. Pleistocene sediments rest over the Oligocene sedimen- ReStone AS has built a cross-disciplinary networked ts. Based on D/L values of aspartic acid, three amino operational team that includes geologists, well- and zones (AZ) are defined–the bottom most AZ3 (ratio cement engineers/management, lawyers, business 0.67-0.65) with Sr age 1-0.8Ma confirms that oldest developers, rock physicists, and senior concrete/ sedimentation in the Norwegian Channel took place at c. material/structure engineers to develop this product. 1Ma above a hiatus of more than 20Ma. AZ2 (ratio 0.61 Watch us remix the cement sector! – The -0.58) contains two marine units with a till unit between, @RockDoctors gave Sr age ~0.8-0.5Ma for lower marine unit and 0.2-

0.1Ma for upper marine unit. Sr ages matches well with previously identified Bruhnes/Matuyama paleomagnetic Using hyperspectral scanning to log boundary. AZ1 has ratio 0.57-0.46 with Sr age 0.2- cores: example of the Fen complex, 0.1Ma. In core 81/26 from the Fladen area, the bottom AZ3 has Telemark, Southern Norway ratio 0.63-0.61 with Sr age ~1.4Ma, and AZ2 and AZ1 Coint, N.1 & Dahlgren, S.2 with Sr age 1.3 to 1.1Ma corresponds to Mid-Pleisto- cene sediment. This unit also contains relatively high D/ 1 L ratios representing reworked section. These results NGU, Postboks 6315 Torgarden, 7491 Trondheim, [email protected] refine previous conclusions on timing of depositional 2 events including the first deposition of subglacial sedi- Fylkeshuset PB 2163 N3103 Tønsberg, Norway, ments in the North Sea since the onset of Pleistocene [email protected] glaciations. The demand for Rare Earth Elements (REE), all of which are listed as critical elements by the European RePlugⓇ - a novel material with Union, increases with the development of new “green” eternal cementing in mind technologies. A series of efforts, some of them supported by the European Union and individual countries, Clausen, J.A. & Kvassnes, A.J.S. have been evaluating and assessing REE resources across Europe. In 2018, the Norwegian Ministry of ReStone AS Trade, Industry and Fisheries funded two deep bore holes of 1000 m and 700 m each, in the 539 +\- 14 My. Approximately 150 000 wells are drilled every year. Fen carbonatite complex (Anderson and Taylor, 1988. The oil & gas industry must plug “used-up” subsea Geochim. Cosm. Ac. 52), to better assess the potential wells worldwide, before they are allowed to securely for extractable rare earths in the ferrocarbonatite (rau- abandon them. Plugs must have “eternal” perspective. haugite) unit. The two drill cores were scanned using However, the oldest cemented well is under 100 years three different cameras, acquiring a high-resolution old. How can an eternal perspective be reached? natural color (RGB), Visible Near Infrared, Short Wave NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 13

Infrared (VNIR-SWIR) and Long Wave Infrared reasoning, for example in the interpretations of detrital (LWIR) sections of the electromagnetic spectrum. zircon ages (as discussed in Slagstad and Kirkland Hyperspectral data, popular in exploration, allows an in- 2017). The Kalak Nappe Complex exemplifies some of vestigator to log cores objectively and quantify the the problematic aspects, in part linked to the use of the different lithologies. Extraction of individual spectra, traditional classification. Although consistent with the allows identification of the minerals and provides original criteria, its assignment to the Middle Allocht- estimated mineral abundances (Kruse 1996, Int. Jour. hon, and the implications of a Baltic margin origin with Rem. Sens., 17). In this study we compare this new Late Precambrian sedimentation and a Cambro-Ordo- imaging technique with other bulk-rock and minera- vician ‘Finnmarkian’ orogeny, created a model that logical characterization methods, including micro-XRF could not be confirmed by later work. In fact deposition imaging and EDS (Energy dispersive X-ray spectro- of sediments in the nappe actually occurred at 1000-900 metry) mapping, to log the lithologies and characterize Ma, and was followed by a sequence of Neoproterozoic the distribution of the REE throughout the core. Prelimi- orogenic phases completed at around 570 Ma with the nary results indicate that neither of the deep bore holes emplacement of the Seiland Igneous Complex. None of reached the fennitized host rock and that the carbonatite these features has demonstrable links to events in continues at depth. The second hole contains several Baltica, being more compatible with an exotic origin. lamprophyric breccias (damtjernite) intervals which can An argument often used against a non-Baltic origin has reach up to 20 m (apparent width). Overall the compo- been the lack of suture rocks underneath the nappe. sition of the carbonate matrix does not vary widely, However, near Alta the Kalak Nappe Complex is except for a few meters interval where pure calcite underlain by a sequence of rocks indicating hyper- dominates. The identification of REE minerals through extension and mantle exhumation, and could represent a imaging techniques still needs to be properly calibrated. fragment of such a suture. A similar debate is possible for the Seve Nappe Complex, considering some of its New perspectives on the Caledon- geological evidence and analogies to Kalak, and also for other nappe segments further south in the Caledonides. ides of Scandinavia Gee, D.G., & Sturt, B.A. (Eds.) 1985. The Caledonide Orogen—Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, Corfu, F. John Wiley & Sons. Roberts, D., & Gee, D.G. 1985. An introduction to the University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences and structure of the Scandinavian Caledonides. In Gee, CEED, [email protected] D.G., and Sturt, B.A. (Eds.) The Caledonide Orogen—Scandinavia and related areas: Chichester, The broad outlines of the evolution of the Scandinavian John Wiley & Sons, p. 55–68. Caledonides are well understood, especially the final Slagstad, T. & Kirkland, C.L. 2017. The use of detrital (Scandian) stages involving the collision and under- zircon data in terrane analysis: A nonunique answer thrusting of Baltica underneath Laurentia, with trans- to provenance and tectonostratigraphic position in the lation of nappes of various provenances onto the Baltic Scandinavian Caledonides. Lithosphere 9, 1002- margin, and subsequent rebound and extensional proc- 1011. esses. Some fundamental uncertainties remain, however, concerning the interpretation of the earlier stages of the evolution, the location of units during specific tectono- metamorphic events, and the provenance of nappes. The A diverted submarine channel of compilations and interpretations in Gee and Sturt (1985) Early Cretaceous age revealed by represented the culmination of research carried out over integration of P-Cable seismic and more than one century by many geologists and established a robust model for the evolution of the orogen. CSEM data in the SW Barents Sea The terminology introduced at that stage (Roberts and 1,* 1,2 2,3 Gee 1985), subdividing the orogen according to the Corseri, R. , Faleide, T.S. , Faleide, J.I. , 2 2 1,4 structural position of the various tectonic elements Midtkandal, I. , Serck, C.S. , Trulsvik, M. & Planke, 1,3 (Autochthon, Parautochthon, Lower, Middle, Upper and S.

Uppermost Allochthons), provided a useful basis for 1 further work and discussions. The details of the propos- Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS, Oslo Science ed subdivision were, however, not without problems and Park, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway , have been the subject of discussions through the years. *[email protected]; [email protected] 2 With time the use of the terms has undergone subtle University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences, changes, gradually shifting from the initial intention to University of Oslo, Box 1047 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, be mainly descriptive of structural positions in the tec- Norway, [email protected]; tonic sequence to having direct paleogeographic con- [email protected]; [email protected] 3 notations, for example Middle Allochthon = a Baltic Center for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University origin, Upper Allochthon = a mixed Baltic and Iapetan of Oslo, Box 1028 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, origin). The transformation of terms from vague into [email protected] 4 increasingly firm assumptions, which then become TGS, Lensmannslia 4, 1386 Asker, Norway, pivotal in subsequent interpretations, can lead to circular [email protected] 14 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

During the Early Cretaceous period, the SW Barents Sea geological diversity. The absence of relevant definiti- was infilled by prograding lobes. These sedimentary ons, framework and standardised methods makes it wedges were arguably attached either to a fluvio-deltaic difficult to create transparent assessments of geological system or to the development of a paleo-shelf edge diversity. How can we determine and verify how im- which is a key distinction to predict the presence of portant an outcrop, a pothole or a fossil location is, reservoir sands and erosive conduits. In the Greater compared to other similar sites? Is it too valuable to be Hoop area, we investigate a 150-km long bright seismic affected by a new road, housing etc.? In the project amplitude and resistive anomaly located at the foot of Geological Diversity in Central Scandinavia (GEARS), the slope of one of the Barremian prograding lobe. geologists, land use planners and national park officials The elongated anomaly is scrutinized on a comprehen- aims to establish methods for mapping, analysing and sive database comprising 2D/3D high-resolution P- assessing geological diversity. The work is influenced Cable data, conventional seismic data and resistivity by methods for evaluating biodiversity, as developed by values from 3D inversion of CSEM data. The seismic IUCN (the International Union for Conservation of interpretation is tied to three exploration wells to pro- Nature). Terms like rareness and representativeness are vide age-control on key horizons. Integrated inter- key concepts in this work. Furthermore, the project aims pretation highlights that the elongated resistive anomaly at finding new ways to present geoheritage for tourists correlates to a bright seismic unit with a soft reflection, and at developing tools for nature management strat- resting on an erosional surface. The erosive morphology egies. The talk will present a suggested workflow for displays three narrow, V-shaped incisions to the NE of mapping, documenting and assessing the value of the Greater Hoop area, which developed into a single, geological diversity and geological heritage. ~6 km-wide U-shape channel towards the transition to the Fingerdjupet Subbasin. The geological feature is named Ceres and interpreted as a submarine channel Barents Sea stress pattern and a carved in Aptian, a period of marked sea level rise and sediment starvation in the Greater Hoop area. An possible Eurekan suture SE of evolutionary model of a diverted submarine channel is Spitsbergen explaining the kink in proposed where a subaqueous delta lobe acted as a bathymetric obstacle for bottom currents which carved the Lomonosov Ridge an alongslope channel. To account for the geophysical expression of Ceres, two competing explanations are Dahlgren, K.I.T. discussed: (1) hydrocarbon-bearing sands, and (2) organic-rich source rock. Although we favor the first Equinor, [email protected] interpretation, both have implications for prospectivity: a faulted stratigraphic trap holding hydrocarbons or Present day maximum horizontal stress patterns have alternatively the channel-controlled distribution of been compiled from Barents Sea and Spitsbergen wells. mature Aptian source rock in the Kolje Formation. The orientation of maximum horizontal stress relies on measurements from induced/open fractures from image logs/oriented cores, fast/slow Vs and borehole break- outs/ovality from image logs/caliper. The compilation How can we measure the import- strengthens the NNW-SSE pattern seen in the World ance of geological diversity in land- Stress Map for the SW Barents Sea, but also shows a SW-NE directed maximum horizontal stress for Spits- use planning? bergen and an area SW of Bjørnøya. The deviating stresses between Spitsbergen and SW Dahl, R.1, Angvik, T.L.1, Husteli, B.1 & Erikstad, L.2 Barents Sea could possibly be explained by stress 1 decoupling along a SW-NE basement suture stretching Norges geologiske undersøkelse Postboks 6315 from Bjørnøya to westernmost Franz Joseph Land Torgarden 7491 Trondheim [email protected] 2 (FJL). The existence of a (Caledonian?) suture NE of Norsk institutt for naturforskning Postboks 5685 Bjørnøya was first indicated by Breivik et al. (2003) Torgarden 7485 Trondheim [email protected] based on OBS data. The lateral extent of this suture was, however, not further investigated. Here I will present Geology is a central part of nature, and policies for the and discuss the possible evidence for such a suture conservation of our nature diversity should thus include based on reflection seismic and potential field data. I our geological diversity. The purpose of the Norwegian infer tens of kilometers of ENE-ward movement of Nature Diversity Act is to protect biological, geological Svalbard along this suture, loosely constrained to Eurek- and landscape diversity. There is a well-developed, sys- an times. This movement would have resulted in the tematic methodology and recognition of the need for development of the kink of the Lomonosov Ridge that registering and protecting biodiversity. Geology, how- restores to westernmost FJL in a pre-break up position. ever, is often neglected in issues concerning nature Overall, such a scenario could more easily explain stress diversity. -transfer to the easternmost Lomonosov Ridge where Compared to management systems regarding biodivers- Gaina et al. (2015) found puzzling evidence for Eurekan ity, there is often a lack of management systems and -aged deformation. plans for the conservation of geological heritage and NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 15 Deep sedimentary deflation-com- Rare Earth Elements (REE) are metals that are funda- paction related faulting – examples mentally important in the production of green techno- from the Barents Sea logies. The global demand for REE’s is expected to rise substantially in the future. Today almost all REE is Dahlgren, K.I.T. mined in China. REE’s are important metals for the European industries, and thus the EU has classified the Equinor, [email protected] REE’s as highly critical. Most of the world REE’s has been mined from carbonatites, and consequently geo- The platform areas of the Barents Sea Shelf provide a logical investigation and exploration of carbonatite unique window into processes occurring at depth in complexes is being performed world-wide. New investi- sedimentary basins, since, these exhumed areas are gations reveal that the Fen Carbonatite Complex may extensively imaged by high quality 3D seismic data. host a world-class REE deposit. The present shallow burial of past deep inferred over- The Fen Carbonatite Complex, situated in the county of pressure zones means that seismic resolution is high Telemark, is the eroded remnants of an ancient volcano enough to image small scale faulting and fault reactiv- that produced magmatic limestones (carbonatites). On ation that cannot be resolved at depth in other non- the surface of the Fen Complex the rock unit called exhumed sedimentary basins. “rauhaugite” is by far the dominant one. However, this The Mesozoic strata on the Bjarmeland Platform is unit has been little studied because of heavy weathering densely faulted, with several different crosscutting fault and extensive cover by Holocene clay deposits. The populations of latest Triassic to earliest Jurassic, Mid to “rauhaugite” is a very inhomogeneous unit, but the Late Jurassic, Early Cretaceous and post-Albian ages. content of Fe-rich dolomite is typical for all varieties. The three oldest populations are associated with syn-rift Certain rauhaugite varieties commonly contain abundant sediment thickness changes across faults. The post- REE mineralizations. Albian event, however, is of a different nature as it is An on-going geological mapping program has revealed stratabound around the sandy Realgrunnen Subgroup a large near-surface extent of REE-mineralized “rau- with the faults soling out, downwards into Late Triassic haugites”, as well as having confirmed their extent heterolithic floodplain deposits and, upwards into Lower downward to at least 1 km depth. The REE minerals are Cretaceous shaly slope/shelf sediments. This event re- mm-sized and typically occur in aggregates. REE-min- activated the previous faults of different strike directions eralized zones reveal grades of up to 3,4-4,2 % REE. as well as induced new faults and fault arrays, some of Given the probable volume of rauhaugites and the which are circular in shape and kilometers in diameter. density of the REE mineralizations found in this pre- I infer that these faults reactivated and formed due to liminary study, the potential for a world class REE simultaneous catastrophic fluid drainage, loss of over- deposit emerge. This emphasizes the need for an extens- pressure and compaction. The fluids drained through the ive exploration program at Fen. Darcy-permeability Realgrunnen sands which extend across the entire basin, before reaching surface. The age of this fault reactivation event is inferred to the Pal- The origin of Th-enriched volcanic eocene-Eocene boundary based on AFT cooling ages. A contemporary transgression, which on Spitsbergen has rocks in Oppdal, central Norwegian been estimated to >30 m suggests that a significant >1 Caledonides – implications for the km thick section compacted and expelled fluids to sur- evolution of Ordovician arc mag- face. Given the world-wide association of the Paleocene -Eocene boundary as a major tectonic episode and trans- matism gressive event, suggests that tectonic induced relative 1 2 3 4 sea-level change through sediment compaction at depth Dalslåen, B. , Gasser, D. , Grenne, T. , Augland, L.E. 5 may be a hitherto overlooked geological process. & Corfu, F.

1 2 [email protected]; [email protected]; 3 [email protected]; 4 [email protected]; The Fen Carbonatite Complex, Nor- 5 [email protected] way: a potential world class rare earth mineral deposit – is it the Nor- Iapetus-related volcanic rocks are preserved all along the Scandinavian Caledonides, and represent mainly wegian global contribution to future remnants of oceanic crust and island arcs formed in green technologies? suprasubduction-zone settings. A main phase of marginal basin formation around 500-480 Ma was followed Dahlgren, S. by ophiolite obduction and arc magmatism around 475- 465 Ma. Arc-related rocks are well-known from the Geological Advisor, Buskerud Telemark Vestfold Karmøy – Stord area (southwestern Norway), and from County Councils, Fylkeshuset, Tønsberg, Norway. the shoshonitic Hølonda porphyrites in the Trondheim [email protected] region. In this contribution, we present results from a so 16 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

far little known suite of Ordovician arc-related rocks: structures widely associated with syn-faulting minerali- the Skarvatnet unit which is preserved in the Oppdal zation and therefore acted as channel-ways in geological area (central Norway). past (Permo-Triassic) and there is evidence that they are The arc-related Skarvatnet unit comprises (1) bedded still hydraulically active. pyroclastic deposits of the ca 474 Ma Kinna volcanic We used an extended approach that integrates datasets succession, (2) the 470 Ma subvolcanic Storgruvpiken collected at different scales and combines 1D and 2D rhyolite, and (3) the Skaret sedimentary succession analysis and several statistically distributions and anal- which is dominated by volcanic-derived material. All ysis were tested. Our 1D analysis has shown that the volcanic rocks within the Skarvatn unit show a peculiar population distribution of length and aperture reveals a chemistry, with extreme enrichments of LREE, Th, and consistent power-law relationship with comparable associated elements. We attribute these enrichments to a slopes and, the multiscale approach suggests scale-in- highly enriched mantle wedge where metasomatic variance. The scalability of single dataset can be extend- agents had been added from subducted sediments and/or ed from 1-2 orders of magnitude to up to 4 and 7 orders crustal material. Further modification of the mantle- of magnitudes for aperture and length, respectively. derived melts was caused by crustal assimilation and Overall 2D connectivity is mainly associated with fractional crystallization. For the Storgruvpiken rhyolite fracture corridors and a combination of 2D data with dip an origin from crustal anatexis is likely. information derived from onshore data, constrain the Arc-related volcanic and intrusive rocks of similar age likely optimal fluid-flow location and direction. are reported from the Caledonides in Scotland, Ireland, Canada and southwestern Norway. However, LREE and Th enrichments similar to those of the Skarvatnet unit Can cassiterite be orthorombic or are not known from the other arc-related Caledonian volcanics, suggesting that the composition of the mantle monoclinic? Examples from a Sn- wedge was highly variable along the different segments bearing quartz-tourmaline rock in of the 475-465 Ma volcanic arc. Similarly enriched mantle melts are also rare worldwide, and represent SW England clear anomalies in the subcontinental mantle. Drivenes, K.*1, Sørensen, B.E.1, Antao, S.2, Browns- 3 2 4 3 combe W. , Debuhr, C. , Raanes, M.P. , Seltmann, R. & Spratt, J.3 Fault and fracture scaling and connectivity: a case study from the 1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Sem Devonian Orcadian Basin, North Sælands vei 1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway Scotland 2 University of Calgary, Department of Geoscience, 2500 University Dr. NW Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Dichiarante, A.M.1,2 , McCaffrey, K.J.W.2, Holdsworth, Canada 2 3 3 R.E. & Bjørnarå, T.I. Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD, UK 1 Institutt for Geofag, Universitetet i Oslo, 4 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, [email protected] Department of Material Science and Technology, 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Alfred Getz vei 2, 7491 Trondheim, Norway UK, [email protected] * [email protected] 3 Norges Geotekniske Institutt Large (100-800 µm), euhedral grains are observed as Fracture attribute datasets derived from outcrop analog- lining on clusters of fine-grained tourmaline in a quartz- ues have been widely used to calibrate subsurface reser- tourmaline rock at Nanjizal bay, SW England. In plane voir models. These models serve as starting points for polarized light, cassiterite is colorless to light brown, simulations to understand the potential fluid storage and with patchy zoning of darker brown. The dark brown migration processes in fractured reservoirs. Typically, patches are clearly linked to W content, showing up to detailed observations made in boreholes are upscaled to 6000 µg/g in dark brown zones, and mostly below reservoir-scale to predict flow. Consequently, scaling of detection limit (~800 µg/g) in colorless zones. Cathodo- fracture properties is a key parameter. In particular, luminescence (CL) textures reveal concentric growth fracture aperture, which has major influence on perme- zoning around the c-axis, mostly with variations of ability, remains a persistent problem because of uncert- yellow CL. A weak positive correlation between Ti and ainties associated with the determination of reliable CL intensity and a negative correlation between Nb and scaling parameters. W, and CL intensity can be observed. Particularly, the In this study, we investigated fracture length and aper- Ti-CL relationship is inconsistent, and other defects are ture scaling properties in the Devonian Old Red Sand- likely to be the controlling CL activators. stones in Caithness (Scotland). This basin provides a In cross polarized light, sections intersecting the c-axis direct analogue for the main Devonian-Carboniferous at high angles show distinct sector zoning. Interference reservoir in the Clair Field, the UK’s largest remaining colors are typically 2nd order blue and 1st order yellow/ oil field on the UK Continental Shelf. We investigated purple. This zoning is not related to any of the analyzed NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 17 trace elements (Fe, W, Ti, Nb) or to cathodolumin- middle of the schorl field, blue tourmaline are more Fe- escence zoning. The EBSD data showed no orientation rich, and green tourmaline plot in the dravite field. difference across the sectors, in contrast to across the Some trace elements show a correlation with color and elbow twin developed by reflection on the [011] plane, plot as distinct groups in binary plots. This is particul- which corresponds to a 67.8° difference in orientation. arly evident in the Co vs Ni and Zn plots, where blue Only very minor variations in orientation across grains (~0.2-2 µg/g Co, ~150-300 µg/g Zn, ~0.5-2 µg/g Ni), normal to the c-axis were detected by EBSD, and brown (~10-40 µg/g Co, ~250-350 µg/g Zn, ~1-40 µg/g unrelated to the interference color sectors. The sectors Ni) and green (~2-20 µg/g Co, ~25-60 µg/g Zn, ~30-100 represent the growth traces of the pyramidal {h0ℓ} µg/g Ni) tourmaline form separate clusters. Other gener- plane. The 4-fold symmetry along the c-axis in al trends including groups based on color are the posit- cassiterite indicates that the pyramidal faces are sym- ive correlations between Sn and Sr and Y. In both cases, metrical equivalents. Only a difference in c-axis orient- all three elements increase from brown to blue to green. ation would produce the variation in interference colors, Brown and blue tourmaline may also be distinguished in and two sets of different {h0ℓ} faces is not sufficient. the Sc vs V and Nb vs Ta plots. Growth zoning is com- One grain clearly showed biaxial optical properties, in- monly observed, typically in the form of a brown core dicating that the crystal structure may not be perfectly overgrown by a section of oscillatory zoned brown-blue tetragonal. If, however, the sector zoning is composit- tourmaline, a blue zone, and in some samples an ional rather than strictly crystallographic, the difference oscillatory zoned pale blue-dark blue zone. This is in retardation observed in the optical microscope must interpreted to represent the transition from a melt- be produced by elements other than Fe, W, Ti and Nb. dominated to a fluid-dominated stage without a signifi- However, incorporating different trace elements at cant influence of external fluids. The green tourmaline symmetrically equivalent faces requires other prope- may crosscut and overprint former tourmaline gener- rties, such as polarity differences. At the present, most ations, and is often observed together with quartz as evidence supports the interpretation that the investigated mineral replacements. This is interpreted to be the result cassiterite is actually orthorhombic or monoclinic. of subsolidus fluid-rock interaction.

Using tourmaline as a guide to the Structural controls on column height magmatic-hydrothermal transition in fill. Insights from the Snøhvit gas the Land’s End granite: Optical pro- field in the Hammerfest Basin, SW perties, mineral chemistry, micro- Barents Sea textures, and field relations Edmundson, I.1, Rotevatn, A.1, Davies, R.2, Broberg, K.2 3 1 2 1 & Yielding, G. Drivenes, K. , Brownscombe, W. , Larsen, R.B. , 2 2 1 Seltmann, R. , Spratt, J. & Sørensen, B.E. 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway. Corresponding author: [email protected] Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Sem 2 Sælands vei 1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway DEA Norge AS, Løkkeveien 103, 4007 Stavanger, 2 Norway Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road 3 London SW7 5BD, UK Badley Geoscience Ltd, North Beck House, North * [email protected] Beck Lane, Spilsby PE23 5NB, UK

Tourmaline from the St Byron lobe of the Land’s End Faults act as pathways or barriers to fluid flow and so granite shows a great variety in color and mineral profoundly influence subsurface fluid migration, chemistry. By combining optical properties, major and accumulation, retention and leakage. Assessment of the trace element chemistry and field relations, late-mag- retention/seal risk of structural hydrocarbon traps dep- matic tourmaline can be distinguished from closed and ends upon robust knowledge of the capacity of faults to open system hydrothermal tourmaline. In some locali- seal or leak fluids. Faults commonly exhibit spatial vari- ties a transition from disseminated, brown magmatic ability in sealing properties, and can alternate between tourmaline to hydrothermal, blue tourmaline can be sealing and leaking through geological time as the fault directly observed. In other localities, an external, or at undergoes dynamic changes in deformation, diagenesis least less local, fluid precipitated colorless-green pleo- and applied regional or local stresses. It is well known chroic tourmaline. The Sn-mineralization in the area is that fault intersections are associated with higher defor- unequivocally related to this type of tourmaline. The mation and commonly form foci for fluid flow. How- data set includes 680 LA-ICP-MS and 900 EPMA spot ever, the complexity of factors that affect fluid flow at analyses of 16 samples from six localities along the SW faults and fault intersections is often neglected by coast of the Land’s End area. The compositional evol- methods that attempt to predict hydrocarbon column ution of the major elements of the three main tourmaline heights. Such estimations predict significantly larger types is well established; brown tourmaline plot in the column heights than those measured in 18 underfilled discovery boreholes across the Hammerfest Basin. 18 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

Underfilling caused by leakage is corroborated by oil Scarp, the entire landscape slopes gradually towards the shows observed at depths below the fluid contact. Gulf of Bothnia. The available data from the area is To investigate this discrepancy between estimated and reviewed, and it appears that the gross form of the discovered column heights, fault-seal analysis was margin predates the Cenozoic. Whilst basement erosion performed on five structures within the Snøhvit gas volumes have been rather low, km-thick covers of field. Results indicate that all modelled faults are cap- volcanic and sedimentary rocks have been removed able of sealing significantly taller hydrocarbon columns from the Kola margin through the Phanerozoic. than currently in-place. This suggests that across-fault capillary leakage is unlikely to explain the underfilling. Quantification of fault geometry and network connec- Climatically influenced progradation tivity suggests enhanced fluid flow associated with fault reactivation is likely at two particular structural settings. of a deep-water turbidite fan, One is zones of densely clustered fault intersections Late Pliocene syn-rift succession, created by convergence of two sub-orthogonal fault trends, and the second is the reactivation of major N-S Corinth Rift, Greece orientated faults. Integration of column height data with Eliassen, G.T.1, Gawthorpe, R.L.1, Muravchik, M.1, results from quantitative analyses of fault architecture 1 2 2 will help to elucidate locations of enhanced fluid flow, Henstra, G.A. , Kranis, H. & Skourtsos, E.

leading to better estimations of lateral seal risk and 1 hydrocarbon column heights during prospect analysis. Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 2 Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece Linking erosion history in Northern Fennoscandia to stratigraphy in the The structural, sedimentary and climatic evolution of a rift basin and its associated catchment area is reflected Barents Sea over the last 600 Ma in its deposits, but deconvolving primary controls on stratigraphic evolution is often problematic. Here we Eide, C.H.1 & Hal, A.M.l2 present results from an integrated sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental of the Corinth Rift to investigate 1 University of Bergen, [email protected] 2 the role of climatic variations on deep-water depositi- Stockholm University, [email protected] onal processes in a highly active rift setting. Northward migration of active faulting in the Corinth The basin margin between the Barents Sea and the Rift during Early Pleistocene times resulted in uplift of Fennoscandian shield has been in existence for at least 1 early syn-rift deposits on the northern Peloponnese billion years. The unusually long history of the Kola peninsula. We focus on the Late Pliocene deep-water margin allows us to develop source-to-sink models, to deposits of the Rethi-Dendro Formation (RDF) that are constrain properties of sediments in the Barents Sea spectacularly exposed in the central part of the rift. In basin and to understand erosion and landscape evolution general, the RDF consists of coarse grained siliciclastic over geological timescales. sediments emplaced as mass transport deposits, channel The terrain from Nordkapp to the eastern part of Kola complexes and channelised lobes, and fine grained provides evidence of emergence and burial during the intervals consisting of thinly bedded turbidites and last 600 Myr. The landscape in the area has also largely hemipelagic mudstones. avoided extensive glacial modification. On land, this Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the RDF evidence includes the Sub-Ediacaran and Sub-Cambrian has been analysed using traditional field methods to- peneplains, mainly Devonian alkaline volcanic features gether with continuously cored shallow research bore- in central Kola, and Neogene kaolinitic and gruss-type holes. This integrated dataset allows for sedimentary weathering. In the adjacent Barents Sea Basin, abundant observations at a variety of scales, from mm-scale sedi- data exist giving reasonable control of the stratigraphy mentary structures to seismic-scale geobodies. To back to the Carboniferous. Stratigraphic evidence sugg- supplement our sedimentological observations, detailed est emergence of N Fennoscandia at least during the palynological analysis has been undertaken to identify Early Triassic and Early Jurassic. Extrapolation of sedi- changes in hinterland vegetation as a result of climate mentary units in the basin suggests the presence of sedi- change. Focus has been placed on a 80 m interval that is mentary covers on N Fennoscandia at least during the characterised by an abrupt change in depositional style Permian and Cretaceous. from a thick unit of dominantly hemipelagic mudstones This presentation highlights the distinctive topography sharply overlain by laterally extensive, amalgamated on the Kola Peninsula, with a pronounced foreland- and channelised sandstone and conglomerate bodies that scarp-backslope-topography, which is reminiscent of a are consecutively replaced by hemipelagic mudstones. passive margin. The foreland is mainly a low-lying, The change in depositional style is contemporaneous to hilly terrain rising gently from the coast towards the changes in the pollen and spore assemblage suggesting south where it meets the pronounced Saariselkä-Karelia that a shift to drier and colder conditions aids to the Scarp, which broadly coincides with the drainage divide delivery of coarse grained sediment into the deeper parts in N Fennoscandia. South of the Saariselkä-Karelia of the basin. This study highlights how climate change NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 19 in the hinterland can have a major impact on the timing Hannington, M, Jamieson, J, Monecke, T and Petersen, of deep-water reservoir development, even in highly S. 2010. Modern sea-floor massive sulfides and base active basins. metal resources: Toward an Estimate of Global SMS Potential Seafloor Massive Sulfide Deposits. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication. 2010, Methodology for quantifying the Vol. 15, pp. 317-338. Juliani, C and Ellefmo, S. L. 2018. Resource aggregated seafloor mineral re- Assessment of Undiscovered Seafloor Massive source potential along the mid-Atl- Sulfide Deposits on an Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge: Application of grade and tonnage models. Ore antic ridge Geology Reviews Volume 102, Nov 2018, Pages 818 -828. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.10.002 Ellefmo, S. L., Juliani, C. & Sinding-Larsen, R. Pedersen, R.B, Thorseth, I. H., Nygård, T. E., Dilley, M. D. and Kelley D. S. 2010b. Hydrothermal activity at Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian the arctic mid ocean ridges. In P.A Rona, et al. University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow [email protected] Spreading Ocean Ridges. Washington, DC, USA: Amer Geophysical Union, 2010, pp. 67–89. Norway manages large maritime zones, which include a Singer, D A. 2014. Base and precious metal resources in significant part of the northern mid-Atlantic ridge seafloor massive sulfide deposits. Ore Geology (MAR). Along this ridge, mineral occurrences exist Reviews. 59, 2014, Vol. 59, pp. 66–72. http:// (e.g., seafloor massive sulfides or SMS; Pedersen et al. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.11.008. 2010) and exploration for new findings is ongoing. Singer, D. A., Menzie, W. D. 2010. Quantitative However, there is a lack of knowledge about the quan- Mineral Resource Assessments, an Integrated tity and economic potential of undiscovered mineral Approach. Oxford University Press. resources. These resources may address today’s challenges to shift towards more environmental friendly energy production and electrification of our society. For the last decade, there has been a growing interest in Marine base maps: Tailoring mining deep-sea minerals, such as SMSs associated to geological information to marine submarine volcanism and hydrothermal venting. Despite important work related to quantifying the global reso- spatial planners urce potentials (e.g. Hannington, 2010; Cathles, 2011, Elvenes, S., Lepland, A. & Bøe, R. Singer, 2014, Juliani and Ellefmo, 2018), more work is needed to develop proper assessment frameworks used on these resources. Such frameworks must integrate Geological Survey of Norway, P.O. Box 6315 contrasted geological environments dominated by sedi- Torgarden, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. ments, mafic and, or ultramafic rocks along the MAR. [email protected] The play analysis is a framework that used by the oil and gas industry to quantify the resource potential. In its Spatial planning is a major responsibility of Norwegian application, geological factors, that are critical for the municipalities. This includes coastal marine areas, generation of resources are documented and mapped in where activities such as aquaculture, fisheries, industry the exploration areas. In the context of SMS genesis, and tourism often have mutually exclusive spatial requ- factors include the metal- and heat source(s), the irements. Marine spatial planners are tasked with assig- migration pathways, the trap mechanisms and ning the necessary space to each activity while also pre- preservation. The assessment and the associated quanti- serving ecologically important areas, but must often fication of these factors along with the quantification of make decisions based on very limited information about the deposit density and the grade – tonnage curves are the marine environment. Geological properties like dependent on the deposit model in questions (Singer and seabed sediment composition, sedimentary environ- Menzie, 2010). ments or topography, while highly relevant to decision- The paper describes the play-based framework necess- making about area use, can rarely be inferred from e.g. ary to establish an aggregated and unbiased mineral navigational charts. In practice, marine areas often end resource potential estimate by combining mineral- up treated as two-dimensional uniform surfaces. system(s) and, or deposit model(s). Specifically, the re- Over the last 15 years, the Geological Survey of Nor- search focuses on evaluating the resource potential way (NGU) has published detailed marine base maps associated to 1) neo-volcanic zones, 2) oceanic core covering parts of the coastal marine areas of ca. 50 complexes and 3) sedimentary environments along the municipalities. These maps are based on high-resolution MAR. multibeam echosounder (MBES) data and field obser- Cathles. 2011. What processes at mid-ocean ridges tell vations, and give full-coverage representation of a series us about volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. of geological seabed properties at scales typically 1:10 Mineralium Deposita 46(5): 639-657. 2011a, Vol. 46, 000 to 1:50 000. A key factor in map production is an 5, pp. 639-657. doi:10.1007/s00126-010-0292-9 expert's interpretation of the spatial distribution of seabed sediment types. This yields a map of up to 30 sedi- 20 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

ment classes, a level of detail that may well seem im- how are they distributed and preserved throughout the penetrable to anyone outside the geological community. Botneheia Fm.? Nevertheless, different seabed sediment types will have distinct physical and geotechnical properties and repre- The Norwegian Red List for Eco- sent different sedimentary environments. To help end-users unlock important information linked systems and Habitat Types 2018. to the properties of the various sediment types, we der- Geological implications ive a series of thematic maps from the original interpreted sediment classes and the MBES data. A marine Erikstad, L.1, Husteli, B.2, Dahl, R.2, & Heldal, T.2 base map package may include maps of anchoring conditions, digability, areas of soft sediment accumul- 1 Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning, ation, slope and seabed terrain. All maps are freely acce- [email protected] ssible online, and are distributed in a variety of formats. 2 Norges geologiske undersøkelse, [email protected]

Palaeontology of the Middle Triassic Geological information is important in many aspects of nature management, even if biodiversity usually dysoxic succession of the Botneheia gets all the attention. The Red list system of the Inter- Fm., Svalbard national Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an internationally acknowledged tool to identify con- Engelschiøn, V.S.1, Bernhardsen, S.2, Wesenlund, F.3, texts and valuable aspects of nature. The Norwegian Hammer, Ø.1, Hurum, J.H.1 & Mørk, A.2. Red List of Threatened Species™ and Invasive Alien Species are well known examples. In addition, there is 1 The Natural History Museum, The University of Oslo, a third list; the Red List for Ecosystems and Habitat Norway. Types. This list is currently under revision in Norway. 2 The Norwegian University of Sciences and For geologists, types involving landforms are of inter- Technology, Norway. est. The previous list from 2011, introduced some 3 The University of Tromsø, Norway. landform elements in a specific ecological setting. The Corresponding author: [email protected] new list has, however, included landforms as an assessment theme of its own. Examining landforms, their The Middle Triassic Botneheia Formation in eastern rareness and robustness, involves using various quan- Svalbard was formed in a basinal depostitional environ- titative and qualitative methods. The methods use ment in a large embayment of the Panthalassa Ocean on unbiased information such as published and unpubl- the northern rim of Pangea. This study presents prelimi- ished geological maps as well as research articles. A nary results from the study of the macrofossils on the revised Red List for Ecosystems and Habitat Types Muen plateau on Edgeøya with the aim of contributing will support knowledge-based spatial planning and to the understanding of the Middle Triassic faunas of nature management. Svalbard and their living habitats. Detailed work has The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre is recently been done on the sedimentology and petrology supervising the revision, and has appointed expert of the Botneheia Fm. However, the faunal assemblage committees to conduct the reviews. The methodology of the Middle Triassic section is not well understood, as is based on IUCN criteria and methods and encour- previous workers have focused either on specific beds ages the use of quantifiable methods. In the events of or specific taxa, and little work has been done to corre- lacking quantifiable data, qualitative expert reflection late sedimentological observations to the fossil assem- has taken place. blages in the succession. The landforms that have been assessed are listed in the The Botneheia Fm. alternates between organic-rich, description system used, Nature Types in Norway anoxic layers and oxygenated fossiliferous beds with (NiN) and comprises 14 groups with 86 features alto- abundant ichnofauna. A characterising feature of the gether and will be launched November 21th. 28 were upper part of the Botneheia Fm. are the beds consisting considered vulnerable, critical, near threatened or almost exclusively of bivalve shells and rich mono- endangered and one had data deficiency. This is, to specific ichnofauna with Thalassinoides ichnosp. The our knowledge, the first time geological landscape bivalve beds can be distinguished into two types; frag- features have been quantified to establish rareness and mented, mm-size bivalves forming microcoquina beds, resilience to this extent. Our talk will highlight and and calcareous beds of complete, cm-size flattened discuss some of the methods, challenges and the bivalve shells and moulds. While the latter could repre- results. sent periods of low sedimentation rates with adult specimens, the former could possibly represent mass mor- tality events of juvenile specimens. Here we present Elemental and Sedimentological preliminary results from the investigation of these beds. In addition to investigating the depositional environ- Analysis of the Norwegian shelf dur- ment forming the bivalve beds, future work will include ing the Upper Jurassic describing the other taxa that are commonly found in the formation. Which taxonomic groups are represented and Fadipe, J.1 & Felix, M. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 21

Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian simulated on-land and sub-sea disposal site conditions, University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, as well as the determination of physicochemical pro- Norway, 1 [email protected] perties of the kinetic column leachates (T, pH, Eh, conductivity, heavy metal and sulfate concentrations). Upper Jurassic deposits (Oxfordian - Tithonian) in cores The Dunderlandsdalen Fe mineralization is hosted by a taken from the southern (Farsund sub-basin), middle Neoproterozoic (Tonian, 800-730 Ma) meta-sediment- (Møre-Trøndelag basin) and northern (Troms III basin) ary sequence within the Caledonian Uppermost parts of the Norwegian shelf were analysed for major Allochthonous (Melezhik et al., 2015). The main ore and trace elements using a handheld XRF tool. minerals are hematite and magnetite. The Mn-miner- Several elements show changes in value or trend at alization, consisting of rhodonite, oligonite and spessart- depths that appear to correspond to the boundaries of the ine, occurs locally. Sulfide minerals, including pyrite, stages of the Upper Jurassic; these changes are often pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and chalcocite, are present only abrupt, but some elements show only gradual changes of as accessory minerals. Calcite and quartz are the most the general patterns. The same types of changes can be common gangue minerals. Concentrations of heavy seen in multiple cores, allowing correlation between the metals in all analyzed ore samples were below the cores. detection limit of 0.1 wt.%. The element values were also used together with sedi- The preliminary results indicate that the stratiform mentological logs of the deposits to investigate the link Dunderlandsdalen Fe mineralization was formed under between typical elemental compositions and depositi- conditions of low sulfur and high oxygen fugacities, onal environments. Changes in depositional environ- resulting in a low sulfide content, low heavy metal con- ment are seen for example in varying degrees of siderite centrations, as well as in a very high Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio. The and pyrite formation through the cores, which are mineralization has a very low capacity for the genera- thought to be a result of fluctuating environmental tion of AMD and mobilization of heavy metals in both conditions, alternating between anoxic, suboxic and on-land and sub-sea disposal site conditions. The ob- oxic bottom water conditions. Lithological variation tained results are in accordance with previously pub- between the various locations also suggests differing lished data (e.g. SINTEF MoLab, 2011) environmental conditions, which correlate with the Melezhik, V.A., Ihlen, P.M., Kuznetsov, A.B., Gjelle, elemental assessment. S., Solli, A., Gorokhov, I.M., Fallick, A.E., Sandstad, J.S. & Bjerkgård, T. (2015) Pre-Sturtian (800-730Ma) depositional age of carbonates in sedimentary sequences hosting stratiform iron ores in the Environmental impact of stratiform Uppermost Allochthon of the Norwegian Fe deposits: an on-land vs. sub-sea Caledonides: A chemostratigraphic approach. Elsevier. tailing simulation SINTEF MoLab (2011) Chemical analysis and leaching tests of H150, H400 and the main waste. Report no. Fagerheim, B. & Strmic Palinkaš, S. 39855. Walker, L. (2011) EPA Method 1627: Kinetic Test Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University Method for the Prediction of Mine Drainage Quality. of Norway, Tromsø, [email protected] United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Tailings, a residual material after separation of the valuable fraction of an ore, may represent a significant environmental threat including generation of acid mine Barremian delta and Early Creta- drainage (AMD) and leaching of heavy metals. Trad- ceous faulting revealed by high- itionally, tailings have been deposited on-land, but in several countries including Norway, sub-sea disposal resolution 3D seismic data in the sites are common. The potential environmental impact southwestern Barents Sea of tailings strongly depends on the origin of ore mineralization, its mineral composition and the mineral Faleide, T.S.1,*, Midtkandal, I.1, Planke, S.2,3, Corseri, chemistry of ore and gangue minerals. R.2, Faleide, J.I.1,3, Nystuen, J.P.1 & Braathen, A1. The aim of this study is to estimate potential environmental risks related to processing and deposition of 1 University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences, tailings from stratiform Fe deposits. Due to their diverse University of Oslo, Box 1047 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, origin (e.g., Banded Iron Formations, Neoproterozoic Norway, *[email protected]; Iron Formations, Sedimentary-Exhalative deposits, etc) [email protected]; [email protected]; the stratiform Fe deposits may have variable mineralogi- [email protected] cal and geoechemical characters and consequently a 2 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS, Oslo Science variable environmental impact. This study focuses to the Park, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway, stratiform Dunderlandsdalen Fe mineralization. It com- [email protected]; [email protected] bines the determination of mineral and chemical com- 3 Center for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University positions of the ore mineralization with kinetic column of Oslo, Box 1028 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, tests (14 weeks; EPA 1627 method (Walker, 2011)) in [email protected] 22 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

Regional Early Cretaceous uplift of the northern Barents the Johansen Formation. Subsequently a significant Sea associated with the High Artic Large Igneous Pro- areal extent of the Johansen Formation sands were vince (HALIP) caused the development of a marine draped by marine mud deposits of the upper part of the delta and shelf platform in the SW Barents Sea. High- Amundsen Formation. We analysed a suite of logs from resolution 3D and 2.5D P-Cable and 3D conventional 24 exploration wells using petrophysics and rock phys- seismic data image the delta complex and cross-cutting ics techniques to obtain present day depth, maximum faults in the Hoop area. The P-Cable data typically have burial before uplift, thickness, temperature, volume of a resolution of 4-7 m in the shallow subsurface, up to clay, physical and elastic properties to evaluate the seal four times better than the conventional seismic data. The integrity of the Amundsen Formation. different resolution of the conventional 3D and P-Cable Based on the well log data, the Amundsen Formation seismic datasets was addressed by synthetic seismic that overlies the Johansen Formation is deepening modelling to aid and increase confidence of the seismic towards north-west with a maximum depth over 4000m interpretation. Seismic horizon and facies interpretation (BSS). The thickness varies laterally, with maximum of the data reveal large-scale clinoforms, with heights of thickness slightly more than 100m. Temperature, depth, 150-200 m and dips of 0.65-1.13°. The heights and dips mineralogy and diagenesis are important factors that are corrected for compaction effects associated with a determine the mechanical properties of mudstones sub- maximum burial 2150 m deeper than at present depth. sequent to its deposition. To investigate this, a study The high-resolution data furthermore display complex using P-wave, S-wave, bulk density, and gamma ray stratigraphic and structural features, such as small-scale was carried out to understand the effect of the above- clinoforms, channel bodies, and minor faults. The delta mentioned factors on the integrity of Amundsen Format- succession is block-faulted, and the main Early Creta- ion mudstones as cap-rock suitable for CO2 storage. ceous fault activity thus post-dates the arrival of the Fracturing as a result of increased brittleness at deeper delta from NW. This fault activity has to be corrected levels, and reduction of thickness at shallower levels for to restore the prograding clinoforms. Detailed were identified as the main risks. seismic-stratigraphic ties to the 7324/2-1 (Apollo) and 7325/1-1 (Atlantis) wells document a Barremian age of the delta front and an Aptian?-early Albian age of the Monitoring redox sensitive con- main faulting event. The faulting was likely initiated in the Aptian, but a hiatus or condensed section makes it ditions at the groundwater interface difficult to constrain the exact onset of deformation. The using electrical resistivity and self- high-resolution data further reveal minor faulting activity during the earliest Cretaceous time. This study potential has established a new temporal and spatial evolution of Fernandez, P.M.1, Bloem, E.2, Binley, A.M.3, Philippe, the Lower Cretaceous deposits in the Hoop area, in 1 1,2 particular the location and age of the delta front and R. & French, H.K.

subsequent block-faulting. 1 Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, [email protected] 2 Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO, Seal characterisation of the Amund- [email protected] 3 sen Formation for CO2 storage in University of Lancaster, [email protected]

the northern North Sea In-situ assessment of redox conditions in soil and

1 1 1 groundwater is challenging due to both point measure- Fawad, M. , Hansen, J.A. , Johnson, J.R. & Mondol, ment limitations and error prone redox potential sensors. N.H.2 To explore the potential of non-destructive geophysical 1 methods for mapping redox sensitive zones, four labo- University of Oslo, [email protected]; ratory sand tanks, with degrading propylene glycol [email protected]; [email protected] 2 added near a static water table, were monitored over University of Oslo & Norwegian Geotechnical time with 3D electrical resistivity (ERT) monitoring Institute, [email protected] combined with surface measurements of self-potential (SP). Three mechanisms are expected to affect the Seal characterization for CO2 storage is slightly differ- geophysical signals; 1) The release of iron and mangan- ent from that of a hydrocarbon trap since the oil or gas ese ions increasing the electrical conductivity of the accumulation itself validates the cap-rock integrity. water phase, reducing the bulk electrical resistivity. 2) However, in case of CO2 storage a careful investigation The release of methane gas (if iron and manganese is warranted to avoid any risk of potential seal failure. oxides are unavailable), which will reduce the water The Johansen Formation of Early Jurassic age in and saturation, hence increase the resistivity. 3) Electron around the Troll field is a potential CO2 storage reser- flow in a metal bar connecting the anaerobic zone with voir in the northern North Sea. The Amundsen and the oxic upper zone will give rise to an electrical current Johansen Formations are time equivalents in a sense that visible with SP (Revil et al, 2015). Our detailed labora- the distal, open shelf mud of the Amundsen Formation tory study indicated that all of these processes occurred, deposited in front of prograding deltaic sand deposits of plumes were Mn and Fe concentrations increased near NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 23 the PG degradation sites (mapped with water samples) Tectonic influence on the Jurassic could be seen as reduced resistivity. In sand with little iron and manganese oxides, resistivity increased strong- sedimentary architecture in the ly indicating methane production. A strong SP anomaly northern North Sea with focus on occurred only above the location of an iron object explained by the electron flow. Hence our study demon- the Brent Group strates that the combination of time lapse ER and SP are Folkestad, A.1, Odinsen, T. 1 , Fossen, H.2,3 & Pearce, powerful tools for mapping the locations of redox 4 affected degradation processes. M.A.

Revil, A., Fernandez, P., Mao, D., French, H., Bloem, E. 1 and Binley, A. (2015). Self-potential monitoring of Statoil, Bergen, Box 7200, Bergen 5020, Norway (E- mail: [email protected]) the enhanced biodegradation of an organic 2 contaminant using a bioelectrochemical cell. The Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway Leading Edge, 34(2), pp.198-202. 3 Natural History Collections, University Museum of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway 4 Statoil Gulf Services LLC, 2103 CityWest Boulevard, The importance and effect of field Houston, Texas, 77042, USA work in geoscience education It is known from previous studies that the Middle Fjordheim, K. Jurassic succession in the northern North Sea has been influenced and controlled by syn-depositional fault Danielsen Intensivgymnas, Nygaten 9, 5017 Bergen, activity. In this study from the Gullfaks-Kvitebjørn area, Norway, [email protected] we build upon that knowledge with seismic cross- sections, well-correlations and cored intervals to eva- Field work is an important part of Geofag 1 and Geofag luate features that can be linked to Middle–Late Jurassic 2 (Geoscience) in Norwegian secondary school. Based rifting in the northern North Sea. A regional east–west on teaching in geoscience education the student learning transect shows an overall wedge-shaped Jurassic succ- processes and the learning effect from field work are ession in the strike-section between two long-lived investigated. The focus of the field work is on one hand Permo–Triassic faults, with a marked asymmetric local geology and geological history and on the other thickness distribution from the Ness Formation and hand permafrost involving landforms and processes. upward. In a local section across the Kvitebjørn Field The study investigates the effect of various learning the same pattern is identified, but here the thickness activities connected to field work. These activities spans differences are more pronounced. We suggest that the from the theoretical and practical preparation prior to sedimentological response to this Middle Jurassic tec- work in the field, the activities and choices made in the tonic activity is reflected by the formation of local field, and finally the work with reports. The investigat- depocentres with stacked tidal dunes, differences in ion is based on the students own reports of their learning lithological characteristics along strike within stratal processes in combination with the result they achieved units and facies variability along an irregular coast with in tests and reports. enhancement of tidal currents in the funnel-shaped The results show that during the preparation prior to hangingwall areas of rotated fault-blocks. These inte- field work the students choose to focus on single locat- grated data suggest that the Middle–Late Jurassic rift ions one by one. In the field students report an improved phase started in the Early Bajocian (basal Ness For- understanding of the landscape as one. The link between mation) within the Gullfaks to Kvitebjørn transect and the same processes observed from several localities, and with flexing at the crest of the Permo–Triassic mega- the link between different processes and a common block leading to a complex stratigraphic development of history at one locality were more clearly understood by the Brent Group at that location. students in the field and after filed work was carried out. The study further emphasis the importance of a good Synthetic seismic modelling of connection from pre- to post-fieldwork activities. A clear and limited topic is essential for the students to get fluvial channels in the Blackhawk a good overview and knowledge from the activities as a Formation as an analogue to the whole. When students did not have a background in Triassic Barents Sea topics they meet in the field, they had more difficulties in identifying and carrying out relevant investigations in Friestad, E.1, Eide, C.H.2 & Lecomte, I.3 the field.

Group work, involving 4-5 students is reported to be 1 University of Bergen, [email protected] helpful during the field work. During post-fieldwork 2 University of Bergen, [email protected] activities, as report writing, students preferred to work 3 University of Bergen, [email protected] in pairs or individually. Significant volumes of oil and gas are currently trapped in fluvial deposits worldwide. There are however 24 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

several challenges associated with such reservoirs in sizer 3000, XRD and SEM. The fine-grained sediments terms of predicting dimensions, sand connectivity, and consist of silt and clay (illite) and they are of glacigenic spatial and temporal changes in these systems. By origin. The secondary minerals formed in the cave syst- getting a better understanding of how such sandbodies em were analyzed using XRD, SEM and sequence in the subsurface are imaged in seismic data, these analysis. We identified the minerals calcite (CaCO3), challenges can be mitigated. gypsum (CaSO4 H2O), jarosite ((K, Na, H3O)Fe3(SO4)2 2+ 2- The Book Cliffs in Utah is one of the best outcrops in (OH)6) and iron oxide (FeO). The source for Ca , S , the world to study siliciclastic deposits at a reservoir- Fe2+/3+ comes from the surrounding bedrock, marble and scale because of the size, degree of exposure and estab- the adjacent mica schist. Oxidation of pyrite or other lished stratigraphic understanding. The non-marine part sulfide inclusions are common and results in secondary of the Blackhawk Formation in the Book Cliffs contains mineralization of gypsum, jarosite and iron oxides. well-exposed fluvial channels. By using high resolution Precipitation of secondary calcite can be a result of the LiDAR-scans of these exposures, the fluvial channels surrounding bedrock interacting with CO2- enhanced are mapped at a high level of detail. The mapped chann- percolation water, however, it can also be induced or els are used as geometry- and architectural input to the controlled by biological processes. A good indication synthetic seismic modelling using a Point-Spread Func- for this is the occurrence of biosignatures (etching tion based convolution approach. Such method allows marks, EPS) and cells in a sample of Moonmilk. Extrac- rapid modelling of prestack-depth migration alike tion of 16S rRNA from this sample determined the pres- seismic, including full resolution and lack of illuminat- ence of Actinobacteria, Frimicutes and Proteobacteria, ion effects. The property input is from real well log all known from previous studies of Moonmilk. The clay data, mainly from the Triassic of the Barents Sea. The sediments recorded in the cave system are considered to generated synthetic seismic images thus show how the have been deposited when the cave was in contact with fluvial channels geometries from the Blackhawk For- ice and filled with water. The sediments have presumab- mation would appear in conditions such as the sub- ly been deposited sub-glacially, either under full glacial surface Triassic succession in the Barents Sea. conditions or under deglacial conditions. Sedimento- By varying relevant properties in the modelling process, logical analysis of the stratigraphic units indicates the such as geological details, seismic resolution and acqu- presence of at least two glaciations. Most of the secon- isition method, different seismic images of realistic dary minerals deposited in the cave system is highly scenarios are created. These are compared to real seis- soluble in water, and are presumably formed after the mic from the Triassic Snadd and Kobbe formations in last time the cave was filled with water, during the last the Barents Sea to see which geological features that can 11600 years (Holocene). be observed and which that are lost in seismic imaging of fluvial deposits. The Støren Group of the Trondheim

Minerals and fine-grained sedi- Nappe Complex revisited: rift- ments: Studies from the Reingards- related early/middle Ordovician lia cave system, Mo i Rana, North- volcanism and turbidite sedimentation at the onset of westward sub- ern Norway duction? Gabrielsen, I.M.1, 4, Kilhavn, H.1, 4, Skoglund, R.Ø.3 & Lauritzen, S.-E.1 Gasser, D.1,2, Grenne, T.2, Augland, L.E.3 & Corfu, F.4

1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Western 2 Laboratoire EDYTEM, Université of Savoie Mont- Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Blanc, [email protected] 3 Department of Geography, University of Bergen, 2 Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim 4 Corresponding authors: [email protected], 3 The Center for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, [email protected] University of Oslo 4 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo The Reingardslia karst cave system is among the longest cave systems in Norway with an aggregate length of The Trondheim Nappe Complex (TNC) of the central 9053 m. The caves are situated in a marble band inter- Scandinavian Caledonides contains several belts of bedded between mica schist strata. Deduced from U- metavolcanic rocks and has been a key area for models series dates of speleothems, speleogenesis commenced of the closure history of Iapetus in early Paleozoic before MIS 17 (> 750 kyr). Here, we report the fine- times. Within the western TNC, several ophiolite frag- grained sediments and secondary mineralization in the ments to the northwest have traditionally been correl- cave system. Based on stratigraphic and compositional ated with a southeastern belt of metabasalts termed the analysis we have determined the depositional environ- Støren Group. While the ophiolites are widely recogni- ment and the mineralization processes. The fine-grained zed as remnants of ~487-480 Ma oceanic crust formed sediments were investigated using sieving analysis. in a supra-subduction zone setting, the age and tectonic Further particle analyses were executed using Master- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 25 setting of the Støren Group sensu stricto (s.s.) has been documents both 1) the pre-breakup and 2) the syn- to unknown. post-breakup configuration of the margin. The new In this contribution we present new field results, geo- basin elements have been named and described based on chemical data and ages for the Støren Group s.s. This the rules suggested by the Norwegian Committee of belt comprises a several kilometers thick sequence of Stratigraphy. The digital map includes layers with submarine basalts with interbedded turbidites and chert, structural elements defined at the Base Cretaceous, Top including also underlying and overlying turbiditic succ- Cretaceous, and Cenozoic levels, and major faults which essions. In the classical stratigraphic nomenclature, the were active during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous latter were previously interpreted as parts of the Lower and Late Cretaceous-Paleocene rifting episodes prior to Hovin Group. The basalts show N-MORB to E-MORB earliest Eocene continental breakup. In the oceanic compositions, lacking any subduction zone signature. domain, magnetic anomaly chrons and oceanic fracture Rare intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks with a clear zones have been revised. The syn- to post-breakup subduction zone signature and extreme enrichments of, elements include Paleogene volcanic facies units mapp- e.g., Th, Zr and LREE, occur within the basaltic as well ed using on the concepts of seismic volcanostratigraphy as the sediment-dominated part of the sequence and and igneous seismic geomorphology. We have further yield U-Pb TIMS ages of ~474-470 Ma. Moreover, a mapped the distribution of igneous sills and associated mass flow in the upper turbidite-dominated succession hydrothermal vent complexes, compressional domes, includes debris of Hølonda porphyrite (~468-465 Ma), arches, slides, and glacial depocentres. This comprehen- indicating that the Støren basin must have been proxi- sive digital map of the mid-Norwegian margin will be mal to the Hølonda arc which was established at that shared after publication. The public datasets will include time on the continental margin of Laurentia. layers in standard GIS formats (e.g. shapefiles) and Our results indicate that the Støren Group s.s. represents ready-to-use QGIS/ARCGIS projects including em- a rift-related volcanic and sedimentary basin which bedded files, specific color codes, and standards. The formed at ~474-465 Ma, succeeding ophiolite obduction open source digital data can be used for production of that occurred sometime after 480 Ma onto a continental different user-defined maps, and will be periodically margin of Laurentian affinity. A tentative model entails updated and revised depending availability of new data subduction initiation along this margin subsequent to a and scientific results. polarity shift. The data also call for a new stratigraphic model and terminology for the northwestern part of the 40 years of low-temperature thermo- TNC. chronology in Fennoscandia –

A new structural and magmatic ele- where were we then, where are we ments map of the mid-Norwegian now, and where are we going? margin Giese, J.1, Ksienzyk, A.K.1, Redfield, T.F.1, Ganerød, M.1, Hendriks, B.W.H.2 & Jacobs, J.3 Gernigon, L.1, Zastrozhnov, D.2,3, Abdelmalak, M.M.3, Planke, S.2,3, Faleide, J.I.3 & Myklebust R.4 1 Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], 1 Geophysics Group, Geological Survey of Norway [email protected] (NGU), Trondheim, Norway, 2 Equinor, [email protected] [email protected] 3 Universitetet i Bergen, [email protected] 2 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo, Norway More than 40 years after the first low-temperature 3 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), thermochronological data were published from Norway, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Sweden and Finland (Lehtovaara, 1976; Van den haute, Norway 1977; Koark et al., 1978) and a good ten years since the 4 TGS, Asker, Norway first, and so far only, compilation of Fennoscandian thermochronology (Hendriks et al., 2007), it is time to Some two decades after the first nomenclature map of take stock again and review the presently available data- the mid-Norwegian margin was published (Blystad et set. We have updated the compilation of Hendriks et al. al., 1995) a new generation of long-offset 2D seismic (2007) to include analyses that have become available reflection lines, 2Dcubed seismic volumes, extensive during the last decade and have at the same time broad- 3D seismic surveys, potential field data, and exploration ened its scope to include thermochronological informat- wells has resulted in improved geological mapping of ion from the conjugate margin in Svalbard and Green- the margin. We have over the past decade conducted land. This new low-temperature thermochronological extensive seismic studies and integrated seismic-gravity database of Fennoscandia/Norden collects fission track and magnetic interpretation of the outer Vøring and and (U-Th)/He data and will eventually be accessible Møre basins. This work has resulted in the identification through NGU’s map services. With close to 1500 entries and mapping of many new structural and magmatic so far, the new database shows a very heterogeneous elements which we present in a nomenclature map that picture in both geographical distribution of data and 26 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

data quality. It allows us to identify areas that deserve bution, where sediment deposition follow the main future attention, highlights potential problems (e.g. the Northwestern trend. lack of reliable track length data for large parts of Fennoscandia), and provides a road map for future New Geophysics Database of public-domain archiving of thermochronological data. The database is considered to be a working compilation Norway and is open for contributions and ideas from all interested public and private parties. Gradmann, S., Larsen, B.E. & de Beer, H.

Hendriks, B., et al., 2007. Norw. J. Geol. 87, 143-155. Koark, H. J., et al., 1978. Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. Upp- Geological Survey of Norway NGU, Trondheim, sala 7, 103 - 108. Norway Lehtovaara, J., 1976. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. 117, 94 pp. Van den haute, P., 1977. Bull. Soc. belge Géologie 86, The Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) is developing 97 - 110. and updating its database for ground geophysics. Major objectives are to have an automated workflow from registering geophysical surveys via a web interface and Large-scale seismic correlation and archiving data in a data base to making metadata and sequence stratigraphy in the Trias- data available for visualization and download via sic of the Barents Sea NGU’s map services. This workflow is designed not only to serve NGU’s data, but also to receive and store Gilmullina, A., Klausen, T.G.1,2, Helland-Hansen, W.1 data collected by public agencies. For example, infor- & Eide, C.H.1 mation about geophysical surveys commissioned by Bane NOR and Statens Vegvesen can be made publicly 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, available through this system. These partners are thus Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway tightly involved in the design of the registration portal 2 Now: Petrolia Norway AS, Espehaugen 32, 5258 and data base. Blomsterdalen, Norway A common national database for geophysical investigations is important for better regional understanding of the Despite the large areal extent and remote location, a subsurface (quarternary deposits, mineral resources) but large amount of both well and seismic data are available can also help in planning of new surveys and reducing from the SW Barents Sea. These data show that the the costs of new projects (infrastructure projects, geo- Barents Sea Basin subsided at an extremely high rate hazards). This project is part of the Underground pro- during parts of the Triassic, that the sediment supply gramme at NGU that has been financed by the Norweg- varied considerably and that the climate and drainage ian Agency for Public Management and eGovernment system changed during the Triassic. It is important to (Difi).

understand how sedimentary system developed due to reservoir and source rock prediction. This work is based Tectonomagmatic evolution of the on previous research and recent seismic data that help to Sveconorwegian orogeny recorded define and compare different stages of the Triassic succession. We present an improved sequence strati- in the chemical and isotopic com- graphic framework for the Triassic Norwegian Barents position of 1070 – 920 Ma granites Sea. Sequence stratigraphy of the Triassic has been confirmed by palynological analyses in several Barents Granseth, A.U.1, Slagstad, T.2, Coint, N.2, Roberts, N.3, Sea well, seismic and log data. Røhr, T..2 & Sørensen, B.E.1 Two different thickness trends characterize the Triassic sedimentation pattern in the Barents Sea Basin. The 1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Lower Triassic succession thins abruptly towards the (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, Norwegian sector in the west, where these initial Induan [email protected] progradational clinoform successions (of the Havert 2 Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Trondheim, Formation) pinch out and are overlain by less well-dev- Norway eloped and thinner progradational clinoform successions 3 NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, Keyworth, in the Middle Triassic. In contrast to the underlying UK Induan succession, the Upper Triassic succession, and especially the Ladinian to Early Norian Snadd Format- The Sveconorwegian Province in Southern Norway and ion, is thicker in the west compared to the east. Thereby Sweden hosts four granitoid suites, formed during con- prograding deltas of the Havert, Klappmyss and Kobbe tinuous magmatism at the Fennoscandian margin bet- formations has halted before reaching the island of ween 1070 and 920 Ma. This study presents a compil- Hopen, whereas the Snadd Formation reached Svalbard ation of published and new geochemical and isotopic or even further. Triassic sediments were from several data for the granitoid suites and demonstrates their abi- sources that caused variation in reservoir properties. lity to record the tectonomagmatic evolution of the pro- Within this area, fourteen third order sequences were vince. The 1070–1010 Ma Sirdal Magmatic Belt (SMB) mapped inside of five and analyzed regional distri- represents the earliest magmatism, followed by two NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 27 suites of hornblende-biotite granite (HBG) (1000–920 with rarer werhlite and websterite. All xenoliths are Ma) and the Flå–Iddefjord–Bohus suite (925 Ma), in spinel bearing and no garnet was observed, limiting the central and eastern parts of the Sveconorwegian Pro- depths of their origin to approximately 10–25 kbar. vince, respectively. The SMB and HBG outside of the Clinopyroxene in the lherzolites and dunite-harzburgite outcropping SMB (HBGout) are chemically similar, is always interstitial and accompanied by sulphide and whereas the HBG located in the same region of the spinel and in some cases phlogopite, indicating that the SMB (HBGin) is more ferroan and enriched in incom- lithospheric mantle is not only heterogeneous but patible elements (A-type like). Isotopically, the SMB displays variable amounts of metasomatic addition of and both HBG suites fall on an evolutionary trend from clinopyroxene ± sulphide ± spinel ± phlogopite. In widespread 1.5 Ga crust in the region. The Flå–Idde- comparison to other xenoliths suites from the North fjord–Bohus suite is more peraluminous, with isotopic Atlantic, our xenoliths are petrographically transitional compositions suggesting a more evolved and older between the dominantly lherzolitic xenoliths from source than that of the HBG suites and the SMB. Trace southern and central Scotland (Upton et al 2011) and the element modelling shows that the SMB and HBGout highly refractory dunite and harzburgite suites from suites could have formed by 50% partial melting of 1.5 Western and Eastern Greenland (e.g. Bernstein et al Ga crust, whereas 5–20% remelting of the dry SMB 2006) and Northern Scotland. Further geochemical and residue accounts for the geochemical composition of the isotopic analyses will aim to identify the timing of the HBGin. The available data suggest a scenario where the metasomatic events in our xenoliths and their correl- 1.5 Ga lower crust underwent melting due to under- ation with other xenolith suites. plating of basaltic magma, giving rise to the SMB suite. Bernstein, S., Hanghøj, K., Kelemen, P. B., & Brooks, Regional scale extension may have led to more wide- C. K. 2006. Ultra-depleted, shallow cratonic mantle spread basaltic underplating, causing remelting of the beneath West Greenland: dunitic xenoliths from residue left after SMB melt extraction, forming the Ubekendt Ejland. Contributions to Mineralogy and HBGin suite, and more widespread lower crustal Petrology, 152, 335. melting farther east, forming the HBGout suite. Deep Kolstrup, M.L., Hung, S.-H. & Maupin, V. 2015. continental subduction in the east of the orogen led to Multiscale, finite-frequency P and S tomography of the partial melting of the isotopically evolved crust and upper mantle in the southwestern Fennoscandian formation of the Flå-Iddefjord-Bohus suite. In summary, Shield. Geophysical Journal International 202, 190- the data are compatible with long-lived oceanic 218. subduction as a primary cause of magmatism. Rickers, F., Fichtner, A. & Trampert, J. 2013. The Iceland–Jan Mayen plume system and its impact on A metasomatic origin for the low- mantle dynamics in the North Atlantic region: Evidence from full-waveform inversion. Earth and velocity zone in the lithospheric Planetary Science Letters 367, 39-51. mantle beneath western Norway? Slagstad, T., Maystrenko, Y., Maupin, V. & Gradmann, S. 2018. An extinct, Late Mesoproterozoic, Grant, T., Slagstad, T. & Skår, Ø. Sveconorwegian mantle wedge beneath SW Fennoscandia, reflected in seismic tomography and Geological Survey of Norway assessed by thermal modelling. Terra Nova 30, 72-77. Upton, B. G. J., Downes, H., Kirstein, L. A., Seismic tomographic data from SW Fennoscandia reve- Bonadiman, C., Hill, P. G., & Ntaflos, T. 2011. The al a distinct channel-like, low-velocity zone in the litho- lithospheric mantle and lower crust–mantle spheric mantle and, to a lesser degree, in the underlying relationships under Scotland: a xenolithic perspective. asthenosphere beneath W Norway (Kolstrup et al., Journal of the Geological Society, 168, 873-886. 2015). The anomaly closely follows the inferred extent of the Sirdal Magmatic Belt, which was a major Meso- Sea-surface conditions, iceberg proterozoic granite batholith formed during a long-lived continental-margin arc on the SW margin of Fenno- transport and ice-sheet instabilities scandia. Numerical modelling (Slagstad et al. 2018) during the last Glacial witnessed indicates that the channel-like, low-velocity zone in the south of Greenland lithospheric mantle beneath W Norway may have formed as a result of thermal (radioactive) and compositional Griem, L.1, Voelker, A.H.L.2, Berben, S.M.P.3, Dokken, (refertilised) effects of the mantle wedge of the SMB T.M.4 & Jansen, E.5 magmatic arc. An alternative explanation for the observed anomaly is heating from a “finger” of hot mantle 1 Bjerknes Center for Climate Research and Department material related to the Iceland plume (Rickers et al., of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 2013). Norway, [email protected] In order to test the two scenarios, we have obtained 2 Divisão de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos, Instituto samples of mantle xenoliths found in some Mesozoic Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Lisbon, mafic dykes north of Bergen, which are directly above Portugal and Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), the observed low-velocity zone. The most abundant Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal, xenolith types are lherzolite and dunite / harzburgite, [email protected] 28 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

3 Bjerknes Center for Climate Research and Department 3 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, PO of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Box 1047, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Norway, [email protected] [email protected]. 4 Bjerknes Center for Climate Research and NORCE 4 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bergen, Norway, (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K trdo_norceresearch.no Denmark. [email protected]. 5 Bjerknes Center for Climate Research and Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, In the western frontier areas of the Barents Shelf, the Norway, [email protected] traditional Triassic and Jurassic source rocks have low generation potential due to deep burial. The presence of North Atlantic and Nordic Sea sediments often contain alternative oil-prone source rocks are therefore a critical large amounts of ice-rafted debris (IRD) indicative of factor to exploration success. A potential source rock past ice-sheet instabilities and changes in sea-ice cover. unit occur in the Barremian to Aptian Kolje Formation During the last Glacial, such instabilities of the Green- in amongst others the Fingerdjupet Subbasin (e.g. well land, Laurentide, Fennoscandian, Icelandic or British- 7321/9-1). However, the stratigraphic and lateral distri- Irish ice sheets, related to the abrupt climate oscillations bution, as well as the quality of this source rock is poor- recorded in Greenland ice cores, occurred periodically ly known. Consequently, its potential as a regionally every 7 to 12 ky (Heinrich events) or in higher frequ- important source rock remains unlocked. encies (Greenland Stadial-Greenland Interstadial). The Age-equivalent Lower Cretaceous strata occur onshore cyclicity and the triggers of those calving events seem to Svalbard. Here, an organic-rich shale unit of early Apti- be highly variable depending on the environmental sett- an age are present across the entire outcrop belt in Spits- ing (e.g. surface ocean temperature, sea-ice extent and bergen (Grundvåg et al., 2017). The shale unit represent shelf bathymetry). In order to discover the development a regional flooding surface that separate paralic deposits of surface ocean conditions and iceberg transport off the below from open marine deposits above. Furthermore, southern tip of Greenland, we investigated deep-sea the flooding corresponds globally to the early Aptian sediment core, GS16-204-22CC, retrieved from the Oceanic Anoxic event 1a (Midtkandal et al., 2016), and Eirik drift. We analyzed stable isotopes in planktic fora- the shale unit accumulated during a period of increased minifer shells and obtained IRD, foraminifer concentrat- volcanic activity associated with the High Arctic Large ion and XRF data for a time interval between Marine Igneous Province (HALIP). Isotope Stage 4 and 3. In addition, we are using lead- Our geochemical analyses show TOC values up to 2.1 isotopes to distinguish IRD source regions. Our results wt %, an average S2 value of 2.14 mg/g, and HI values argue for three different sediment regimes. Regime one typically <200 mg HC/g TOC. The organofacies of the spans from ca. 67 to 49 ka b2k where the sediment is unit appear to be mostly of Type III (gas-prone) and dominated by planktic foraminifers suggesting that the mixed Type II-III (oil- and gas-prone) kerogen. A high surface ocean conditions were stable and seasonally ice- Pr/Ph ratio (>2) in combination with abundant long- free. Regime two covers the period between ca. 49 and chained n-alkanes suggests that the unit accumulated in 40 ka b2k and is characterized by Stadial-Interstadial a suboxic environment strongly influenced by input of variability of foraminifer versus IRD dominated sedi- terrestrial organic matter. Thus, a more paralic marine ments interpreted as sea-ice covered Greenland Stadials rather than an anoxic marine environment is evident. and open-ocean Greenland Interstadials with high sur- Based on the Rock-Eval and GS-MS analyses, we sugg- face productivity and iceberg discharge, respectively. est a wet-gas condensate-potential for the unit. How- Within regime three, from ca. 40 to 25 ka b2k, we found ever, the oil potential may increase to the E and SE in the highest IRD concentrations. The two most pronoun- the basin where fully marine conditions prevailed. ced IRD-layers coincide with Heinrich (H) events 4 and Grundvåg, S.-A., Marin, D., Kairanov, B., Sliwinska, 3, confirming the simultaneous instability of the Green- K.K., Nøhr-Hansen, H., Jelby, M.E., Escalona, A. & land and Laurentide ice sheets during H4. Olaussen, S. 2017: The Lower Cretaceous succession of the northwestern Barents Shelf: Onshore and offshore correlations. Marine and Petroleum Geology On the trace of a lower Aptian 86, 834–857. Midtkandal, I., Svensen, H., Planke, S., Corfu, F., source rock in Svalbard Polteau, S., Torsvik, T., Faleide, J.I., Grundvåg, S.-A., Selnes, H., Olaussen, S. 2016: The Aptian oceanic 1 2,3 3 Grundvåg, S.-A. , Olaussen, S. , Midtkandal, I. & anoxic event (OAE1a) in Svalbard and the age of the 4 Śliwińska, K.K. Barremian-Aptian boundary. Palaeogeography,

Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 463, 126–135. 1 Department of Geosciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. [email protected]. 2 Department of Arctic Geology, The University Centre Baseline groundwater chemistry in in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O.Box 156, 9171 Norway; status and trends Longyearbyen, Norway. [email protected]. Gundersen, P., Seither, A. & Jæger, Ø.

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 29

Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] prised of (1) a remote sensing lineament study using high-resolution topographic and aeromagnetic data, (2) The Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) has monitor- a structural study of field-data, and (3) an investigation ed Norwegian groundwater chemistry for ~40 years. of the magnetic signatures of the lineaments. Today the "Norwegian soil- and groundwater network During the lineament study, nearly 9000 lineaments (LGN)” includes 54 groundwater chemistry sites spread were identified and separated into three fault popu- along the whole county, and sampling campaigns are lations based on their orientations; (1) NE-SW, (2) generally run once or twice a year. The groundwater is NNW-SSE, and (3) NW-SE. Analysis of field data show sampled from wells and springs originating from a good correspondence with the remote sensing results, fractured rocks as well as from porous materials. A wide and provides the necessary structural, kinematic and range of physical and inorganic chemistry parameters environmental information to further constrain the fault are analyzed, and recently digital CTD loggers populations into respective deformational events. Paleo- (conductivity, temperature and groundwater level) have stress inversion analysis using WinTensor allowed for been introduced to some selected monitoring wells. The three separate stress regimes to be determined; (1) NW- LGN program is a joint effort by the Norwegian Water SW extension creating NE-SW striking normal faults, Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) and NGU, the (2) E-W transpression related to mainly NE-SW striking former continuously measuring groundwater levels and dextral strike-slip faults, and (3) NE-SW extension in most cases temperature at ~80 sites. creating NW-SE striking oblique normal faults. It is LGN provides an early warning system on megatrends highly likely that regime 1 is related to rifting in the concerning e.g. regional or long-range pollution, clim- Permo-Carboniferous and/or Triassic. Although current- ate, weathering, CO2 uptake, acidification, and a range ly less clear, it is speculated that the origin of regime 2 of unforeseeable trends with unforeseeable conse- is related to the Caledonian orogeny and regime 3 to the quences. The results may also be used to distinguish rifting of Rodinia. local pollution incidents from natural levels and to Several of the largest lineaments are associated with a establish well founded background levels in different pronounced low magnetic anomaly on the aeromagnetic regions and geological media. maps. To investigate the source of these anomalies, The results have shown that natural levels of inorganic whether they are caused by hydrothermal alteration parameters in groundwater are generally acceptable along faults, deep-weathering in pre-existing fault zones throughout the country; from a drinking water as well as or from topographic effects on the collected data, a 2D- from an environmental perspective. However some modelling is currently ongoing. The modelling will, interesting trends on a range of chemical parameters are together with the structural analysis, give a broad insight indicated at several sites both in north-east and in the into the fault characters and how these are susceptible to south. On the conference we will present trends and deep-weathering and/or hydrothermal alteration. status for Norwegian groundwater as well as plans for future groundwater monitoring in Norway. Another presentation from NGU will reveal the first results from Where is the fresh water coming recently established monitoring wells potentially affected by agriculture and urban activities. from? Can its source lead to hydrocarbon accumulations?

Brittle deformation in Central Tele- Gyllenhammar, C.F. mark, South Norway, unravelled by CaMa GeoScience, Stavanger, [email protected] remote sensing, field structural analysis and magnetic modelling In 2016 Hurricane drilled the pilot well 205/21a-7 on the Roan Ridge west of Shetland and produced 6300 Gunleiksrud, I.H.1, Torgersen, E.1,2, Redfield, T.2 & barrels of oil and water per day from the basement. The Brönner, M.1,2 Nordland Ridge is a structural analog (fig. 1). Many studies have discussed the large variation observ- 1 Institutt for Geovitenskap og Petroleum, IGP, NTNU, ed in the salinity of the formation waters in the North Trondheim Sea, Norwegian Sea and in the Barents Sea an ancient 2 Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse, NGU, Trondheim fresh water source is needed to explain some of the low salinities observed. The morphology of old and deeply eroded geological Common sea water has about 35 000 ppm salt. The terranes are often controlled by abundant fracturing and average salinity in non-evaporitic basins is above 40000 faulting that reflects their long and often complex defor- ppm. Offshore Norway the normal average is about mational history. This study investigates the brittle 100000 ppm. structures of one such terrane – the Sveconorwegian The salinity in the water below the oil in the Roan Ridge gneisses in the Drangedal and Nome municipalities, is less than 20000ppm. Central Telemark – with the aim to unravel the brittle The Alve field just west of the Nordland Ridge have a deformational history of the area. The studied structures salinity at 14000 ppm in the Jurassic sand. The Nord- are investigated in a multidisciplinary approach com- 30 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

land ridge and the Roan ridge are not only structurally progradation and slope processes. A major shift in the analogs, both have also low salinity water. sediment accumulation at c.18.7 cal. ka BP is inter- To enable oil and gas to migrate into the basement, the preted to mark the end of the local glacial maximum, permeable sandstone/limestone reservoir must be in greatly reduced denudation, and the initiation of the communication with the fractured basement. In those deglaciation period. This also demonstrates how fast the circumstances low salinity water will also migrate from glaciers melted and possibly disappeared at the end of the basement into the sandstone/limestone. the LGM. The denudation rate during the Holocene is By measuring the salinity in the water leg using wireline only a fifth of the LGM rate. The age of the oldest strati- logs, salinity maps can be generated and used to identify fied sediments in Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye is not well entry points to weathered porous basement (fig. 2). constrained, is estimated to c. 54 ka. The basement was exposed to extension and deep tropical weathering during Triassic and Jurassic times. Several hundred meters was transformed to Saponitt. Illuminating geologic processes with The fractures basement was therefore initially filled with meteoric water. laser-ablation split-stream (“LASS”)- The basement ridges are not a migration barrier, but ICP-MS potential migration pathway. As well as a source for low salinity water to be used to enhance production. And a Hagen-Peter, G. reservoir to store C02 in the future. Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Leiv Eirikssons vei 39, 7040 Trondheim, [email protected] The Last Glacial and Holocene Norwegian Laboratory for Mineral and Materials Characterization (MiMaC) in collaboration with NTNU sediment flux and sediment strati- and SINTEF, supported by The Research Council of graphy of the Lake Bolshoye Shchu- Norway (NFR) (Project 269842, 2017 – 2025) chye, Polar Ural, Arctic Russia Laser-ablation ICP-MS has enabled sensitive, precise, Haflidason, H.1, Zweidorff, J.L.1, Gyllencreutz, R.2, and accurate determinations of elemental concentrations Svendsen, J.I.1, Gladysh, V.3 & Longvina, E.3 and isotope ratios in a variety of solid materials with high spatial resolution (~1−100's of µm). Since its in- 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, ception several decades ago, the technique has been Allégaten 41, Bergen 5007, Norway and Bjerknes extensively employed in geosciences and has seen many Centre for Climate Research, Jahnebakken 5, 5007, advances. One particularly novel advance was the coup- Bergen ([email protected]) ling of a laser-ablation system to two mass spectro- 2 Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm meters to simultaneously measure multiple elemental University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden and isotopic systems, known as laser-ablation split- ([email protected]) stream (“LASS”)-ICP-MS. This approach is especially 3 FSBI VNIIOkeangeologia, 190121, St.Petersburg, important when different elemental and isotopic systems Russia ([email protected]). must be unambiguously linked to the same volumetric domain of a sample, for example the U-Pb age and Hf Seismostratigraphic studies of the 11.8 km2 and ~140 m isotope composition of distinct internal zones in zircon. deep Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye, Polar Urals, reveal that In anticipation of the new LA-ICP-MS laboratory with the lake basin contains up to 160 m thick acoustically split-stream capabilities at the Geological Survey of laminated sediments. Using a dense grid of seismic lines Norway (NGU), this presentation will vignette several spatial and temporal distribution of the sedimentary applications of LASS-ICP-MS and conventional LA- history has been reconstructed. Two regional seismic ICP-MS. It will include case studies of magmatic differ- horizons have been identified and correlated with the entiation processes in the Skaergaard intrusion recorded well-dated 24 m long sediment core retrieved from the by Sr isotopes in plagioclase, protracted metamorphism lake. Isopach maps constructed from the seismic data in an ancient orogen in Antarctica revealed by combined show three phases of sediment distribution develop- monazite U-Pb and garnet Lu-Hf geochronology, and ment. The contour map of the deepest regional seismic crustal growth and reworking elucidated by U-Pb dates reflector covers the deposition from the earliest hemi- and Hf isotopes in Archaean zircons, among others. It pelagic sedimentation in the lake. Two contour maps will also highlight potential applications in biology, represent time intervals covering the last 18.7 cal. ka BP archaeology, and other disciplines. based on the well-dated core stratigraphy from the lake. The detailed time constraints on the upper stratigraphic units in the lake also allow us to calculate the develop- Petrology, ore potential, and tectonic ment in sediment fluxes and the denudation rates from setting of the late-Svecofennian the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to present. The sedimentation in Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye has been dom- Hamn intrusion, West Troms Base- inated by hemipelagic processes during at least the last ment Complex, North Norway 24 cal. ka BP, with only local variations from delta NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 31

Hansen, H.*, Bergh, S.G. & Palinkas, S. [email protected]; [email protected] 2 University of Oslo & Norwegian Geotechnical UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Institute (NGI), [email protected] Norway, * [email protected] Even though the North Sea is a mature oil and gas pro- The Hamn intrusion on the island of Senja, west of the vince in terms of exploration, the region between the Scandinavian Caledonides, forms part of the Neoarch- main Jurassic rift structure and the Stavanger platform, ean to Palaeoproterozoic West Troms Basement Com- referred to as the Central North Sea, is relatively sparse- plex on the northwestern margin of the Fennoscandian ly drilled. Our study area, which encompass the Eger- shield. A crystallization age of 1802.3 ±0.7 Ma is reve- sund Basin, Åsta Graben and Ling Depression (sub- aled from U-Pb zircon dating, which slightly pre-dates basins around the Sele High, southeast of Johan Sverd- the main, late-Svecofennian deformation event of the rup Field) covers approximately 250 km2 per drilled area (ca. 1.75 Ga). well. Although the main concern in this area is source The Hamn intrusion has a well-preserved magmatic rock maturity (relatively shallow burial), discoveries layering in its western, relatively undeformed part, and such as Vette/Bream, Mackerel, Brisling, 17/3-1 (Bark), the contact with the surrounding gneisses is marked by a and most importantly the Yme field testify to at least marginal series consisting of fine-grained magnetite-rich partially functioning local source rocks. gabbro. This gabbro is in thrust contact with Neoarcha- We have compiled source rock geochemical properties ean TTG-gneisses in the west, whereas the eastern con- from well reports in the public domain (NPD), and tact is more highly sheared and mylonitized together suggested improvements on the relations between with paragneisses of the Svanfjellet shear zone. This source rock properties (compaction, TOC, and maturat- shear zone is part of the regional Svecofennian Senja ion) and elastic properties such as Vp/Vs ratio and Aco- shear belt. The deformation of the intrusion is focused ustic Impedance (AI). through a system of narrow, localized ductile shear In terms of reservoir characterization, petrophysical zones which are discordant with the magmatic layering analysis has been conducted for selected wells repre- and the main foliation in the surrounding gneisses. senting different sub-basins. We evaluate the generally Large parts of the intrusion are still pristine with the cleaner, thinner shallow marine Sandnes and Hugin primary mineralogy and magmatic texture preserved sandstones, as well as the older, more heterogeneous and seems unaffected by late-Svecofennian foliation and Bryne and Sleipner Formations. 2D and 3D seismic shear zone systems that truncated and partly dismem- datasets have been used to map thickness of Jurassic bered the intrusion. reservoirs (Vestland Group). The Hugin Formation is The main part of the intrusion consists of large units of clearly the most locally developed and more challenging gabbronorites that show no major changes in minera- to identify with confidence. Rock physics diagnostics logy or magmatic textures. Lenses containing ultramafic show good correlation between certain geological and and troctolitic rock types are found in the middle of the elastic properties, which means that seismic inversion is section of the intrusion. They are lined up in a zone suitable for interpretation of e.g., porosity variations following the main magmatic layering and show much between wells. more diverse and rapid changing lithologies with layers Synthetic modeling indicates AVO class II-III for and zones containing ultramafic rocks, gabbroic pegma- Jurassic sandstones overlain by Heather, Draupne or tites and lenses of sulphide mineralization. Egersund shales, regardless of fluid content. Differences The main part of the intrusion is strongly depleted in are observed in the zero offset reflection coefficient, nickel and other chalcophile elements. This suggest that indicating a potential identifier for HC if coupled with the main part of the segregation of a nickel rich sulphide porosity maps. Source rock intervals display class IV phase took place either deeper in the magma chamber or signature based on similar modeling for low-to-high- on a lower crustal level. The Hamn intrusion is inter- TOC shale interfaces. preted to have formed in a continental magmatic arc system in a subduction-related accretionary orogen. The intrusion was sandwiched between crustal scale shear Radar structure of an ancient shore- zones in the Senja shear belt and underwent syn- to post crystallization shear deformation in the last stages of the line landslide in glaciomarine clay Svecofennian orogeny. deposits, Orkdalen fjord-valley, mid

Norway

Quantitative characterization of the Hansen, L., Tassis, G. & Gislefoss, L. Central North Sea Jurassic petro- Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), leum system [email protected]

1 1 1 Hansen, J.A. , Johnson, J.R. , Fawad, M. & Mondol, Past mass-wasting events may significantly affect the N.H.2 stratigraphy of fjord-valley fills. This is illustrated in the 1 present case study of an area at the mouth of a side- University of Oslo, [email protected]; valley near the town of Orkanger in mid Norway. The 32 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

area, being part of the major Trondheimsfjorden system, gated at a major construction site in 2018 and at the St. was deglaciated around 14 000 cal yrs BP and glacio- Clements Church archaeological site in 2017. LiDAR isostatic depression of the crust gave rise to a local data provided a general geomorphological overview marine limit of 160 m a.s.l. Glacier-marginal deposits while selected drill data provided some supplementary and thick glaciomarine clays in the fjord subsequently lithological information. emerged and were eroded as relative sea level lowered Results show that the fluviodeltaic successions display during the glacioisostatic rebound. special features interpreted as a result of upstream land- A distinct terrace-like protrusion (Gjølme) at around 16 slides in clay. The features include major, internal trun- m a.s.l at the mouth of the side valley was previously cation surfaces in delta foresets, upstream-diverted flu- interpreted as Holocene fluviodeltaic deposits as supp- vial paleocurrent directions and intraclasts of clay. orted by earlier, minor gravel pits. However, reported Clayey layers are also present. The special features are occurrences of quick clay in the terrace and the finds of interpreted as the result of upstream breaching of land- clay deposits near the land surface show that the Quater- slide dams causing entrainment of rip-up-clasts in clay, nary geology is more complex. A GPR survey reveals fluvial return eddy sedimentation and delta slope ero- that the terrace-like protrusion consists of rotated land- sion followed by healing. The finds of landslide debris slide blocks overlain by deltaic deposits with local are not surprising since numerous landslide scars in foreset bedding. This interpretation is supported by glaciomarine clay deposits are well known in the catch- LiDAR data showing several landslide scars in marine ment area. Landslide-derived deposits are also found in clay slopes next to the terrace. the fjord, and Trondheim was affected by landslides in The level of the protrusion and of delta foresets show historical time (e.g. in 1625). However, the effect of that relative sea level was around 16 m during failure. these events on the sedimentary development of the According to a local sea-level curve this corresponds to fluviodeltaic plain has remained unknown till now. an age of c. 3300 cal yrs BP. The trigger for the mass From an archaeological perspective the effects of such wasting could have been river erosion, perhaps com- geological processes for the early population of Nidar- bined with shoreline abrasion. Seismic activity could neset has not been fully understood or acknowledged. also have played a role as suggested around this time by Prehistoric human occupation of Nidarneset can be other studies. The complex stratigraphy possibly facilit- traced back to c. 400 BC. From c. AD 800 the occupat- ated continued quick-clay development in the landslide ion intensifies in the eastern parts of the plain near two blocks due to leaching enhanced by interbedded perme- inlets along the river Nid. Here, an early urban settle- able layers. The outlined geological history provides a ment was established, later the medieval town. The ex- general framework to better understand the local ground cavation of the St. Clements Church showed that it conditions that are considered to be challenging for rested on fluvial deposits that likely accumulated in engineering work. association to the breaching of a landslide dam. The destructive event probably had consequences for the early occupation. Such event can also help explain the Landslide-influenced fluviodeltaic inlets along the river and why traces for human activity from before c. AD 900 are lacking. Based on this ex- successions in the Trondheim ample, questions regarding the interaction between man centre and effects for the prehistoric and nature on the river plain can be addressed in a fuller and more complete way than previously. settlement at “Nidarneset”, mid Nor- way Assessment of the Groundwater Hansen, L.1 & Petersén, A.2 Monitoring Program at Oslo airport 1 Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), 1 1 2 [email protected] Hasnain, S.M. , French, H.K. & Fikse, A.N.

2 Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research 1 (NIKU), [email protected] Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige Universitet ([email protected]; [email protected]) 2 Geological investigations of urban areas are challenging Avinor AS ([email protected]) due to strong anthropogenic influences such as landfills from centuries of human occupation. The geological This study was aimed to assess the strengths and weak- information is, however, desirable because it helps nesses of OSL groundwater monitoring program and its archaeologists to better understand the natural context of compatibility with discharge permit regulations. The their finds. Also, it is a basis for improving the general analysis of chemical and physical parameters suggests understanding of urban ground conditions. Sedimentary that monitoring program is comprehensively designed to exposures are invaluable sources of geological infor- follow the guidelines of discharge permit. Groundwater mation. The present study focuses on temporarily avail- table changes since the opening of the airport in 1998 able sediment exposures in the raised fluviodeltaic plain are within 2 m, indicating little or no effect on the aqui- below areas corresponding with the heritage site in fer water balance in compliance to the discharge permit. Trondheim town centre (Nidarneset). They were investi- Wells with deeper screens are needed near the groundwater divide to fully understand vertical flow and NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 33 transport patterns. We suggest to construct a water table The basin boundary faults and affiliated depo-centers of map annually or bi-annually to continuously monitor the the Carboniferous structures strike NW-SE, defining changes in groundwater flow patterns. Calcium and structural configurations consisting of half- and full bicarbonate dominate groundwater chemistry in accord- grabens. The basins are separated by platforms and ance with previous studies. structural highs. The basin fill generally dips towards Groundwater contamination was not found to be a the axis of the grabens, except for the half-graben on the serious issue, but potassium (from potassium formate – Finnmark Platform, where strata dip towards the north runway deicer), iron and manganese concentrations and the half-grabens beneath the Haapet Dome where have been increasing significantly since the opening of strata dip to the south. Evaporites are accommodated in the airport. Background data sets collected before 1998 the Carboniferous basins and carbonates occupy the is a good base for comparison with newer data collected structural highs. The deposition of evaporites was con- within and outside the boundaries of OSL. Some metals strained by the master faults of the grabens, except for such as zinc, copper, lead and magnesium did not show one evaporite body, which oversteps the rift margins any significant change, therefore, their measurement and connects with the southeastern and central parts of frequency could be reduced and assigned to other more the Nordkapp Basin. important parameters. Potassium formate is not consid- Several domes are identified at the near base Triassic to ered a threat to groundwater due to degradation before the base Cretaceous levels. These have different shapes, reaching the groundwater level. Acetate used during the orientation and sizes. The distribution and evolution of first years of the airport is still found in some monitor- the younger domes are partially controlled by the deep- ing wells and it is identified as an anaerobic degradation seated Carboniferous structures. Lateral thickness vari- product of propylene glycol. Limited number of mea- ations for the uppermost Triassic to the lowermost surements during winter season makes it difficult to Cretaceous sediments, the rim syncline development know the onset of groundwater contamination in some and the onlap at various stratigraphic levels, all suggest hot spot locations found after snow melting periods. The several phases of doming. We propose a Paleogene tim- large amount of credible data retrieved through the ing for the main phase of reactivation of the domes due monitoring program can be used to develop interactive to Carboniferous graben structures, probably in response hydrogeological and geochemical models. to regional compressional stresses.

Deep-seated Carboniferous graben Remediation of acid mine drainage structures and reactivation of youn- at Løkken Verk in Trøndelag, Nor- ger domes in the southeastern Nor- way wegian Barents Sea Hauptfleisch, U. Hassaan, M.1, Faleide, J.I.2, Gabrielsen, R.H.3 & Tsikalas, F.4 Directorate of Mining with the Commissioner of Mines at Svalbard, [email protected] 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway and Research Center for Arctic Petroleum Sulphide ore mining at industrial scale started in Nor- Exploration (ARCEx), University of Tromsø, Norway. way during the 17th century. The mining activities [email protected] contributed both to the demand of raw materials in the 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, growing market of early modern societies in Europe and Norway and Research Center for Arctic Petroleum to the industrial development of Norway. Mining and Exploration (ARCEx), University of Tromsø, Norway. processing of ores resulted in considerable environ- [email protected] mental impacts at the mining sites and nearby aquatic 3 systems. Most of the sulphide ore mines in Norway Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, th Norway. [email protected] closed in the end of the 20 century due to economic 4 Eni Norge AS, Stavanger, Norway. reasons. The Norwegian government has taken responsi- [email protected] bility for reclaiming selected abandoned mines, delegat- ing the administrative responsibility for remediation of 2D regional seismic reflection profiles and well data environmental and physical hazards to the Directorate of were used for the mapping of the deep Carboniferous Mining with the Commissioner of Mines at Svalbard. basin architecture in the southeastern Norwegian The mining area of Løkken Verk in central Norway is a Barents Sea. Interpretation of selected seismic profiles highly contaminated site, escheated to the Norwegian and time structure maps are presented focusing on the government in 1988. The Løkken Cu-Zn ore deposit positions, configurations and deformation stages of was the largest ophiolite-hosted volcanogenic massive these basins. Furthermore, we investigate the connection sulphide ore deposit in the world (Sandstad et al. 2012). between the Carboniferous graben structures, evaporites Mining at Løkken started in 1654 and continued with accumulations and reactivation of the younger domes in several interruptions until the mine closed in 1987. the area. Oxidation of sulphide ore generates mine waters with low pH and elevated levels of potentially toxic metals, 34 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

also known as acid mine drainage (AMD). The main landite and chalcopyrite), biotite, Fe-Ti oxides (ilmenite, sources of AMD at Løkken Verk are leakage water from magnetite), chlorapatite, zircon and titanite are the most waste mineral dumps and mine water pumped out from common accessory minerals. The ubiquitous presence of Wallenberg shaft into Lake Fagerlivatn. The lake and sulfide minerals suggests that the sulfide-silicate immi- most of the waste mineral dumps drain to Raubekken, scibility occurred already during the crystallization of tributary to the river Orkla. the host gabbro rocks, affecting the distribution of chal- First attempts to remediate the former mining site start- cophile elements such as Pt, Rh, Os and Pd. The pres- ed already in the early 1990s. However, the water quali- ence of carbonates, chlorapatite and Cl-bearing amphi- ty in Raubekken is still not meeting the target value of boles in the host gabbro reflects a high activity of CO2, the Norwegian Environment Agency. The Directorate of H2O, P and Cl. Absence of sharp contacts between Mining has therefore chosen a combined remediation gabbro pegmatites and the host gabbro rocks as well as approach including active treatment of mine water and similar mineral compositions and trace element distri- capping of waste mineral dumps. Treatment of mine butions suggest that the pegmatites were formed in a water includes the use of products from the Norwegian chemical equilibrium with the surrounding gabbro. mining industry. However, a higher content of amphiboles within gabbro Sandstad, J.S., Bjerkgård, T., Boyd, R., Ihlen, P. pegmatites comparing to the associated gabbro reflects Korneliussen, A., Nilsson, L.P., Often, M., Eilu, P. & an increase in the water activity during the pegmatitic Hallberg, A. (2012) Metallogenic areas in Norway. phase. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 53, pp. 35-138.

Geochemical correlation of Triassic

Petrogenesis of mafic pegmatites: strata in the Barents Sea – testing of a non-destructive method Comparison of gabbro pegmatites and associated gabbros at the Hegstad, S.K.1, Ahokas, J.2, Forwick, M.3 & Grundvåg, S.-A.4 Hamn i Senja locality, Troms, North- ern Norway 1 UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Geosciences, N-9037 Tromsø [email protected] 1 1,2 1 Heckmann, P. , Rajic, K. , Hansen, H. , Strmic 2 Aker BP ASA, Storåkeren 11, N-9488 Harstad, 1 1 1 Palinkaš, S. , Forien, M. & Bergh, S. Norway [email protected]

3 UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of 1 UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Geosciences, N-9037 Tromsø Geosciences, Tromsø, [email protected] [email protected] 2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department 4 UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of of Geology, Zagreb, Croatia, Geosciences, Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum [email protected] Exploration (ARCEx), N-9037 Tromsø sten- [email protected] Gabbro pegmatites are intrusive igneous rocks with very coarse-grained textures that occur in various geological Hydrocarbon exploration in the Barents Sea has been environments, including layered mafic-ultramafic com- ongoing since the 1980’s, mainly focussing on the plexes, ophiolites and calc-alkaline volcanic arc sys- Triassic and Jurassic sequences. The Triassic hydro- tems. They may be associated with various types of ore carbon play includes organic-rich marine source rocks deposits, including magmatic deposits (e.g., chromite and deltaic clastic reservoir successions sealed by mar- deposits, Ni-Cu massive sulfide deposits) and hydro- ine shales. However, correlation of such intervals are thermal deposits (e.g., Cu-Zn volcanogenic massive challenging due to the sparse subsurface information. sulfide deposits). Anyhow, many aspects of their cryst- The overall goal of this project is to test the potential of allization are still poorly understood. Gabbro pegmatites X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanning as an analytic found in Hamn i Senja, Troms, Northern Norway, are tool applied on siliciclastic drill cores from the Barents characterized by diverse textural features and represent Sea. XRF core scanning is a frequently used method on an excellent locality to study open questions on the soft sediment cores, e.g. within marine geology and genesis of gabbro pegmatites. In addition, their close palaeo-climate studies. However, the applicability of spatial association with the Hamn Ni-Cu massive sulfide this method on drill cores from exploration wells from deposit may also give a better insight into the role of the hydrocarbon industry has not been tested so far. The magmatic processes in the formation of magmatic mass- method will be used to establish geochemical strati- ive sulfide deposits. graphic parameters, as well as contribute to the identifi- Gabbro pegmatites and the associated gabbro rocks at cation of provenances, reconstruct palaeo-environments the Hamn locality show similar mineralogy, with ortho- and aid the correlation of drill cores. This will provide a pyroxenes, clinopyroxenes and plagioclases as the major novel, fast, inexpensive and non-destructive (analytical/ minerals. Amphiboles, sulfides (pyrite, pyrrhotite, pent- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 35 core-vise) method to be applied in hydrocarbon explor- governments and society and enterprising capacity, also ation. termed integrative dynamic capabilities in the joint Triassic intervals from 24 shallow drill cores from the public-private space and correct allocation of capital. southern Barents Sea (Finnmark Platform, Nordkapp UNFC delivers on the above requirements and is a tool Basin, Svalis Dome, Maud Basin and Bjarmeland for attaining the SDGs, and in particular SDG#7, 9, 12 Platform) provide the basis for this study. The cores and 13. were retrieved during the period of 1984-1988 by IKU This contribution will explain recent developments in (the Norwegian Continental Shelf Institute; today UNFC and its uptake globally, including initiatives in SINTEF Petroleum Research) as a part of their Barents Africa, Europe, Russia, China, Eurasia, Asia-Pacific and Sea Mapping Program. The cores have previously been Latim America. comprehensively studied and described by IKU, and Work to build on UNFC, including its environmental studies of provenance and palaeo-environment have also and social guidelines, and develop a United Nations been performed (e.g. Vigran et al., 1986). This data Resource Management System (UNRMS) will also be makes it possible to compare the geochemical units est- introduced. UNRMS will move beyond resource infor- ablished in this study with other stratigraphic information and address how the information can be translat- mation. ed into sustainable management of resources. This is To illustrate the use of the XRF core scanner data, we essential as the world moves forward to realize the 2030 present selected results from the Svalis Dome. Agenda. Vigran, J.O., G. Elvebakk, T.L. Leith, T. Bugge, V. Fjerdingstad, R.M. Goll, R. Konieczny, and A. Mørk. 1986. 'Dia-Structure Shallow Drilling 1986. Main data report. IKU Rep. No. 21.3420.00/04/86, 242 pp'. Resourcing the Anthropocene

Heldal, T.

The United Nations Framework Geological Survey of Norway, P.O. Box 6315 Classification for Resources (UNFC) Torgarden, 7491 Trondheim, [email protected]

Heiberg, S.1, Blystad, P.2, Tulsidas, H.3 & Griffiths, C.4 The latest ICCP-report highlighted that humanity will be better off and avoid serious risks if reducing and catch- Petrad, P.O.Box 598, NO-4003 Stavanger, Norway ing CO2 emissions enough to prevent global temperature 1 [email protected] to rise above 1.5 degrees centigrade. This will need sig- 2 [email protected], [email protected] nificant efforts globally in a higher speed than previous- UNECE, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland ly believed. Although there is yet no good calculations 3 [email protected] of how much minerals and metals these efforts will 4 [email protected] demand, World Bank estimates for the 2-degree goal gives us a clear indication: we need to find and produce The United Nations Framework Classification for more. The main reason for this is that minerals and Resources (UNFC) is a project-based classification and metals are key to both achieving climate goals (green management system applicable to all energy and miner- energy need more minerals than “brown”) and the al resource projects, including renewable energy and parallel needs articulated through the other UN sustain- anthropogenic resource projects as well as underground ability goals (i.e., reduce poverty). Resourcing the Anthropocene is not all about increasing storage projects in particular CO2. With the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable mining activities. It will also include increased exploit- Development and the Sustainable Development Goals ation of secondary sources for minerals, such as recycl- (SDGs) in 2015 and the Paris Accord on climate ing of scrap and consumer goods. We will need more change, managing energy and raw material resources in knowledge about material streams of minerals and a sustainable manner has become paramount to all metals, and will need smarter designs of goods reducing stakeholders such as governments, companies and mineral and metal contents and making them easier to investors. recycle. Resourcing the Anthropocene is also about pre- Classification of resources is the basis on which policies serving important geological resources for our needs, are formulated, governments manage their resources, such as agricultural soil and groundwater. industry conducts its business and capital is allocated. The geoscience environment is key to many of the chall- None of the SDGs can be attained without energy and enges we are facing. In finding new resources, and even raw materials, yet it is known that environmental im- new types of resources never applied before. We must pacts result from the deployment of these resource pro- search deeper in the ground and in more hostile environ- jects regardless of how it is done. Efficient use of resou- ments, and employ deep mineralogical knowledge in rces is increasingly important. collaboration with material science for characterising Successful resource management requires relevant in- geological resources for the future. formation on the resource base, understanding of the factors that are responsible for progressing the resources to production, adequate framework conditions set by 36 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 GRIND.no - a gate to the landscape 5 NTNU, Insitute for Geoscience and Petroleum, Trondheim Norway 6 Helland-Hansen, W. Jupiterveien 19, 9408 Harstad , Norway, [email protected] Institutt for geovitenskap, Universitetet i Bergen. [email protected] Structure geological field work on Bjørnøya, (Bear Island) was conducted in the autumn of 2018. In addi- The knowledge base grind.no is University of Bergen's tion, ground-borne gravity and magnetic data were portal for communicating knowledge about the land- acquired in 2016 and 2017. scape and environment, collected from researchers at Bjørnøya is located on the central part of the Stappen the University of Bergen and from research institutions, High, which is considered to be affected by the southern environmental management agencies and museums of part of the West Spitsbergen orogeny (fold and thrust western Norway. belt) through Cenozoic time. The main objective of this The basis for grind.no is the two reference books about study is to understand and document the tectonic Hordaland: the Cultural History Road Guide (1993) and evolution of the island using field measurements, fault the Natural History Road Guide (2004). The books re- gouge sampling, hand camera and drone photos. Locati- present an innovation in how to disseminate knowledge ons visited were from Bjørnøya Radio on the north in a comprehensive format, from researchers in the aca- coast, to Ærfuglvika on the southwest coast and an demic community, through informative theme-articles inland outcrop, Raudnuten/Oswaldfjellet. Miseryfjellet combined with natural historical and cultural-geographi- was only studied from a distance. cal presentations of the landscape and localities in the Measured fabric, fracturing, striations, fold axes and municipalities. The articles on the cultural and natural fault planes clearly indicate compressional deformation history are enhanced by an abundance of high-quality events in W-NNW direction, sub-parallel to the West graphics, historical pictures and maps. Spitsbergen orogeny (including thrust planes and back The complete material from these books was included in sliding), which can be linked with observed trends and the web-portal grind.no that was launched in November lineaments from the new geophysical data. These obser- 2016. The database is continuously expanding, the last vations are mainly from mixed lithologies, such as the addition being an architectural guide of Bergen, and interbedded shales and sandstones in Landnøringsvika now contains about 1500 places and 80 thematic articles Formation, from the transition between Landnørings- about the Hordaland region, covering sites dealing with vika Formation and the thick competent carbonates of bedrock geology, Quaternary geology, geomorphology, Kapp Kåre Formation (in the Bogevika Member) and archeology, meteorology, fauna and flora, architecture, finally the boundary between competent carbonates of industrial sites, historical roads etc. The website is in Kapp Duner Formation and the less competent sand- Norwegian and English. Schools and students can create stones of Kapp Hanna Formation. Inland, outcrops their own places through a password-protected tab. The show two parallel ridges (anticlines) separated by a portal includes all functionalities that is expected from syncline. modern websites, such as a responsive format adapting So far, deformation on Bjørnøya is generally related to to all platforms (cell phone, tablet, desktop), GPS, mul- Carboniferous rifting where the above mentioned cover tifold search options etc. rocks, down to the Caledonian basement, are related to a In this talk we demonstrate the content and functionality large scale monocline dipping to the west, towards the of the website with particular focus on geological inferred master fault, the Knølegga Fault Complex. All information. the observed deformation is seen on this dipping monocline surface, similar to an orogenic wedge, which can explain the difference in degree of deformation between tilted Carboniferous/Lower Permian strata and the Paleogene-Neogene folding and flatter lying competent silicified carbonates of the Mis- thrusting on Bjørnøya eryfjellet Formation of Upper Permian age. However, In the western central part of Miseryfjellet Mountain, a Henningsen, T.1, Johannessen, E.P.2, Bergø, E.3, synclinal of a gentle flat folding in the Miseryfjellet For- Brönner, M.4,5, Gellein, J.4 & Aronsen, H.A.6 mation was observed. Fault-gouge samples, from reverse and normal faults 1 The University of Tromsø (UiT), Institutt for will be analysed with K/Ar for age dating and we are Geovitenskap. Naturfagbygget. Dramsvegen 201, 9010 looking forward to receiving the results, which may Tromsø, Norway, [email protected] confirm Cenozoic compression. 2 EP Skolithos/Faroe Petroleum, Sisikveien 36, N-4022 Acknowledgements: Stavanger, Norway, [email protected] Lundin Petroleum has very kindly funded the 2018 field 3 Vatnevegen 18, 6092 Fosnavåg, Norway, work and age dating costs in process at NGU. Many [email protected] thanks also to KV Nordkapp and Bjørnøya Radio for 4 Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Trondheim, excellent support, hosting and transportation. Norway, [email protected] and [email protected]

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 37 Towards integrated Earth System of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany, [email protected] Science education in Norway 5 Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT-The Arctic 1 2 Hestnes, Å. & the iEarth consortium University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway,

[email protected], [email protected] 1 Department of Earth science, University of Bergen 2 Representatives from department of Earth science, Seep carbonates form at submarine methane seeps UiB, department of geoscience, UiO, department of because of increased carbonate alkalinity resulting from Earth science, UiT, and Arctic Geology department, the sulphate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane 2− − − UNIS (AOM: CH4 + SO4  HCO3 + HS + H2O). Numer- ous active methane seeps and associated seep carbonates Earth science education is a cornerstone of Norwegian have been discovered along the Norwegian Arctic con- Society, underpinning Norway’s major energy- and tinental margin, including the Vestnesa Ridge in ~1200 resource-based industries, but is also key to societal m water depth off west Svalbard. Previously it has been resilience and environmental safety. Yet the Earth shown that seepage on the Vestnesa Ridge has been epi- sciences are in change, posed by changing climate, sodic since the last glacial maximum (LGM; ~23 ka). shifting energy landscape and resource utilization acut- However, pre-LGM seepage and the mechanisms con- ely highlight the inter-dependence between human trolling the episodic gas release from the Vestnesa society and our planet. In this proposal, we build a Ridge (e.g., glacial–interglacial sea-level fluctuations, national consortium with broad international networks, glacial and/or plate tectonics) are poorly constrained due to transform the Earth Science education in Norway. We to the paucity of data on the precise chronology of past will connect excellence in research to excellence in methane release relative to potential environmental student-active learning by: 1) creating a national com- drivers. petence center for earth science education, 2) develop- Here we address this problem by detailed U–Th dating ing a generic approach to cross-disciplinary earth sci- of authigenic seep carbonates sampled from the seabed ence education within critical fields of societal relevan- and from shallow drill cores (~23 meters below sea- ce (geohazards, resources, energy, environment, clim- floor) at an actively seeping site on the Vestnesa Ridge. ate), and 3) establishing a coherent system of evaluation The oldest seep carbonates are as old as ~170 ka BP, to foster teaching excellence and identify best practices extending the seepage chronology beyond the LGM. to disseminate worldwide. The iEarth work is based on The new U–Th ages allow assessment of the seepage five progress domains: 1) Shaping the future – meeting timing relative to potential environmental drivers over tomorrows societal challenges, 2) a learning environ- the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Correlation of the car- ment for students, 3) a learning environment for teach- bonate ages with geological and paleoenvironmental ers, 4) field learning, and 5) alumni and outreach. Based data suggests that glacial tectonics and changes in on these progress domains, iEarth will facilitate re- bottom water temperature controlled past methane design of the curricula and a redesign of the teaching seepage at the sampling site on the Vestnesa Ridge. methodologies to ensure student active learning and the relevance of Earth science education. Microbial diversity of snottites and U–Th dating of seep carbonates biofilms at a pyrite mine in Båsmo reveals episodic methane release (Nordland), Norway from the Vestnesa Ridge off west Hribovšek, P.1, Lauritzen, S.-E.2 & Øvreås, L.1 Svalbard over the last ~170,000 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of years Bergen, Bergen, Norway; [email protected],

1,5 2 3 4 [email protected] Himmler, T. , Sahy, D. , Martma, T. , Bohrmann, G. , 2 5 5 2 1,5 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Plaza-Faverola, A. , Bünz, S. , Condon, D. , Knies, J. Bergen, Norway; [email protected] & Lepland, A.1,3,5

1 Snottites, suspended acidic biofilms forming on over- Geological Survey of Norway, Postal box 6315 hanging surfaces in karst caves and in mines, represent Torgarden, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, scarcely studied microhabitats. This study aims to de- [email protected], [email protected], scribe the microbial diversity and community compos- [email protected] 2 ition of snottites and other biofilms found at an under- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, ground acid mine drainage site in the abandoned Båsmo NG12 5GG, UK, [email protected], pyrite mine in Nordland, Norway. The site is character- [email protected] 3 ised by a low-pH water environment (pH ∼ 2.1), absen- Department of Geology, Tallinn University of ce of light and low temperatures. Snottites, biofilm for- Technology, Tallinn, Estonia, [email protected] 4 ming in acid water stream, stream sediment biofilm and MARUM–Center for Marine and Environmental pyrite-rich sediment samples were collected. Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University 38 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

We applied a combination of different microscopy tech- of the topography is compensated by the crustal struc- niques, molecular approaches with Illumina sequencing ture, strongly suggesting a topographic age that is in (16S rRNA genes), fluorescence in situ hybridisation accord with the 400 Myr old Caledonian orogenesis. In (FISH), geochemical analyses and cultivation. addition, we propose that dynamic uplift of ~300 m has All biofilm samples consisted of bacteria, filamentous rejuvenated existing topography locally in the coastal fungi and protists. Scanning electron microscopy reveal- region over the last 10 Myr. This uplift, combined with ed a very dense bacterial community, whereas trans- a general sea level fall, can explain a variety of obser- mission electron microscopy uncovered some very vations that have traditionally been interpreted in favor electron-dense bacteria with many unusual pili-like of a peneplain uplift model. The isostatic analysis appendages. demonstrates that the high topography along the Scandi- One to three bacterial taxa, typically found in acid mine navian margin cannot represent remnants of a peneplain drainage, dominate microbial communities in each uplifted within the last 20 Myr. The topography must sample, indicating a low prokaryotic species richness in have been high since the Caledonian orogeny. this extreme environment. No archaea were detected. 2) We analyze the age of the high elevation low relief Snottites and biofilm forming in acid water stream were surfaces often interpreted as the old paleic peneplain mostly dominated by acidophilic Ferrovum myxo- surface, by comparing the budget of erosion onshore faciens, an iron-oxidising bacterium capable of catalys- with the erosion reflected by offshore sedimentation in ing the oxidative dissolution of pyrite, fixing CO2 and western Scandinavia during the late Pliocene and Quat- N2 and producing a lot of extracellular polymeric mat- ernary glaciations (0–2.8 million years ago). We find erials. Microbes present were also acidophilic bacteria that the sediments generated by fjord erosion over the from genus Metallibacterium and Acidithiobacillus. entire western Scandinavia accounts for only 35–55% of Stream sediment biofilm and pyrite-rich sediment were the total sediment volume deposited off the coast of dominated by iron-oxidising Leptospirillum autotrophs Norway. This large mismatch implies that during this able to leach pyrite. Combining Illumina sequencing period, significant erosion must have also taken place and FISH allowed for a confirmation of core taxa in away from the fjords at high elevation and indicates a these microhabitats. bimodal distribution of glacial erosion and conclude that Our study shows a low diversity of these predominantly glacial and periglacial processes have a substantial im- iron oxidation-based microhabitats, with bacteria that pact on the formation of low-relief surfaces observed in - - utilise ferrous ion as e donor and O2 as e acceptor. glaciated mountain belts and high-latitude continental Snottites present a self-sustaining ecosystem that is clos- margins. Our results provide strong support for a Plio- ely connected to geochemistry and includes microbes Quaternary glacial origin for the high-elevation low- with curious cell structures that require further relief surfaces in western Scandinavia and are not con- examination. sistent with a Mesozoic or Cenozoic peneplain origin. The volume balance between offshore sediment depo- On the origin and evolution of topo- sition and onshore inferred erosion shows that most of the fjord topography was formed during the Plio-Quat- graphy in Norway ernary glaciations, leaving only little room for the pre- vailing older ideas of fluvial erosion in response to 1 1,* 1,# 2 Huismans, R.S. , Pedersen, V. , Steer, P. , Braun, J. , Cenozoic uplift(s). 3) Lastly we analyze Eocene to mid- 3 4 4 Moucha, R. , Valla, P.G. & Herman, F. Pliocene (54-4 Ma) landscape evolution in the

Scandinavian region using inverse modeling of 1 Dep. Earth Science, University of Bergen. landscape evolution. We combine a highly efficient 2 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Center forward-in-time landscape evolution model (FastScape) for Geosciences (GFZ), Germany. with an optimization scheme suitable for non-linear 3 Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, inverse problems. The inverse model is optimized using Syracuse, NY, USA. 1) sediment fluxes based on decompacted offshore 4 Geologisches Institut, ETH Zürich, Zurich, sediment volumes and 2) maximum pre-glacial topo- Switzerland. graphy from a mid-Pliocene landscape reconstructed * Now at Dep. Earth Science, Aarhus University, using geophysical relief and offshore sediment volumes Denmark from the mid-Pliocene-Quaternary. The inverse model- # Now at Dep. Earth Science, Rennes University, ing shows several scenarios consistent with the offshore France. sediment record and the maximum elevation for our reconstructed mid-Pliocene landscape reconstruction. Substantial controversy surrounds the origin and evo- Our preferred model for Eocene to mid-Pliocene lution of high topography along passive continental landscape evolution in Scandinavia is one where high margins. Here I will focus on the well-documented topography (~2 km) has existed throughout the time elevated passive margin in southwestern Scandinavia interval from 54-4 Ma. We do not find several phases of and address the origin and evolution of topography in peneplain uplift necessary in order to explain offshore Norway using three complementary quantitative sediment volumes and large-scale topographic patterns. analyses. On the contrary, extensive peneplain dissection is 1) In order to assess the origin of the present day topo- inconsistent with the low rates of erosion we infer based graphy we quantify the relative contributions of crustal on the offshore sediment volumes. isostasy and dynamic topography. We find that majority NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 39

In summary, these three complementary quantitative 1 Department of Earth Science and Bjerknes Centre for approaches show no support for the peneplain uplift Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, model and indicate that most of the topography in Nor- Norway ([email protected]) way most likely originates from the 400 Myr Caledon- 2 Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences and ian orogeny, with the exception of Western Norway Department of Geology, Rutgers, State University of where local moderate uplift may be required. New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

A late Younger Dryas ice sheet cul- Response of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) to global warming is of great significance as the complete melting mination in Trondheimsfjorden, as of the GIS can contribute up to 7 m of global sea level deduced from tephrochronology and rise. Warmer-than-present climate states; e.g., late Pleistocene interglacials, provide important insights for stratigraphy in glacial meltwater-fed better understanding the response of the ocean and the basins GIS to future warming and freshening. Such characteri- zations are essential in order to identify different inter- Høgaas, F.1, Klug, M.1, Larsson, S.2, Olsen, L.1 & glacial climate and ocean circulation modes as well as Wastegård, S.2 any potential climatic/hydrographic thresholds for triggering changes that may be within the range of pro- 1 Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway jections of our future climate. Here we present new high 2 Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm resolution surface ocean hydrography and climate rec- University, Stockholm, Sweden ords from IODP Site U1305 (57°28.5’N, 48°31.8’W; 3459 m), off Eirik Drift, south of Greenland, spanning Finds from lake sediment records from three basins in Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 7e, 9e, and 11c, together Mid-Norway provide new constraints on the Younger with previously published records from the same locati- Dryas (12.7-11.5 cal ka BP) palaeoglaciology of the on spanning MIS 5e (Core MD03-2664; Irvalý et al., central Trondheimsfjord region. Two of the basins are 2016). situated just distal to moraines deposited during the Changes in surface ocean hydrography and climate over maximum Younger Dryas glacial event (Tautra), where- the last ~450 ka is portrayed using planktonic foramini- as the last basin is situated well inside the former ice- feral δ18O, assemblage counts, modern analog technique margin. The two former basins received meltwater input (MAT) derived sea surface temperatures (SST) and Mg/ from a proglacial lake dammed during the Tautra re- Ca paleothermometry using N. pachyderma (s) and N. advance and are thus strategically placed to date the incompta. Ba/Ca and ice rafted debris (IRD) counts are glacial event. The ca. 12.1 cal ka BP stratigraphic mark- further used to infer iceberg supply and melt water input er Vedde ash is found stratigraphically below sediment from the GIS. Our results show that all of the previous stemming from the ice-dammed lake phase, which is four interglacials over the last ~450 ka, spanning the characterized by laminated silt with dropstones – pre- MIS 5e through MIS 11c, reached warmer-than-present sumably from arrested icebergs. One radiocarbon samp- climate conditions, further exceeding the modeled le from an organic horizon close to Vedde yielded 12.4- global mean temperature threshold for the GIS collapse. 11.8 cal ka BP, whereas eight samples picked directly We discuss the long-term response and potential above the ice-dammed lake sediment yield 11.6-10.7 cal temperature thresholds of GIS under warmer-than- ka BP, i.e. the very beginning of Holocene. The Vedde present climate states. ash layer and the radiocarbon samples pre- and post- dates the ice-dammed lake phase and we thus suggest Indication for pre-Scandian deform- that this reflects when the ice sheet advanced to, and retreated from, the Tautra position. A late Younger Dry- ation, metamorphism, and magmat- as ice sheet culmination is in contrast with the reigning ism in the Neoproterozoic metasedi- view in Mid-Norway, as the re-advance is believed to have reached its maxima early in the chronozone, but in ments of the Hummelfjell Group: U- accordance with finds in Western and Southern Norway. Pb zircon ages from the Tronfjell The results call for a revision of the deglacial history of Gabbro and related mafic intrusives, Trondheimsfjorden – either in terms of the understanding of ice sheet dynamics or the established radiocarbon Central Scandinavian Caledonides chronology. Jakob, J., Corfu, F. & Andersen, T.B.

East Greenland Ice Sheet variability The Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, and thresholds through late Pleisto- University of Oslo, Norway cene interglacials It is commonly accepted that main Scandian thrusting in Irvalý, N.1, Ninnemann, U.S.1, Galaasen, E.V.1, the Scandinavian Caledonides commenced in the Mid- Rosenthal, Y.2, Born, A.1 & Kleiven, H.F. (Kikki)1 Silurian, shortly before or during the continental collision of Baltica and Laurentia. As shown by the abundant high and ultra-high-pressure rocks, Baltica constituted 40 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

the lower plate during the collision. Subduction-related 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, bimodal Late Ordovician to Early Silurian intrusives in PB 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway, the Scandinavian Caledonides are therefore interpreted [email protected] to occur only in nappes derived from the upper plate, i.e. 2 Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural in the outboard terranes. Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, The Neoproterozoic Hummelfjell Grp. comprises foli- Germany ated, lower amphibolite facies metamorphic, continent- 3 Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, N-9296 derived metasandstones and schists. These metasedi- Tromsø, Norway ments host a number of foliated mafic plutons and vol- 4 Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar canics that have been correlated with the Ediacaran und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany Ottfjället dykes in the Särv Nappe in Jämtland, Sweden. 5 Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, The Tronfjell Gabbro near Alvdal has previously been Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa interpreted to have intruded the Hummelfjell Grp. in the The Dronning Maud Land mountains are one of three Palaeozoic. In contrast to the metasediments and mafic large mountain ranges in East Antarctica. Integrating rocks of the Hummelfjell Grp., which show indications geophysics and geology, and specifically geochrono- for deformation predating the emplacement of the Tron- logy, reveals the complex tectonic history of Dronning fjell Grabbro, the Tronfjell Gabbro displays weaker Maud Land, an important part of East Antarctica, and a metamorphism and deformation. This difference is con- crucial element for Rodinia and Gondwana reconstruct- sistent with U-Pb zircon ages of 437.0 ± 0.5 Ma and ions. We recognise three major tectonic provinces: a 437.1 ± 1.1 Ma for the Tronfjell Gabbro and for mafic westernmost part with Kalahari, Africa, affinities and an intrusives within the metasediments in the contact zone easternmost part from about 35°E with Indo-Antarctic immediately below the gabbro, respectively. affinities; sandwiched in between these two blocks, is an Comparable Early Silurian bimodal magmatism is wide- extensive region with juvenile Neoproterozoic crust (ca. spread in the adjacent Trondheim Nappe Complex, but 990-900 Ma), the Tonian Oceanic Arc Super Terrane also in all outboard nappes between Magerøy and Stav- (TOAST) that shows very limited signs of a pre-Neo- anger. Because the Hummelfjell Grp. sediments display proterozoic history. We have tested the spatial extent of a fabric that predates the emplacement of the Tronfjell the TOAST by a regional moraine study that confirms Gabbro, the development of that fabric must have the lack of older material inland, though latest Meso- occurred before 437 Ma. Late Ordovician–Early Silur- proterozoic juvenile rocks frequently do occur in the ian metamorphism, and deformation have been reported glacial drift and probably record a slightly earlier pre- from elsewhere in the Scandinavian Caledonides, in- cursor of the TOAST inland. The TOAST records 150 cluding HP metamorphism in the Seve Nappe Complex, Ma of almost continuous tectono-metamorphic rework- as well as phengite cooling ages in the Høyvik Grp. and ing at medium- to high-grade metamorphic conditions the Middle Silurian unconformity at the top of the Høy- between ca. 650 to 500 Ma. This long-lasting overprint- vik Grp. in the Dalsfjord Nappe Complex of western ing history is thought to record protracted accretion of Norway. ocean island arc terranes and the final amalgamation of Because subduction-related magmatism is limited to the East Antarctica along the major East African-Antarctic upper plate, two paleogeographic configurations can be Orogen. There is no sign of significant metamorphic considered. A) The presence of early Silurian plutons is overprint immediately after the formation of TOAST. limited to terranes outboard of Baltica. This has recently Therefore, these island arcs may have formed independ- been suggested by other authors and implies that the ent of or peripheral to Rodinia and may reveal major Hummelfjell Grp. as well as other correlative units and accretionary tectonics outboard of Rodinia. units in structural higher positions then the Hummelfjell Group were derived from, e.g., Laurentia or Gondwana. B) The Neoproterozoic sediments of the Hummelfjell Abrupt climate changes of the last Group were derived from the Baltican continental margin and accreted to the upper plate before the intrusion of glacial period: are they relevant for the Tronfjell Gabbro. This implies that the Baltican the future? margin may have been very wide (>1000 km) before the collision and that deformation and metamorphism were Jansen, E.1,2 and the ice2ice project teams diachronous, implying, that the distal parts of the margin were tectonised well before proximal parts, the fore- 1 Dep. of Earth Science and Bjerknes Centre for Climate land, and the non-rifted craton. Research, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, N5020 Bergen, Norway, [email protected] 2 also at NORCE Climate, Jahnebakken 5, N5020 United plates of Dronning Maud Bergen, Norway.

Land – East Antarctica: new insights Through the ERC-funded synergy grant ice2ice project by integrating geology & geophysics we investigate the architecture of past abrupt climate change as exemplified by Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) Jacobs, J.1, Läufer, A.2, Ruppel, A.2, Elvevold, S.3, events with emphasis on how the changes develop and Eagles, G.4, Jokat, W.4 & Elburg, M.A.5 are recorded in marine and ice core records. Detailed NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 41 records of ocean, sea ice and atmospheric change are as those presented in this study. constructed and linked with unprecedented chronologic- Japsen, P., Green, P.F., Chalmers, J.A. & Bonow, J.M. al accuracy enabling us to clarify key mechanisms 2018: Mountains of southernmost Norway: uplifted involved in the initiation and amplification of abrupt Miocene peneplains and re-exposed Mesozoic changes. We compare the rates of change and amplitud- surfaces. Journal of the Geological Society, London es of abrupt changes of the past with rates of change and 157, 721-741. amplitudes in ongoing and future Arctic climate change through model experiments, paleoclimate data and instrumental observations. The pivotal role of abrupt sea A new organic carbon isotope curve ice instabilities and a break-down of the stability of the water column under the sea ice in determining the ab- across the Jurassic–Cretaceous ruptness of the events is underscored in the results, boundary in Svalbard: Implications pointing to a risk for a more abrupt demise of the current sea ice cover than shown in many climate model for regional and global-scale cor- projections. In high-end greenhouse gas emission relations and carbon cycling scenarios, rates of change and amplitudes approach those that occurred during glacial DO events. Jelby, M.E.1, Koevoets, M.J.2, Śliwińska, K.K.3, Alsen, P.3, Stemmerik, L.1 & Olaussen, S.4

Mountains of southernmost Norway: 1 Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, DK-1350 uplifted Miocene peneplains Copenhagen K, Denmark. [email protected]; and re-exposed Mesozoic surfaces [email protected]. 2 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box Japsen, P.1, Green, P.F.2, Chalmers, J.A.3 & Bonow, 1172, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. J.M.4,5 [email protected]. 3 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland 1 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, (GEUS), [email protected] Denmark. [email protected]; [email protected]. 4 2 Geotrack International, [email protected] Department of Arctic Geology, The University Centre 3 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, (GEUS), [email protected] Norway. [email protected]. 4 Geovisiona AB, [email protected] 5 Uppsala University, [email protected] The Jurassic–Cretaceous transition in the Boreal Realm forms a stratigraphically enigmatic interval, primarily The origin of the Norwegian mountains (the Scandes) is due to the lack of a unified chronostratigraphic scheme a key controversy in modern geoscience. Are they remn- across the systems boundary. In the Tethyan Realm, ants from the Caledonian Orogeny, modified shoulders numerous Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous sections of late Mesozoic rifts, or are they evidence of Neogene have been correlated by use of well-documented carbon 13 uplifts? Our synthesis of geological data, landscape ana- isotope (δ C) excursions within a biostratigraphically lysis and new thermochronological data from Norway constrained temporal framework. Generally considered south of ~60˚N, combined with previously published to reflect global carbon cycle perturbations (e.g. the sig- data from southern Sweden, reveals a four-stage history: nificant positive excursion of the Valanginian Weissert 13 1. Middle Triassic and Middle Jurassic exhumation Event), δ C stratigraphy is a potentially powerful tool produced a weathered basement surface with a hilly for regional and global-scale correlations. However, relief. such records are sparse in Boreal sections. 2. After late Mesozoic rifting, Upper Jurassic – Oligo- We present the first complete organic carbon isotope 13 cene sediments accumulated across most of the area. (δ Corg) curve across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary 3. Early Miocene uplift and erosion to the base level of in Svalbard. The curve is based on basin-scale sampling the adjacent ocean led to formation of a peneplain that of two outcrop sections and two onshore drill cores of extended across sedimentary basins and Caledonian the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) to lowermost Barrem- rocks; the sub-horizontal Hardangervidda plateau ian (Lower Cretaceous) Janusfjellet Subgroup, and com- represents this peneplain. plements recently published records from parts of this 4. Early Pliocene uplift raised Hardangervidda to its interval. The subgroup comprises the Agardhfjellet and present elevation of ~1200 m above sea level and led to Rurikfjellet formations, forming an up to c. 500 m thick re-exposure of the tilted, Mesozoic surface at lower ele- succession of predominantly open marine black shales vations. deposited within a tectonically stable, epicontintal ramp The Southern Scandes are thus, like other elevated basin. 13 passive continental margins around the world, the The δ Corg record is characterised by several inflection product of post-breakup uplift and erosion. Identific- points through the Upper Jurassic (Bathonian–Volgian) ation of the mechanisms driving these uplifts awaits which are correlated to similar records in the Tethyan 13 geodynamic modeling constrained by observations such Realm. A significant positive δ Corg excursion occurs 42 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary interval, foll- was assigned to the Van Mijenfjorden Group and com- owed by a relatively uniform signal throughout the prises the Firkanten, Basilika and Grumantbyen formati- Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian – lowermost Barrem- ons. They directly overlie Lower Cretaceous strata with 13 ian). The δ Corg stratigraphy is supplemented by Rock- a sedimentary contact. Since the strata are situated with- Eval data and tied to dinocyst and macrofossil (ammon- in the WSFTB, they represent a third tectonic outlier of ite, belemnite and bivalve) biostratigraphy, allowing the the Van Mijenfjorden Group in Svalbard, in addition to rectification of a new precise age model of the success- the previously described Ny-Ålesund Subgroup and the ion. Important bearings on large-scale correlations are Øyrlandet Graben deposits in southern Spitsbergen drawn, and the global significance of the Valanginian (Harland et al., 1997; Dallmann et al., 1999). carbon isotope event is challenged. Our stratigraphic revision of the Sylfjellet succession has several implications for the interpretation of the Paleogene depositional history and the interplay bet- Revised stratigraphy of Sylfjellet, ween Eocene sedimentation and tectonics. Vitrinite reflection data indicates that an Upper Eocene or Oligo- Svalbard: a new contribution to the cene age for the Aspelintoppen Formation is precluded, Paleogene Van Mijenfjorden Group or that alternatively an Upper Eocene/Oligocene folding and thrusting event must have taken place in this area. Jochmann, M.M.1, Augland, L.E.2, Lenz, O.3, Bieg, G.4, Bergh, S., Ohta, Y., Andresen, A., Maher, H., Braathen, Haugen, T.5, Grundvåg, S.-A.6, Jelby, M.E.7, A. & Dallmann, W. (2003). Geological Map of Midtkandal, I.8, Dolezych, M.3 & Hjálmarsdóttir, H.R.1 Svalbard, 1: 100 000 Sheet B8G St. Jonsfjorden. Norsk Polarinstitutt Temakart (34). 1 Department of Arctic Geology, The University Centre Braathen, A., Bergh, S., Karlsen, F., Maher, H., in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 156, 9171 Andresen, A., Hansen, A.-I. & Bergvik, A. (1999). Longyearbyen, Norway Kinematics of the Isfjorden-Ymerbukta Fault Zone: a 2 The Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics dextral oblique-thrust ramp in the Tertiary fold-thrust (CEED), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1028 Blindern, belt of Spitsbergen. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 79, 0315 Oslo, Norway 227–240. 3 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Dallmann, W. K. (editor), International Stratigraphic Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany Committee for Svalbard (1999). Lithostratigraphic 4 Gisela Bieg Mikroskopische Untersuchungen, lexicon of Svalbard. Review and recommendations for Hirschgraben 2, 45721 Haltern am See, Germany nomenclature use. Upper Palaeozoic to Quaternary 5 Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat (NVE), Region bedrock. Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway, 318 Nord, Kongensgate 14-18, 8514 Narvik, Norway pages. 6 Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic Dallmann, W. K. (editor) (2015). Geoscience Atlas of University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, 9037 Svalbad. Norwegian Polar Institute Report Series No Tromsø, Norway 148, Norwegian Polar Institute, Norway, 292 pages. 7 Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Harland, W. B., Anderson, L. M., Manasrah, D. & Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen Butterfield, N. J. (1997). The Geology of Svalbard. K, Denmark Geological Society, London, Memoir No. 17, 521 8 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. pages. Box 1047 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Piepjohn, K., von Gosen, W. & Tessensohn, F. (2016). The Eurekan deformation in the Arctic: an outline. The strata of Sylfjellet, a mountain located on the north- Journal of the Geological Society, 173, 1007–1024. ern side of Isfjorden, central Spitsbergen, have so far been solely assigned to the Lower Cretaceous (Harland et al., 1997; Braathen et al., 1999; Bergh et al., 2003,). The Svalbard Rock Vault initiative The strata are incorporated in the Eurekan West Spits- bergen Fold and Thrust Belt (WSFTB) (Braathen et al., Jochmann, M.1,2, Senger, K.2 & Betlem, P.2 1999; Dallmann, 2015, Piepjohn et al., 2016). Recent stratigraphic studies of the succession of presumable 1 Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani AS, P.O. Box Early Cretaceous age suggested the presence of Paleo- 613, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway. gene strata. Thus, we revisited the site in order to find [email protected] evidence for a Paleogene age of the strata. The outcom- 2 Department of Arctic Geology, The University Centre es of this study are presented here. in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, The area was mapped and the c. 250 m thick succession Norway was logged. Samples were collected for both absolute (U/PB) and relative (palynological) dating methods. In Who is responsible for safeguarding geological material, addition, coal seams were analysed for vitrinite reflect- drill cores and data from Svalbard? How can we ensure ance, allowing us to analyse the strata in a broader geo- that existing geological material from Svalbard doesn’t logical context. get lost, and that material collected in the future is taken Our findings show that parts of the investigated strata at care of? Sylfjellet are of Paleogene age. The mapped succession In mainland Norway, the Geological Survey of Norway NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 43 has the responsibility to take care of such geological cave-passages may collapse or fill in with sediments, material in the national core storage centre at Løkken. but drill bit-drops indicating open cavities have been The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate maintains a core registered at large depths (up to 5 km). storage facility for offshore wells. The Norwegian Polar This type of reservoir has the potential of containing Institute has the mandate to map Svalbard’s geology, substantial hydrocarbon accumulations. The complexity but restricts storage to self-sampled material. of these carbonate paleokarst reservoirs makes it very With Norwegian coal mining in decline, some 60 km of difficult for interpreters to identify any clear character- drill cores and other geological material owned by the istics in seismic sections. Therefore, a thoroughly inves- coal company SNSK meet an uncertain future. For such tigation is needed to establish a guideline to help inter- geological material originating from Svalbard no one preters to know what characteristics to look for and has either a responsibility or mandate to facilitate what they represent in terms of “real” geology. storage. By performing seismic forward modelling on a geologi- This material, however, has great scientific potential and cal model, an understanding of the seismic of these has already been used in many scientific studies. Unfor- types of reservoirs can be achieved. This includes: (1) tunately, examples of lost geological material from building models from good paleokarst outcrops or from Svalbard are numerous and we cannot afford more modern active cave systems, (2) an implementation of a material getting lost. suitable rock physics model to estimate elastic propert- We therefore propose the Svalbard Rock Vault ies and to be able to account for a range of heterogeneit- initiative: ies, (3) and at last perform a seismic forward modelling  a physical facility on Svalbard to archive physical using an efficient and applicable modelling approach. A geological material (core, samples, thin sections etc.). suitable option for such efficient seismic modelling app- from Svalbard, that includes non-physical roach is a Point-Spread Function based 2(3)D convolut- geoscientific data (seismic, well data, reports, virtual ion method which is applied to the whole input model at outcrops etc.) once and has more realistic illumination and resolution  accessible through e-infrastructure. effects compared to the standard 1D convolution  has full-time archive responsible managing it. method.  has secured long-term financing for its operational We will illustrate the modelling workflow with an out- costs. crop-based model and a reservoir one derived from an  complements and integrates with existing data actual cave structure, giving then access to near-inter- storage repositories. active sensitivity studies of the modelled seismic images  is owned by a Norwegian institution or an inter- with respect to various parameters, e.g., structural, national trust, and managed in Longyearbyen by a petrophysical, fluids and seismic-imaging ones. Norwegian institution.

 facilitates data access for research, education and commercial activity on Svalbard. Opportunites and challenges in the These challenges were discussed during a kick-off work Triassic of the Barents Sea shop in Longyearbyen in September 2018. We welcome everyone to join the discussion and help to realize our Johansen, S.K.1 & Lundschien, B.A.3 vision. 1 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Harstad, Norway, [email protected] Modelling for seismic characterizat- 2 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Stavanger, Norway, ion of paleokarst reservoirs [email protected]

1 1 1 Triassic rocks are found deposited over large areas in Johansen, M.K. , Grimstad, T.J. , Lecomte, I. , the Barents Sea and constitute an important petroleum Tveranger, J.2 & Drottning, Å.3 play model. Presently the average remaining petroleum

1 resources in the southern and northern Barents Sea are University of Bergen, Department of Earth Science, estimated to be 1165 million Sm3 and 1370 million Bergen, Norway. [email protected]; Sm3 respectively, where 55 % and 80 % of this is ex- [email protected]; pected to be found within the Triassic succession or [email protected]. older deposits. The resource numbers have a large range 2 NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bergen, and are associated with geological uncertainty due to Norway. E-mail: [email protected] limited and widely spread data points. Better knowledge 3 Rock Physics Technology, Bergen, Norway. E-mail: regarding the Triassic succession from will thus help [email protected] reduce this uncertainty. The NPD has integrated results

from shallow stratigraphic cores with regional seismic Karst is a type of landscape formed by dissolution of and fieldwork on Svalbard. Seven stratigraphic wells soluble rocks such as carbonates. Caves are common have been drilled offshore Kvitøya and recovered 1048 subsurface karst features and develop where water m of cores. The stratigraphy represented in the wells are percolates through the host rock and creates cave- represented by 160 m of Upper Permian carbonates, 870 passages through dissolution. With time and burial, the m and 5 m of Triassic and Jurassic siliciclastic rocks. 44 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

Preliminary results of seismic interpretation and core Glaciers around the world are melting, causing new and analysis of Upper Triassic rocks, indicate the presence challenging conditions for societies near them. Re-rout- of large fluvial trunk channels and shallow marine dep- ing and hydrological changes in glacial meltwater osits, similar to outcrops of equivalent units on Hopen. streams may have severe consequences for downstream irrigation, water supply and hydropower plants. Hazard- NPDs field expedition to Edgeøya, ous events may occur as unstable glacier- or moraine- dammed lakes form in front of shrinking glacier snouts. Svalbard Here we use a low frequency (2.5 MHz) Blue systems Ice radar system to map the ice thickness of Sørfonna 1 2 1 Johansen, S.K. , Røstad, J. Jensen, A.F. & (Folgefonna) in western Norway. We aim to investigate 3 Lundschien, B.A. the subglacial topography and thus also the future drain-

age pattern. 1 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Harstad, Norway, The investigations will aid hydrological analysis and [email protected], [email protected] modeling of the future environment during ice cap 2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology retreat. To unclose glacial depth ice radar was used (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, [email protected] followed by processing and interpolation via radar- and 3 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Stavanger, Norway, GIS-software. The result is the first high resolution [email protected] subglacial topography map covering the whole of Sør- fonna ice cap. The map shows a high relief alpine land- The NPD has over the last decade integrated results scape with deep crossing valleys. The largest ice thick- from shallow stratigraphic cores with regional seismic ness exceeds 550 meters. The map also indicates a interpretation and fieldwork on Svalbard. Scientific significant change in drainage areas when the glacier fieldwork has been carried out in close collaboration retreats and eventually disappear. Two significant large with both Norwegian academic and Russian partner valleys were discovered in Northeast-Southwest direct- institutions resulting in several scientific publications. ion and there are several locations prone to develop Recent fieldwork in 2018 on western Edgeøya has lakes in a future non-glacial environment. The hydro- focused on sandstones belonging to the Upper Triassic power activity in the area will be affected long term but De Geerdalen Formation outcropping on Blanknuten as continuing analysis is needed for a short-term conclus- analogues for petroleum reservoirs in the northern Bar- ion. Moreover, the topography gives a hint on where the ents Sea. The sandstones were deposited in a paralic- icecap starts to develop after non-glacial periods such as deltaic depositional environment on the distal end of a the Holocene climate optimum. large delta that prograded across the Barents Sea and were sourced mainly from the Ural Mountains in the southeast. The sandstones on Blanknuten are interpreted Relationship between maturation as amalgamated mouth bars in a fluvial-dominated, and geomechanical parameters of wave- and tide-influenced delta. Delta switch of distri- the Upper Jurassic organic-rich butary channels and mouth bars is the main autogenic processes controlling the spatial geometry and temporal Draupne Shale, Norwegian North evolution of the delta mouth bars. Currently the main Sea challenge for potential petroleum accumulations in the Barents is poor reservoir quality and our preliminary Johnson, J.R.1, Hansen, J.A.2, Fawad, M.3 & Mondol, results from fieldwork support reservoir quality as being N.H.4 among the main risk factors. 1 University of Oslo (UiO), [email protected] The subglacial topography of Sør- 2 University of Oslo (UiO), [email protected] 3 University of Oslo (UiO), [email protected] fonna (Folgefonna), western Norway 4 University of Oslo (UiO) & Norwegian Geotechnical - first glimpse below the icecap! Institute (NGI), [email protected]

Johansson, F.E.1, Bakke, J.2, Støren, E.N.3 & Gillespie, The Upper Jurassic organic-rich Draupne Shale is an M.K.4 ideal candidate to investigate relationship between maturation and geomechanical parameters of shale 1 University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for climate source rocks. Sixteen exploration wells that penetrated Research, [email protected] the Draupne Shale in the North Sea have been selected 2 University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate for the study across a range of depths and different Research, [email protected] states of maturation, ranging from under- to over- 3 University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate mature. Key petrophysical parameters are used to in- Research, [email protected] vestigate the relationship between the geomechanical 4 Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, parameters and maturation of the Draupne Shale. Kero- [email protected] gen maturation in the Draupne Shale drives the creation of fracturing in both the vertical and horizontal components, which has a significant impact on migration of NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 45 hydrocarbons. The creation of fractures through the con- es and Energy Directorate. The nationwide deformation version of these kerogen lenses into hydrocarbons has map is made available to the public through a web map an impact on the geomechanical parameters such as interface with simple tools to query and visualise the Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio of the rock. data. Periodical updates of the deformation map will be The process of diagenesis and hydrocarbon creation in provided as more data are acquired. organic-rich shales results in a direct evolution of the In this contribution, we will present the nationwide de- geomechanical parameters, as a result of stress variation formation map and examples from specific regions, and the release of hydrocarbons. The increase in stress showing deformation due to unstable rock slopes, urban and the resultant strain are a result of increased tempera- subsidence and deformation around mines. With the ture and pressure through the process of diagenesis. high data quality and state-of-the-art processing algor- From the well log data a clear relationship between ithms, it is possible to detect deformation down to milli- petrophysical parameters and there geomechanical out- metre scale, making the method capable of detecting puts can be derived. Next, the geomechanical paramet- and monitoring both large and subtle changes in the ers can be used in concert with other key petrophysical landscape. parameters to drive a greater understanding of the effect maturation has on the Draupne Formation. To do this an Neotectonic map of Norway and analysis of P-wave and Formation Resistivity was carried out in reference to temperature, TOC content, and adjacent areas depth. Then, geomechanical properties were calculated using P-wave, S-wave, and density logs where they Keiding, M., Olesen, O. & Dehls, J. were available. Variability of the organic-rich source rocks was considered through the use of other logs in- Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, cluding, but not limited to, gamma-ray and TOC. [email protected] Finally, maturation of Draupne Shales was refined as a function of TOC, temperature and geomechanical We present a neotectonic map of Norway and adjacent properties. areas. Neotectonics is the study of motion and deformation of Earth's crust that are current or recent in geologic time, here considered to be the Neogene and the Quater- The national InSAR deformation nary. mapping service in Norway The map includes up to date information about seismicity, the state of stress, glacial isostatic adjustment, Quat- Keiding, M.1, Dehls, J.1, Lauknes, T.R.2, Larsen, Y.2 & ernary submarine slides and volcanism, Plio-Pleistocene Marinkovic, P.3 deposition on the Norwegian margin and Neogene uplift and erosion. Seismicity is illustrated in terms of earth- 1 Geological Survey of Norway quake location and magnitudes as well as a comprehen- 2 Norut, Norway sive compilation of earthquake focal mechanisms in the 3 PPO.labs, The Netherlands mapped area. Horizontal strain rates based on GPS data are shown in a separate figure. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar, abbreviated Despite its location in an intraplate environment, Nor- InSAR, is a radar technique used to measure surface way has relatively active neotectonics with regions of deformation. Since the early 1990’ies, a number of uplift and erosion, uplift after the last deglaciation and satellites with InSAR instruments have been launched, ridge push from the mid-Atlantic spreading ridge. Nor- allowing high-precision measurements of surface defor- way is the most seismically active region in Europe mation from space. Because the radar looks almost north of the Alps. The map was produced as part of the vertically toward Earth’s surface, the method is most NEONOR2 project. sensitive to vertical deformation. InSAR data has proven to be highly useful to study urban subsidence, The Reingardslia Cave Document- earthquake deformation, subsidence around mines or hydrocarbon/geothermal reservoirs and subsidence ation project around infilled lakes. In Norway, InSAR has been used 1 2 2 2 for more than 10 years to identify and monitor defor- Kilhavn, H. , Lølkes, S. , Øyehaug, E. , Herland, M. , 3 2 3 mation in unstable rock slopes. Gudbrandshøy, A. , Gabrielsen, I.M. , Skoglund, R.Ø. 2 In 2014, the European Union established an earth obser- & Lauritzen, S.-E. vation program, Copernicus, which includes two InSAR 1 satellites, Sentinel-1 a/b. With the launch of the Coper- Laboratoire EDYTEM, Université Savoie Mont Blan 2 nicus program, it was decided to establish a national Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen 3 InSAR-based deformation mapping service in Norway. Department of Geography, University of Bergen. The service is coordinated by the Geological Survey of Norway since 2016. It has now provided the first nation- Four marble karst caves at Reingardslia, Mo i Rana, wide deformation map based on Sentinel-1 InSAR data North Norway (Larsholet, Lappholet, Olavsgrotta and from 2014-2018. Persgrotta) are four of very few caves that are protected Detailed maps from specific areas are made available to as nature phenomena in the country. The caves were other authorities, such as the Norwegian Water Resourc- first mapped and described by Gunnar Horn in the 46 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

period 1933- 1939 and published in 1947. The caves are ments started below the lower organic-carbon-rich inter- gated, but gates are presently in a fragile state, and en- val and continued above the upper organic-carbon-rich trances that were blocked by perennial ice are now interval to track changes over time that might indicate open. Rana municipality is responsible for maintenance what caused deposition to change. Initial results suggest and access control of the caves. In connection with gate both oxygen concentration and terrestrial influx varied maintenance and future management, if was necessary significantly, but that the exact combination of depositi- to perform a thorough re-mapping and morphogenetic onal conditions was different for the upper and lower analysis of the total cave system (they are all connect- interval so that different processes were responsible for ed). The project was carried out in the period 2015- the preservation of organic carbon during the two differ- 2017 with a total of six MSc projects that covered cave ent intervals. geomorphology, bedrock and tectonic structure, sediment fills, mineralization and paleoflow reconstruction. A total of 9053 m cave passages of at total vertical Use of systematic and proactive 4D extent of 352 m were mapped. The cave system is essentially phreatic (sub-watertable) and scallop flow geomodelling for predicting spatial direction in the abandoned galleries reveals both terrain- distribution of quick clay controlled and terrain-reversed flow, which we ascribe to valley glaciation and regional ice sheet cover, res- Kjellesvik, L.E.R.1 & Siggerud, E.I.H.2 pectively. Passage fill ranges from coarse cryoclastic breakdown, rounded fluvial boulders and gravel to clay. 1 Digital Geologi AS, [email protected] The upper level of clay was mapped to about 320 m asl. 2 And would correspond to a stagnant, phreatic level Digital Geologi AS, [email protected] adjacent to a valley glacier. The oldest speleothem dated (U-series) in the system is so far 730 ka (Lapphullet) The last fifty years of offshore hydrocarbon exploration revealing that insignificant wall retreat has occured and production along the Norwegian continental shelf since then. The speleogenesis must have taken place have taken place in a geologically challenging area with prior to this age, and the valley floor must have been a high cost of acquiring subsurface data. This combinat- below this level (350 m asl) at this time. This makes the ion has led to the development of highly sophisticated caves to the oldest known in the country, or in Scandi- work processes and software, allowing logical represen- navia. Cave architecture is controlled by a major syn- tation of complex geology as a succession of quantita- cline where most of the passages follow the hingeline tive, proactive, digital 4D models. and in part the flanks of the fold; guiding fractures are This presentation demonstrates a how these tools are foliation-parallel joints, crossed by a prominet NNE- applied to produce quantitative, systematic, and digital SSW ste of steeply dipping fractures, a situation that is 4D geomodels predicting quick clay in time and space. very common in Nordland. Secondary mineralization An understanding of the sediment distribution in time comprises calcite speleothems (stalacites, stalagmites, and space, as well as the occurrence of quick clay, is helictites, bortryoids and spar), moonmilk, and finally established by using the methodology presented in the ferric hydrous oxides and sulphates (gypsum, jarosite) previous presentation. This is then combined with sur- that are ascribed to pyrite oxidation. face information, individual 1D vertical investigations, physical samples and information such as seismic data to produce a volume representing the marine deposits, and associated distribution of lithologies (sand, silt, and Use of elemental proxies to determ- clay), above bedrock. ine palaeodepositional conditions of The impact of diagenesis (leeching) of the marine clay into quick clay is then further modelled in accordance Permian organic-carbon-rich inter- with the understanding established. The importance of vals in the Helgeland Basin morphology in controlling water penetration is captured by systematic analysis of the occurrence of quick clay Kiswaka, E.B.1, Felix, M.1 & Næss, A.1,2 related to plunge and azimuth. The spatial continuity of quick clay occurrence is investigated both laterally and 1 NTNU Norwegian University of Science and vertically by variogram analysis (statistical analysis of Technology, Trondheim, Norway the spatial continuity). Using stochastic modelling the 2 Equinor ASA-Stjørdal, Norway, e-mail: resulting geomodell thereby captures the complex [email protected] pattern of quick clay. It is not only proportionally and spatially correct, but it also gives a systematic, quantita- The Lower Turbidite Unit of the Upper Permian depos- tive uncertainty for any point within the geological its from the eastern margin of the Helgeland Basin, off- model, thereby understanding the overall uncertainty in shore Norway, are known to contain two organic-carbon the prediction. The approach is illustrated by a model of -rich intervals. However, the depositional conditions of quick clay distribution in Skatval, outside Stjørdal, Nor- these intervals are not fully understood. In order to im- way built in 2017. Additional data acquired in late 2017 prove the understanding, a portable X-Ray Fluorescence was then introduced into the model in 2018, and results (PXRF) scanner was used to determine selected major, before and after the additional data are investigated. minor, and trace element distributions. The measure- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 47 Dyke emplacement mechanisms I brittle fractures that are being passively filled and in- flated by magma. across the brittle-ductile transition

Kjøll, H.J.1, Galland, O.2, Labrousse, L.3 & Andersen, Dropout Dolines and Infrastructures T.B.1 – risk assessment maps

1 Center for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), Kjønsøy, R.A.1,3, Heldal, T.2 & Lauritzen, S.-E.1 University of Oslo 2 Physics of Geological Processes, the Njord Center, 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo Norway 3 Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris, ISTeP, CNRS- 2 Norwegian geological survey, Leiv Erikssons vei 39, INSU, Sorbonne Université 7040 Trondheim, Norway 3 Corresponding author: [email protected] Dyking is the main process of magma transport through the Earth’s lithosphere. Dykes are thin sheets exhibiting Suffosion dolines (“sinkholes”) are a characteristic sur- shapes similar to fractures, so that the main models of farce feature in karst. The conditions for their develop- dyke emplacement assume that they form by mode I ment are present when unconsolidated sediments over- hydraulic fracturing following the σ1-σ2 plane. Because lay of carbonate rocks. Carbonate rocks constitute a of the rapid strain rates accommodating dyking, it is large part of the global land area. The majority of car- assumed that dyke propagation and emplacement are bonate areas have developed karst systems, including only governed by brittle processes, even in the ductile dolines. Rapid or catastrophic development of suffosion crust. However, the contribution of ductile deformation dolines (dropout dolines) represent a threat on infra- in dyke emplacement has not been assessed. Here we structures in such areas. In Norway, carbonates consti- report detailed and spectacular field observations from tute only 1% of the total amount of land area (mainly northern Sweden and Norway of a ~605 Ma old dyke marbles). The existence of karst is mainly confined to complex emplaced near the brittle-ductile transition. the Nordland county. Formerly there have been occasi- The dyke complex formed during continental rifting and onal episodes of dropout doline development, but the opening of the Iapetus Ocean, and is now exposed in the problem area has not been a priority before now. Scandinavian Caledonides. In northern Sweden, obser- This masters project is based on the construction of risk vations are made along a 1.5 km long continuously assessment maps. The maps are based on existing, digi- exposed cliff providing unique and exceptional over- tal geological and topographical information, and field view images of the dyke complex. The detailed struc- ground-truth data. The data is mainly gathered from the tural analysis of the dykes and of the structures related Norwegian Geological Survey’s websites and hoyde- to their emplacement allows us to identify distinct dyke data.no. Other data is gathered through field assess- emplacement mechanisms, sub-divided into: 1) Brittle ments and rock analyses. Dolines are the most charac- dykes that exhibit straight contacts with the host rock, teristic surface forms in the karst landscape, and they sharp tips, en-echelon segments with either broken brid- indicate karst systems underneath the surface. Several ges or intact bridges between the segments. The dyke approaches of GIS-based analyses are being tested to thicknesses follow a Weibull distribution, commonly identify existing sinkholes and areas prone to the for- applied to fracture mechanics; 2) Brittle-ductile dykes mation of dropout dolines. Potential risk areas are iden- that exhibit ductile bridges with complex patterns. Both tified through polygons of quaternary sediments that is brittle-ductile and ductile-brittle features are observed, overlaid polygons of carbonate rocks on the terrain i.e. where ductile flow induced by inflating dykes over- model. Overlapping indicates risk areas for development print brittle structures associated with dyke emplace- of dolines. A lack of accuracy on the available data ment and vice versa; 3) Ductile “dykes” that show performs the greatest uncertainty on this project. mingling textures between the soft ductile host rock and the intruding mafic magma as well as irregular mag- Linking regional unconformities in matic boudinage. The dykes exhibit two distinct orientations, and are mutually cross-cutting, suggesting that the Barents Sea to compression- the dykes did not form as vertical sheets perpendicular induced forebulge uplift at the to regional extension. Thanks to the well-exposed layering of the dykes’ host rock, we performed a kinematic Triassic-Jurassic transition restoration to quantify the strain induced by the dyke 1,2 3 4 complex. As expected, the dyke complex accommod- Klausen, T.G.* , Müller, R. , Faleide, J.I. , Olaussen, S.4 & Suslova, A.5 ated >100% extension in agreement with the rifting. However, counter-intuitively it also accommodated 12% 1 of crustal thickening, in agreement with local shortening University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway structures near the dyke walls, showing the forceful 2 mechanism of magma emplacement. Our observations Present address: Petrolia NOCO AS, Espehaugen 32, 5838 Bergen, Norway - [email protected] underline the complexity of magma emplacement mech- 3 anisms near the brittle-ductile transition and show that University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 1, 0371 Oslo, dyke emplacement cannot be described as simple mode- Norway - [email protected] 48 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

4 University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 1, 0371 Oslo, this is due to there being few proven sources for young Norway - [email protected] detrital zircons in the region, but a lot of confusion is 5 The University Centre in Svalbard, 9171 also implicit from the hitherto poor stratigraphical con- Longyearbyen, Norway - [email protected] trol on and correlation of provenance data. 6 Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskiye In this study we compare two time-equivalent, Late Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia – [email protected] Carnian sandstone samples: one from the De Geerdalen Formation in Agardhbukta (Eastern Spitsbergen), and The Triassic-Jurassic transition marks an important one from the Snadd Formation in exploration wildcat change in the basin configuration of the Greater Barents 7124/3-1 between the Hammerfest and Nordkapp basins Sea. A basin with km-thick sedimentary successions in the southern part of the Barents Sea. Their proven- changed into a partitioned basin with uplift in the west ance signature is contextualised with seismic and logs and foreland basins in the east, with significant implic- that show the large-scale drainage systems in which the ation for the development of quality reservoir rocks sandstones were deposited. within the area. Our study employs a range of different Results show that the sandstone samples in opposite high-resolution datasets from a distal part of the basin sites in the basin have identical provenance signatures, which unravels the complex pattern of differential uplift wherein the youngest grains have crystallisation ages and erosion in the basin during this tectonic event. New close to depositional age, and sedimentological obser- observations explain hitherto enigmatic stratigraphic vations show that the river systems supplying these relationships across the basin and constrain the causal sandstones were oriented northwest. This supports pre- mechanism behind the forebulge development. vious studies who argues for a proximal young sediment We record for the first time distinct angular unconform- source to the east, and clearly negates the proposed ities between Upper Triassic strata and overlying Lower northern provenance areas suggested for the interval. Jurassic strata, showing that large and discrete parts of These results are in line with sedimentological evidence the basin formed topographic highs. These areas cor- and show the importance of considering provenance in respond to Palaeozoic structural grains which were re- light of sedimentology, source-to-sink and biostrati- activated due to compressional forces. Our study links graphy. this compression to the Novaya Zemlya Fold and Thrust Belt. Compression caused salt mobilization and remobilization that resulted in differential uplift and erosion, From Realfagbygget to The bridge which together with discrete topographic highs controlled the sediment distribution pattern to the basin in an on the river Kwai experience from 5 interval that is the most important reservoir unit in the years participation in the IESO (Int- basin. ernational Earth Science Olympiad) for high-schools Sediment supply to Svalbard and Kleiven, H.F. (Kikki)1, Sivertsen, J.E.2 & Husås, A.M.3 the Barents Sea in the Late Carnian 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 1,2 3 4 Klausen, T.G.* , Müller, R. & Olaussen, S. Norway

2 St. Olav High School, Rogaland county, Norway 1 University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, 3 Geological Society of Norway, Trondheim, Norway Norway 2 Present address: Petrolia NOCO AS, Espehaugen 32, Since 2007, the International Earth Science Olympiads 5838 Bergen, Norway - [email protected] (IESO) has been held with high-school participants from 3 University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 1, 0371 Oslo, more than 30 countries. The Olympiad is aimed at sti- Norway – [email protected] mulating the interest of upper secondary school students 4 The University Centre in Svalbard, 9171 to discover the possibilities for further studies and pro- Longyearbyen, Norway – [email protected] fessions in the natural sciences in general, and geoscience in particular. IESO is arranged by the Inter- Sediment supply to the Barents Sea and Svalbard has national Geoscience Education Organisation (IGEO), been the focus of many studies in the recent decade. and has previously been held in South Korea (2007), Much of this attention is driven by commercial interests Taiwan (2008), the Philippines (2009), Indonesia because mature sandstones from the south and west of (2010), Italy (2011), Argentina (2012), India (2013), the basin often form better reservoirs than sediments Spain (2014), Brazil (2015), Japan (2016), France sourced from immature eastern sources. But the sedi- (2017) and Thailand (2018). Next year the Olympiad ment routing to the basin also has considerable academ- will be held in South Korea. ic interest since it can help decipher how different Norway participated for the first time in IESO in San- paleolandmasses where arranged around this basin and tander, Spain, in 2014 and the national interest for IESO how much sediments were derived from different areas has increased from 250 participating students in 2014 to at different times. Northeastern provenance areas conti- over 600 students from nearly all counties. The Nor- nue to be interpreted for the Upper Triassic interval al- wegian Geo Olympics (Geo OL) is, like the rest of the though this does not fit sedimentological studies. Partly NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 49

Norwegian natural science Olympiads for high-schools, is correlated by comparing sediment cores with seismic funded by the Norwegian Research Council. In addition data. Radiocarbon dating are used to established an age Geo OL have several smaller sponsors. Department of estimate for the landslides. This is put together in an Earth Science at University of Bergen (UiB) is the aca- age chronology and provides a framework for the land- demic host for the Norwegian IESO qualification, the slide history and frequency. XRF-scanning, MST-logg- Norwegian Geological Society is the administrative host ing, CT-scanning, grainsize distribution, microfossil and project PI and Rogaland county, trough St. Olav analyses are just some examples of what have been used high-school represents the Norwegian geoscience to identify landslide events. The main goal with this teachers. study is to make an age chronology based on a recon- There are several rounds of qualification to be the 4 struction of the landslide history. Also in focus is how students that will represent Norway in South Korea in climate change will affect the frequency of landslide August 2019. First you must be one of the 100 best after events. the first round of questions. Then you must qualify as one of the 16 talented that is invited for the training camp in spring 2019 at UiB. And after theory, labora- Cave and Karst Database tory and field work, as well as written tests and an essay the best 4 will be chosen! Knežević, J.1, Heldal, T.1, Lauritzen, S.-E.2 & Haukdal, IESO is very popular among the high-school geoscience I.1 teachers, and we are pleased to say that it has a positive impact on geoscience recruitment to colleges and uni- 1 Geological survey of Norway, [email protected] versities in Norway. Geoscience was introduced as a 2 University of Bergen, [email protected] subject matter in upper secondary school in 2007. Through the participation in IESO, the aim is to incent- In today’s shift to green energy and with a growing need ivize and stimulate the interest in the natural sciences. for natural resources, it is of great importance to provide a better understanding and preservation of significant natural and geo-resources. Karst aquifers present Mapping of late Holocene avalanche some of the most important sources of water, and also processes in Fjærlandsfjorden bas- for their features, such as caves with their unique biodiversity, and which also maintain a special role in div- ed on marine data erse fields of study as source of preserved scientific data. The significance of karst is described by the fact Klette, A.K., Haflidason, H., Nesje, A., Eide, C.H. & that approximately 25 % of global population is suppli-

Thuesen, T. ed by karst waters.

The Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) is in the Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, process of creating a national database for caves and Bergen, Norway karst in collaboration with the University of Bergen (UiB), Artsdatabanken and Fylkesmannen i Nordland. Fjærlandsfjorden is a narrow fjord in Sognefjorden with The goal is to preserve significant natural and geo- a length of 27 km and is surrounded by 1500 m high resources which are of great importance for water mountains. Fjord systems are formed by repeated glaci- quality, biodiversity and geohazards, that together affect ations where long and deep depressions are filled with better life quality. The primary purpose of the database seawater and partly filled with sediments. The fjords on would be to collect, store and protect data on karst, the west coast are vulnerable to landslides due to both caves and other karst features, which will coincidentally instability in the steep mountain sides and the wet present a new data platform for better understanding of climate. In the western part of Norway, the amount of karst processes, caves and be a starting point for imple- rainfall will most likely increase due to climate change, mentation of karst areas in land-use-planning and and this will increase the frequency of landslides and mineral prospecting industry. flooding events. It is important with knowledge about Cave bearing rock, karst, (mainly marble, limestone, landslides events in relation to climate change to be able dolomite) represent 3% of the surface area of Norway, to plan security measures and have a good warning which is the approx. size of Norwegian counties Roga- system for landslides. The focus of this study is Holo- land or Aust-Agder, 5 % with calcareous mica schist cene landslides processes, this includes events that have which is approx. equal to size of Slovenia. occurred after the ice sheet disappeared (11 700 years Up to date, about 2000 caves in Norway are fairly ago). After the ice melted away the sea-level in Fjær- well documented by mapping and descriptions and have landsfjorden was 110 m higher than today, and marine noted a further larger number of which only the cave sediments were deposited, which today are relative entrance is known. There is still an even greater number loose sediment and therefore easily erodible. Large of caves yet undiscovered (Lauritzen 2010). mass movements events cover a larger time interval than what instrumental measurements and historic archive represents. There has been collected several marine cores and seismic profiles from Fjærlandsfjorden to reconstruct the landslide history. The landslides event 50 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 Reconstruction of the uplift and sub- 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway sidence history of Smeaheia, a pro- 2 Aker BP, Munkegata 26, 7011 Trondheim, Norway * posed CO2 injection and storage site [email protected]

The propensity for pre-existing structures to influence Kolnes, J.F., Anell, I., Mulrooney, M.J., Faleide, J.I. & later tectonic activity on the Norwegian Continental Braathen, A. Shelf and the globe in general has received significant research interest in recent years. Understanding the role Universitetet i Oslo, [email protected] of basement heterogeneity on rift faulting is of major importance when analyzing rift basin evolution in terms This study aims to reconstruct the burial and uplift of understanding anomalous fault trends and their im- history of Smeaheia, a proposed long-term CO2 storage pact on the petroleum system. However, the lack of site, located on the northern Horda Platform in the good quality subsurface datasets of significant depth northern North Sea. The storage site is situated within a coverage has limited the imaging of deep basement rotated fault block, bounded by the Øygarden Fault, and structure, and hence the relationship between pre- the Vette Fault to the east and west, respectively. existing basement and rift-related structures, especially Rock properties of reservoir and caprock formations, 3D geometry and interaction, is poorly understood. including porosity, permeability, and pore pressure are In this study, we utilize regional 2D and 3D seismic re- major controlling factors that govern storage volume, flection data of significant quality and depth coverage, gas phase, and the potential for leakage. These propert- from the Utsira High and surrounding areas to illustrate ies in turn can be significantly perturbed by uplift and how the 3D-geometry of intra-basement structure acted burial history of the target formations. as a template for the geometry and localization of later Following burial sediments undergo mechanical com- rift faults. Our study illustrates a sequential deformation paction, driven by the effective pressure, modifies the history where Devonian extensional shear zones related sediment by brittle fracturing, deforms, re-orientating, to the collapse of the Caledonian orogen influenced the and frictional sliding of the grains. At approx. 2-2.5 km subsequent Permian – Triassic and Upper Jurassic – depth, chemical compaction, i.e. where high tempera- Lower Cretaceous rift phases. We show how the extens- tures enable quartz cement dissolution and precipitation, ional shear zones locally perturbed the stress field becomes the primary mechanism of compaction. Uplift during the later rift phases, which is manifested by rift induces tensile failure of sedimentary rocks (jointing). faults that trend highly oblique relative to the general E- These tensile fractures can significantly increase the W oriented stress field during deformation. Also, we permeability and porosity of sedimentary rocks and can illustrate how the geometry of the pre-existing extensi- allow for previously high pore pressure, if present, to re- onal shear zones influenced the along-strike structural equalize to hydrostatic. variability of the South Viking Graben. The uplift history of Norway, and the Norwegian con- The geometry of the intra-basement shear zones had tinental shelf is complex and consists of several phases. direct influence on the distribution of Permian-Triassic The response of offshore basins to this uplift has previ- and Upper Jurassic-Early Cretaceous structures in the ously been documented, however, quantitative estimates study area. Thus, understanding the effect of structural of subsidence appears anomalously high. Considering inheritance has direct implications for understanding Smeaheia’s location, quantifying maximum burial depth source area, sediment routing and deposition, and con- and uplift is therefore an important tool for predicting sequently, understanding trap formation, reservoir distri- rock properties in the area and predicting reservoir and bution and migration pathways in an area of active caprock quality. hydrocarbon exploration and production. The study approaches the topic using two methods: (1) Backstripping the successions from the present to the top reservoir including sequential decompaction, and restoring major faults, eroded successions, and fold- Bedrock lineament and landscape related deformation. (2) Extracting velocity and litho- mapping using high-resolution topo- logical information from seismic, and comparing it to physical burial trends for the different velocities. graphy data at the Sunnmøre coast

1 2 3 Krohn-Nydal, A.O. , Margreth, A. & Nixon, C.

Multiphase rifting controlled by pre- 1 NTNU Geografisk institutt, [email protected] existing basement structures: A 2 NTNU Geografisk institutt, [email protected] 3 NGU Trondheim, [email protected] case study of the Utsira High, South Viking Graben, North Sea Rift, off- In my graduate studies, I have been mapping the sea- shore Norway floor and coastal landscapes in Herøy kommune, southern Sunnmøre. The aim has been to identify lineaments Kristensen, T.B.*1, Osagiede, E.E.1, Rotevatn, A.1, in the bedrock and signs of glacial erosion and deposit- Gawthorpe, R.L.1 & Marsh, N.2 ion. The thesis explores the possibilities a continuous NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 51 digital elevation model (DEM) gives, following the terr- vapour homogenization temperature Th of the fluid in- estrial- into the sub-marine environment. The research clusions. However, like in other low-temperature miner- question is whether an old, weathered landscape was als, fluid inclusions in stalagmites are typically mono- partially preserved despite extensive glacial erosion in phase containing only liquid water and spontaneous the region. nucleation of the vapour bubble fails to occur due to Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data, long-living metastability of the liquid state. In order to green LiDAR and bathymetry data, a thorough mapping stimulate vapour bubble nucleation, a prerequisite for of the geology and landforms in shallow marine areas subsequent Th measurements, we apply single ultra- and onshore is possible. The availability of a high-resol- short laser pulses, thus, transferring the inclusions from ution continuous DEM presents new possibilities for re- a metastable liquid state to a stable liquid-vapour two- search and detailed mapping of both the seafloor and the phase state (2). Upon subsequent heating the liquid coast. phase expands at the expense of the vapour bubble and The strandflat is the low relief landscape that makes up finally, the inclusion homogenizes into a stable liquid most of the coast along Norway. The morphology has state. Due the microscopic size of the inclusions the been the subject of much discussion. One hypothesis, measured homogenisation temperatures Th(obs) need to and perhaps the most accepted one at “current” is that be corrected to account for the volume-dependent effect it’s an etched surface originating from an old weather- of surface tension on liquid-vapour homogenisation (3). ing front. The coast has later been glacially eroded The resulting temperature is equal to the stalagmite during ice-ages throughout the Quaternary. formation temperature Tf, provided that the inclusions There is a lack of studies in the area focusing on the have preserved their original volume properties. The strand flat, and the feature has yet to be better under- temperature accuracy of the method is better than ± stood. By looking closer at landforms and sediment 1.0 °C. deposits, a better understanding of the different pro- In connection with a research project aiming to establish cesses influencing the coastal landscape can be reached. a tropical temperature record covering the last 500’000 The methods used in the study has been manual mapp- years using stalagmites from Northern Borneo, the ing of the DEMs and ground truthing in the field. This Department of Earth Science at UiB has built up a new includes measuring trends and inclinations of bedrock Fluid Inclusion Lab with an ultra-short pulse (femto- lineaments and observing geomorphological features in second) laser system. the field. (1) Krüger et al., 2011. Chem. Geol. 289, 39-47. The preliminary results show that the Møre-Trøndelag (2) Krüger et al., 2007. Eur. J. Mineral. 19, 693-706. fault system can be recognized in the mapped linea- (3) Marti et al. 2012. Fluid Phase Equilibr. 314, 13-21. ments as well as in the field. The landscape is complex with local differences emphasized by many influences; coastal erosion and deposition, fluvial- slope processes Make value from waste rock! and extensive glacial erosion. Kvassnes, A.J.S. & Clausen, J.A.

Liquid–vapour homogenisation of ReStone AS fluid inclusions in stalagmites: A new As much as 100 million tonnes of construction rock- thermometer for palaeoclimate re- waste is disposed of in Norway every year. There is no search national inventory for such rock waste. The waste originates from operations like tunneling-, road-, railways-, Krüger, Y. and urban developments. Construction and excavation operations currently often place surplus rock waste on Department of Earth Science ,University of Bergen, land sites and in natural waters, including marine. Norway, [email protected] Much of this material could be entered into the circular economy. There are opportunities to process and trade In recent decades, stalagmites have proven to be valu- these materials. For example, the UK extracts 60 million able archives providing information on continental clim- tonnes of marine aggregates from the seafloor annually, ate variations in the past. Stalagmites form in caves by using highly sophisticated barges. Bilateral agreements precipitation of calcite from drip water. They can grow and repurposing of Norwegian rock materials for resale over hundreds of thousands of years and their age can could dramatically reduce the waste exiting the circular be precisely determined by uranium-series dating. economy cycle. In a context where European regulati- Several methods, based on different temperature proxies ons are increasingly harmonized, and where the costs of have been developed to determine stalagmite formation inflicting environmental damage are rising, this oppor- temperatures, which allows for quantitative reconstruct- tunity is very desirable. ions of paleo-temperature variations. ReStone design products from rock waste in a way that The paleothermometer presented in this paper is based the products can be used according to the regulations on the density of the drip water that was trapped in fluid from the authorities. ReStone has identified commercial inclusions during stalagmite growth (1). The method opportunities to create a market for rock waste as a re- uses classical microthermometry to measure the liquid- source for aggregates. Our mission is to utilise all sur- 52 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

plus rock waste and to eliminate dump sites for waste by in deep seated intrusions compared to shallower more 2035 to diminish the environmental impact of the con- evolved magmatic systems. struction industries. Legislation may increase the cost of pollution, putting manufacturers under pressure to in- vest, innovate and improve. Our findings indicate that Reviewing the Cenozoic net erosion the construction industry, the government and the society as a whole is positive to an increased use of circular of the Norwegian Barents Sea Shelf economy principles in construction rock-waste. 1,2 2,1 3 Lasabuda, A. *, Laberg, J.S. , Knutsen, S.-M. & 2 Rydningen, T.A.

Importance of deep-seated ultra- 1 Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration mafic magma-reservoirs in conditi- (ARCEx), Department of Geosciences, UiT – The oning for Cu-Ni-PGE formation in Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway upper-crustal mafic-ultramafic for- 2 Department of Geosciences, UiT – The Arctic mations University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway 3 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), Storgata 49, Larsen, R.B., Sørensen, B.E., Grant, T.B., Tollefsrud, L. 9488 Harstad, Norway & Voll, M.O. The circum North Atlantic-Arctic continental margin Department of Geosciences and Petroleum, NTNU, and adjacent land areas have experienced several epi- Trondheim, [email protected] sodes of uplift and erosion during the Cenozoic. A series of efforts quantifying this erosion for the Barents The Central Iapetus Magmatic Province (CIMP, Ma 610 Sea shelf, where the Arctic shelf is at its widest and -560) is a prominent worldwide LIP, well known from deepest have been done since the early 90’s using differ- Greenland, Labrador, North America and the Baltic ent methods. As the seismic and well databases have shield. The Seiland Igneous Province (SIP) forming at expanded considerably, our understanding of the Ceno- Ma 570-520, in NW-Norway comprises the most deep- zoic evolution of this climatic sensitive and hydrocarbon seated parts of the CIMP event (0.5-0.8 GPa). The SIP prospective area has improved. This review includes a is a high yielding, mafic-ultramafic-alkaline plumbing comparison of results from different methods (e.g. the system conveying thousands of km3 of melts from the mass balance technique, shale compaction, apatite asthenosphere to the continental lithosphere and is asso- fission track, sandstone diagenesis, and seismic veloci- ciated with a mantle plume (Larsen et al. 2018, https:// ties). The Cenozoic erosion is divided into a pre-glacial doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2017.11.013). and a glacial erosion. The pre-glacial erosion is related In the SIP, we have located several Cu-Ni-PGE reefs in to the early Cenozoic tectonics and rift-flank uplift due one of the ultramafic conduit systems. The reefs carry to the onset of rifting, shear, and compression followed up to 1.7 g/t total PGE with c. 75% PPGE+Au and 25 % by sea-floor spreading between Norway and Greenland, IPGE including 0.2 g/t osmium. Other reefs have c. 0.1 whereas the glacial erosion occurred during the late wt% Cu and up to 0.4 wt% Ni. The PGE and Cu+Ni Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere Glaciations when reefs are decoupled, with PGE situated 10-20 meters grounded ice sheets repeatedly covered the Barents Sea below the Cu+Ni reefs. PGM’s are dominated by PPGE shelf. The different methods generally show the same minerals of moncheite, merenskyite, sperrylite and Au- order of magnitude of erosion for the major source areas Ag phases but IPGE minerals, mostly hollingworthite in the Barents Sea, i.e. northern Norway, the Loppa and irarsite, are also present. High, the Stappen High, Svalbard, and from the north- The PGE-reefs are consistently situated in dunitic cum- ern Barents Sea margin. Furthermore, we compare sedi- ulates which formed from picritic melts. However, as ment load and size of drainage area from various sett- the conduit was a long-lived open system, multiple ings and different periods. For similar size of drainage events of magma-mixing, liquid immiscibility, remobili- area, sediment load for glacial period is generally higher zation and in conduit enrichment processes are ob- than for the pre-glacial one. Our review shows that the served. ratio between the Cenozoic pre-glacial and glacial sedi- We observe that the parental melts at these depths are mentation along this part of the Arctic margin is ~40%, more enriched in volatiles than their surface near ~50%, and ~70% for the southwestern, northwestern, equivalents On average, barren as well as mineralised and the northern Barents Sea, respectively. Thus, there ultramafic cumulates contain 1-2 wt% sulphides and 1-2 is a N-S trend of increasing pre-glacial erosion of the wt% carbonic and hydrous phases. Volatile-rich alkaline Barents Sea shelf, whereas an W-E trend of increasing melts were also important for both the emplacement and erosion is inferred for the glacial period. Future directi- remobilization of PGE-Cu-Ni deposits. ons of research in refining the erosion estimates and Essentially, the SIP provides a rare glimpse into the better understanding the mechanisms of uplift and ero- very deep-seated parts of high-yielding magmatic sion will be addressed. systems. The SIP therefore is a unique locality where we can study the relative distribution of critical metals NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 53 Glacier Ice-Contact Speleogenesis Lauritzen, S. E. and R. Ø. Skoglund (2013). Glacier ice- contact speleogenesis in marble stripe karst. pp. 363- Lauritzen, S.-E. 396 in: A. Frumkin (ed): Treatise of Geomorphology, Vol. 6: Karst Geomorphology. London, Elsevier. Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen

In a fluvially eroded landscape, the watertable will strictly follow valley incision and will be monotonic A new method for offshore meter- unless disturbed by tectonism. Adjacent karst caves will scale 3D site characterization thus become abandoned in a similar, monotonic way, so that high-level galleries are always older than lower- Lebedeva-Ivanova, N.1, Polteau, S.1, Zastrozhnov, D.1, level galleries. In glacial landscapes, this principle of Planke, S.1,2,3, Bellwald, B.1, Vanneste, M.4, Sauvin, G.4 monotonic watertable lowering is violated, as the & Myklebust, R.5 presence of glacier ice will re-flood previously abandoned galleries and re-activate them. Thus, 1 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS (VBPR), Oslo abandoned cave galleries, as we can observe them to- Science Park, 0349, Oslo, Norway day, are most probably polygenetic and have a wide 2 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), range of potential ages. The impact of glaciations on University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway karst is highly variable, depending on topographic 3 Research Centre for Arctic Exploration (ARCEx), The position and ice extent. Glaciers can stimulate Arctic University of Norway, 9010, Tromsø, Norway speleogenesis, cause stagnation by silting up, or entirely 4 Norges Geotekniske Institutt (NGI), Sognsveien 72, destroy caves through plucking. The presentation will 0806, Oslo, Norway discuss various sceneries of glacier impact on karst 5 TGS, Lensmannslia 4, 1386, Asker, Norway applied to examples from Norway. Site characterization of the seabed and shallow stratigraphy forms the foundation for geohazards assessment, overburden management, and habitat mapping. It is usu- Pyrite oxidation, a CO2-independent ally achieved using 2D seismic data; our aim is to devel- speleogenetic route op a meter-scale 3D site characterization method. Our analysis of seismic wave propagation for depths down Lauritzen, S.-E.1, Sæbø, V.1, Gabrielsen, I.M.1, Kilhavn, to 600 m below the sea floor shows that imaging of the H.2 & Skoglund, R.Ø.3 3D subsurface with meter-scale resolution down to targeted depths is possible. A seismic source with a flat 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen spectrum from few Hz to c. 600 Hz and uniform trace 2 Laboratoire EDYTEM, Université Savoie Mont Blanc density of >4 million traces per square kilometer for a 3 Department of Geography, University of Bergen. natural bin size of 1x1 m are required to achieve this resolution level. For the case study, 2.5D P-Cable seis- Cave initialization (inception) in the subglacial environ- mic data from the outer Vøring Basin were re-processed as a 3D swath using developed high-frequency seismic ment is regarded as slow and inefficient due to low PCO2 and large reactive surface of glacial rock flour that in- processing workflow. The re-processed data imaged hibit bedrock dissolution. Cave inception, i.e. the stratigraphic units, fault and leakage structures with growth period from micron-sized fractures to cm-scale meter-scale vertical resolution from the seafloor down to few hundred meters below the sea floor on 6.25x6.25 apertures, is particularly sensitive to initial PCO2 in the environment. This is because hydraulic connectivity is m bin size. The re-processed data indicate the directions extremely sensitive to fracture apertures at these scales. of faults within the 100 m-wide swath. Results seafloor At cm-scale apertures, chemical and hydraulic breakt- seep sampling campaign in 2016 revealed oil indications hrough occurs, whereby speleogenesis is speeded up by at the termination of a fault displaying associated with leakage structures imaged in the reprocessed seismic several orders of magnitude. The breakthrough time, tB, may increase from 2-3 ka under interglacial conditions data. The re-processed data allow to better visualized to some 100 ka under deep subglacial conditions (Laur- and map potential fluid migration zones that can be tar- itzen & Skoglund 2013). Another, until now neglected geted in future sampling surveys. The case study shows possibility, is sulphuric acid speleogenesis as mediated that 3D P-Cable seismic data in combination with geo- through oxidation of pyrite grains in the karst rock and logical sampling provide the base for the meter-scale 3D adjacent wallrock. In Scandinavia, this would be marble site characterization. Such dataset is suitable for data and mica schist, where pyrite and sulphide impregnat- interpretation, integration, and inversion where in-situ ions are very common on contacts. Many cave galleries measurements can be propagated with minimal inter- display guiding fractures in or along such pyrite-impreg- polation. The proposed method will generate fully inte- nated contact zones. Oxidation and H+ generation is grated 3D ground models, image fluid migration in the indicated by abundant effervescence of sulphate shallow subsurface, and monitor changes in environ- minerals (gypsum, jarosite). mental conditions.

54 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 Distribution and spatial statistics of Structural control on the stratiform pockmarks in Quaternary sediments Fe mineralization of Kvannevann above the Smeaheia CO2 storage East, Dunderlandsdalen, Mo i Rana area Lie, F., Bergh, S.G., Strmic Palinkaš, S. & Lie, K.

Leon, E.H.*, Osmond, J.L., Mulrooney, M.J. & Braathen, A. UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Geosciences, Tromsø Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway The Dunderlandsdalen district in the municipality of *[email protected] Rana in the Nordland county hosts a world class stratiform Fe mineralization. The principal ore minerals are An understanding of overburden geology is critical hematite and magnetite. The iron ore units belong to the Dunderland formation, part of the Ramnåli Nappe with- when evaluating potential CO2 storage areas, as any post - injection containment failure could result in migration in the Rødingsfjell Nappe Complex of the Caledonian through overburden stratigraphy towards the seabed. Uppermost Allochthon. The immediate host rocks of the The prospective area of Smeaheia is situated within a mineralization are various amphibolite facies, well-foli- rotated fault block about 4 km east of the Troll East gas ated mica schists and quartz-rich meta-pelites intercal- field within the Horda Platform. Confined laterally by ated with thick dolomitic and calcitic marble horizons. the north-south trending Vette and Øygarden fault zones The sequence hosting the ore was deposited in Neoprot- and vertically by Draupne Formation shales, the sand- erozoic time, ca. 800–730 Ma. The mineralization is stones of the Late Jurassic Fensfjord and Sognefjord located in two ore bodies (50-100 m thick); an upper formations represent a proposed injection interval for horizon with magnetite, hematite ore and minor phos- phates, and a lower horizon composed mostly of magne- CO2 storage. No hydrocarbons were encountered by wells penetrating the Smeaheia fault block, and previous tite and apatite, whereas the contacts to the host rocks storage feasibility reports give no indication of observ- are enriched in Mn. able fluid escape structures (e.g. gas chimneys) or meso- The host and ore-bearing rocks were polyphase deform- scale faulting within the overburden stratigraphy. How- ed (D1-D3) during the Caledonian orogeny. F1-folds ever, paleo-pockmarks reported in both Troll and Smea- formed by W-E trending macro- to meso- and micro- heia areas infer relic seepage in the region. Although scale isoclinal shear folding of presumed primary bedd- active fluid escape cannot be confirmed, the presence of ing, repeating the entire stratigraphy, and displaying a overburden pockmarks still provides insight about pot- main axial-planar foliation (S1). This foliation is now ential migration pathways and secondary seals above subvertical and comprises stretching lineations and storage prospects. Therefore, investigating pockmarks mylonitic shear zones with internal, disharmonic F1- folds, relic banding, and complex transposed hinges, and any correlations between them and the deeper CO2 storage geology is an important step towards derisking pelitic lenses and numerous other shear fabrics. Notably, the Smeaheia area. In this study, we utilize a 3D seismic ore bodies are located in the direction of F1-hinge volume to explore pockmarks on the seabed and four zones, subparallel to the main foliation of the host rocks. interpreted Quaternary seismic horizons, including an Kinematic restoration yielded south-directed thrusting important regional angular unconformity signifying during D1. The subsequent deformation (D2) produced erosion of most Upper Tertiary units. We map pock- asymmetric partly overturned (to the south), macro- and marks on each horizon using extracted seismic attributes mesoscale F2-folds, coaxial to F1-folds, and they were and perform a statistical analysis to determine their geo- likely responsible for tilting of the entire ore-hosting metry and spatial distribution locally. Moreover, we sequence. The last ductile deformation event was sub- compare fault and horizon interpretations within under- vertical refolding (F3) on a macro-scale of the entire lying stratigraphy to the results of the pockmark ana- nappe system. Presumed post-Caledonian quartz-car- lysis. Overall, the distribution of pockmarks correlates bonate veins truncated all the ductile fabrics. with the location of stratigraphic subcrops and faults Micro-textural studies of hematite and magnetite-hosted interpreted in Tertiary stratigraphy below the regional ore rocks show pristine hematite and large magnetite unconformity, and our observations suggest that the crystals in rhythmic layers/bands of mica-schists and Quaternary interval may not provide a reliable second- meta-pelites. These units were heavily deformed during the Caledonian thrusting events. The deformation was ary seal for CO2 storage. associated with hydrothermal activity, resulting in deposition of hydrothermal quartz and carbonate in early- stage (D1) isoclinal fold (F1) hinges, and two more generations of flaky hematite grains formed syn-kinematic along axial surfaces in hinge zones of F2 folds. A third generation of flaky hematite grew post-D2 as random grains across F2-fold hinges. Stable isotope analyses (δ13C and δ18O) reveal isotopically light F1 fold hinge NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 55 carbonates, indicating fluid circulation of carbonates in In situ 10Be surface exposure ages fold hinges during deformation. from the inner part of Sunnmøre

Linge, H.1, Matthews, J.A.2, Mourne, R.W.3, Nesje, A.1, Stable isotope geochemistry of the Wilson, P.4 & Olsen, J.5 stratiform iron Dunderlandsdalen deposits, Nordland 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway, [email protected] Lie, K.R., Strmic Palinkaš, S., Bergh, S.G. & Lie, F. 2 Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea University, Wales, UK Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University 3 of Norway, Dramsvegen 201, N-9037 Tromsø - Department of Geography and Environmental [email protected] Management, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK 4 The Dunderlandsdalen iron district hosts a world-class School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK stratiform iron mineralization. The iron ore units belong 5 to the Ørtfjell Group in the Ramnåli Nappe of Caledon- Aarhus AMS Centre (AARAMS), Department of ian Uppermost Allochthonous. The immediate host Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Denmark rocks of the mineralization are hundred meters thick dolomitic and calcitic marble that occur in intercalation In addition to characteristic large-scale landforms, such with various mica schists. The ore-bearing sequence as the strandflat along the coast and fjords with inter- was deposited in Neoproterozoic times, at ca. 800–730 vening block-field mantled summits, Møre og Romsdal Ma (Melezhik et al., 2015). The principal ore minerals is characterised by a multitude of glacial, periglacial and are hematite and magnetite, associated with minor amo- paraglacial landforms, as well as numerous rock-ava- unts of pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Carbonates, lanche deposits. This study presents new ages of glacial quartz, garnets and minerals from the epidote group are landforms in the inner part of Sunnmøre that have been dated using in situ cosmogenic 10Be. the most common gangue minerals. Ore bodies and their 10 host rocks of the Dunderlandsdalen Fe district were ex- Be is produced in quartz exposed at the earth's surface by interaction between the mineral and secondary cos- posed to deformation processes, recrystallization and re- 10 mobilization of metals during the cycle of metamorph- mic ray particles. The concentration of Be in a rock ism and tectonic transport caused by the Caledonian surface allows calculation of the duration of subaerial exposure. 10Be is a radioactive nuclide with a half-life of Orogeny. 10 13 18 1.36 Ma; the concentration of Be is not a 'signal' that Stable isotope analyses ( C and O) were perform- 10 ed on host rocks as well as on different generations of can be reset, and hence removal of Be from the surface gangue carbonates from the Dunderlandsdalen Fe dist- of a landform requires long durations of burial (com- rict. The isotopic composition of the host marble plete shielding), or by erosion and re-moulding of the 13 18 rock surface itself. Depending on pre- and post-expos- ( C=4.5 to 4.7‰ V-PDB; O=25.7 to 25.9‰ V- ure processes, exposure dating with cosmogenic nuclid- SMOW) overlaps with values characteristic for typical es can result in too young, too old or close to true ages. marine carbonates, indicating that the original isotopic In this study, targets for surface exposure dating using signal has not been significantly changed during the in situ 10Be are boulders on moraine ridges formed by recrystallization processes. In contrast, 13C and 18O- both local and regional glaciation, boulders on bedrock values of calcite from foliation-parallel (S and S /S ) 0 0 1 outside and inside of the Younger Dryas ice sheet mar- quartz-carbonate layers as well as of rhodochrosite and gin, and glacially eroded bedrock surfaces at higher calcite from F1-fold limbs, ranged from -0.3 to -2.0‰ elevations. We present new 10Be ages from sites located and 16.5 to 19.2‰ respectively, suggesting deposition within (Gråsteindalen, Norddal, Tafjord), as well as under a strong influence of hydrothermal fluids. Car- north (Valldal, Alnesdalen (Rauma, Romsdal)) of the bonates taken from F1-fold hinges are significantly West Norwegian Fjords World Heritage Area. The data depleted in 13C and 18O (13C= -6.6 to -8.2‰; 18O: will be discussed with respect to i) post-exposure proc- 17.3 to 17.7‰) reflecting the fluid circulation and re- esses that affect surface exposure dating with cosmo- mobilization of carbonates in fold hinges during de- genic nuclides (glacial rebound, snow shielding and formation processes. In addition, the mixed isotopic erosion), and ii) deglaciation chronology. signature (13C=-1.1 to -0.9‰; 18O=20.5‰) of post- deformational (possibly post-Caledonian extensional) quartz-carbonate veins may represent remobilization of previously existing carbonates in the study area. Melezhik, V.A., et al. (2015) Pre-Sturtian (800–730 Ma) depositional age of carbonates in sedimentary sequences hosting stratiform iron ores in the Uppermost Allochthon of the Norwegian Caledonides: A chemostratigraphic approach. Precambrian Research, 261, 272-299. 56 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 Geological and mineralogical char- 1 NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, [email protected], acterization of the Dalhaugen Soap- [email protected] stone Deposit, Nordland 2 Department of Geoscience, University of Bergen, [email protected], [email protected] 3 Lund, V.1, Meyer, G.B.2, Keiding, J.K.2, Aasly, K.A.2 & Geodata, [email protected] 4 Aasly, K.1 Roxar Software Solutions, [email protected]

1 Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian Paleokarst reservoirs, consisting of collapsed or infilled University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands cave systems, commonly exhibit complex 3D hetero- vei 1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway – geneities crosscutting the host rock stratigraphy. [email protected]; [email protected] Characterization of such reservoirs using dominantly 2 Geological Survey of Norway, Leiv Eirikssons vei 39, data-driven methods is highly challenging, due to Pb 6315 Torgarden, 7491 Trondheim, Norway commonly high seismic velocities within the host rock and complex spatial distribution of petrophysical pro- The Nidaros Cathedral's Restoration Workshop (NDR) perties, which render seismic imaging difficult and well has a continuous need of restoration stone for the data prone to bias. Current models of paleokarst largely Nidaros Cathedral with suitable quality, i.e. to avoid rely on using standard modelling methods, employing rocks with cracks and cleavage, rock homogeneity, object-based, sequential indicator based or MPS conditi- esthetic authenticity, resistance to weathering and work- oned on seismic and well data to populate model doma- ability. Here we present geological and mineralogical ins. However, this approach largely fails adequately characterization of the Dalhaugen soapstone (steatite) incorporating the connectivity of karst features, which is deposit located in Drevjedal, Nordland to assess if it can their key characteristic. Considering these difficulties, be a future resource for NDR. using a more concept driven approach employing extant Although soapstones are generally regarded soft rocks, information about realistic karst cave systems as a start- internal variations may leave areas that are harder and ing point, seems appropriate. Yet, industry reservoir more challenging for stone masonry. These harder areas modelling software suites, such as RMS and Petrel, are usually more resistant to weathering. The need for currently have no established workflows or dedicated ornamental stone for the Cathedral is divided into three add-ins for capturing the geometries and property distri- categories: 1) for outdoor use, resistant to weathering; 2) butions characterizing paleokarst reservoirs. Developing for outdoor use, resistant to weathering, relatively easy methods and workflows to handle this, is a prerequisite to carve (shape); 3) for indoor (less exposed) use, easy for further work. The tectonostratigraphic history of the to carve. different karst systems is in most cases well known and Based on four diamond drill cores, the current work cave survey data is ubiquitous. Establishing robust aimed at defining the quality of the deposit, its size, workflows for importing cave surveys into commonly internal variations, and particularly the mineralogical used reservoir modelling tools and conducting forward suitability for the restorations. Emphasis was on surface collapse modelling gives the possibility of generating hardness, how this is controlled by mineralogy, and how several different paleokarst reservoir models formed in these factors affect the stone masonry. A 3D model was different tectonostratigraphic settings. These models can generated to visualize the quality variations within the serve as analogues to paleokarst reservoirs in specific deposit. tectonostratigraphic settings. In this study, we demonstr- Mineralogical properties and hardness vary significantly ate and evaluate different methods for implementing as defined through logging, testing and analyses of the recent cave survey data into geocellular models, which, drill cores. Surface hardness measurements and carving in turn, can provide a platform for fluid flow simulation tests show that the quality is related to mineralogical and seismic forward modelling, supporting development variations. Suitable, soft, easily carved soapstone is decisions. Our test case involves a ~11km long cave typically related to almost totally altered oikocrysts of system and three different methods for model imple- actinolite in a soft chlorite matrix. The hardest, most mentation. difficult to carve soapstone is related to carbonate rich intergrowths with large amounts of fine grained actinolite. Another variation of low hardness, soft rock is re- Controversies on ages of Quater- lated to mica rich intergrowths. This variation is difficult to carve because of the flaky behavior during carv- nary sediments in the Northern ing caused by the mica minerals. North Sea

Løseth, H.1 & Nygård, A.2 Paleokarst reservoir modelling bas- 1 Equinor ASA; Research Centre Trondheim; ed on recent cave system analogs [email protected] 2 Equinor ASA; Bergen. [email protected] 1,2 2 1 Lonoy, B. , Pennos, C. , Tveranger, J. , Lauritzen, S.- 2 3 4 E. , Furnée, J.P. & Ledsaak, K. A regional three-dimensional (3D) broadband seismic NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 57 cube covering 35 410 km2 of the northern North Sea rial, deposited in various continental, clastic depositio- between 60° and 62° N is interpreted to shed light of the nal systems produced by continental rifting. During the Quaternary geological evolution of the North Sea. The Late Triassic, rifting increased, eventually leading to Neogene sediments are excellent imaged, and several seafloor spreading and the breakup of Pangea. Con- intra Quaternary surfaces are mapped regionally with sequently, marine deposition took place in some of the confidence. The study identified a controversy in age rifts, and the areal extent of marine borderlands incre- assignment to Quaternary sediments: The sediments ased. Surrounding the Upper Triassic continents, the immediately above the Upper Regional Unconformity first abundant cyst-forming dinoflagellates evolved, (URU) at the base of the Norwegian Channel (till unit D developed and spread in these relatively shallow, marine (1.1 Ma) and marine clay unit C (1.1-0.6 Ma) in core environments. With the exception of the Australian 8903 above the Troll Field (Sejrup et al. 1995) is present record of Sahulidinium ottii from the upper Middle throughout most of the Norwegian Channel. These Triassic, cyst-forming dinoflagellates seem to have layers extend to north of 62° N where they lie above the evolved relatively synchronously around Pangea from lower part of the North Sea Fan, which base has an the upper Carnian, gradually taking up new niches, first assigned age of around 0.5 Ma (Nygård et al. 2005). along the existing coastlines and later, during the Rhaet- Older sediments on top of younger violate the principles ian, within the evolving rifts systems that eventually of stratigraphy, implying incorrect age assignments. lead to break-up. Most Triassic forms did not extend up This controversy, the indication from the new 3D seis- into the Jurassic. This talk aims at reviewing the present mic data of post-depositional distortion in the upper part knowledge of dinoflagellate occurrences and their strati- of Unit C in core 8903 and the interpreted Quaternary graphical importance and geographical extent in the geological evolution of the northern North Sea show Upper Triassic along the margins of Pangea. that the age assignment to the lower part of core 8903 are too old. The published Quaternary geological history of the North Sea leans on the ages in core 8903. A younger age gives a major shift in timing of Quaternary A major earthquake happened near geological events, the age of the Peon reservoir sand is younger and the glacial erosion forming the Norwegian Lillehammer, at least 4000 after the Channel started much later (approx. 0.5 Ma) than deglaciation previous suggested. Mangerud, J.1, Hughes, A.1, Nystuen, J.P.2 & Svendsen, J.I.1 A new group of phytoplankton app- 1 Universitetet i Bergen, Institutt for geovitenskap. earing around Pangea during the [email protected] Upper Triassic - Where do we find 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo. them and what do they tell us? We describe a landslide in consolidated till that took Mangerud, G1., Paterson, N.W.1 & Riding, J.B.2 place on slopes tilting less than 4°, whereas such tills normally are considered to be stable in slops up to 25° 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, (Mangerud et al 2018). The only triggering mechanism Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, [email protected] for the landslide that we can think of is liquefaction by a 2 British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham major earthquake. Such processes are well known from NG12 5GG, United Kingdom present-day earthquakes and many similar low-angle landslides are known from the vicinity of early Holo- Dinoflagellates represent a substantial part of the phyto- cene faults in northern Sweden and Finland. plankton population in the oceans today, and are one of The landslide covered a bog and radiocarbon dates from the major primary producers. Dinoflagellate cysts first the peat provides a maximum age for the landslide of appeared in late Middle/Upper Triassic; however, our about 6300 years, or more than 4000 years after the de- knowledge of their spatial and temporal occurrences glaciation. This earthquake therefore did not take place during the Late Triassic is relatively limited. This partly during the fast isostatic-uplift phase, which often is results from most papers focusing on terrestrial palyno- assumed for Holocene earthquakes in northern Norway, morphs, and a lack of quantitative data. Another compli- Sweden and Finland. Our findings also show that there cating factor is the fact that the Late Triassic spans a was dense forest at the time of the landslide, indicating very long time, ~36 my and macrofossil data and geo- that the till was well stabilized. chronological dating is lacking in most areas. In the Mangerud, J., Birks, H., Halvorsen, L., Hughes, A.L.C., fossil record, the dinoflagellate cysts represent valuable Nashoug, O., Nystuen, J.P., Paus, A., Sørensen, R., tools in biostratigraphy as well as in paleoecology and Svendsen, J.I., 2018. The timing of deglaciation and paleoclimatology, and understanding their distribution the sequence of pioneer vegetation at Ringsaker, in time and space is therefore valuable. During the Late eastern Norway – and an earthquake-triggered land- Triassic, the landmasses were relatively symmetrically slide. Norwegian Journal of Geology, 98. situated around the equator, forming Pangea. Most of the Upper Triassic successions are dominantly terrest- 58 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 Hydrothermal vent complexes acting Martinsen, O.J. & Sømme, T.O.

as preferential fluid migration path- Equinor Exploration, Norway ways in the Møre and Vøring basins th Since the late 19 century, geologists have explored and Manton, B.1, Planke, S.1,2, Millett, J.1, Zastrozhnov, D.1, interpreted the Scandinavian mountains, their tectonic Mazzini, A.2, Müller, P.2 & Myklebust, R.3 origin, geomorphological expression and sedimentary products derived from exhumation and denudation. A 1 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo, common denominator is that all studies have focused on Norway, [email protected] one or a few factors leading to orogenic formation, coll- 2 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), apse and rejuvenation, geomorphic, stratigraphic and Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, sedimentary response. This is in line with traditional Norway academic methods in Earth Sciences despite the advent 3 TGS, Asker, Norway of digital capabilities and techniques. “Towards One Earth Science” is a slogan to drive the Continental break-up of the NE Atlantic during the integration between fields in geology and geophysics, Paleocene to earliest Eocene led to the formation of and technology. This has had significant roles in devel- thousands of hydrothermal vent complexes. The vent oping the Source-to-Sink (S2S) research theme, and the complexes formed due to widespread sill emplacement highly improved analysis of S2S systems on the global into organic-rich shales, which caused devolatilization scene. Originally used to understand the generation, in sill aureoles. Here, we show that fluid migration development and effects of large onshore catchments in through the hydrothermal vent complexes may have the 1980s through to the early 2000s, S2S has advanced occurred long after vent complex formation. A new significantly to be a complete approach to the integrat- conventionally and high-resolution processed 3D seis- ion of the combined effects of tectonism and sediment- mic volume covering 15,900 km2 was interpreted. The ation. high-resolution data has a crossline spacing of 6.25 m, In the last decade, S2S work on the Norwegian conti- an inline spacing of 18.75 m, and a dominant frequency nental margin has shown the strong interrelationship range of 50-90 Hz. Sills are identified as high amplitude between Caledonian mountain building and collapse, reflections, abrupt reflection terminations, and saucer- Neogene uplift, long-time catchment development re- shaped or transgressive geometries. Hundreds of hydro- lated to major crustal structures and sediment supply to thermal vents are characterized by distinctive eye-shap- offshore basins. In fact, the offshore sedimentary record ed geometries, consisting of craters or depressions with holds important evidence not possible to decipher in the mound-like geometries above. Hydrothermal vent con- onshore geological record which provides tectonic and duits between the sills and vents are characterized by geomorphic insight. The S2S methodology allows for disrupted seismic reflections and surrounded by inward inversion analysis to interpret onshore catchment devel- dipping reflections. Within the mudstone-rich Eocene to opment, that in turn is a proxy for tectonic development Pliocene sediment package, twenty four localized and chronology. stacked amplitude anomalies, five singular soft-follow- The results are that the development of the geology of ed-by-hard amplitude anomalies, as well as four mounds the present Norwegian onshore and offshore regions is a at the Mid-Miocene Unconformity are recognized. The record of processes interacting on an inherited but modi- amplitude anomalies are interpreted to be caused by gas fied Caledonian structural template to form the present due to their vertically clustered geometries, the ‘soft’ landscape and resulting sedimentary record offshore. nature of some of the anomalies, and the widespread This contrasts with both former and current research occurrence of gas in the basin. Mounds suggest that which has looked for unique interpretations. sediments were remobilized due to fluid flow. These features occur directly above the vents, suggesting that New and updated structural ele- fluids migrated preferentially through the underlying hydrothermal vent complexes. Amplitude anomalies are ments in the northern Barents Sea

also observed around some conduits. Active mud vol- 1, 1 2 canoes in the Lusi area, Indonesia, comprise potential Mattingsdal, R. , Johansen, S.K. , Brekke, H. & Knutsen, S.M.1 modern analogues for fluid flow enabled by hydrothermal activity. The interpreted fluid flow features 1 show the importance of hydrothermal vent complexes Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Harstad, Norway, [email protected] for fluid overpressure development in basins and for 2 potential migration of hydrocarbons from deep struc- Norwegian Petroleum directorate, Stavanger, Norway tures to shallow reservoirs. In 2017, the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate published a report on the petroleum resource potential in the eastern parts of the northern Norwegian Barents Sea. Integration is the key to understand- Amongst other, the report also presented an updated ing Scandes Mountain building, map of the structural elements in this part of the Barents Sea. Here we present the newest version of this structur- topography and denudation al elements map, slightly revised from the previous NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 59 version, with some details on how the elements are her a residual melt from the evolving monzonite intrus- defined. ion or an Fe-rich immiscible melt which separated from The area is dominated by several large structural highs the monzonite when reaching a critical unstable compo- and anticlines, most with a SW-NE orientation, with sition. Evidence also suggests early crystallization of varying degrees of erosion on the crest. These structures clinopyroxene followed by fayalitic olivine, and subse- include the Sentralbanken and Storbanken highs, but quent crystallization of the remaining phases from the also a number of large anticlines on the Kong Karls residual Fe and HFSE enriched melt. Land Platform. We will here show profiles across the largest of these structural highs and anticlines, showing Clumped isotope thermometry in the differences and similarities regarding underlying sediment packages, faults, grade of erosion and sub- Cenozoic paleoceanography cropping bedrock, initial timing of formation and bed- 1* 1,2 1 rock expressions from the seafloor where available. The Meckler, A. N. , Piasecki, A. Meinicke, N. , Leutert, 1 1,3 potential petroleum resource potential of these large T. & Ho, S.L structural highs and anticlines will be commented. 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen 2 Harvard University, USA Investigation of the Fe+Ti+REE+ 3 National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Zr+P mineralization in the Raftsund *[email protected] Intrusion, Årsteinen, Lofoten-Vester- Clumped isotope thermometry is a novel geochemical ålen Archipelago, Northern Norway method to reconstruct formation temperatures of carbonate minerals based on the ordering of isotopes within 1 1 2 Maute III, D. , Hetherington, C.J. & Coint, N. the molecules. For thermodynamic reasons, the occurr-

ence of double substitution (i.e., carbonates containing 1 Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, both 13C and 18O) increases with decreasing tempera- Box 41053, Lubbock, TX 79409-1053, USA ture. This thermodynamic basis makes the proxy indep- 2 Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse, Postboks 6315 endent from other factors besides temperature, like the Torgarden, 7491 Trondheim, Norway composition of the water the carbonate grew in. In fact, the results can in combination with classical oxygen iso- Within the fayalite-clinopyroxene-monzonite unit of the tope measurements be used to determine the isotopic 1.8 Ga Raftsund intrusion, Lofoten-Vesterålen, North- composition of the host water. ern Norway, a number of zones of Fe+Ti+REE+Zr+P In Bergen, we have set up this method within the nati- mineralization have been documented. The mineralizat- onal infrastructure facility Farlab. We have specialized ions largely consist of clinopyroxene + fayalitic olivine on applications where amounts of sample material are + magnetite + ilmenite + zircon + apatite ± orthopyr- limited, such as foraminifera-based paleoceanography. oxene ± allanite. Along the south/southeast coast of We are working with a system that allows reconstruct- Årsteinen the zones occur as vein-like structures, up to 3 ing temperatures with around 3 mg of carbonate – much cm wide, at the contact between texturally distinct por- less than typically needed for this method. phyritic opx-ol-cpx-monzonite and a coarse-grained, So far, we have derived in-house calibrations of the equigranular opx-ol-cpx-monzonite. The zones differ clumped isotope method for foraminifera, tested for from other nelsonite-like mineralizations due to the potential effects of diagenetic alteration in the sediment, presence of abundant, and large (up to 3 mm) zircon. A and have started applying the proxy to selected time mineral composition, bulk-rock geochemical, and text- intervals with pronounced changes in global climate, ural comparison of the two monzonites and the miner- such as the Eocene-Oligocene boundary or the Pliocene- alized zones provide critical evidence to understand the Pleistocene transition. occurrence of the mineralized zones. Field and micro- textural relationships of the mineralization to the equigranular monzonite suggest a genetic relationship – the Soapstone as a building material – mineralization forms an interstitial network around feld- meeting the need for good carving spar grains in the equigranular monzonite at the contact stone for the Nidaros Cathedral of the two units, and small-scale intrusions of the equigranular monzonite into the porphyritic monzonite acc- Restauration Workshop ompanied by mineralization have been observed in the 1 2 2 field. Fayalitic olivine and clinopyroxene show the Meyer, G. B. , Stavsøien, E. & Strand, J. highest Mg# in the mineralized zones, followed by the 1 equigranular monzonite, and lastly the porphyritic mon- Geological Survey of Norway, NGU, Leiv Eirikssons zonite, suggesting the mineralization has the most pri- vei 39, Pb 6315 Torgarden, Trondheim 2 mitive compositions. Apatite compositions in the Nidaros Domkirkes Reataureringsarbeider, NDR, mineralization have the highest ΣREEs, and the most Bispegaten 11, 7012 Trondheim significant negative Eu anomaly, indicating a more evolved signature. Textures and geochemical data A question that inevitably comes up when discussing suggest these zones may represent Fe-rich melts, whet- restoration of an old stone building is, why one does not 60 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

use the old quarry again? Here we bring up that question properties are ignored, the Terzaghi effective stress is and we throw light on the rock properties that offers the derived and corresponds to Archimedes law. However, best stone for the carvers. some work done due to the rheological properties requ- The Cathedral of Nidaros in Trondheim was founded as ire a modification (Biot) that implies that the effective a stone church in 1070 A.D. as a sanctuary for Saint stress will approach the lithostatic stress at zero poros- Olav. Local soapstone from Bakkaunet and Øysand was ity. The concept of disequilibrium compaction (the idea the main sources. 300 years later an entire Cathedral that an equilibrium can exist between Terzaghi effective was completed, but shortly after, the church experienced stress and porosity) is hence problematic in low porosity several fires, rebuilding and long periods of decay. In sediments. In most basin models (and conceptually) it is 1869 the Nidaros Cathedral Restauration Workshop also tied to a specific (and statistically tuned) poro(elas- (NDR) was established to raise the former glory of the to)plastic rheology, partly because it is numerically con- cathedral. Right from the beginning it was decided that venient and partly because it makes more user-friendly the workshop should keep the old techniques and tools code. For viscous rheologies, it makes little sense at any alive and bring them on to the following generations. porosity. Manual extraction and carving was the only technique used to form everything from ashlars to ornamental stones. But little by little the extraction of gradually The expulsion of petroleum from larger blocks took over. The need for larger soap stone deposits of good quality became essential and pre- organic rich sediments cutting by industrial sawing was accepted. However 1 2 manual carving remained the only acceptable technique Michelsen, J.K. & Khavari-Khorasani, G.

for the final working out. The old quarries were left 1 behind due to problems with free field stress leading to Gigawiz Ltd. Co., [email protected] 2 fracturing of blocks upon release. Additional conflicts Gigawiz Ltd. Co., Deceased of space in the city and with cultural heritage got in the way. Also, transportation by boat, train and truck Kerogen of petroleum source rocks typically makes up 6 offered the opportunity to look for deposits meeting the to 40% by volume of the rock. The kerogen is a major needs. In recent years stone has been taken from the constituent of the rock matrix and subjected to the litho- spoil hips at Grunnes in Målselv in Troms. The rock is static pressure. A good quality kerogen will lose around relatively solid, with little degree of stress, foliation, half its volume to a low viscosity petroleum fluid. The cracks and veins but some degree of inhomogeneity and main forcing is therefore related to the compaction of hard mineral grains. the kerogen itself. While petroleum is being transported in a source rock mostly as a free fluid, most of the petroleum in the rock is stored in an absorbed (not adsorbed) state in the kerogen. The release of petroleum from the The compaction of sedimentary kerogen is hence a desorption process and the rate is rocks larger than the generation rate because the amount of sorbent is being reduced. To evaluate the forcing from Michelsen, J.K. the volume expansion of organic matter, 2-phase (kerogen-liquid) PVT calculations are required and are poorly Gigawiz Ltd. Co., [email protected] constrained, but probably represent much less than 20% of the forcing from kerogen compaction. Because of the Compaction processes are referred to as mechanical or high diffusivity of petroleum in the kerogen, it behaves chemical depending on what happens on the microscop- as a high viscosity fluid. Intra source generation and ic scale. This, however, has little to do with its driving transport processes have similarities to partial melting force. Compaction is a gravity segregation process and processes. The main difference is that source rocks are macroscopically depends on the force required to de- embedded in other sediments that prior to expulsion had form the rock matrix and the force required to expel the their fluid pressures setup by ordinary compaction pro- pore fluids. Conservation of momentum requires a force cesses. The free petroleum pressures in the source will balance between fluids and rock matrix in their contact cycle around the lithostatic pressure and the difference zone. This is partly expressed through the effective in fluid potential between source and surrounding sedi- stress. The idea that chemical compaction is independ- ments decreases with increasing surrounding overpress- ent of or insensitive to effective stress advocated by ures. As petroleum moves through the source, it partly some, is hence a violation of Newton’s laws. Sediments re-equilibrates with adjacent kerogen, the equilibrium in free fall in orbit around the earth do not compact. A state depending on variation in the free petroleum poro- process cannot generate overpressure, without being sity which increases with increasing relative velocity dependent on pressure. While a compaction process can between matrix and free petroleum. With increasing be thermally activated (viscous rheologies like pressure thickness and increasing maturity, both the vertical solution creep; the viscosities depending on an Arr- compositional variation and the degree of dis-equilib- henius type relationship between diffusion activation rium increases. parameters and temperature), it is still driven by the effective stress. The effective stress has both a thermodynamic and a material property part. If the rock matrix NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 61 The mass-transport processes of A Telychian rift basin in front of the petroleum in sedimentary basins Caledonian Orogen in the Siljan district of South-Central Sweden Michelsen, J.K.1 & Khavari-Khorasani, G.2

1 2 3 1 Michelsen, J.K. , Khavari-Khorasani, G. & Salehy, J. Gigawiz Ltd. Co., [email protected] 2 Gigawiz Ltd. Co., Deceased 1 Gigawiz Ltd. Co., [email protected] 2 Gigawiz Ltd. Co., Deceased Petroleum source rocks expel fluids that change compo- 3 Gigawiz Ltd. Co., [email protected] sition as a function of maturity. The same source at the same time expel very different fluids at different loc- All the deformation seen in the area affected by the ations. Khavari-Khorasani et al., (1998a,b) discussed Frasnian Siljan meteor impact has until now been how the petroleum system geometry and 3D perme- thought to be completely due to the meteor impact. All ability structure control how fluids with different matur- faults that truncate the lower Palaeozoic succession in ities mix and how compositional fractionation between southern Sweden has also until now been interpreted as phases (kerogen, liquid, vapor, asphaltic liquid) and post-Silurian (Milnes et al., 1998). However, by re- within phases occurs. The mass-averaged molecular examining published seismics (Juhlin et al., 2012; velocities vary depending on fractionation mechanism Muhamad 2017) and well descriptions (Lehnert et al., which depends on compositions, PT paths and whether 2012; Muhamad et al., 2015), we demonstrate the exist- capillarity or viscosity governs the transport. Molecular ence of a Telychian rift basin in Siljan. We see no evid- velocities can be very different from bulk fluid volume- ence of NW-SE oriented Ordovician facies belts (Lehn- averaged velocities. We will focus on the effect on sat- ert et al., 2013) and a later well immediately to the west uration pressures during fill and spill and fill and leak- of the first Mora well, contains Boda mounds inconsist- age. Particularly we will demonstrate why fill and spill ent with the facies belt model. The seismic data also under ideal circumstances, such as the Western Canad- contains a seismic signature to the northwest of Mora, ian Basin (WCB), and the Orinoco heavy oil belt can similar to a similar carbonate mound at Gotland. The effectively transmit very heavy fluids with little phase major unconformity seen in the Mora 1 well (Lehnert et losses. We will challenge the universally held belief al., 2012) is the base of a 200m+ deep NNW-SSE that the heavy oils are due mainly to biodegradation. oriented 600m+ wide incised valley filled with Telych- Mass balance of the source rocks in the WCB does not ian turbidites and shales, which we interpret as being indicate that the enormous extra resources required by triggered by associated normal faulting that delineate the biodegradation model are realistic. An additional the Mora horst. The Mora structural high is hence Tely- issue is the relationship between retained “bitumen” in chian rather than impact related, despite being further sources, vs. expelled fluids. Today it is generally assum- tectonically disturbed during the meteor impact. We ed that absorption equilibria account for the difference also observe younger incised valleys in the Orsa seismic between reservoir fluids and source rock retained com- profile, possibly related to the Sheinwoodian glacially positions. However, the uncertainty in solubility para- triggered regression. We explain the post-Ordovician meters for relevant molecular classes opens the possibil- deformation in the western part of the Siljan Ring as a ity that it is mostly liquid-liquid fractionation in the combination of the Telychian extension, and the meteor carriers that is the main culprit. This is consistent with impact. We suggest the rift basin formed due to extens- the large quantities of “bitumen” often observed in ion over the flexural bend in front of the Caledonian petroleum systems. Processes that keeps the saturation orogeny, similar to the same aged Bruflat Formation of pressures low, can hence reduce the losses and allow the Oslo Region (Baarli 1990). Other half grabens with transmittance of huge quantities of heavy fluids. In this lower Palaeozoic fills in southern Sweden may be of case, most “regular” oil occurrences are in fact strongly similar origin and age. fractionated outside the source rocks. Baarli, B.G., 1990: Peripheral bulge of a foreland basin Khavari Khorasani, G., Dolson, J. and Michelsen, J.K. in the Oslo Region during the Early Silurian. (1998a). The factors controlling the abundance and Palaeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology migration of heavy versus light oils, as constrained by 78, 1-2. 149-161. data from Gulf of Suez. Part I. The effect of expelled Juhlin, C., Sturkell, E., Ebbestad, J.O.R., Lehnert, O., petroleum composition, PVT properties and petroleum Hogstrom, A.E.S. & Meinhold, G. 2012. A new system geometry. Organic Geochemistry 29, No. 1-3, interpretation of the sedimentary cover in the western 255-282. Siljan Ring area, central Sweden, based on seismic Khavari Khorasani, G., Michelsen, J.K. and Dolson, J. data. Tectonophysics 580, 88–99. (1998b). The factors controlling the abundance and Lehnert, O. et al. 2012: New Ordovician–Silurian drill migration of heavy versus light oils, as constrained by cores from the Siljan impact structure in central data from Gulf of Suez. Part II. The significance of Sweden: an integral part of the Swedish Deep reservoir mass transport processes. Organic Drilling Program. GFF 134, 87–98. Geochemistry. 29, No. 1-3, 283-300. Lehnert, O., Meinhold, G., Arslan, A., Berner, U., Calnar, M., Huff, W.D., Ebbestad, J.O., Joachimski, M.M., Juhlin, C. & Maletz, J. 2013: The Siljan 62 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

impact structure of central Sweden: an unique 2010, is storing waste heat from industrial processes in window into the geologic history of western specially designed borehole heat exchangers (BHE). Baltoscandia. IODP/ICDP Kolloquium Freiberg, EGEC, 2017, European Geothermal Energy Council 6th March 27, 2013. Market Report 2017. Milnes, A.G., Gee, D.G. & Lund, C. 1998: Crustal structure and regional tectonics of SE Sweden and the Baltic Sea. Technical Report TR-98-21. Swedish Nuclear and Waste Management Co. pp. 51. Stability analysis of Preikestolen Muhamad, H., Juhlin, C., Lehnert, O., Meinhold, G, 1,3 1,2 2 2 Anderson, M., Juanatey, M.G. & Malehmir, A. 2015: Mo, K. , Hermanns, R. , Böhme, M. & Nicolet, P.

Analysis of borehole geophysical data from the Mora 1 area of the Siljan Ring impact structure, central Norwegian University of Science and Technology 2 Sweden. Journal of Applied Geophysics 115, 183– Geological Survey of Norway 3 196. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, [email protected] Muhamad, H. 2017: Geophysical studies in the western part of the Siljan Ring impact crater. Digital The Geological Survey of Norway is currently in the Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations process of mapping all large-scale rock slope instabili- from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1468. ties in Rogaland County. This master thesis is included 69 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. as a supplementary part of the project and focuses on the stability of Preikestolen. The investigation includes structural mapping in the field combined with structural measurements in Coltop3D (with data from LiDAR and Developing Borehole Thermal Ener- photogrammetry). In addition, a 2D numerical analysis gy Storage (BTES) towards high was carried out in RS2 (previously called Phase2), temperature (HT) BTES where the factor of safety was calculated. Detailed geological mapping of Preikestolen revealed Midttømme, K.1, Skarphagen, H.2, Kvalsvik, K.H.1,3, that the rock formation consist of two lithologies. The Ramstad, R.K.3, Justo-Alonso, M.4 & Bastesen, E.1 upper and lower part consist of porphyritic granite divided by a section of granitic gneiss. Structurally, the 1 NORCE, Norwegian Research Center AS, area is characterized by two steep joint sets J1 (213/87) [email protected] and J2 (126/86), in addition to the shallower dipping 2 Gether AS [email protected] joint set J3 (141/52). 3 NTNU, IGP [email protected] The input parameters for the numerical model were 4 Sintef Byggforsk [email protected] gathered both in the field and though laboratory testing of rock-samples from Preikestolen. The stress used in The increasing emphasis on decarbonizing the energy the model is based on existing in-situ stress measure- system has drawn awareness to the energy storage ments from the area along Lysefjorden, as there were no technologies as tools for efficient use of energy resourc- existing measurements at Preikestolen. The simulation es and balancing energy production and demand. resulted in a high factor of safety as the joints present at Low temperature Borehole Thermal Energy Storage the plateau does not daylight the slope. However, even (BTES) systems for heating and cooling of buildings by when the joint was extended out towards the slope face, use of Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) with storage the safety factor was still high. temperatures in the range 3 to 25 °C for heating and Furthermore, observations from the field and 3D models cooling of buildings is a proven technology demonstrat- are included in a risk-matrix. The hazard score includes ed by several thousand installations in more than hund- large uncertainties, as no data on acceleration, displace- red countries during the last decades. The Nordic count- ment rates or bathymetric data (past events) exists. Up- ries, led by Sweden, are frontrunners in developing the dating the hazard score once measurements from the BTES technology (EGEC, 2017) extensometers at Preikestolen are available is therefore An important technology development is towards high recommended. temperature (HT)-BTES with temperatures up to 100 ° C. HT-BTES will allow recovery of waste heat from e.g. industry and incineration or heat collected by solar How are the Alpine ophiolites collectors. Better geological understanding regarding different from the Caledonian groundwater flow, fractures, heat leakage and rock thermal properties is required for proper design of HT- ophiolitic mélanges? BTES and reduction of heat/temperature losses. 1 2 2 The Norwegian research project RockStore and the Mohn, G. , Jakob, J. & Andersen, T.B. Swedish research programme Termisk Energilager are 1 collaborating in developing HT-BTES for district University of Cergy-Pontoise 2 heating. Ongoing research and plans will be presented The Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamic (CEED), including results from a demonstration installation in University of Oslo Emmaboda, Sweden. This HT-BTES, set in operation in NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 63

Both the Caledonian and Alpine belts preserve extensive screen. It will display the real world in addition to one exposures of ophiolitic sequences. These ophiolitic or many virtual objects layer on top. It is also possible sequences have been variably interpreted to represent to use AR-glasses where virtual elements (or holo- tectonic mélanges or vestiges of either supra-subduction grams) are projected on to the glasses, blending virtual zones, spreading ridges or continent-ocean transition elements with the reality.With Virtual Reality (VR), one zones, among other hypotheses. is omitted from the real world and immersed in a virtual In this regard, the Alpine ophiolites consist of serpentin- world. With a headset you only see the virtual world and ised mantle, ophicalcites in relation with fluid circul- with controls you can maneuver in this world. Both VR ation, minor magmatic intrusions, tectono-sedimentary and AR are suitable as knowledge providers for disse- breccias and deep-marine sedimentary systems. Such mination to geo-tourists, AR for both off-site and on-site lithostratigraphic association is interpreted as the rem- interpretation, while VR for off-site presentations. Both nants of the former continent-ocean transition of the technologies will have great potential for creating new Alpine Tethys that formed during the final stage of the jobs in tourism. Inland Norway University, Norway’s Mesozoic rifting. Geological Survey, Sweden’s Geological Survey, and In comparison, several distinct ophiolitic belts can be others, is working on a pilot project, GEARS to test identified in the Scandinavian Caledonides. The struc- VR / AR technology at selected locations in Inner Scan- turally uppermost ophiolitic assemblages are associated dinavia: a) Jutulhogget in Hedmark, Norway, one of with magmatic arc complexes and have been related to Scandinavia's largest canyons and b) Siljanringen in an intra-oceanic subduction zone. Located in a struc- Dalarna, Sweden, which is Northern Europe's largest turally lower position, another ophiolitic belt has been meteorite crater. These new technologies allow you to recognized in between the continent-derived Jotun- reconstruct the formation of these areas and experience Lindås-Dalsfjord nappe complexes and the Baltica this through VR & AR technology while on the spot. continent. This will provide a truly unique experience through a The structurally lower ophiolitic belt, previously recog- new dimension. nized as a tectonic mélange, contains numerous solitary metaperidotite bodies embedded in micaschists that are locally associated with mafic rocks. This ophiolitic The hydrothermal breccia of Berglia- sequence also contains locally fossiliferous conglomeratic layers made of ultramafic materials. Glassberget, Trøndelag, Norway: Recent studies already recognized the similarities with Snapshot of a Triassic earthquake the Alpine ophiolites and reinterpreted these tectonic mélanges as the remnants of the former continent-ocean Müller, A.1,2*, Ganerød, M.3, Spjelkavik, S.O.S.4 & transition of Baltica. Selbekk, R.S.† In that perspective, the aim of this contribution is to compare and confront fundamental observations from 1 Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, the Alpine ophiolites with key localities of the Caledon- 0318 Oslo, Norway, e-mail: [email protected] ides that are particularly well exposed in the Southern 2 Natural History Museum of London, Cromwell Road, Caledonides (Vågåmo, Otta, Lesja areas). We will detail London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom the similarities but also the differences between the Alp- 3 Geological Survey of Norway, P.O. Box 6315 ine and Caledonian ophiolites and critically discuss Torgard, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, e-mail: some implications for the architecture of the Pre-Baltica [email protected] margin and its reactivation during the Caledonian 4 NTNU University Museum, Department of orogeny. Archaeology and Cultural History, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway. e-mail: [email protected] † Deceased 4 December 2017 Stories of Geological Heritage using The study of mineralized hydrothermal and hydrotherm- Virtual and Augmented Reality al-magmatic breccias have been of major interest for ore Technology (VR / AR) deposit research due to their potential of hosting economic mineralization. However, understanding the nat- Motrøen, T. & Gunnerud-Åhlén, B. ure and genesis of breccias, being mineralized or barren, is important not only economically but also in the Høgskolen i Innlandet. [email protected]. / context of regional tectonics and earthquake prediction. [email protected]. In this contribution, the quartz-K-feldspar-cemented, hydrothermal breccia of Berglia-Glassberget in Trønde- New ways to communicate geological heritage are the lag, Norway, is studied. The Berglia-Glassberget brec- use of VR and AR technology. With Augmented Reality cia, which is exposed in an area of 250 × 500 m, is (AR) it is possible to add virtual elements in the real barren in terms of economic commodities but famous world by looking for objects that are not physically pre- among mineral collectors for being a large and rich site sent in the space. A mobile phone can be used as a dev- of high-quality crystal quartz of various colours and ice for AR. By pointing the camera on it against a loc- habits found in open cavities. The mineralization is ation, one can look through the phone by looking at the rather unique in respect to its geological setting: It 64 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

occurs within Late Palaeoproterozoic rocks of the Ti indicating relative consistent crystallization condit- Lower Allochthon of the Norwegian Caledonides ions (temperature, pressure and fluid chemistry) during regionally isolated from any other contemporaneous ore precipitation. Magmatic and hydrothermal quartz are hydrothermal or magmatic activities. distinguished by their Al, Ti, Li and Ge concentrations The structural characteristics classify the Berglia-Glass- and ratios. Magmatic quartz has higher Al and Ti com- berget mineralization genetically as fault-related, fluid- pared to hydrothermal quartz. The Ge/Al ratio in quartz assisted hydraulic breccia formed by a single pulse increases systematically from high formation temperat- stress during a seismic event, i.e. earthquake. Hydraulic ures (up to 670°C) to low temperatures (c. 450°C) fracturing was mainly responsible for the rock fragment- whereas Ti decreases. The Zinnwald albite granite (ZiG; ation. The influx of an aqueous CO2-rich fluid coupled mineralization host) and massive quartz-zinnwaldite with a minor NaCl-KCl-bearing brine and NH4 fraction greisen contain both magmatic and hydrothermal quartz into the fault zone triggered the sudden fault movement. populations which are distinguishable by their Ge/Al The initial temperature of the breccia-cementing fluid and Li/Al ratios. was in the range of 247 to 329°C. The origin of the CO2 Hydrothermal vein quartz related to the Sn-W minerali- -rich, fluid may have partially metamorphic origin due zation (Flöze and Morgengänge) does not show system- to decarbonation reactions (T >200 °C) of limestones of atic trace element variations along the sampling profile the underlying Olden nappe but also deep sources, prob- indicating that no significant chemical gradients (in lat- ably from mantle rocks implying that the breccia is situ- eral direction) in the ore forming fluid existed. The up- ated on a deep-seated structure. 40Ar-39Ar dating of the take of Li in the quartz lattice is limited by the incorpor- K-feldspar cement revealed a middle Triassic age (240.3 ated Al although the Zinnwald/Cínovec magmatic-hyd- ± 0.4 Ma) of this seismic event. At that time NW Eur- rothermal system was oversaturated in Li. The calcul- ope including Norway was affected tectonically by a ated crystallization temperatures of quartz of the Sn-W period of major rifting and faulting, involving major mineralization applying the TitaniQ thermobarometer fault zones, such as the Møre Trøndelag Fault Complex, reveal crystallisation temperatures ranging from c. 630 ° the Lærdal-Gjende fault system and the Kollstraumen C (ZiG, massive greisen) to c. 460°C (Flöze and Mor- detachment in central Norway. Due to its regional sett- gengänge) confirming previous estimations. In econom- ing it is concluded that the Berglia-Glassberget occurs at ic terms, the hydrothermal quartz (Flöz and Morgen- a supposed triple junction of these three fault zones and, gänge) with an average total trace element content of thus, the Berglia-Glassberget earthquake was the ex- 128±56 ppm has intermediary chemical quality and can pression of rifting and faulting in northern Europe serve as a by-product if colour sorting and other pro- during middle/late Triassic. cessing steps are applied. Rock-forming quartz of ZiG and massive greisen with an average total trace element content of 233±127 ppm has medium quality and the Chemistry of quartz related to the disadvantage that quartz contains a high amount of con- taminating mineral inclusion which will be challenging Zinnwald/Cínovec Sn-W-Li greisen- to remove by processing. type deposit, Eastern Erzgebirge, Germany A systems approach for the moni- Müller, A.1,2*, Herklotz, G.3 & Giegling, H.3 toring of the physical economy

1 Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, Müller, D.B. 0318 Oslo, Norway, e-mail: [email protected]

2 Natural History Museum of London, Cromwell Road, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom 3 Industrial Ecology Programme, Sem Sælands vei 7, NO- Vereinigt Zwitterfeld zu Zinnwald Visitor Mine, OT 7491 Trondheim, Norway, Email: Zinnwald-Georgenfeld, Goetheweg 8, D-D-01773 [email protected] Altenberg, Germany, e-mail: info@besucherbergwerk- zinnwald.de The size and complexity of global material and energy flows have increased drastically over the past decades in Magmatic and hydrothermal quartz populations related consequence of population growth, urbanization, tech- to the Late-Variscan Zinnwald/Cínovec Sn-W-Li nological change, globalization, and change in consum- greisen-type deposit in the Eastern Erzgebirge/Krušné ption patterns. This growth of the physical economy has Hory (Germany/Czech Republic) were studied in terms resulted in rising concerns about resource availability, of trace element contents and growth structures visual- the impacts on the environment, and the sustainability of ized by cathodoluminescence. The sample suite repre- the current economic system more generally. Circular sents different populations of hydrothermal greisen economy strategies aim at mitigating these impacts by quartz and magmatic quartz of the granitic host collect- changing the shape of the physical economy from a ed at a 600-m long, lateral section crosscutting the more linear to a more circular system. The most funda- northern part of the deposit at the 750-m level. mental challenge for the development of circular eco- The studied quartz populations are characterized by nomy strategies lies in the fact that the physical eco- general low concentrations and low variation of Al and NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 65 nomy is poorly understood. Robust strategies for a circular economy need to be informed by robust maps of Recent geophysical surveys indicate a high ore potential the physical economy in order to identify the most rele- of the Fennoscandian Paleoproterozoic greenstone belts vant intervention points for reaching specific targets, that were active at c. 2.1 Ga (Torske and Bergh, 2004), and to avoid problem shifts. including Karasjok, Kautokeino, and Central Lapland The EU project MinFuture is developing a framework greenstone belts (Melezhik, 2015). The Repparfjord for mapping and monitoring the physical economy. This Tectonic Window (RTW) in Northern Norway, a frag- framework differentiates four dimensions of the physi- ment of a Proterozoic greenstone belt, is composed of cal economy that need further exploration: stages of the interlayered mafic volcanic rocks, marine carbonates supply chains, the linkages of different regions through and siliciclastic rocks. The area was subjected to a regi- trade flows, the linkages of different materials and sub- onal greenschist facies metamorphism during the Sveco- stances in goods (layers), and time (historic evidence fennian orogeny (1.92-1.75 Ga; Pharaoh et al. 1990). and future scenarios). The MinFuture framework further The RTW hosts two Cu deposits: Nussir with Cu miner- distinguishes 7 components of a material flow analysis alization occurring predominantly in form of veins (MFA): systems, data, models and scenarios, uncertain- within dolostones, and Ulveryggen where Cu minerali- ty analysis, visualization, indicators, and decision and zation is disseminated within arkosic sandstones. Chal- strategy support. These components are structured in a copyrite, bornite, chalcocite, covellite, pyrite, and sphal- hierarchical way, implying that the robustness of the any erite are the major ore minerals. In addition, silver level depends on the robustness of the lower levels. The minerals, galena, native Bi, and tellurides have sub- project has developed guidelines for the development of ordinate presence. The mineralization was emplaced each component. 2.07-2.05 Ga ago in a compressional regime (Torgersen In order to successfully solve the complex problems of et al., 2015). modern economies, more refined maps of the physical This study brings the new data on the host-rock litho- economy are indispensable. The ultimate goal will be a geochemistry, mineral chemistry, fluid inclusions, and “Google Maps of the physical economy”. Reaching stable isotope composition (δ13C and δ18O) for host such a vision requires cooperation between a wide range rocks and mineralization. Microthermometric and petro- of stakeholders across industry sectors and government graphic fluid inclusion study combined with sphalerite institutions around the World. The most fundamental geothermometry (Hutchison and Scott, 1981) revealed step for refining these maps is the reporting of all of the the temperature of mineralizing fluids between 320 and data in a system context. The system context of a data 350°C and the formation pressure in an interval of 150- point defines what is actually measured (and what not), 175 bars corresponding to the depth of 550 m assuming and how the measured entity is connected with other the lithostatic conditions. Wide range of salinities, over- data points. From individual production plants to count- lapping δ13C and δ18O values for the ore-bearing carbo- ries, a transition from a practice of monitoring indivi- nate veins in tuffs and underlying dolostones, and litho- dual stocks and flows to a practice of monitoring sys- geochemisty of host rocks suggest that basinal brines tems would open opportunities for identifying potentials leached Cu, Zn, Mo, Pb, Sn, and Bi from mafic volcan- for resource efficiency. Once the data are referenced ics under rock-buffered conditions of a closed system with their system context, they can be integrated into and precipitated them in veins developed in brittle dolo- larger systems through data sharing or reporting, and stone layers of the Nussir deposit. In contrast, rheologic- thereby provide new insights on higher level systems ally different, porous arkosic sandstones of the Ulve- efficiencies. Such a transition towards a system moni- ryggen deposit did not have the capacity to focus the toring could be significantly facilitated through techni- fluid flow resulting in deposition of the disseminated Cu cal solutions (e.g., a common database structure), legal -sulfide mineralization. frameworks (e.g., an amendment of the INSPIRE Our study highlights several critical factors for the for- Directive in Europe), and institutional settings (e.g., the mation of these deposits: 1) mafic volcanic country establishment of an International Materials Agency). rocks were the main source of metals; 2) presence of Paleoproterozoic evaporites affected the total salinity of circulating brines and increased their capacity for remo- Origin of the Cu deposits of Nussir bilization of metals; 3) an orogenic event increased the geothermal gradient and promoted circulation of metal- and Ulveryggen, Repparfjord Tec- bearing fluids; and 4) rheologic properties of host litho- tonic Window, Northern Norway logies affected the ore distribution mode. Hutchison, M.N., Scott, S.D. (1981) Sphalerite Mun, Y.1, Strmic Palinkas, S.1, Bekker, A.2 & Kullerud, geobarometry in the Cu-Fe-Zn-S system: Economic K.3 Geology, v.76, p.143-153. Melezhik V.A., Bingen, B., Sandstad, J.S., Pokrovsky, 1 UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, B.G., Solli, A., Fallick, A.E. (2015) Sedimentary- [email protected] volcanic successions of the Alta–Kvænangen 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Tectonic Window in the northern Norwegian California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA, Caledonides: Multiple constraints on deposition and [email protected] correlation with complexes on the Fennoscandian 3 Norsk Bergverksmuseum, [email protected] 66 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

Shield: Norwegian Journal of Geology, v. 95, Nr. 3- anticline running parallel with the southern Klakk seg- 4, p. 245-284. ment. Pharaoh, T. C., Brewer, T. S. (1990) Spatial and We hypothesize that the reflection packages represent temporal diversity of early Proterozoic volcanic structures in the basement that influenced the geometry sequences — comparisons between the Baltic and and evolution of the KFC. We argue that the domal Laurentian shields: Precambrian Research, v.47, basement shape in the vicinity of the intersection of the p.169-189. northern and southern Klakk segments may have influ- Torgersen, E., Viola, G., Sandstad, J. S. (2015) Revised enced the segmentation of the KFC, and that the NW- structure and stratigraphy of the northwestern trending basement anticline may have influenced the Repparfjord Tectonic Window, northern Norway: orientation of the southern Klakk segment. Norwegian Journal of Geology, v.95, p.397-421. Although we cannot determine the origin of the base- Torske, T., Bergh, S.G. (2004) The Čaravarri Formation ment reflection packages, we hypothesize that they may of the Kautokeino Greenstone Belt, Finnmark, North represent i) ancient orogenic or extensional shear zones, Norway; a Palaeoproterozoic foreland basin ii) intrusions, or that iii) the domal and anticlinal struc- succession: Norges Geologiske undersøkelse tures may represent the remnants of a metamorphic core Bulletin, 442, p. 5-22. complex at depth within the Frøya High. This would be consistent with the presence of several metamorphic core complexes in other places along the Norwegian A metamorphic core complex in the margin.

southern Frøya High? A compara- tive analysis of the Klakk Fault Com- High-grade metamorphic and mag- plex and underlying basement matic evolution near Mandal, Vest- structure Agder; a key area for elucidating

Muñoz-B, J.M.1, Henstra, G.2, Kristensen, T.1, Sveconorwegian orogenesis 1 1 Gawthorpe, R. & Rotevatn, A. 1 2 1 Møkkelgjerd S.H.H. , Slagstad T. , Sørensen B.E. & 1 1 Granseth A.U. Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway 1 2 Aker BP, Oksenøyveien 10, 1366 Lysaker, Oslo, Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian Norway University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ([email protected]) 2 The geometry and growth of rift fault systems may be Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway profoundly influenced by pre-existing crustal heterogeneity, such as the existence of remnant structures of Continuous ultra-high temperature metamorphism is previous orogenic, rift or other tectonic events. We here recorded west in the Sveconorwegian orogen (Rogaland investigate the southernmost part of the Klakk Fault sector) from 1070 to 920 Ma. Coeval magmatism result- Complex (KFC), which formed during the Late Jurassic ed in emplacement of the Sirdal Magmatic Belt (SMB), rift episode and separates the Frøya High from the Rås a major granitic batholith, between 1070 and 1010 Ma Basin in the Mid-Norwegian Continental Shelf. We are followed by a suite of geographically widespread horn- particularly interested in investigating the relationship blende-biotite granite (HBG) bodies from 990 to 920 between the structure of the KFC and reflection pack- Ma. Farther east, the orogenic evolution is characterised ages mapped in the basement of the Frøya High, which by more discrete, high-temperature (1140–1130 Ma, is achieved through the analysis of 2D/3D seismic and Bamble sector) and high-pressure (1050 and 1020 Ma, well data. Idefjorden block) and eclogite-facies metamorphism In the study area, the KFC is comprised of two first- (980 Ma, Eastern Segment). order segments, with a northern segment orientated NE- The study area, near Mandal, is located in the transition SW and a southern segment orientated NW-SE. The between these tectonically distinct parts of the orogen, segments are approximately 35 km long, and generate a and thus a key area for elucidating the significance of salient protrusion of the Frøya High. In cross-section, this contrasting evolution. The aim of the study is to the faults show a listric, low-angle geometry at depth determine the age of metamorphism/magmatism and that in upper part is heavily degraded. Within the base- structural evolution in this previously uninvestigated ment of the Frøya High, we identify a series of strong, area and discuss how it relates to the disparate evolution locally continuous reflections. Two main reflection observed to the east and west. packages are locally relatively continuous; mapping of Preliminary mapping reveals seven units: a deformed the two reflection packages reveal that the reflections porphyritic granite intrusive into different types of mig- define i) a dome-shape at depth near the intersection of matite that contain layers of amphibolite. Work to deter- the northern and southern Klakk segments below four mining the age and metamorphic grade of these migma- seconds TWT, and ii) a NW-trending, NW-plunging tites is ongoing. The porphyritic granite (inferred to be SMB) is itself cut by an undeformed equigranular granite. Both types of granite appear as smaller intrusions, as NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 67 well as as larger intrusive bodies. Ongoing geochrono- paraseqences which subsequently build to form T-R logical studies will tell if they can be correlated with sequences, can easily be recognised. Recognition of the SMB and/or the HBG suite. If successful, the age of an sub- and para-sequence pattern in areas with incomplete undeformed granite that apparently cuts a major, N–S- or tectonized exposures and in exploration-wells, can trending structure, will provide a minimum age of defor- thus be used as a method to delineate the T-R sequences mation in the area. This study will provide ages of meta- observed offshore in seismic surveys. The sequence morphic, magmatic and structural events in a part of the pattern may be of practical help in correlating different Sveconorwegian orogen where no such data exist, and data over large distances and to understand the depo- provide a basis for discussing the significance of distinct sitional regime for entire sedimentary basins. tectonic histories east and west in the orogen,

Provenance of Lower Mesozoic con- Sequences, parasequences and glomerate deposits in the Slørebotn sub-sequences, the sedimento- Sub-basin off Møre, and implicati- logical framework for the Triassic ons for dating basement exhumation succession of Svalbard and northern Barents Sea Mørk, M.B.E.

Mørk, A.1, Lord, G.S.1,2 & Høy, T.3 NTNU, Department of geoscience and petroleum, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. [email protected] 1 Department of Geoscience & Petroleum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Triassic and Lower Jurassic conglomerate and sand- Trondheim, Norway. stone deposits in the Slørebotn Sub-basin provide evi- 2 Present address: Tyr Exploration AS, Bassengbakken dence of local variations in provenance from erosion of 4, 7042, Trondheim, Norway different tectonostratigraphic units of the Caledonides. 3 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Stavanger (NPD), This is exemplified by frequent clasts of greenstone and Norway. felsic intrusives in Triassic conglomerates derived from the Gossa High, whereas the boulders in conglomerates The parasequence pattern are mapped throughout off Møre cover a range of gneiss varieties similar to the Triassic exposures from all areas of Svalbard and a clear Western Gneiss region. This presentation is built on pre- pattern reflecting the basin fill processes forming the vious studies of debris flow and alluvial fan deposits Triassic succession of Svalbard and the northern Barents described in literature from cores 6206/2-U-3 and -2, Sea is seen. In this conceptual study we build upon drilled on an escarpment 10 km off the Møre coast. Also previously documented sequence stratigraphic sub- published is the stratigraphic division between a lower- divisions. We quantify the number of different rank of most matrix supported, polymictic conglomerate, over- sequences that are seen within the Lower, Middle and lain in-conformably by clast-supported conglomerates. Upper parts of the Triassic succession. Field data from Local provenance and short sediment transport distances Svalbard are compared with seismic data from offshore from the Western Gneiss Region is verified by up to areas, in order to document the development of high and meter sized gneiss boulders. Mineralogical and petro- low-rank sequences throughout the northern Barents Sea logical analysis of mafic clasts in the lower conglomer- and into the Svalbard archipelago. ate aims to identify eclogite clasts to constrain the eros- A clear trend from western to eastern Svalbard is ob- ion history of the high-pressure metamorphic areas. The served in the development of parasequences and their studied mafic clasts have dominantly amphibolite and associated sub-sequences. The trend shows a gradation garnet amphibolite mineralogy. However, some clasts from abundant sequences, of all ranges in the deltaic record retrograde eclogites, verified by identification of and coastal environments, decreasing in numbers when omphacite inclusions in garnet, and symplectitic amphi- going out into the depositional basin. During the Early bole – plagioclase reaction textures. Apatite fission and Middle Triassic, the main sediment source areas track (AFT) dating of Jurassic sandstones overlying the was situated in the west of present day Svalbard thus a conglomerates yield 252 ±18 – 279 ±24 Ma ages, where high number of these sequences occurs in this area, as a gneiss bolder in the lower conglomerate yield compared with central and eastern areas. The Upper 340±15 Ma. Assuming limited diagenesis, these would Triassic succession shows the opposite trend, with a date exhumation of parts of the provenance area through greater number of such sequences being mapped to- the fission track annealing temperature interval, predat- wards the east in Svalbard and this is a result of well ing the sediment deposition. New research by supple- documented deltaic progradation occurring in this area, mentary methods is in progress for better constraining during the Late Triassic. basement exhumation history, sediment deposition, and The boundaries of transgressive-regressive (T-R) sequ- weathering. ences and also major parasequences may be recognised on seismic records, as they are bounded by flooding surfaces. The on land sub-cycles that form individual 68 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 ”Bræer, hvorved merker er an- The Saltvann Group by Repparfjord consists of >2000 m thick sandstones- conglomeratic sections of quartz, brakte” – fastmerke som geologen jasper, mafic and intermediate volcanite clasts. John (Johan) Bernhard Rekstad The Nussir Cu-deposit in the Gorahatjohka formation, occurs as 2- 5 m wide and 10 km long dolomite-lime- etablerte for å måle frontendringar til stone in claystone, with dissemination of bornite -chal- breutløparar frå Jostedalsbreen copyrite/chalcocite along layers and thin quartz- calcite veins. The footwall schists have carbonaceous silt-sand- Nesje, A.1 & Kielland, P.G.2 stone layers, partly with fuchsite, and beds of tourmaline. The Gorahatjohka carbonates and overlying clastic 1 Institutt for geovitenskap, Universitetet i Bergen, volcanites of the Nussir Group were most likely deposit- [email protected] ed between 2090–2055 Ma in a continental back arc 2 Norsk Bremuseum & Ulltveit-Moe senter for domain with rifting events (Torgersen, 2015 PhD). The klimaviten, [email protected] fine-grained dissemination in layers with chalcocite, may indicate initial syndiagenetic precipitation from På slutten av 1800- og byrjinga av 1900-talet etablerte reduction of Cu-bearing saline fluids. Re–Os dating of geologen John (Johan) Bernhard Rekstad fastmerke for molybdenite from a cross-cutting quartz-calcite vein å måle frontendringar til 13 breutløparar frå Jostedals- yielded an age of about 1765 Ma (Perelló et al., 2015), breen. Fastmerka var kors hogge inn i fast fjell eller i probably indicates a post-tectonic Svecofennian stage of større steinblokker, ofte med mindre steinvardar ved hydrothermal activity. sida, i ein viss avstand frå brefrontane på den tid. The Ulveryggen Cu-deposit occurs as disseminations, in Frontålingane vart utførte om hausten, hovudsakleg av some quartz-veins and cracks of chalcopyrite, some lokale personar. Brefrontmålingane som Rekstad starta bornite- chalcocite. The setting appears structure con- opp på Vestlandet leia han frå 1900 til 1932, og måling- trolled, within imbricated fans in the Ulveryggen sand- ane vart publiserte i Bergens Museums årbøker. Under- stone with conglomerate beds of quartz, jasper and feld- søkingane hans rundt Jostedalsbreen var svært om- spar. Several lenses of preserved pyroclastic tuffs and fattande. Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat (NVE) diabases occur in the ore-field, but remnants of altered har i dag ansvar for bremålingane som vert publiserte mafic volcanites-tuffs are probably widespread. Bleach- årleg på nett og i rapportserien Glaciological Investi- ed Si-rich bands-trails of white-gray-pink quartz and gations in Norway (nve.no/hydrologi/bre/). Dei seinare jasper, may presumably be formed by carbonatization of åra har Rekstad sine fastmerke ved Brenndalsbreen, Mg-silicates. Similar occurrences of jasper (“conglo- Briksdalsbreen, Supphellebreen, Vetle Supphellebreen, merate-like”) in mafic volcanic- associated matrix are Nigardsbreen og Stigaholtbreen vorte funne att. John observed several places around the Saltvann Group. Bernhard Rekstad (1852-1934) var fødd i Trondenes i The Ulveryggen Cu-ore has resources of 7,7 mill tons of Troms og i perioden 1900-1922, frå han var 48 til 70 år 0,81% Cu, and Nussir ore zone 64,3 mill tons of 1,17 % gamal, var han statsgeolog ved Norges geologiske Cu and additional content of Ag + Au+ Pt + Pd. Some undersøkelse i Kristiania. zonation occurs. Other sulfides are generally rare and Fægri , K. 1934: Forandringer ved norske breer 1932- randomly distributed. 33. Bergens Mus. Årbok 1933. Naturvidensk. Rekke. Liestøl, O. 1963: Noen resultater av bremålinger i Norge 1962, Nor. Polarinst. Årbok 1962. The structural elements of Hegg- Rekstad, J. 1902: lagttagelser fra bræer i Sogn og Nordfjord. Norges Geol. Unders. Aarbog for 1902. holmen and Gressholmen: different No. 34, 48 s. styles and scales of deformation in Rekstad, J. 1904: Fra Jostedalsbræen. Bergens Mus. Aarbog 1904, 1-95. the Cambro-Silurian succession in Rekstad, J. 1909: Fra Vestlandets bræer 1907-08 (ff). the Oslo area Bergens Mus. Aarbog 1909. Afhandl. (ff.). Rekstad, J. 1912: Kurze Obersicht über die Nipen, H., Pottier, I.A. & Thoresen, L.S. Gletschergebiete des südlichen Norwegens. Bergens Mus. Aarbog 1911. Avhandl. 7, 54 s. Universitetet i Oslo [email protected] [email protected] The Nussir and Ulveryggen Cu- [email protected]

ores, Repparfjord Tectonic Window, The islands Gressholmen and Heggholmen in the inner Finnmark Oslofjord form part of the Caledonian foreland fold and thrust belt. The two islands comprise the northern flank Nilsen, K.S. of a large anticline and lie directly along strike of each other. Although some layers can be traced along strike Nussir ASA, [email protected] across the two islands, the structural style on Hegg- holmen differs significantly from that of most other NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 69 inner Oslofjord islands. In order to better understand deep time subsurface and modern-day applications. these structures and provide a model for their formation More than 200 000 catchments have been parametrized we remapped Gressholmen and Heggholmen at a 1:4000 to capture physical relationships of sediment routing scale. Through detailed field observations of small, pathways within the terrestrial domain. Such characteri- meso and larger scale structures we provide a new zation improves our quantitative description of Earth model for the structural evolution of the islands, with a systems for different tectonic and climatic regimes and particular emphasis on resolving the interplay of Cale- can be applied to constrain subsurface paleogeographic donian contractional and Permian extensional structures. reconstructions. Similarly, a complete coverage of Key observations is the presence of multiple thrust modern shorelines has been mapped and classified acc- planes on Heggholmen recording at least two phases of ording to the interplay between fluvial, wave and tidal thrusting, one in-sequence phase and a second out-of- processes and rates of shoreline progradation and ero- sequence phase causing more stacking than at the neigh- sion over the last 30 years have been estimated for more bouring islands. The decoupled behaviour probably than 300 modern deltas. These data can be used for sub- resulted from lateral accommodation by tear faulting at surface reservoir characterization, for disentangling the Heggholmen, as indicated by the presence of a sinistral temporal structure of deep time systems and for man- strike-slip fault, overprinted by Permian extension, at agement of modern shoreline systems. the predicted location of the decoupling. This fault possibly extends beyond Heggholmen to the north, following a prominent bathymetric feature. Furthermore, two Svecofennian tectonomagmatic evo- Permian normal faults at the southern end of Hegg- holmen relatively elevates one of the main thrust planes lution at the SW margin of Fenno- responsible for the stacking of horses to a higher topo- scandia; central West Troms Base- graphical position. This brings the thrust plane closer to the surface and can explain a lot of the small- to meso- ment Complex, Troms, Norway scale deformation visible on Heggholmen today. The Nymoen, K.G.1, Sørensen, B.E.1, Slagstad, T. 2 & Coint, structural style documented here fits well into the over- 2 all structural style of the Caledonian foreland fold and N. thrust belt, but our detailed mapping provides new in- 1 sights into the lateral geometries of structural elements Norwegian University of Science and Technology, at the small and meso scale. Høgskoleringen 1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. [email protected] 2 Geological Survey of Norway, P.O. Box 6315 Sluppen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. Screening the Earth: Geological data for understanding past, present Grytøya, Bjarkøya, Sandsøya, Meløyvær and Krøttøy are located in the central portion of the West Troms and future Basement Complex (WTBC) in Troms, Norway. They comprise Precambrian rocks that record Svecofennian Nyberg, B., Aadland, T., Gawthorpe, R. & Helland- (ca. 2.0-1.8 Ga) magmatic and metamorphic events at Hansen, W.* the SW margin of the Fennoscandian Shield, and later events during Caledonian orogenesis. The purpose of Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen. this study is to improve our understanding of these *[email protected] events and place them in a regional tectonic framework. To this end, the project includes geological mapping, The ongoing significant increase in accessibility and petrographic study, whole-rock geochemical and iso- amount of remote sensing data provides new oppor- topic (Sm/Nd) analysis and U-Pb zircon geochronology. tunities in subsurface reservoir assessments as well as The preliminary results show that the basement rocks modern and future Earth system management. New and can be divided into two granitic/granodioritic units, a improved data, much in the public domain, such as high meta gabbro and a supracrustal unit associated with -resolution imagery and geographic-based information varying proportions of amphibolite. The basement rocks and higher-resolution and complete DEMs, all contri- are overthrusted by Caledonian nappes from the west. bute to the potential for this new approach in Earth Granite is ubiquitous in the study area, with large vari- sciences. This together with geographical information ation in texture and grain size (medium- to coarse-grain- software (GIS) provides scientists with hitherto un- ed). On Grytøya the granite has a porphyritic texture, explored opportunities to measure the Earth, both in with up to 5 cm prismatic to equidimensional Kfs terms of physical properties of geomorphic elements phenocrysts in a fine-grained, feldspar, hornblende, (length, area, width, relief, gradient etc), and rates of biotite and quartz matrix. The quartz content of this growth and destruction of such elements. For the latter, granite increases from Grytøya north/northeastwards to the Google Earth Engine platform has proven to be use- Bjarkøya and Sandsøya. The meta-gabbro also varies in ful for generating time-lapse satellite imagery over the grain size (medium to coarse grained) and is composed last 30 years. of pyroxene, plagioclase and hornblende. The gabbro In this talk we give examples of quantification of geo- could be correlated with gabbro on Andøya and contains morphic parameters and how these can be used both for a skarn-deposit on Meløyvær. The supracrustal unit is 70 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

found on Bjarkøya, Sandsøya and Meløyvær and con- fauna association, algal mats, ooide banks and occasion- sists of several lithologies: quartzite, amphibolite, car- al evaporate beds in an upper ramp setting, while mid bonate, calc-silicate, mica-schist and meta-arkose. The and lower ramp have a heterozoan fauna assemblage. supracrustal unit is intruded by granite. Similar supra- This suggest continue of warm continental climate, but crustal rocks may exist elsewhere in the WTBC, where- income of cold sea water, maybe due to plate tectonic as the granitic rocks in the study area seem to have a reorganizations which may have changed the ocean different chemical composition from magmatic rocks in currents in north. Lofoten-Vesterålen, south in the WTBC. The significance of this observation is as yet unknown. Neotectonics in Nordland – implicat-

ions for petroleum exploration

Carboniferous - Permian climate Olesen,O.1, Janutyte,I.2, Lindholm, C.2, Michalek, J.3, changes as recorded in Svalbard Ottemöller, L.3, Gradmann,S.1, Keiding,M.1, Maystrenko,Y.P.1, Olsen, L.1, Kierulf ,H.P.4, Olaussen, S.1, Stemmerik, L.2,1, Drøhse, T.S.2,1, Lauknes,T.R.5, Dehls, J.F.1, Ask, M.6, Ottesen, D.1, Johannessen, E.3 & Smyrak-Sikora, A.1 Rise, L.1 & Riis, F.7

1 The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 1 Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway 2 NORSAR [email protected], AleksandraAnna.Smyrak- 3 University of Bergen [email protected] 4 Norwegian Mapping Authority 2 Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, 5 Norut Øster Voldgade 5–7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, 6 Luleå University of Technology Denmark [email protected], 7 Norwgian Petroleum Directorate [email protected] 3 EP Skolithos, Sisikveien 36, N-4022 Stavanger, Nordland is one of the tectonically most active areas in Norway. [email protected] Norway. More than 1200 earthquakes were registered, and 123 focal mechanisms were derived from 2013 to The climate change as recorded in the facies associat- 2016. The occurrence of earthquake swarms is correlations of the Carboniferous and Permian succession in ing with high mountains located along the strandflat. Svalbard were influenced by the northwards movement The extension of the Nesna Shear Zone along the east- of the Eurasian Plate. Plate movement from near the ern margin of the Helgeland Basin and the Grønna Fault equator in the Middle Devonian to some 50 degrees at the eastern margin of the Vestfjorden Basin are seis- north by the end Permian is recorded in Svalbard. Plate mically active. There were dominant shallow, normal- reconstruction indicates that it is during this time span faulting earthquakes onshore and mostly deeper, mixed that the Barents Shelf, including Svalbard, underwent its type faulting earthquakes offshore. In situ rock stress most rapid northward movement in the Phanerozoic. measurements onshore show mostly compressional The Uppermost Devonian to Permian climate driven stress that is possibly related to the gravitational effects deposits are comprised in three distinct successions ; 1) of the high topography. Geodetic data indicate extension Latest Devonian to Early Carboniferous Billefjorden along the Helgeland coast. Numerical modelling of the Group consisting of lacustrine, alluvial and deltaic dep- present-day strain and stress field shows that topo- osits containing up to 2m thick coal beds and common graphy/bathymetry as well as deep structures and sedi- plant fossils. These represent typical Carboniferous wet- ment loading/unloading are controlling factors. A flex- lands deposited in a humid tropical climate. 2) The ural uplift caused by local erosion at the coast and depo- overlying upper part of the Lower Carboniferous suc- sition of sediments along the continental margin seems cession records the transition to alluvial red beds con- most reasonable to explain the bulk of the observed taining abundant calcretes. The red beds pass upwards stress and seismicity. Mechanisms such as gravitational to mixed paralic mixed siliciclastic carbonate evaporate effects from local topography and the Mid-Atlantic deposits followed by warm water carbonates and gyp- Ridge in addition to glacial isostatic adjustments, crustal sum deposits in Early Permian. This succession belongs and mantle heterogeneities and groundwater flow are to the Gipsdalen Group and reveals a long period of also contributing to the Nordland stress and seismicity. mainly warm tropical semi-arid climate. 3) The third The Nordland III area immediately to the south of 67N succession is the Upper Permian Tempelfjorden Group shows earthquakes related to compressional faulting im- with mixed silica and carbonate deposits. Fauna domin- plying a large chance of sealing faults and reduced leak- ated by sponges, brachiopods and bryozoans represent age of petroleum from potential reservoirs. The northern the shift to cold water deposits. Nordland VI area offshore Lofoten appears, however, to Several outcrops document the gradual nature of the be affected by extension with a larger potential for leak- transition to next dominating climate with facies associ- ing reservoirs. The shallow part of the Ribban Basin ations switching between humid tropical and warm semi adjacent to the Lofoten Archipelago may be in a com- -arid climate and also between warm water and cold pressional regime due to gravitational forces from the water settings. For examples in the upper part of the up to 1000 m high Lofoten mountains. The effect of the Lower Permian succession we observe chloroforam NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 71

Pleistocene sediment redistribution on the subsurface 2 Institute for Marine Research, Bergen temperature has also been modelled. The most pro- 3 K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research, nounced deposition-related negative thermal anomaly Department of Biological Sciences, University of reveals a minimum of around -70C at a depth of 17-20 Bergen km in the Lofoten Basin. The erosion-related positive 4 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen anomaly shows a maximum of more than +27C at *Corresponding author: [email protected] depths of 17-22 km beneath the Vestfjorden Basin. In Sokndal in southwest Norway, mine tailings from Trenching across the Stuoragurra TiO2 production have been disposed inside Jøssing- fjorden (1960-1984) and at Dyngadjupet (1984-1994), Fault at Masi, northern Norway and new permits of submarine disposal are currently being evaluated. Organic compounds (e.g. tall oil) are, 1 2 3 4 Olsen, L. , Olesen, O. , Dehls, J. & Romundset, A. and have been used during the TiO2 extraction, but the amounts were significantly reduced after 1984. This 1,2,3,4 Norges geologiske undersøkelse, Trondheim study investigates how the use of organics affects the 1 [email protected] biogeochemical processes and the benthic environment 2 [email protected] and fauna, when tailings are deposited in the marine 3 [email protected] environment. During two research cruises with R/V 4 [email protected] Hans Brattstrøm in 2017 and 2018, sediment cores (up to 130 cm) were collected from the tailing deposits in- The Stuoragurra Fault (SF) represents one of the two side Jøssingfjorden and at Dyngadjupet, and from natur- observed postglacial faults in Norway. The two faults al sediment outside the deposits. Parallel sediment cores constitute the northernmost part of the Lapland prov- were collected at each site to analyze i) sediment struc- ince of postglacial faults, occurring in large tracts of ture and composition, ii) pore-water geochemistry and northern Sweden and northern Finland. The SF is a re- redox conditions, iii) microbial community structures verse fault trending SSW–NNE in the western part of and sulfate reduction rates, and iv) benthic fauna. Finnmarksvidda, and is assumed to be a response during The O2 concentration decreased rapidly to below detect- rebound after melting of the last inland ice sheet. The ion within 1-2 cm sediment depth at all locations. In the SFs total length is 80 km with a c. 20 km wide gap tailing deposits, a strong decrease in sulfate with depth, without any apparent faulting in the central part of the especially in Jøssingfjorden, indicates microbial sulfate fault. The maximum scarp height is 7 m. The dip is 50– reduction, and microbial sulfate reducing groups were 60° implying a maximum reverse displacement of appr- detected in both deposits. This process accounts for the oximately 10 m, which together with the length of the low concentrations of dissolved heavy metals in the fault indicate an associated earthquake magnitude of 7–8. deepest part of the cores. However, higher heavy metal The till above the SF is folded forming a blind thrust. (Fe, Ni, Zn) concentrations in the upper parts may be Trenching of the SF was first performed in 1998 south due to bioturbation and a consequent sulfide oxidation. of Masi, in a location that did not include buried organic High methane concentrations in tailings and bottom sea- materials usable for 14C-dating. As deglaciation sedi- water in Jøssingfjorden, but not at Dyngjadjupet, indi- ments and landforms were deformed during the fault cate that the higher organic content in the oldest deposit event, its age was therefore only concluded to be late- or results in a more reducing environment. Here, white postglacial. microbial mats on the seafloor and gas bubble structures In 2018 we made a new trenching of the SF, this time in the tailings also indicate leakage of sulfide and meth- just north of Masi, in an area where basin sediments ane to the overlying seawater. Sulfate reduction rates, with peat and gyttja were supposed to have predated the microbial community analyses, and investigations of the fault event. The trenching showed a 30 cm thick peat- benthic fauna is yet to be finalized. gyttja, buried and deformed during the main fault event, and an overlying deformed unit of sand including a thin gyttja layer. The two first 14C-dates of macro plant re- Seafloor accretion along a magma mains from the buried organics indicate an age younger than 7000, possibly even younger than 6300 cal yr BP starved spreading ridge of the fault event. 1 1 2 Onstad, S.L. , Hamelin, C. & Cannat, M.

Biogeochemical processes in sub- 1 K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research, University marine mine tailings and the impact of Bergen, Norway. on benthic fauna 2 Marine Geosciences, Institut de Physique du Gloge de Paris, France. Olsen, L.M.B.*1, Kutti, T.2, Dahle, H.3, Haflidason, H.4 & Thorseth, I.H.1 The easternmost section of the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge has a melt supply that is at the 1 K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research, very low end of the spectrum displayed by the global Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen mid-oceanic ridge system. In some sections of the ridge, the magma starvation is so severe that the plate diverg- 72 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

ence is accommodated by tectonic faulting, leading to Combined, the sediment and moraine records provide exhumation of lithospheric mantle-derived rocks. One well-validated evidence of cirque glacier fluctuations on of these nearly amagmatic corridors, located at 64°E, South Georgia. The presented record is the longest con- has been the focus of several research expeditions. In tinuous glacier chronology from the island to date, cov- this region, successive detachment faults have repeated- ering the last 7000 years, providing improved age-con- ly flipped polarity, shaping a landscape dominated by straints on Holocene glacier fluctuations. The onset of ultramafic seafloor, with sparse volcanics found mostly peat formation suggests deglaciation of the lower valley as small ridges and discrete volcanic edifices. prior to 9900 years ago when Neumayer tidewater glac- This study reports new geochemical data from basalts ier retreated up-fjord. Changes in the lake and bog sedi- collected by remotely operated vehicle during the most ment properties indicate that the cirque glacier was at an recent cruise to the area (the ROV-SMOOTH expedit- advanced position between 7200 and 4800 cal yr BP, ion, Dec 2016/Jan 2017). High-resolution bathymetry 2700 and 2000 cal yr BP (Neoglacial), 500 and 400 cal combined with direct observations and sampling by sub- yr BP (Little Ice Age), and in the early twentieth cent- mersible provide an opportunity to distinguish individu- ury. The glacier fluctuations correlate well with previ- al lava flows and to characterize their composition. In ous glacier records from the same area based on mora- this manner, the eruptive history and the magmatic evol- ine chronologies and glacier-fed lake sediments, sugg- ution of this area can be reconstructed. Based on the esting that the Olsen Valley glacier reconstruction is a bathymetry-, geochemical- and video imagery data we good representation of glacier variability on northeast- are investigating the interplay between tectonic and ern South Georgia. magmatic processes, as well as how this ultramafic landscape affect the geochemical signature of basaltic samples from the study area. The dyke swarm in the Reinfjord In comparison with other sections of the global mid- ocean-ridge system, the basalts have an anomalously Ultramafic Complex: a window in to high Na8 content, suggesting a very low degree of melt- the terminal stages forming the Sei- ing. Following on Paquet et al., Gcubed 2016, we propose a petrogenetic model in which extensive melt-rock land Igneous Province, N. Norway reactions takes place during ascent of the melt through Orvik, A.S.1, Sørensen, B.E.1, Larsen, R.B.1 & Slagstad, the lithosphere, modifying the composition of the erupt- 2 ed basalts. T.

1 Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Holocene glacier trends at sub- Norway ([email protected]) Antarctic South Georgia 2 Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway Oppedal, L.T.1,2, Bakke, J.1,2, Paasche, Ø.2, Werner, J.P.1,2, van der Bilt, W.G.M.1,2 This is an investigation of the petrogenesis and geochemical evolution of dykes intruding the dunitic part of 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen the Reinfjord Ultramafic Complex (RUC), forming parts 2 Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research of the Seiland Igneous Province (SIP). Large volumes of ultramafic, mafic, silicic, and alkaline melts intruded the We present a 7000 year-long cirque glacier reconstruct- mid- lower crust (25–35 km) at 570-560 Ma, probably ion from northeastern South Georgia, based on the as part of a LIP (large igneous province) event forming analysis of sediments deposited in a distal glacier-fed the Central Iapetus Magmatic Province. The ultramafic lake and bog. We infer centennial-scale glacier variabi- rocks are cut by several generations of hornblende- lity from a suite of sedimentary properties including bearing dykes ranging from wherlites intruding the semi magnetic susceptibility (MS), dry bulk density (DBD), -consolidated host-rock, to late gabbroic dykes with grain size and elemental composition (XRF). Exploring chilled margins. The dykes have complex crosscutting these data, allow us to evaluate the processes influenc- relations and in areas constitute up to 50% of the out- 2 ing sedimentation and to assess the glacial signal in the crop volume and cover an area of C. 1 Km . A promin- sediments. We ensure robust chronologies by combining ent feature in the trace element geochemistry is the con- “classic” and Bayesian age-depth modelling of 24 radio- cave (inverted U) patterns in chondrite normalised REE carbon dates of terrestrial macrofossils. The two indep- spidergrams - LaN <15, (LaN/SmN) <1, and(LaN/YbN) >1. endently dated sediment records document concurring These features are in contrast to the more enriched OIB- events of enhanced glacigenic sediment influx to the like character of older RUC-lithologies - e.g. LaN ≈44, bog and lake, demonstrating reproducibility within the (LaN/SmN) ≈3, and (LaN/YbN) ≈6. Large variations in catchment. Moraines mapped in front of the cirque gla- modal Cpx and Ca/Al-ratios with uniform mg# indicate cier afford the opportunity to spatially constrain the that Ca was added to the system. Also evident is ano- reconstructed glacier fluctuations, and to calculate past malously low Ti/Eu-ratios with an apparent negative co- Equilibrium Line Altitudes, which have varied in the variance with the Ca/Al-ratio. These features are inter- order of 70 m. preted to reflect mixing of a high Ca and a low Ti and Al source. The trace element characteristics can be ex- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 73 plained with the bulk addition of a small amount (0.5 to Evolution of the Arctic Mid-Ocean 1%) of carbonatite to a depleted mantle source. A preliminary model is that the primitive melt was generated Ridge hydrothermal vent fluids: by partial melting of an amphibole-bearing harzburgite insight from mineral chemistry and and subsequently mixed with a small amount of carbonatite melt. fluid inclusion studies

Strmic Palinkas, S.1, Pedersen, R.B.2 & Thorseth, I.H.2

Comparison between two Late 1 UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Geosciences, Postboks 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Jurassic CO2 storage prospects with Norway, [email protected] respect to structural derisking, 2 University of Bergen, Department of Earth Science, Smeaheia area, Norwegian North K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research, Postboks 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway Sea

1 1 2, 1 Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridges (AMOR) represent a location Osmond, J.L. , Mulrooney, M.J. , Skurtveit, E. & of an abundant submarine hydrothermal activity. Al- Braathen, A.1 though physicochemical properties of recent hydro- 1 thermal fluids can be directly measured, fluid inclusion Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, studies performed on different mineral species as well Norway, [email protected], as trace element geochemistry reveal that P-T-X conditi- [email protected], ons may vary in time and space. The ongoing study was [email protected] 2 carried out on amorphous silica and barite sampled from Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway, the Loki's Castle Vent Field (LCVF) and sphalerite [email protected] sampled from the Soria Moria Vent Field (SMVF) of AMOR. Addressing geologic factors that could inhibit successful Amorphous silica from LCVF hosts primary two-phase geologic CO2 storage is a critical step for adequately fluid inclusions with a uniform degree of fill (F) around derisking prospects. Task 9 of the Norwegian CCS 0.8. Eutectic temperatures (Te) recorded around -52⁰C Research Centre is to assess structural risks within the suggest the H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 system. Final melting tem- Smeaheia normal fault block located about 4 km east of perature of hydrohalite (Tmhyd) was recorded in the the Troll East field offshore. Two elongate structural temperature interval between -22.0 and -21.5°C indic- closures, Alpha and Beta, are currently under evaluat- ating the NaCl/CaCl2 molar ratio between 15 and 40. Ice ion. The storage formation and top seal are comprised of melting temperatures (Tmice) around -3.5°C correspond Late Jurassic Viking Group sandstones and overlying to salinities of 5.6 wt.% NaCl eq. Homogenization (Th) shales, respectively. The two prospects, however, are by vapor disappearance occurred between 230 and 235° collectively bounded and intersected by >100 seismic- C. The calculated density of the entrapped fluids ranges scale faults. The Alpha closure resides on the footwall between 0.872 and 0.879 g/cm-3. Barite from LCVF block of the Vette Fault Zone, with 10 subsidiary faults contains primary monophase and two-phase fluid in- displacing it obliquely. While the oblique faults only clusions. The two-phase inclusions have F up to 0.9. Te juxtapose top seal shales against the storage formation, recorded around -21⁰C suggest NaCl as the major dis- contact with heterolithic Cretaceous overburden rocks solved salt. Tmice around -2.5°C indicate salinity of 4.0 on the hanging wall side of the Vette Fault Zone repre- wt.% NaCl eq. Th was recorded between 100 and 110° sents the primary structural risk at Alpha. In contrast, C. The fluid density ranges between 0.974 and 0.980 g/ the Beta closure is juxtaposed against crystalline base- cm-3. Primary fluid inclusions entrapped in sphalerite ment rocks on the footwall side of the Øygarden Fault from SMVF have F around 0.75. Te was recorded Zone, and is pervasively faulted at its crest compared to around -52⁰C. Tmhyd between -25.0 and -24.5°C points Alpha. Although both prospects share the risk of migrat- to the NaCl/CaCl2 molar ratio between 2.6 and 3.1. ion from the storage formation through these faults, Tmice around -5°C correspond to salinities of 8 wt.% other important geologic characteristics related to the NaCl eq. Th was recorded in the temperature interval prospects vary and must be considered. Here, we high- from 255 to 265°C. The calculated density of the en- light key similarities and differences between the two trapped fluids ranges between 0.856 and 0.869 g/cm-3. Late Jurassic prospects at Smeaheia for structural de- Sphalerite shows variations in its Mn, Fe and Cd content risking purposes. Factors such as fault geometry and indicating variations in the chemical composition of linkage, fault intensity, top seal thickness, closure depth, hydrothermal fluids and/or oscillations in temperature as well as overburden thickness and polygonal faulting over the life-time of a single vent. are discussed. We also present challenges related to gaps in data coverage, and their effect on accurate structural characterization locally. Overall, the summation of our observations now provide a guide for ongoing structural derisking efforts carried out over the Alpha and Beta CO2 storage prospects at Smeaheia. 74 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 Geochemical characteristics of the However, primary fluid inclusion assemblages have been overprinted with later, metamorphogenic, fluids. Sulitjelma Cu-Zn VMS deposits, The metamorphogenic fluids show variations in their Northern Norway salinities, homogenization temperature and volatile content. Secondary fluid inclusions found in Ny Sulitjelma Strmic Palinkas, S.1, Birkeland, A.1, Rajic, K.2 & samples are indicative for prograde metamorphic con- 1 Neufeld, K. ditions (salinity = 1.4 to 2.1 wt. % NaCl equ, Th = 125

to 145 °C, no CO2), whereas secondary inclusions from 1 UiT The Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø, Giken and Jakobsbakken rather represented retrograde Department of Geosciences, Dramsvegen 201, N-9037 fluids (salinity = 0.9 to 1.9 wt. % NaCl equ., Th = 260 to Tromsø, Norway, [email protected] 360 °C, variable amount of CO2). 2 University of Zagreb, Department of Geology, Cook, N.J., Halls, C., and Boyle, A.P. (1993) Horvatovac 95, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia Deformation and metamorphism of massive sulphides at Sulitjelma, Norway. Mineralogical The Sulitjelma ore deposits, Nordland county, hosts Magazine 57: 67-67. more than 20 Cu-(Zn) ore bodies with a total tonnage Cook, N.J. (1996) Mineralogy of the sulphide deposits exceeding 35 Mt at 1.8 % Cu and 0.4 % Zn. The miner- at Sulitjelma, northern Norway. Ore Geology alization is spatially associated with the Ordovician Reviews 11: 303-308. Sulitjelma ophiolite complex that belongs to the Køli Pedersen, R. B., Furnes, H., and Dunning, G. (1991) A Nappe of the Upper Caledonian Allochthon (e.g., Peder- U/Pb age for the Sulitjelma Gabbro, north Norway: sen et al., 1991; Cook et al., 1993). Both, ore bodies and further evidence for the development of a Caledonian their host rocks, were exposed to deformation processes marginal basin in Ashgill–Llandovery time. and recrystallization during the cycle of metamorphism Geological Magazine 128: 141-153. and tectonic transport caused by the Caledonian Orogeny (Cook, 1996). The mineralization at the Sulitjelma deposits is char- The Grindalsmoen aquifer – ground- acterized by predomination of pyrite over other sulfide minerals. The major ore-bearing phases are chalcopyrite water flow simulations and pro- and sphalerite. Galena occurs as a major mineral only in tection zone considerations the Jakobsbakken ore body. Pyrrhotite predominates in the Sagmo ore body. Ag-sulfides, Fe-oxides and Ti-oxi- Papadimitrakis, I.1, Oppistov, T.G.2, Aagaard, P.1, Sena, des are common accessory minerals. C.1, Sundal, A.1 & French, H.K.2 Sphalerite contains significant amounts of Fe and Cu, and traces of Mn. The CuS content of sphalerite that 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, UiO, occurs in equilibrium with chalcopyrite was used as [email protected] independent geothermometer. The CuS-sphalerite geo- 2 Fakultet for miljøvitenskap og naturforvaltning, thermometer yielded temperature of 590°C ± 20°C, NMBU, [email protected] suggesting the equilibration of sphalerite and chalcopyrite under high temperature metamorphic conditions. Elverum municipality water supply located at Grindals- In contrast, a low Ag content in galena and close spatial moen is based on groundwater extraction. Due to popu- association of galena and Ag-sulfides/sulfosalts suggest lation growth and increased demand, the water works retrograde decomposition of primary Ag-rich galena plans to expand their extraction rate. The aquifer itself into two immiscible Pb-S and Ag-S phases. Litho- needs to be mapped better and is presently the focus of geochemical analyses of bulk ore samples revealed a hydrogeological field classes and MSc thesis at NMBU positive correlation of Ti, Sc and V with Al, indicating and UiO. Two ongoing MSc projects aim at deriving a alumosilicate mineral phases, probably micas and/or regional groundwater model and to evaluate if the pre- biotite, as a major carrier of these elements. sent day extraction wells’ protection zones are adequate. Although the Sulitjelma deposits were metamorphosed The groundwater flow models of the Grindalsmoen aqu- up to amphibolite grade and recrystallisation evidently ifer will be developed in MODFLOW, after gathering took place under dynamic conditions near the peak of all the required data from fieldwork observations and the metamorphic cycle, rare primary fluid inclusions literature readings. The boundaries of the drainage area hosted by syn-ore quartz have been preserved. These were defined by using topographical maps and a digital fluid inclusions reflect pre-metamorphic ore-forming elevation model of the area downloaded from kartverk- conditions, including temperature and pressure of ore et.no, by using the open source Geographical Infor- deposition. The fluid inclusion assemblages that consist mation System QGIS. Groundwater table and depth to of coexisting L-rich and V—rich inclusions suggest en- bedrock will be defined by using information from wells trapment from a boiling fluid. Their homogenization already installed in the area, geotechnical ground inves- temperatures in an interval from 355 to 370°C reflect tigations, geological maps and fieldwork observations. entrapment pressure of 20-24 MPa or 2000 – 2400 m Additional constrains are from geophysical data (ERT, depth, assuming a bulk salinity of 7.5 wt.% NaCl and a GPR and seismic refraction) acquired during the 2017 & hydrostatic regime. 2018 field classes. All the data are gathered in QGIS NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 75 and have been analysed, in order to construct a in basement rocks below the Skipsfjord Nappe, hosting groundwater flow model. pegmatitic veins composed of K-feldspars, quartz, car- The protection zones for the extraction wells were def- bonates and minor amounts of emerald-quality beryl ined in 1983 and many changes have happened to the embedded in a fuchsite-bearing envelope. This suggests recharge area since then. A new main road is being late-Svecofennian structural control on secondary min- built and there is an increase in residential housing and eral precipitation in Vanna basement rocks. industry. We have also better tools today to measure and The new data further suggest that the structures formed model the catchment area and know more about the pol- in the foreland/frontal part of a transpressional deform- lutants that can affect the area. Thus, there is a need to ation system adjacent to a continental accretionary oro- re-evaluate the protection zones for the Grindalsmoen gen. In this setting, Paleaoproterozoic sedimentary bas- water works and improve them for the future. ins covered many crustal areas and controlled the location, extent and character of late-Svecofennian basement -seated folds, thrusts and orogen-parallel/oblique shear Late-Svecofennian fold-thrust belt zones. and oblique-slip structures on Vanna island, West Troms Basement Structurally controlled Zn-Cu miner- Complex, and their relation to meta- alization in the West Troms Base- sedimentary sequences ment Complex, Northern Norway

1 1 1 Paulsen, H.K. , Bergh, S.G. , Strmic Palinkas, S. , Paulsen, H.-K.1, Strmic Palinkas, S.1 & Bergh, S.G.1 2 1 1 Armitage, P.E.B. , Karlsen, S. , Kolsum, S. & 1 Rønningen, I. Department of Geosciences, UiT-The Arctic University

of Norway. [email protected] 1 University of Tromsø (UiT) – The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, [email protected] Zn-Cu mineralization was discovered in 2008 in the 2 Paul Armitage Consulting Ltd, 1 Aster Drive, St brittle Vannareid-Burøysund fault (VBF), which is Mary’s Island, Chatham, ME4 3EB, United Kingdom exposed on the island of Vanna, located in the Neo- archaean to Palaeoproterozoic West Troms Basement Complex fold-thrust belt structures of presumed late- Complex (WTBC). The fault separates variably deform- Svecofennian age characterize the deformation of Neo- ed tonalitic gneisses (2.9-2.6 Ga) intruded by mafic archaean rocks (2.9-2.4 Ga) and Palaeoproterozoic dikes (2.2-2.4 Ga) in the footwall, from mylonitized meta-sedimentary and intrusive rocks (2.2 Ga) belong- metasediments and tonalites in the non-mineralized ing to the West Troms Basement Complex on the island hanging wall. The WTBC has a complex architecture of of Vanna. Such structures affected a para-autochthonous metamorphic, igneous and supracrustal rocks subdivid- foreland sequence in the south, the Vanna Group, and a ed into a series of segmented blocks that were amalga- hinterland thrust unit in the north, the Skipsfjord Nappe. mated during the Svecofennian (c. 1.8-1.6 Ga) and/or In the south, the low grade meta-sedimentary Vanna younger tectono-thermal events (Bergh et al. 2007). Group and an enclosed diorite sill, dated at 2.2 Ga, were Normal movement along the VBF has been dated by the folded by SE-verging macro-folds together with the K–Ar illite method yielding a late-Carboniferous underlying basement gneisses, and truncated by low- through early Permian age (Davids et al. 2013). angle, NW-dipping thrust zones formed axial-planar to In this study, we analyze cohesive brittle fault rocks the folds. In the northern and central parts of Vanna, the (cataclasites), pre-existing microstructures, and hydro- Skipsfjord Nappe consists of repeated, imbricate slices thermal textures to understand the relationship of the of variably foliated tonalitic and granitoid gneisses, and fault architecture and the associated Cu-Zn-quartz- numerous lenses of medium-grade meta-psammitic, cal- calcite hydrothermal mineralization in the VBF. PTX careous, and meta-volcanic/intrusive rocks. Individual conditions for hydrothermal mineral deposition are units are separated by mylonitic high-strain ductile shear studied using fluid inclusion microthemometry zones that dip gently NW and reveal mostly, top-to-the- (NaCl+CaCl2+H2O fluid with 27-30 wt. % NaCl SE thrust displacement, similar to those of the foreland equiv.), fluid inclusion decripitation analyses (Na, Ca, in the south. Below the Skipsfjord Nappe, recent mapp- Cl, and S are major cations in the fluid), and the chlorite ing has unraveled a ca. 1 km thick sequence of quartz- geothermometry (280-300°C). The isotopic composition 13 feldspathic meta-sandstones and siltstones, resembling of hydrothermal carbonates (δ CVPDB = -4.4 to -6.1 ‰; 18 rocks of the Vanna Group, although previously mapped δ OSMOW = 9.3 to 11.0 ‰) overlap with those of prim- as mylonitized basement gneisses. The strata are tilted ary igneous carbonates defined by Taylor (1967) indi- to subvertical position and multiply folded, cleaved, int- cating a magmatic source of CO2. ernally sheared (duplexes), and truncated by the over- The obtained results indicate that the Cu-Zn minerali- lying Skipsfjord Nappe stack. The contact with base- zation in VBF was structurally controlled and possibly ment gneisses below is marked by a moderate/steep related to Permian-aged rifting and multiphase brittle oblique-slip shear zone at high angle to the fold-thrust faulting events, where sulphide minerals (predominantly zones. Similar steep/oblique shear zones exist elsewhere sphalerite and chalcopyrite) were deposited successively 76 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

from saline, near-neutral hydrothermal fluids of a mag- Earth to complete our map. By downloading NGU’s matic origin. The ore mineralization was deposited in geological map into FieldMove, we could easily com- the temperature and pressure interval from 280 to 300°C pare our work to previous mapping of the area during and 1 to 3 kb, respectively, by processes including the fieldwork. Our conclusion is that digital mapping cooling, wall-rock reactions and fluid mixing. with FieldMove improved the precision and quality of Bergh, S.G., Kullerud, K., Corfu, F., Armitage, P.E.B., our map, and our geological understanding of the island. Davidsen, B., Johansen, H.W., Pettersen, T. & Knudsen, S. (2007) Low-grade sedimentary rocks on Monitoring earthquake induced CO2 Vanna, North Norway: a new occurrence of a Palaeoproterozoic (2.4-2.2 Ga) cover succession in emissions within a fault-controlled northern Fennoscandia. Norwegian Journal of cave Geology 87:310-318 Davids, C., Wemmer, K., Zwingmann, H., Kohlmann, Pennos, C.1, Christaras, D.2, Gkarlaouni, C.3, Jensen, K.1 F., Hjacobs, J., Bergh, S. (2013) K-Ar illite and & Sotiriadis, Y.4 apatite fission track constraints on brittle faulting and the evolution of the northern Norwegian passive 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, margin Tectonophysics 608:16. doi: 10.1016/ Norway, [email protected], j.tecto.2013.09.035 [email protected] Taylor, H.P., Frechen, J., Degens, T. (1967) Oxygen and 2 UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College carbon isotope studies of carbonatites from the London, UK, [email protected] Laacher See district, West Germany and the Alnö 3 International Seismological Centre, Thatcham, UK, District, Sweden. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta [email protected] 31:3. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(67)90051-8 4 Technological Institute of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Kavala, Greece, [email protected] FieldMove – the future of fieldwork teaching? In this study, we present a robust approach to understand the driving mechanism of CO2 leakage through a complex fault network within a cave in the area of Peikli, I., Tunes, S. & Gulbransen, E. Northern Greece. The broader area is shaped by a network of active antithetic faults that trigger numerus University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences, PO earthquake events (M≥6.0). In order to understand the Box 1047 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway relationship between the seismic activity and CO2 emissions we developed an Arduino based data logger and The FieldMove app is a newcomer among geological placed it inside a fault-controlled cave system. The cave field systems for mapping. This app for Ipads (iOS) is a small vertical cave found in the vicinity of an old provides an efficient field companion, capable of per- marble quarry near the city of Thessaloniki (N. Greece). forming several classic fieldwork methods in a digital The vertical depth is 18 m and its projected length is way. From drawing on pictures and maps, to systemati- almost 20 m. The width of the cave passages varies cally arranging observations and measurements. from 50 cm to 10 cm. Learning to use the app can be done in a few hours, it The logger was set to record the CO2 levels every 3 h allows for rapid gathering of data in the field, and sim- for a continuous period of 7 months, using a non-dis- plifies tasks such as visualizing geometrical informat- persive IR optical CO2 sensor. Concurrently, we ana- ion. One of its major advantages is the device’s GPS lysed all the seismic events greater than M1 that occur- location, resulting in highly precise maps. It is easy to red in a radius of 50 km from the cave and constructed a transfer data to computer software such as ArcMaps and detailed spatial and temporal record of them. Finally, we Google Earth, which greatly simplifies the supplement- calculated the cross-covariance between the seismic and ary work. Potential downsides of using a digital device CO time-series. Our initial results suggest a correlation include limited battery life, vulnerability to weather, and 2 between the CO2 levels inside the cave and the seismic complicated user interfaces. However, compared to activity. We suggest that the gas emissions are induced other digital mapping devices and traditional fieldwork, by the energy released during the seismic events causing FieldMove is easy to bring with you in the field, and is degasification in the underground aquifer. very easy to use. As part of our bachelor capstone course in geoscience at Oslo University we used FieldMove to map Brønnøya Igneous seismic geomorphology of island in the inner Oslofjord. This area is characterized Paleogene basalts in the West of by Cambro-Silurian sedimentary rocks, folded and thrusted during Caledonian orogenesis, and extended Shetland, Møre, and Vøring basins

and intruded by dikes and sills during Permian rifting. 1,2,3 1,4 2,5 With FieldMove we were able to map the boundaries Planke, S. , Millett, . , Jerram, D. , Zastrozhnov, D.1, Maharjan, D. 1, Manton, B.1, Faleide, J.I.2,3, between the lithologies precisely, rapidly measure and 4 6 geo-locate a large number of geometric elements in a Walker, F. & Myklebust, R.

limited amount of time to better understand the local 1 fold- and thrust system, and transfer the data to Google Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS (VBPR), Oslo NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 77

Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway ([email protected]) 4 GeoModelling Solutions GmbH, 8005 Zürich, 2 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), Switzerland. University of Oslo, Norway 5 TGS, Lensmannslia 4, 1386, Asker, Norway 3 Research Centre for Arctic Exploration (ARCEx), The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway The outer Vøring Basin is a frontier sedimentary basin, 4 Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology, where large parts are covered by breakup-related vol- University of Aberdeen, UK canic sequences. To the east of the volcanic domain, the 5 DougalEARTH Ltd., Solihull, UK Aasta Hansteen, Hvitveis, and Asterix gas discoveries 6 TGS, Lensmannslia 4, 1386, Asker, Norway confirm that a working petroleum system is present in the outer Vøring Basin. The aim of this contribution is Massive breakup-related basaltic sequences were depo- to better constrain the structural evolution and hydro- sited along the UK and mid-Norway continental mar- carbon systems of the outer Vøring Basin based on an gins in the Paleogene. The aim of this presentation is to integrated multidisciplinary conjugate margin approach document the nature and emplacement processes of this and geodynamic modelling. We have interpreted a large volcanic complex based on interpretation of new high- dataset consisting of 2D, 3D, and high-resolution P- quality 3D seismic data. Five extensive 3D seismic Cable seismic data, gravity and magnetic anomaly grids, surveys, partly covering the outer parts of the Faroe- and seafloor sampling data from the outer Vøring and Shetland, Møre, and Vøring basins, have been acquired NE Greenland margins. In the outer Vøring Basin, during the past few years. We have interpreted the top several Cretaceous-Early Cenozoic seismic horizons and base basalt reflections and the intra-basalt reflection were mapped, documenting the presence of sub-basalt configurations of these cubes using the method of seis- structural highs (Skoll, Grimm, and Ygg highs) consist- mic volcanostratigraphy. The volcanic paleo-landscapes ing of Mesozoic sequences. Geodynamic modelling of a have further been studied using the concept of igneous representative transect across the northern Vøring Basin seismic geomorphology. The seismic geomorphological supports our structural observations, and shows that the interpretation has been constrained by studies of modern shallow Mesozoic sediments forming the sub-basalt analogues, e.g. from recent eruptions in Hawaii and Ice- structural highs are potentially in the oil maturation win- land. The seismic mapping documents large lateral vari- dow. Trace amounts of thermogenic hydrocarbon com- ations in the basalt thickness, from more than 2 km to a pounds were measured in sediment samples collected few hundred meters. Locally, the basalt is very thin or above leakage structures (terminations of chimneys and absent, e.g. on the Kolga, Mimir, Ygg, Skoll, and faults) rooted in the breakup basalts in the Fenris Grab- Grimm highs. Thin basalts are also mapped in the en. We have recovered Jurassic source and reservoir Erlend and Brendan's igneous complexes, where the rocks outcropping on the seabed between the Danmarks- basalt thickness is locally constrained by industry bore- havn and East Greenland ridges, potentially extending holes. The igneous seismic geomorphology reveals ex- the Jurassic petroleum system known onshore on Traill tensive subaerial lava flow fields, shallow marine flows, Ø to the under-explored offshore areas. The structural, and volcanogenic debris flows and lava deltas along the stratigraphic, and seep results are integrated into a pre- paleo-coastline. The basalt sequences are partly block breakup plate reconstruction model at 55 Ma. This faulted, however some late-stage lava flows locally cov- model shows that geological structures and associated er the faults documenting the syn-magmatic timing of petroleum systems present on the NE Greenland may the extension. The top basalt surface is also incised by extend underneath the volcanic domain of the outer fluvial channels with a west-to-east direction. These Vøring Basin. In conclusion, our integrated conjugate new interpretations form the basis of a recently sub- margin approach supports the presence of a working mitted scientific IODP drilling proposal with objectives petroleum system in the outer Vøring Basin. to constrain the magma production and emplacement processes, and the impact of the massive breakup mag- Differential controls on sediment matism on the Paleogene climate. distribution and reservoir quality in An integrated conjugate margin the Lower-Middle Jurassic Stø Fm (SW Barents Sea, Norway) approach for hydrocarbon exploration in the outer Vøring Basin Poyatos-Moré, M.1, Klausen, T.G.2,3, Müller, R.1, Olaus- sen, S.4, Faleide, J.I.1, Ahokas, J.5 & Midtkandal, I.1 Polteau, S.1, Zastrozhnov, D.1, Lebedeva-Ivanova, N.1, Planke, S.1,2,3, Schmid, D.4, Iyer, K.4, Trulsvik, M.5 & 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Myklebust, R.5 [email protected] 2 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 1 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS (VBPR), Oslo 3 Petrolia NOCO, Bergen, Science Park, 0349, Oslo, Norway. [email protected] 4 University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), 2 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), 5 Aker BP, Harstad, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway 3 Research Centre for Arctic Exploration (ARCEx), The The Lower-Middle Jurassic Stø Formation, within the Arctic University of Norway, 9010, Tromsø, Norway Realgrunnen Subgroup, is one of the most prolific reser- 78 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

voir packages of the SW Barents Sea. Due to its highly help in unraveling the tectonic evolution of the ophiolite condensed nature, it is hard to recognize on seismic, but complexes. distinctive well log patterns distinguish it from the und- The Feragen ultramafic body and spatially associated erlying units. Thickness information from correlating smaller ultramafic lenses are located ca. 30 km east of well and seismic data shows an overall W-E thinning, the historical mining town of Røros in Central Norway. although the formation is present in most of the basin. The body is believed to be a part of a dismembered Core facies analysis reveals a thin, clastic nearshore to ophiolite complex that was thrusted on the margin of inner shelf succession, deposited on a shallow epiconti- Baltica during the final stage of the Caledonian Orogeny nental platform, with wave-dominated clastic offshore (ca. 420 – 400 Ma). The present day tectono-stratigraph- to foreshore deposits, with local storm-generated beds ic position of the complex is at or directly above the and tidally-influenced deposits. Common marine macro- contact between the Middle and the Upper Allochthons fossils, chamositic and glauconitic grains and authigenic of the Scandinavian Caledonides. The Feragen body phosphate occur in distinct beds, with several horizons comprises different mantle lithologies, namely harz- of extraformational pebble grade conglomerate, suggest- burgite, wehrlite, massive and replacive dunites. ing a balance between sediment input and basin subsid- Whole rock and mineral chemistry with an emphasis on ence. Stacking patterns reflect variations in relative sea- spinel and clinopyroxene compositions, of the mantle level during an overall transgressive regime, punctuated rocks were studied. Field relationship, rock and mineral by progradation of individual parasequences, with chemistry suggest the formation of replacive dunites as regional flooding surfaces and extensive depositional a result of melt-rock reactions between mantle harz- hiatuses. burgite and a migrating melt. The highly refractory The succession is divided in different sub-units that nature of the studied rocks suggests a high degree of allow studying the spatial distribution of the Stø For- partial melting of the oceanic asthenosphere, perhaps > mation through time. Regional correlativity of most 25-30 %. Trace element compositions of clinopyroxene units across the study area suggests block faulting did indicate that the Feragen ultramafic body represents a not isolate different depozones. However, differential fragment of an ultra-depleted oceanic mantle. Spinel thickness and facies distribution indicate syn-sediment- mineral compositions show a transitional nature of the ary faulting played an important role in the creation of ophiolite complex between subduction-related and sub- local accommodation. duction-unrelated ophiolite types. This is supported by Porosity/permeability of sandstones evidences tectonic minor enrichment in fluid-mobile elements and promin- uplift and differential subsidence were a first order ent depletion in HFSE elements. In conclusion, we en- control on reservoir properties, as they controlled the visage that the basaltic melts forming the oceanic crust reworking of older strata. But the considerable comprised a very fertile protolith for the formation of variability of reservoir properties within the stratigrap- the massive sulfide deposits well known from the Røros hic interval, as evidenced by recently drilled poor reser- district. voirs, suggests that provenance, depositional environment and process regime also acted as second order con- Serpentinite-bearing metasediment- trol on both facies distribution and reservoir quality. This highlights the need to integrate multiple techniques ary complex near Lesja and relation- to critically evaluate the presence of several factors con- ship with the hyperextended pre- trolling reservoir quality in future exploration campaigns. Caledonian margin of Baltica

Quintela, O., Jakob, J. & Andersen, T.B.

The Feragen Ultramafic Body, Cent- CEED, University of Oslo ral Norway: a window into oceanic In the Scandinavian Caledonides, a serpentinite-bearing mantle processes metasedimentary complex has been investigated for its

1 2 1 intricate lithological association and enigmatic tectono- Pryadunenko, A. , Nilsson, L.P. & Larsen, R.B. stratigraphic position. It comprises a large number of

1 metaperidotite bodies and detrital serpentinites. These Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian ultramafic rocks are associated with metasandstones and University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands mica schists, and locally with mafic lithologies. In the veg 1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway 2 study area near the Sjongsvatnet Lake north of Lesja, Geological Survey of Norway, P.O. Box 6315 Tor- south central Norway, the serpentinite-bearing meta- garden, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. sedimentary complex is represented by the Sjongsæter Group, structurally positioned in the Blåhø Nappe. The Ophiolite complexes preserving parts of the upper latter overlies the Sætra Nappe, which is in turn laterally mantle represent excellent natural laboratories for stud- correlated with the Seve Nappe Complex in Sweden. ies of mantle processes such as melt extraction, migrat- The Sjongsæter Group comprises a serpentinite sheet at ion and emplacement of basaltic magmas. Furthermore, its base, overlain by serpentinite conglomerates, mica- the geochemical study of mantle lithologies provides and quartz-rich schists and phyllites, as well as amphibolite bodies and mafic schists. Some metaperidotites NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 79 are truncated by mafic dykes. To the west, the Sjong- park idea had evolved through some geopark initiatives sæter Group is folded with the structurally lower base- in Europe and China. The idea of a close association ment of the Western Gneiss Region. The structural with UNESCO was present from the beginning and the pattern of these units is defined by map- to outcrop- aim was to get a status in line with the World Heritage scale east-west- and northeast-southwest-trending folds Sites. The result was not so, but a UNESCO ad hoc that parallel mineral and stretching lineations, and by support agreement was made, visible on panels and northwest-southeast-trending folds that interfere with other promotional material through the somewhat crypt- the more easterly trending folds. The metaperidotites of ic phrase "under the auspices of UNESCO". the Sjongsæter Group are folded with their clastic equi- However, in 2015, the occasion arose and after long valents and crop out from the cores of anticlines. The negotiations, the UNESCO General Assembly adopted metasedimentary formations and mafic lithologies are in the creation of UNESCO's third site designation, UNES- turn exposed through synclines, and the contact with the CO Global Geoparks (UGGp). This was 43 years after ultramafic rocks is locally overturned about an east-west the convention of the World Heritage Sites was adopted -trending anticline. To the northeastern boundary of the and 44 years after Man and Biosphere reserves. nappe unit, the contact with the basement is overturned Global Geoparks Network has become partner with about a northwest-southeast-trending syncline that UNESCO through the former International Geoscience continues into the Sjongsvatnet Lake. The serpentinite- Program (IGCP). This program was renamed as bearing complex near Lesja has been deformed and International Geoscience and Geoparks Program metamorphosed in the context of the Scandian phase of (IGGP). the Caledonian orogeny and late- to post-orogenic ex- What has this meant for the geopark community and for tension. Similar lineation trends and lineation-parallel the Norwegian geoparks? As part of UNESCO, the folds have been described farther north into the central geoparks are, among other tasks, engaged in the UN's Caledonides, and they have been related to the exhum- Sustainable Development Goals and how do the geo- ation of basement rocks by transtension. The structures parks adapt to these common goals? Have the geoparks reported from the serpentinite-bearing unit suggest that been transformed to protected areas? And what about its evolution has also been shaped by transtensional active quarrying in a UNESCO Global Geopark, is it tectonics. allowed? A similar serpentinite-bearing metasedimentary com- Norwegian geological survey has been given responsi- plex has previously been reported from the Bergen arcs, bility for the communication between UNESCO and Bøverdalen and Stølsheimen areas. It has been suggest- geoparks and other geopark-related issues at the national ed that this unit represents the vestiges of a hyper- level. NGU heads the Norwegian committee for geo- extended segment of the Baltican margin, based on parks and geoheritage; a broadly composed group. Nor- comparison with ancient and modern analogues such as wegian geopark initiatives have the opportunity to seek the Alps, Pyrenees and the Iberian margin. It has also the committee to become part of a newly established been suggested that the unit may be traceable at the network, "Norske geoparker". The idea is that this net- same structural level towards Lesja and Røros north of work can act as a springboard for those areas that are the Gudbransdalen antiform area. The lithological re- planning to apply for UNESCO status. With the support semblance between the serpentinite-bearing complexes of the committee and the already existing UNESCO to the southwest and the Sjongsæter Group is evident. In Global geopark, we hope to enhance the number of geo- the Lesja area, however, the original stratigraphy of parks in Norway and the Nordic region. There is no lack sediments on exhumed mantle is preserved, and the of significant geology and interesting areas, so far we volume of mafic material is higher. The new obser- are only six UGGp’s in the Nordic countries! vation presented here supports the previous correlation of the serpentinite-bearing complexes in southern Nor- way, which may suggest that they are structurally com- An early Miocene elevation phase of parable units across the south and south central segments of the Caledonides. the Scandinavian mountains

1 1 1 Rasmussen, E.S. , Olivarius, M. , Dybkjær, K. & Utescher, T.2 UNESCO recognizes the importance of geological natural heritage 1 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland through the establishment of (GEUS), [email protected] 2 Steinmann Institute, University of Bonn, Nußallee 8, UNESCO Global Geoparks 53115 Bonn and Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, [email protected] Rangnes, K. One of the most distinct unconformities around Scandi- Gea Norvegica UNESCO Global geopark, navia is the base Miocene surface. Especially, south of [email protected] Norway and in the Norwegian Sea, it is more distinct than the so-called mid-Miocene unconformity and it The global network of geoparks, the Global Geoparks actually forms a marked hiatus in these areas. The un- Network, was established in 2004. Before that, the geo- conformity is partly due to a distinct, but transient eu- 80 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

static sea level-fall at the Oligocene – Miocene boun- situated above the Ulvanosa/Englafjell massif. We de- dary, but it is also associated with an uplift phase of monstrate that some of the previously assumed Pre Scandinavia during the early Miocene. The elevation of Boreal moraines in the area actually are of Younger Scandinavia is detected in the change of vegetation from Dryas age. Consequently, we reconstruct a less steep the hinterland. Here a strong increase in the cold vege- Younger Dryas ice-surface profile in Matrefjord and tation, Abies – Picea (high altitude indicator), has been identify ice-free areas between the larger ice-sheet in the observed in fluvio-deltaic deposits south of Scandinavia. fjords and outlet glaciers from the local ice-cap. This increase is detected despite a warm temperate climate prevailed in southern Scandinavia during the early New core data from overburden at Miocene. The content of the clay mineral, chlorite is also getting more persistent in the upper lower Miocene Skarv Field: Implications for strati- succession indicating a local cold climate in the hinter- graphy, neotectonics and distri- land. Rapid uplift of Scandinavia during the early Mio- cene is also revealed in an apparent eastward migration bution of hydrocarbons

of the dominant provenance area, which was observed 1 1 2 in the zircon age data. The earliest early Miocene fluvial Riis, F. , Eidvin, T. & Olesen, O. systems are further dominated by braided river systems 1 Oljedirektoratet in which transport of clasts of up to 4 cm in diameter 2 over a distance of 500 km took place. The latter needs a NGU hydraulic gradient, which is most likely explained by rejuvenation of the Scandinavian mountains. From the The Skarv Field, Norwegian Sea, lies at the Dønna content of Abies – Picea and the palaeo temperature Terrace, adjacent to the Sør High, a local culmination of gradient of NW Europe during the early Miocene it is the Nordland Ridge. It is downthrown along the Rev- estimated that the elevation of parts of the Scandinavian fallet Fault Complex, which was reactivated in the Jur- mountains, e.g. Jotunheimen, was above 1500 m by the assic, Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene. Oil and gas end of the early Miocene. in the Skarv field occur in the Jurassic Garn, Ile and Tilje Formations. The field is segmented by faults transverse to the structure. Pore pressures decrease from SW Deglaciation and Younger Dryas ice- to NE across segment boundaries, and there are several sheet configuration in the outer fluid contacts. In the production well 6507/5-J-1 the interval from 1570 Hardangerfjord area to 1613.3 m (MD) was cored. The purpose was to test the Miocene Kai Formation, but the lithology was a Regnéll, C.1, Briner, J.2, Haflidason, H.1, Mangerud, J.1 1 mixture of clay, silt, sand and pebbles of crystalline & Svendsen, J.I. rocks typical for glacial diamictons. The samples con-

1 tain Pleistocene foraminiferal assemblages typical for Department of Earth Science and Bjerknes Centre for the Naust Formation, and the maximum age is around Climate Research, University of Bergen, Norway, 2.8 Ma. For correlation purposes, we proceeded to in- [email protected] 2 vestigate 43 ditch-cutting samples in the vertical explor- Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, ation well 6507/5-1 for foraminifera, Sr-isotopes and Buffalo, NY, USA lithology in the interval 1900 to 1470 m (lower-middle Eocene to Pleistocene). The Kai/Naust boundary in this Here we present new results constraining the ice-sheet well was found to be almost 200 m deeper than the thinning during deglaciation and extent of the Younger boundary previously interpreted. Dryas re-advance in the outer Hardangerfjord srea. We The Pleistocene cores were taken in a section below the base our interpretations on a combination of geomor- typical Naust clinoforms and have a seismic expression phological mapping, using high resolution (LiDAR) suggesting deposition as contourites. The section is terrain models, together with Terrestrial Cosmogenic tilted up towards the Sør High. The Sør High itself Nuclide (TCN) dating of glacial erratics and lake coring. forms a gentle anticline structure, and the results imply Our results suggest that the highest mountain peaks in a Pleistocene age. Pleistocene reactivation of the anti- the area melted out as nunataks some 21 000 years ago cline may have disturbed equlibration of fluid contacts due to thinning of the ice-sheet following deglaciation in Skarv and Heidrun, and correlates to present day seis- from its Last Glacial Maximum extent. Previous studies micity trends investigated in the Neonor II project. have shown that the ice-sheet retreated into the inner parts of Hardangerfjord during Allerød before a major re-advance occurred during the Younger Dryas cold period. In our study we constrain the extent of the The influence of structural discontin- Younger Dryas re-advance by mapping of moraine uities on the stability of the Åknes ridges using LiDAR and the use of TCN-dating. In addition, we present sediment cores obtained from both rockslide inside and outside of the moraines. Based on our results Ringstad, S.R.1, Bruun, H.1, Sena, C.1, Braathen, A.1, we reconstruct the Younger Dryas ice-sheet geometry in 1 2 the area, including the identification of a local ice-cap Mulrooney, M. & Pless, G.

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 81

1 University of Oslo, Oslo/Norway. trace elements, isotopes and organics, etc. through the [email protected] percolation zone. Sequential microlayers of calcite pre- 2 NVE, Norwegian Water and Energy Directorate, cipitates will in turn contain, adsorb or encrust these Stranda components and thus make a record of changing surface conditions. Measurement of changing concentrations of The Åknes rockslide is located along Storfjorden, in these can then be used for deducing past climatic chan- Møre and Romsdal County. Progressive collapse of 54 ges. Here, we investigate concentrations of a wide range million m3 of unstable rocks is envisaged, large move- of trace elements and organics by XRF and optical color ments of which may generate tsunamis that pose risk for scanning, respectively. the communities along the fjord. The back-scarp is loc- The testing is performed through high-resolution XRF ated at approximately 800 m.a.sl and calculations sug- scans along the growth axes of several selected, well- gest that c. 54 million m3 of unstable rocks can be activ- dated speleothems from which also stable isotope rec- ated if the rock slope collapses1. Differential GPS has ords are known. The samples are also scanned photo- registered that Ørnereiet, a bunker located above the graphically in order to make a reference image and a back-scarp, has moved. This observation has heightened high resolution color and greyscale record. Individual the urgency to conduct further geological studies of this element concentrations are calibrated through independ- area, in particular focusing on fracture systems in the ent chemical and bulk XRF analyses of selected zones bedrock and their influence on stability. In August 2018, on the record. So far, we have analysed one Norwegian a field campaign was undertaken to perform classical and one South African stalagmite, where we were parti- structural mapping of the bedrock, mainly focusing on cularly interested in the influence of marine-derived fracture systems. precipitation. We have found peak activity of several Photogrammetric datasets where collected of the entire elements that may work as proxies, like Br, S, U, Fe, Sr, study area utilizing a drone-borne camera and will be Mg, Cu, etc. The analyzes will then be compared to used to construct 3D virtual outcrop models for identi- other speleothem- and climate and volcanic events. fication of topographic lineaments. The study area was divided into several stations to establish if the fracture networks show any systematic distribution/directionality The structure, flow properties and which may influence/steer percolation of meteoric water which would further destabilize the rockslide. For each seismic imaging of fault zones in station, data was collected which included fracture carbonate rocks; applications to strike and dip, fracture frequency, cross-cutting relationships and continuity, plus other notable features. Barents Sea carbonate plays

Preliminary analysis of the collected data show a do- *1 1 1 minance of fractures that dip towards Storfjorden and an Rotevatn, A. , Dimmen, V. , Lecomte, I. , Peacock, D.1, Bastesen, E.2 & Nixon, C.1 additional steep dipping fracture set that intersects obliquely with the former allows preferential weathering out 1 of large blocks of the bedrock. Areas where the gneiss is Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway mica-rich have a higher fracture frequency compared to 2 the domineering granitic gneiss. We aim to finalize this NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen study with a detailed zonation of the rockslide indicat- * ing where larger blocks are more likely to fail based on [email protected] the nature and orientation of the predominant fracture sets. Seal/retention failure is widely recognized as the pre- 1 NVE, (21.08.18). Åknes. Retrived from https:// dominant regional risk factor for hydrocarbon explor- www.nve.no/flaum-og-skred/fjellskredovervaking/ ation in the SW Barents Sea. At the same time, recent aknes/ discoveries have established rift-related Carboniferous and Permian carbonates as an emerging hydrocarbon play in the region. It is therefore of fundamental and economic importance to investigate normal fault zone Trace element distribution in speleo- properties in carbonate rocks to improve understanding thems, examples from South Africa and prediction of how faults affect flow and seal in the subsurface. Motivated by this we present work on car- and Norway bonate fault zones from a series of projects over the past years: Rokkan, H.Aa. 1,2, Haflidasson, H. 1 & Lauritzen, S.-E.1 Outcrop studies of faulted Miocene-Oligocene syn-rift

carbonate rocks in Malta offers an insight to cata- 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, clastic fault rocks, their development and flow pro- Norway. perties. In fault rocks in granular carbonate rocks 2 Corresponding author: [email protected] deformation banding dominates with grain-scale

localized comminution, compaction and associated Speleothems (cave dripstones) are invaluable as record- dissolution/precipitation. Permeabilities may be red- ers of past climate changes. They are a part of the mete- uced by 2-3 orders of magnitude relative to host rock. oric cycle, which acts as a conveyor belt, transporting Investigations of fracture connectivity and fluid-rock 82 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

interactive phenomena (based on outcrop work in lished statistics from global relay zones shows that Malta, New Zealand and the Gulf of Suez) shows that whereas the reactivated relay zones feature aspect ratios the distribution of connectivity in damage zones is similar to those of unreactivated relay zones, bed dips highly heterogeneous. In particular, fault intersections, within reactivated relay zones are significantly steeper relays and splays form highly connected fracture net- than unreactivated relay zones. Given the potential of works that form foci for fluid flow, fluid-rock inter- reactivated relay zones to form areas of local uplift, they action and leakage. We present methods for quanti- may affect basin structure and may also form potential fying and visualizing the lateral distribution of con- traps for hydrocarbon or other fluids. The elevated fault- nectivity and topology in fault and fracture networks ing and fracturing, on the other hand, means reactivated in carbonate (and other) rocks. relays are also likely loci for enhanced up-fault flow. We present forward seismic models of carbonate fault Lessons learnt from the present outcrop study are dis- outcrops, where the key goal of the forward modeling cussed in context of application to the SW Barents Sea. is to investigate the sensitivity of different fault, host rock and survey parameters to the seismic imaging of fault zones in carbonate rocks. The forward models are compared with seismic data from hydrocarbon dis- Understanding stacked aquifers in coveries in the Barents Sea in carbonate plays. We discuss implications for how seismic images of car- consolidated rocks bonate fault zones may help predict physical fault properties at depth. Ruden, F. & Morris, S.,

Ruden AS, [email protected], [email protected]

Wells drilled into fractured and/or heterogenous rocks Strike-slip reactivation of segmented can be intrinsically difficult to analyse. A single fracture normal faults: implications for basin can normally be handled by traditional means whereas structure, fluid flow and applications the complexity increases exponentially with number of intercepted fractures and thus provides a setting where to the Barents Sea no available algorithm can provide a solution. Cross- flow in a well is caused by intercepted fractures or water * Rotevatn, A. & Peacock, D. bearing horizons with different piezometric heads and flow characteristics. Indications of such crossflow can Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, be varying heads during the drilling phase, ‘loss’ of wat- Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway er during drilling, and sometimes seemingly incompre- *[email protected] hensible drawdown,- and recovery data when attempting to test the well. Typical situations are wells drilled into Reverse reactivation of normal faults, also termed ‘in- fractured crystalline rocks with irregular surface topo- version’, has been extensively studied, whereas little is graphy, stacked basaltic flows with fractures and paleo- known about the strike-slip reactivation of normal zols, and sometimes also development of karstic galler- faults. At the same time, recognizing strike-slip reacti- ies in carbonates. A closer look at wells with a heat- vation of normal faults in sedimentary basins is critical, pulse flowmeter reveals that crossflow exists to varying as it may alter and impact basin physiography, accom- degrees in most if not all wells. In order to provide a modation and sediment supply and dispersal. Further- systematic approach for understanding the behaviour of more, strike-slip reactivation of normal faults is a stacked aquifers we have constructed a syntetic scenario known issue in the Western Barents Sea. Motivated by where a virtual well intercepts 3 stacked fractures. This this, we present a study of a reactivated normal fault scenario implies several hundred combinations. Each zone in the Liassic limestones and shales of Somerset, fracture is attributed a point of intercept within the well UK, to elucidate the effects of strike-slip reactivation of (variable), a fracture permeability that can be negative normal faults, and the inherent deformation of relay or positive (variable), and a static water level relative to zones that separate the original normal fault segments. the point of intercept (variable). The interaction between The fault zone, initially extensional, exhibits a series of the individual fractures results in a dynamic pseudo-stat- relay zones between right-stepping segments, with the ic water level in the well, and can end up anywhere bet- steps between the segments having subsequently be- ween the lowest intercepted fracture and above the top come contractional due to sinistral strike-slip move- of the well (artesin). The purpose of this paper is to pro- ment. The relay zones have therefore been steepened viding and presenting a platform for understanding the and are cut by a series of connecting faults with reverse complexity of stacked aquifers as encountered in the and strike-slip components. The studied fault zone, and field, and to providing a platform for further comparison with larger-scale natural examples, lead us developments including an inversion solution to the test to conclude that the relays-turned-contractional-steps pumping problem described above. are associated with (i) complex fault and fracture networks that accommodate shortening, (ii) anomalously high numbers of fractures and faults, (iii) layer parallel slip and (iv) folding and uplift. Comparison with pub- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 83 Weathering in the Jurassic basin at system from the East Shetland Platform. Additional northern Utsira members comprise glauconitic sands Andøya, Northern Norway within the Tampen area and a north-eastern sand system shed from the Sognefjord area. 1 1 1 Rueslåtten, H. , Brönner, M. , Schönenberger, J. , Crne, The southern Utsira lobe system is seismically well de- 2 1 1 A.E. , van der Lelij, R. & Davidsen, B. fined with maximum thickness in the order of 300 m in the Sleipner area. The central member comprises a 1 Norges geologiske undersøkelse (NGU), wedge-like distributary system that is apparent to the [email protected], [email protected] east of the Balder/Grane area. It is encountered in well 2 Exploro AS 16/1-1 (Utsira type well) and 24/12-1. Northwards, the central member becomes thinner and passes into hori- The Ramså Basin is located on Andøya, at the eastern zontally strata which are more difficult to identify on flank of Andfjorden Basin. The granodioritic basement seismic sections. These are encountered in well 25/2-10 in the area was exposed to deep meteoric weathering at S and pinch out to the east. the southern part of the basin, prior to being covered by The northern Utsira lobe system has maximum thick- Jurassic siliciclastic sediments. The saprolite is exposed ness of about 200 m in the Oseberg area. To the east, the along the shoreline at Ramså, with an estimated thick- lobe system downlaps the mid-Miocene unconformity. ness of up to 30 m. It is suggested that the Jurassic and Its western boundary is difficult to trace with precision Cretaceous sediments have protected the saprolite pro- as it becomes overlain by younger sands shed from the file from being eroded. Since the saprolite evolved be- East Shetland Platform. fore the deposition of the Jurassic sediments, the weath- The Eir Formation (informal) comprises sands of middle ering must be pre-Jurassic. This is supported by K/Ar Miocene age occurring below the mid-Miocene uncon- dating of the saprolite rocks, that give Late Palaeozoic formity. These sands occur in the western part of the to Upper Triassic ages. Norwegian sector, mainly within Q30 and northern part Vitrinite reflections from the Ramså Formation, the of Q25, and pass eastwards into mudstones.The Eir lowermost sedimentary formation, gave reflectance sands overlie the Skade Formation sands and are, parti- values from 0.32 to 0.45 with an average of 0.41. This cularly in Block 30/11, separated from these by a thin O indicates a Tmax of 42 C. Assuming a vertical thermal shale layer that gives a strong seismic response. O gradient of 30 C per km at that time, the burial depth never exceeded 1.5 km. The maximum thickness of the sediments today is less than one km, indicating that in the order of 0.5 km of sediments were eroded and deposited inside and outside of the basin. This contrasts with Last glacial tephra markers record- earlier hypotheses of a deeper burial of the basin. ed in the North Atlantic and the Thin section studies show abundant occurrences of both Nordic Seas detrital and authigenic kaolinite in the sedimentary sections. The crystallinity of the kaolinite (evaluated by the Rutledal, S.1, Berben, S.M.P.1, Jansen, E.1,2 & Dokken, XRD 7Å / 4,7Å ratios) appears to be better in the sedi- T.M.2 mentary layers than in the saprolite; i.e. the kaolinite in the saprolite shows stronger b-axis disorder. Our hypo- 1 Department of Earth Science and Bjerknes Centre for thesis of a shallow burial of the basin is also supported Climate Research, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, by the crystallinity of the kaolinite. No indication of re- Norway ([email protected]) crystallization to dickite is observed; a process that 2 O Uni Research and Bjerknes Centre for Climate starts at temperatures above 80 C. Research, 5007 Bergen, Norway

Tephrochronology is widely considered as a key geo- Utsira and Eir formations; sub- chronological tool for the synchronization of disparate division age and distribution paleoclimate archives. With the increased development of cryptotephra analysis, regional tephra frameworks are Rundberg, Y. growing into important datasets for future tephrochrono- logical studies. Such tephra frameworks describe both YR GEO AS, [email protected] distal and proximal tephra horizons, integrating key information related to those horizons and provide an An update of the post-Eocene lithostratigraphy of the essential source to aid in the correlation of marine northern North Sea will be presented with focus on paleorecords across oceanic basins. sandy systems immediately above and below the mid- Here we present new data from two well-known, Miocene unconformity. distinct and broadly deposited tephra horizons from the The Utsira Formation comprises sands above the uncon- last glacial: the basaltic Faroe Marine Ash Zone II formity and is subdivided into three main members (FMAZ II) and the rhyolitic component of the North (southern, central and northern). The southern and Atlantic Ash Zone II (NAAZ II). A visible tephra layer northern members comprise thick sandy lobe systems (ca. 5 cm) recorded in a marine sediment core from the whereas the central member comprises the distributary Nordic Seas (MD99-2284) stratigraphically fits the 84 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

timing of FMAZ II. Tephra shards from different size we aim at defining areas where onshore-knowledge, fractions have been analyzed for their geochemical particularly the structural and lithological setting of composition using an electron microprobe. The major mineral deposits, may be readily transferred offshore elements show a high graphical and statistical correlat- through the use of magnetic and gravity data from the ion with previously published data from both marine Norwegian Geological Survey, high-resolution LIDAR and ice core records, confirming the identification of and bathymetry, as well as structural and lithological FMAZ II and a Hekla source. In addition, work on data from onshore mineral deposits and their hydro- tephra horizons in two marine sediment cores from the thermal settings. Using advanced interpretation of pot- Irminger Sea (GS16-204-18CC and GS16-204-22CC) ential field data and through the compilation and inter- that stratigraphically fits to FMAZ II is ongoing. Pre- pretation of datasets in ArcGIS, an initial mapping per- liminary results from these cores show increased tephra spective on the extrapolation of onshore deposits to the shard counts in the cryptotephra size fraction, and geo- offshore domain will be given. chemical measurements on these shards indicates a link to the FMAZ II. Furthermore, in the two Irminger Sea cores, identified rhyolitic tephra has been investigated. The geochemical compositions from these rhyolitic Structural Evolution of the Eastern shards correspond to the NAAZ II geochemistry as recorded in other marine sediment cores. The homogen- Elba Nappe Stack, innermost ous geochemistry found in the presented tephra layers Northern Apennines, Central Italy coupled with low ice-rafted debris concentrations indicates that the tephra horizons are primary air-fall. Ryan, E.J.1, Viola, G.2 & Sørensen, B.E.1 Overall, the successfully identified FMAZ II and NAAZ II horizons in different cores from the western and east- 1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology ern part of the North Atlantic show a good correlation 2 University of Bologna with previously published data. Therefore, our results contribute to the North Atlantic marine tephra frame- This project presents a new model for the structural and work, which will allow for a better marine-marine cross- metamorphic evolution of the Eastern Elba Nappe Stack cor relation of paleorecords across the basin. (EENS), in the innermost Northern Apennines, Central Italy, based on detailed field mapping and macro and microstructural analysis using optical microscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction and Energy-dispersive Onshore – Offshore correlation of X-Ray Spectroscopy. For the first time, the prolific west-vergent extensional mineral systems along the Nor- structures of the EENS are documented and incorporat- wegian Continental Shelf: A first look ed into a model, which explains the exhumation of a blueschist facies metamorphic assemblage via an extrus- Ryan, E.J.1, Fichler, C.1, Sørensen, B.E.1, Larsen, R.B.- ion process during retrograde greenschist facies meta- E.1 & Viola, G.A.2 morphism. Exhumation was followed by a renewed phase of compression from the Early to Middle Mio- 1 Norwegian University of Science and Technolgy cene, during which eastward out-of-sequence thrusts and 2 The Univeristy of Bologna pervasive east-vergent isoclinal folding deformed the EENS. Gravitational instability eventually led to east- The knowledge of potential mineral deposits along the ward extension in the Middle Miocene. After which, a Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) has long existed, final compressional stage, characterized by compression and was even mentioned in 1959, in the famous letter lasting from the Late Miocene to the Pliocene occurred. from the Norwegian Geological Survey to the Nor- The Monte Capanne (8 Ma) and Porto Azzurro (5.9 - 6.2 wegian State Department, which negated the presence Ma) plutons were emplaced during this phase, and syn- of oil on the NCS. While mid-oceanic ridge settings contact metamorphic structures developed, including top have come into focus during the last years, little has -to-east reverse thrusts causing the juxtaposition of low- been done to explore for potential mineral deposits on grade rocks onto the higher grade Acquadolce Unit the continental shelf. It is highly probable that provinces along the Capo Norsi Thrust and the formation of the and trends of mineral deposits on land will continue into world-famous top-to-the-east, low-angle Zuccale Fault the near-shore environment or even further offshore. (ZF). Finally, during a phase of Late Pliocene – Pleisto- Furthermore, continental rift systems hosting hydro- cene age, uplift and brittle normal faulting affected the carbon reservoirs may also excel as fertile ore-deposit EENS, through the formation of new faults and the re- forming settings, and their onshore analogues host some activation of earlier thrust structures. The structural and of the richest hydrothermal ore-deposits metals known. metamorphic evolution of the EENS and innermost An enormous knowledge pool and data base, acquired Northern Apennines, though complex, reflects simple for hydrocarbon prospecting, is ready to be re-used for processes controlling dynamic wedge growth and offers the purpose of mineral deposit exploration. This con- a new mechanism for the exhumation of high pressure – cerns not only sediments but also the crystalline crust low temperature metamorphic assemblages in the underlying the sedimentary basins. In a first approach, Northern Apennines. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 85 A review of graphite deposits in Climate Research , University of Bergen 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Northern Norway and the latest Massachusetts exploration results The Arctic is changing rapidly and to set the current Rønning, J.S.1,2, Gautneb, H.3 and the NGU graphite warming and hydroclimatic shift in perspective, a pro- team cess-based understanding of lacustrine deposited sediments in Arctic lakes is needed. By utilizing the glaciers 1 Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] sensitivity to perturbations in climate, we can enhance 2 Norwegian University of Technology and Science our understanding of the natural climate variability in 3 Geological Survey of Norway, the Arctic by reconstructing glacier fluctuations. Here, [email protected] we present work from the Andree Land which we unravel the sediment sequence from a distal glacier-fed Graphite is on the list of critical minerals presents by lake, Vårfluesjøen. We base our interpretation on new European Commission and is a mineral for the coming tools that better qualitatively visualize and quantitat- Green Technologies. The need for graphite is expected ively characterize the sediments cores. High-resolution to increase by about 50 % from 2016 to 2025, in part X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) is used to due to the increased demand for batteries in electric visualize the lake sediments and quantify the sand-sized cars. China produced 70 % of the world consumption of particles found in the well-dated sediments, together crystalline graphite in 2017. with a multi-proxy approach including measurement of During the MINN project (Minerals in Northern Nor- their physical, geochemical, and magnetic properties. way, 2011 - 2015), the Geological Survey of Norway Our findings suggest that Vårfluesjøen (6m a.s.l.) was (NGU) performed helicopter-borne electromagnetic isolated from Woodfjorden at c. 10200 cal. yr. BP. Dur- measurements in areas with a potential for graphite ing the early Holocene, the glaciers in the Vårfluesjøen deposits. Numerous EM-anomalies showed up, both in catchment were considerably smaller than today or had areas known for graphite mineralization and in new even melted completely. At the start of the Neoglacial areas. With financial support from the Nordland and period (c. 3500 cal. yr. BP), we find increased glacier Troms county administrations, these areas were follow- activity in the catchment of the lake. X-ray CT reveals ed up using ground geophysics, trenching, sampling and an increased frequency of sand-sized particles from analysis. In some areas, shallow core drilling was per- 3500 to 1750 cal. yr. BP, suggesting greater wintertime formed. New graphite deposits were discovered and the aeolian activity. Starting c. 2250 years ago, we find a outcropping size and quality of both new and previously progressive increase in snowmelt runoff in the Vårflue- known deposits were estimated. 2018 was the last field sjøen catchment, with peak runoff from 1000 to 750 cal. season for the follow-up work. yr. BP. This coincides with a drop in sand-sized partic- The graphite deposits in Northern Norway are clustered les, hence less favorable environment for aeolian activi- in 3 provinces: The Island of Senja, the Lofoten and ty, and implying wetter conditions. During the last 2000 Vesterålen Islands and in the Holandsfjord area south of years, there is evidence for high glacier activity between Bodø. In all of these areas, there has been graphite min- c. 2000 to 900 and 750–350 cal. yr. BP. In between these ing in the past, with the Skaland graphite mine on Senja time spans, less activity is recorded in the periods 1900– as the only active producer today. The graphite mineral- 1800, 1000–800, and 350–150 cal. yr. BP. ization occurs in a Achean to Proterozoic basement comprising intensely folded magmatic and metasedimentary rocks. The meta-supracrustals comprise rock What is the relationship between the types such as dolomite marble, iron formation, graphite schist, and acid and intermediate volcanic rocks. The Rödingsfjellet complex and the metamorphism reached granulite facies which lead to Upper Köli nappes? high quality flake graphite. The graphite content typically varies from 2-3 % up to about 40 %. However, indi- Saalmann, K., Bjerkgård, T., Sandstad, J.S., Lutro, O. vidual graphite lenses can be somewhat limited in size & Slagstad, T. and very inhomogeneous both on the outcrop and on the thin section scale. Results from the follow-up work will Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Leiv Eirikssons be presented. vei 39, 7040 Trondheim, Norway [email protected], [email protected], Arctic Holocene glacier fluctuations [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] reconstructed from lake sediments in Vårfluesjøen, Spitsbergen The allochthonous nappe complexes of the Scandinavi- an Caledonides are often inferred to represent a specific Røthe, T.O.1, Bakke, J.1, Støren, E.W.N.1 & Bradley, palaeogeographic origin; however the structural position R.2 and tectonic setting of some nappes is uncertain, and even the distinction between Laurentian and Baltican 1 Department of Earth Science & Bjerknes Centre for provenance can be ambiguous. The investigated area SE 86 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

and E of Røssvatnet comprises the Rödingsfjället nappe and role of sea ice changes during abrupt Greenland cli- complex (Uppermost Allochthon, implying derivation mate changes, using high-resolution sea ice records from the Laurentian margin) and the structurally under- from two Norwegian Sea sediment cores covering four lying Köli nappe complex (Upper Allochthon, inferred D-O cycles at ~32–40 ka. Sea ice proxy records are to consist of Iapetus-derived terrane fragments). The based on the sea ice diatom biomarker IP25, open-water Köli complex comprises three nappe units further subdi- phytoplankton biomarkers (sterols and alkenones) and vided into subordinate nappes and thrust sheets showing semi-quantitative phytoplankton-IP25 (PIP25) sea ice a polyphase tectono-thermal history. The nappes have estimates. Our biomarker records indicate that the Nor- been folded in km-scale. Detailed mapping revealed the wegian Sea was characterized by a near-perennial sea necessity for modifying the tectono-stratigraphy of the ice cover during cold stadials and enhanced open-ocean Köli nappe and reconsideration of the affiliation of the conditions during warmer interstadials. We find that upper Köli units. Structural relationships suggest that more gradual initial sea ice retreat in the southern Nor- the emplacement of the upper Köli nappe marks a struc- wegian Sea preceded rapid large-scale sea ice decline in tural break in the tectonic sequence and possible out-of- the central Norwegian Sea, rapid deep ocean mixing, sequence thrusting. The thrust contact to the overlying and the abrupt atmospheric warming recorded in Green- Rödingsfjellet nappes is apparently in-sequence. Both land ice cores. Our results suggest that changes in sea units thus may form a common nappe complex. ice cover contributed to regime shifts between surface Syn-tectonic boudinaged granites intruding amphibol- ocean stratification and convective deep-water format- ites-facies schists in the Rödingsfjellet complex gave an ion in the Nordic Seas. We conclude that the glacial sea age of 515±5 Ma (U-Pb LA-ICPMS zircon). They are ice variability amplified oceanic reorganizations and cut by a felsic dike for which an age of 480±21 Ma has acted as positive feedback mechanism for abrupt Green- been obtained. Cambrian ages have been reported also land climate change during D-O cycles. from the Rödingsfjellet complex N and W of Røss- vatnet. These Rödingsfjellet units may represent the source for “enigmatic” Cambrian detrital and inherited The importance of early generation zircons found in the Helgeland complex (Barnes et al., 2007), which advocates an assignment of the upper Köli dykes in the Upper Layered Series -Rödingsfjellet nappe complex to the Uppermost Allo- of the Reinfjord Ultramafic Complex chthon or close proximity to the Upper Allochthon already in earliest Ordovician times. These signatures to- in understanding the intrusive hist- gether with Neoproterozoic zircons in the Uppermost ory of the Central Series replacive Allochthon (e.g. Slagstad & Kirkland, 2017) may repre- dunites sent an exclusive pattern allowing the identification of Laurentian margin-derived (or: non-Baltican) units. Sakariassen, J., Sørensen, B.E., Larsen, R.B. & Barnes et al., 2007. Geosphere v.3(6), p. 683-703. Drivenes, K. Slagstad & Kirkland, 2017. Lithosphere v. 9(6), p. 1002 -1011. Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Glacial sea ice variability in the Norwegian Sea during abrupt The Reinfjord Ultramafic Complex (RUC) is part of the lower crustal Seiland Igneous Province which is likely climate changes to be a large mantle derived magmatic conduit system. The complex consists of several ultramafic intrusive 1 2 2 Sadatzki, H. , Dokken, T.M. , Simon, M.H. , Berben, series hosted by layered gabbros and thought of as the 1 3,4 4 1,2 S.M.P. , Stein, R. , Fahl, K. & Jansen, E. de facto conduits. The Upper Layered Series (ULS) and

the Central Series (CS) represents the largest intrusive 1 Department of Earth Science and Bjerknes Centre for events of the RUC. The ULS consists of olivine cumul- Climate Research, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, ates, as well as wherlites and olivine clinopyroxenites, Norway and the CS is mainly consisting of younger dunites and 2 NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre wherlites. The Southern plateau of the RUC contains for Climate Research, 5007 Bergen, Norway both young and old dykes some of the older dykes are 3 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar cut by the CS dunites, whereas the younger dykes cuts and Marine Research, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany both the ULS and the CS replacive dunites. These relati- 4 Department of Geosciences (FB5), University of ons could provide a unique understanding of the mag- Bremen, Klagenfurter Strasse 4, 28359 Bremen, matic evolution of the RUC as well as date the intrusion Germany of the ULS and CS relatively and absolutely if dykes contain minerals suitable for dating. Changes in sea ice cover in the Nordic Seas likely play- The earliest generation of dykes is believed to have the ed a crucial role in amplifying ocean circulation and cli- highest concentration of zirconium, which would be a mate changes of the Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles promising starting point for finding zircon crystals to during the last glacial. We investigate the nature, timing use in U-Pb dating of the dykes of the ULS. The relati- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 87 onship between the wherlites of the ULS and its young- tural and mineralogical observations, we will further est generation of gabbroic dykes together with the meter highlight the diagenetic differences in and outside the scale dunitic dykes related to the intrusion of the CS can chemical alteration zone and present formation tempe- be studied and interpreted in the field. This dyke gener- rature of vein calcite and carbonate cement based on ation is younger than the wherlites, but older than the clumped isotope analyses. replacive dunitic dykes. The mineralogy, geochemistry Our research on the Dombjerg Fault is the first com- and structures of these dykes will be studied to get a prehensive analysis of the in- and near-fault diagenesis better understanding of the magmatic evolution and of a syn-rift border fault zone, thus making it an excell- intrusive episodes of this complex. Not least, it may also ent onshore analogue for rift settings worldwide. be possible to better understand the composition of the parental melts. Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of

Fluid circulation and fault-controlled the Forlandsundet Graben – new diagenesis along a major syn-rift insights from Sarsøyra, Western Svalbard, Arctic Norway border fault system – the Dombjerg Fault and the Wollaston Forland Schaaf, N. W.1,2, Osmundsen, P.T. 3,1, Schönenberger, J. Basin, NE Greenland 4, van der Lelij, R. 4, Lenz, O.5 & Senger, K.2

1 Salomon, E.1, Rotevatn, A.1, Kristensen, T.B.1, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 2 3 1 [email protected] Grundvåg, S.-A. , Henstra, G. & Meckler, A.N. 2 Department of Arctic Geology, The University Centre 1 in Svalbard Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 3 Norway, [email protected] Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian 2 Department of Geology, University of Tromsø, University of Science and Technology 4 NGU Laboratory, Geological Survey of Norway Norway 5 3 AkerBP, Fornebu, Norway Senckenberg Society for Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main During rift climax, syn-rift border fault systems commonly juxtapose hanging wall clastic sediments against During the Paleogene, the western Svalbard margin crystalline basement rocks. Such settings represent chal- evolved from a fold-and-thrust-belt into a sharply lenging reservoir targets in hydrocarbon exploration and tapered transtensional margin. The Forlandsundet it is therefore of great importance to understand the evo- Graben represents a unique opportunity to study this lution of fluid flow properties and diagenesis of the fault transition. It is situated between Spitsbergen and Prins and adjacent basinal clastics. Moreover, border fault Karls Forland, along the inner border of a very narrow zones are occasionally targeted for geothermal energy necking domain between the West Svalbard orogen and production (e.g. western Turkey) as the fault and litho- the Molloy and Knipovitch spreading ridges. logy contrast impacts fluid circulation and advective We report new structural, sedimentological and geo- heat transfer. chronological data, collected during two field seasons at Due to limited onshore exposure of such fault zones, Sarsøyra on the eastern margin of the Forlandsundet studies on their evolution are rare and their impact on Graben. The basin is bounded in the east by a N-S fluid circulation and sediment diagenesis is poorly trending fault zone, exhibiting a graben to half-graben understood. Here, we present the results of an ongoing geometry. Crosscutting relationship of the basin-bound- investigation of a well-exposed example, namely the ing oblique normal faults with structures of the Paleo- Dombjerg Fault in the Wollaston Forland Basin, NE cene-Eocene West Spitsbergen fold-and-thrust-belt Greenland. favor an Oligocene age, albeit age-relationships are Being part of the NE Greenland rift, the Dombjerg Fault debated. New paleontological data support an Oligocene displaces Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous syn-rift age for at least parts of the basin. deep-water clastics against Caledonian metamorphic We describe the contact relationships to metamorphic basement. In addition to a ~1km-wide damage zone, a basement along the eastern basin margin, and provide ~700m-wide envelope of increased sediment cement- new kinematic data from the basement as well as from ation developed around the fault core, termed chemical the basin fill (~400 measurements). A gouge from a alteration zone. This chemical alteration zone had a deformed zone in the basement close to the contact was significant impact on further mechanical deformation dated, using K-Ar geochronology. The basin fill com- and fluid circulation. While fracturing, vein formation prises coarse continent-derived siliciclastics and finer and subsequent fracture fluid flow is promoted within, marine deposits. We document facies relationships in deformation band formation and pore fluid flow occurs the eastern parts of the basin in detail (~370m logs), outside this zone. Cement are predominantly calcite and including a previously poorly described fluvial success- dolomite, and veins exclusively consist of calcite, some ion in the northern part of the study area. We also proof which show crack-seal texture. Added to these struc- vide new paleocurrent data (>100 measurements). Based on field observations and the revision of existing 88 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

subsurface data, we discuss the implications of our ons suggesting abundant well-crystallised 2M1 musco- results on alternative basin models, including deposition vite. in a piggy back basin with subsequent transtensional XRD findings are coherent with K-Ar-data (see poster basin formation. We further discuss whether Prins Karls by Schaaf et al., this conference). Forland might represent a metamorphic core complex. This study shows that it is crucial to integrate different We propose that the outcrops along the eastern basin analytical techniques to decipher a sample’s history and margin represent successions deposited under dextral place it in the right geological context. NW-SE transtension.

The importance of hydrothermal Unravelling the timescales and recrystallization of quartz for quartz conditions of clay forming processes raw-material refinement with X-Ray diffraction and K-Ar analysis Seljeset, K.K.1, Brenden-Veisal, T. 2, Berg-Larsen, R.1 & Aasly, K.1

1 1 1 Schönenberger, J. , van der Lelij, R. , Xie, R. , Schaaf, 1 N.W.2,3 & Osmundsen, P.T.2,4 Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands 1 vei 1, 7034 Trondheim, Norway, [email protected] Geological Survey of Norway, Leiv Eirikssons Vei 39, 2 7040 Trondheim, [email protected] Elkem ASA, Drammensveien 169, 0277 Oslo, Norway 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo 3 Department of Arctic Geology, The University Centre The Nasafjell quartz deposit is Europe´s largest hydro- in Svalbard thermal vein quartz deposit. The deposit is located at 4 Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian Nasafjell at Saltfjellet in Nordland, Norway. It consists University of Science and Technology of two main lenses, the Eastern and Western lens. Total resources are c. 13 mill tons. Elkem has been given min- Many minerals are unstable at near-surface conditions ing rights and is currently developing the Western lens and are altered into clay minerals by fluid-rock interacti- for production. ons. Illite is the only neoformed clay mineral containing Here we present the results of drill core logging, field potassium (K) as a major element and its formation pro- mapping and mineralogical characterization of the cess and timing can be unravelled with the K-Ar tech- Nasafjell quartz deposit. The main goals are to develop nique. better knowledge about the genesis of the quartz vein Illite forms at the expense of unstable K-bearing min- and the distribution of trace elements in different quartz erals such as K-feldspar. As this transformation is often generations. These goals are obtained through minera- incomplete, coexisting K-bearing phases result in mixed logical characterization on drill cores and specimens ages. This problem can be partially alleviated by sepa- collected during field work using scanning electron ration of samples into size fractions by centrifugation. microscope cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL), electron Nevertheless, identification and quantification of the probe micro analysis (EPMA) and laser ablation induc- minerals using X-Ray diffraction (XRD) is crucial to tively plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). robust interpretation of K-Ar data from clay fractions. Cathodoluminescence revealed that the Nasa quartz is There are two common XRD-tools to decipher the ori- composed of a complex puzzle of several generations of gin of illite/muscovite. 1) Polytypes: Illite is structurally quartz. At least three generations were identified based variable depending on the formation conditions (poorly on their CL signatures varying from bright luminescent crystalline 1M vs. well-crystallised 2M1 type). 2) The primary quartz, via dull luminescence to nearly non- Kübler Index determines the full width at half maximum luminescent late-stage quartz. The primary quartz was (FWHM) of the (001) reflection of dioctahedral illite- significantly altered by the influx of new pluses of muscovite. It serves as a measure for the degree of crys- hydrothermal fluids overprinting older generations of tallinity which can be assigned different degrees of quartz. LA-ICP-MS analysis of the different generation metamorphism. shows that the luminescence intensity can also be used Five grain size fractions (<0.1µm to 6-10µm) of a fault as proxy to the trace element abundance of quartz. At gouge from Svalbard were studied with XRD and dated Nasafjell, the dull luminescent quartz constitutes appro- with K-Ar. Major components are chlorite, chlorite/ ximately 50-30 vol.% of the studied samples and con- smectite mixed-layer, illite/muscovite and minor tains half the amount of trace elements compared to the amounts of epidote, talc and rutile in the coarsest bright luminescent primary quartz. The nearly non-lumi- fractions. Illite polytype quantification is impeded due nescent quartz is the purest in terms of trace element to strong overlap with chlorite. However, the typical contents but also the least widespread in the investigated 2.80Å peak of 2M1 muscovite gradually decreases with samples. We conclude that the hydrothermally induced decreasing grain size suggesting that the finest fractions recrystallization of primary quartz with high trace ele- exclusively comprise “authigenic” 1M illite. Concurr- ment abundance refined and improved the purity of the ently, the Kübler Index is smallest in the coarsest fracti- bulk quartz mass and, thus, the chemical quality of the quartz raw material to be exploited. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 89 Åknes rockslide hydrogeology 1 UiO, University of Oslo, Geosciences Department, [email protected] 2 Sena, C.1, Bjørn-Hansen, F.1, Bruun, H.R.1, Ringstad, VAV Oslo Municipality S.R.1, Braathen, A.1, Mulrooney, M.1 & Pless, G.2 The Stormwater Management Strategy for Oslo, adopt- 1 UiO, University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences, ed in 2014, aims to reduce flooding risk and contributes [email protected] to the achievement of a blue-green city where surface 2 NVE, Norwegian Directorate for Water and Energy watercourses are an important component of the urban landscape. Daylighting of streams (also known as de- Åknes rockslide, located in Storfjorden (Møre and culverting) entails re-directing urban runoff that was Romsdal County), is one of the priority sites monitored formerly transported in underground pipeline systems by NVE since 1986. In 2004, an automated monitoring into the surface. In an urban setting, such actions dem- system was installed, collecting data until present-day. and a comprehensive understanding of the water cycle These include extensometer data, high accuracy GPS in the city, with surface water infiltration and ground- data, borehole data (groundwater levels and seismic water discharge playing a crucial role on the quantity data), and meteorological data (Grøneng et al., 2011). and quality of urban runoff water. In 2017, NVE decided to study in more detail the The planned opening of a new waterway in Torshov- groundwater conditions in Åknes in order to assess the dalen has motivated an interdisciplinary study led by the feasibility of a drainage operation that seeks to increase Agency for Water and Sewerage in Oslo municipality. the rockslide stability. In this context, the University of In this context, hydrogeological investigation tools are Oslo is collaborating with NVE in order to (1) map, being implemented to assess the surface water infiltrat- characterize and quantify groundwater recharge and ion capacity, water storage below the ground, ground- discharge; (2) identify the main groundwater flow paths water discharge, and water quality in surface and along the rockslide and adjacent upslope area; and (3) groundwater bodies. For this purpose, field-campaigns ultimately, develop a hydrogeological model of the were conducted since June 2018, and three groundwater Åknes rockslide. observation wells were drilled. From June to September 2018, extensive field cam- Preliminary results indicate a relatively uneven fract- paigns were conducted in Åknes to assess the fracture ured bedrock topography overlaid by loose materials network of the area upslope of the back-scarp, and to made up of anthropogenic filling, sand and marine investigate groundwater chemistry and discharge rates clays. Infiltration tests indicate a low infiltration capa- along the whole mountain slope. city which is corroborated by the predominance of fine- Preliminary results indicate that the area upslope of the grained materials (fine sand to clay), and the occurrence back-scarp is moving. There, fracture networks follow of groundwater seepage horizons. In terms of water the trend observed in the collapsing slope, as suggested quality, wide ranges of total dissolved solids, E. coli and by vertical drill holes, with interconnected exfoliaton, coliform bacteria are observed in surface and ground- slope-parallel fractures in schistose gneiss and steep water, spanning from relatively pristine water to clearly fracture sets in quartz-feldspar gneiss. Steep fractures contaminated water. The impact of clay-rich soils on the allow infiltration of surface water, recharging groundwater cycle of the city is two-folded; on one hand sur- water downwards to the unstable slope. There, the face water infiltration is hindered, while on the other groundwater chemistry and discharge rates indicate hand, contaminants can be retained, contributing to the higher residence times in the lower part of the slope, natural depuration of groundwater which, in turn, is with ephemeral discharge at the higher and lower spring likely to feed watercourses in downstream areas of the horizons, and perennial discharge at the middle spring city. horizon, which is located at the bottom of the fastest moving rock mass. Processing results of the entire dataset will be implemented in a rock-slope hydrogeo- Multi-stage rifting, fault reactivation logical model that will be further quality assured by styles and growth basin architect- subsequent drilling of drainage holes. Grøneng et al. (2011). Meteorological effects on ure; evolution of the Terningen Fault seasonal displacements of the Åknes rockslide, Complex and Fingerdjupet Sub- western Norway. Landslides, 8:1-15 basin, southwestern Barents Sea

Serck, C.S.1, Braathen, A.1, Faleide, J.I.1, Midtkandal, Hydrogeological tools in urban I.1 & Kjølhamar, B.2 runoff management – case study 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Sem from Torshovdalen, Oslo Sælands vei 1, 0371 Oslo, [email protected] 2 TGS, Lensmannslia 4, 1386 Asker Sena, C.1, Sundal, A.1, Uglum, M.1, Kristiansen, I.1 & 2 Kvitsjøen, J. Complexity in fault shape, fault displacement pattern and deformation of host rocks is inherent in any multi- 90 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

stage rift basin. Different styles of fault growth and reactivation during successive rift phases yield non- Two sediment cores, one from the northern part of the planar fault geometries that lead to folding of host rocks Denmark Strait and the other from the Faroe-Shetland upon further fault displacement. Fault-related folding Rise, are used to investigate the regional expression of modifies accommodation development in rift basins intermediate water variations in the Nordic Seas across with implications for the position and architecture of Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events and their relationship syn-rift sedimentary packages. to sea ice growth and decay. We present benthic Mg/Ca The Terningen Fault Complex represents the boundary temperature reconstructions together with stable isotope between the Fingerdjupet Subbasin and the Ringsel 18O from cores retrieved from 770 and 1500m water Ridge. The evolution of the Terningen Fault Complex depth, identifying a recurring warming that takes place from the Carboniferous to Early Cretaceous has implic- in unison across the Nordic Seas at intermediate depth ations beyond the Fingerdjupet Subbasin, not only for during Greenland Stadials. The warm temperatures (3 the early evolution of the deep Bjørnøya Basin to the  1C) are typical of slightly cooled Atlantic Water. To west but also late evolution of the eroded Bjarmeland examine the physical capability of the Nordic Seas to Platform to the east. Different growth basin types are retain warm temperatures at depth we implement an tied to the following key stages in the development of eddy-resolving configuration of the Massachusetts Insti- the Terningen Fault Complex: (1) Inferred Caledonian tute of Technology General Circulation Model with contractional tectonics followed by extensional collapse idealized topography to test the effects sea ice has on generating gently dipping detachment faults, (2) Car- ocean temperature distribution both horizontally and boniferous rifting with steep faults soling out in the vertically. With the presence of sea ice, warm wat- aforementioned detachment faults, thus generating the ers from the east are retained in the western Nordic listric geometry that establish the Fingerdjupet Subbasin Seas. An external freshwater input is needed for the as a semi-regional rollover basin, (3) Late Permian warm temperatures to extend to depth (~1200 m). A faulting in the overburden with subsequent dip linkage balance between eddy heat fluxes and diffusion is re- with Carboniferous faults (4) earliest Cretaceous fault- sponsible for the warm temperatures at depth. ing decoupled from Late Permian faults, resulting in deposition of fault-tip monocline growth packages and “ordinary” growth wedges related to surface faulting in planar faults (5) Aptian faulting with upward propagat- Quantitative mapping of ravinement ion of earliest Cretaceous faults. Dip linkage with Late valleys in central Trøndelag using Permian faults gave a ramp-flat-ramp fault geometry, 4D geomodeling fault-bend folding of Lower Cretaceous strata and deposition in a fault-bend fold synclinal basin. Finally, (6) Siggerud, E.I.H.1 & Kjellesvik, L.E.R.2 fault shape adjustments with deactivation of ramp-flat- ramp structure lead to deposition of “ordinary” growth 1 Digital Geologi AS, [email protected] wedges and fault-tip monocline growth packages. 2 Digital Geologi AS, [email protected] Accordingly, repeated fault reactivation events controlled the formation, shape and infill of stacked growth Changes in the landscape across Norway have for the basins. past decade become more of a focal-point in trying to understanding the impact of human activity over time, and how it has affected the landscape. Studying this has Intermediate water in the Denmark however been challenging since a true quantitative re- Strait during Dansgaard-Oeschger presentation of the different landscape types, and how they change over time, has been lacking. It has there- Events fore been difficult to the impact of human activity, especially the effect of alternations spanning the last four 1 2 3 Sessford, E.G. , Jensen, M.F. , Tisserand, A.A. , decades. 4 5 1,4 Muschitiello, F. , Dokken, T. , Nisancioglu, K.H. & Current mapping tools, such as GIS and CAD systems 6 Jansen, E. can read, to some degree passively visualise maps in

3D, but neither of these systems have the capacity to 1 The University of Bergen, The Bjerknes Centre for integrate detailed understanding of the geology with Climate Research [email protected] surface related variations in a proactive manner depict- 2 The University of Bergen, The Bjerknes Centre for ing changes over time as a function of the physical Climate Research [email protected] process effecting the landscape. 3 NORCE, The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, This presentation aims to elucidate how a practical app- [email protected] lication of the understanding of geological processes 4 The University of Cambridge, Department of and use of geomodelling software enables knowledge- Geography, [email protected] driven rather than data-driven modelling. This, together 5 NORCE, The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, with systematic analysis of detailed surface maps using [email protected] azimuth and dip allows for the mapping of existing ravi- 6 The University of Bergen, The Bjerknes Centre for nement valleys generated within the marine clays that Climate Research [email protected] were deposited following the transgression at the time NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 91 of the glacial retreat at the end of the Late Weichselian ally and logically depict quick clay development in time ice age within the Trondheim fjord region. and space. Practical tests using physical data have con- The study will elucidate mapping of the effect of human firmed the ability applying the theory presented in this interaction by comparing a succession of valleys surro- presentation to logically & quantitatively predict quick unding the Trondheim fjord and the effect on the natural clay distribution in time and space. Consequently, habitat as a consequence of human interaction that is highly detailed & dramatically improved quick clay percentage of remaining ravinement valleys. More so, mapping can be undertaken utilising the theory present- using statistical information regarding the population of ed her for any area. biota within the ravinement valleys a quantitative model can be build depicting the impaction on the original biota following the human interaction over time. To leach or not? A method study on

sample treatment for radiocarbon Understanding quick clay generation dating applied during Marine Isotope and distribution a proactive app- Stage 3 in the Nordic Seas roach to an old unknown Simon, M.H.1,2, Wacker, L.3, Muschitiello, F.1,2,4,5, 6,2,1 3 1,2 1 2 Jansen, E. , Hajdas, I. & Dokken, T.M. Siggerud, E.I.H. & Kjellesvik, L.E.R. 1 Uni Climate, Uni Research, Bergen 5007, Norway 1 Digital Geologi AS, [email protected] 2 Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen 5007, 2 Digital Geologi AS, [email protected] Norway 3 ETH Zürich, Labor für Ionenstrahlphysik (LIP), Otto- Following the rapid de-glaciation of the Scandinavian Stern-Weg 5. 8093 Zürich, peninsula at the end of the Late Weichselian ice-age 4 Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia large areas around the peninsula vas inundated by the University, New York, USA ocean resulting in depositional substantial volumes of 5 Department of Geography, University of Cambridge marine clays. Following the flexural rebound of the Downing Place Cambridge CB2 3EN, United landmass suppressed by the weight of the ice-mass the Kingdom former marine sediments became exposed as the coast- 6 Geological Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen line can be observed to physical have ‘stepped down’ 5007, Norway over a period of the past 9000 years. Over the following years the exposed marine sediments have been subjected Radiocarbon (14C) underpins much of our understanding to meteoric water resulting in dissolution of salt from of marine environmental change over the past 50 ka the marine water in which there were deposited. The (thousand years), not only as a chronometer to deter- result is that the positive charge of cations (such as mine the timing of important climatic events. Due to the Na2+) that bind clay particles with negative surface radiocarbon decay time the oldest dates that can be reli- charge of silicates are washed away, and the salts that ably measured by this process date to around 50 ka. allowed these clay particles to remain in a stable struc- That implies that analysis towards the limit of the dating ture are gone. With shear stress, the lack of counter- method, for example during Marine Isotope Stage 3, balancing charge from salts in the quick clay results in becomes more challenging. We present a radiocarbon clay particle repulsion and realignment of clay particles pre-treatment method study from samples of a marine to a structure that is extremely weak and unstable. Over sediment core MD99-2284 (1500m water depth) located generations this has led to numerous quick clay initiated on the northeastern flank of the Faeroe-Shetland Chan- landslides causing loss of life and dramatic alternations nel (Dokken et al., 2013). A set of 67 radiocarbon dates of the landscape where it occurs. on planktic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachy- While the process of how quick clay occurs is well derma (sinistral) and 29 mixed benthic measurements known, the understanding and thus the predicability of (excluding milliods) have been performed in this time where it occurs are found to be lacking. Historically, interval throughout Greenland interstadial (GI) 9 till 5 most attempts to map quick clay is based on a combinat- (40.4-32 ka BP). ions of individual vertical investigations, terrain topo- On a subset of 10 samples and two (radiocarbon-dead) graphy and a predefined areal extension. This presentat- background samples four different ways of treatment ion focuses on the use of modern sedimentology in de- were performed in order to evaluate the leach efficiency lineating not only sediment distribution in time and on the sample material: a) no leach applied, b) weak space and accordingly sediment properties distribution HCL (0.02M) leach removing 150 µg of foraminiferal (porosity & permeability), which has been calibrated material, c) strong HCL (0.06M) leach removing 450 µg agains physical samples to obtain a relationship between of foraminiferal material and d) crushed and applying a simple 1D vertical investigations and physical measures clay removal using weak HCL (0.02M) removing 150 regarding quick clay development. Furthermore, this µg of foraminiferal material. The leach fractions (where study elucidates the systematic integration of mathe- available) were also measured. The results show that matical data analysis with quantitative terrain morpho- leached samples are up to 2300 years older than their logy analysis enabling a 4D geomodel that systematic- non-leached counterparts. Background samples show 92 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

higher deviations of up to 4200 years age difference ains is attributed to high escarpment retreat rates (>1 between aliquots. In general, over the entire record we km/Myr) since the Jurassic Gondwana rifting, while find that the majority of samples not treated with a weak variations along the NE-SE trending DML Mountains in HCL leach is appearing “younger” (beyond analytical wDML are attributed to either present-day ice streams error and INTCAL 09/13 uncertainty) than the assumed or a combination of these processes. Limited erosion on contemporary atmosphere hinting at a modern radio- mountain tops and major erosion in the escarpment foot- carbon contamination on the foraminiferal shell materi- hills has resulted in a more pronounced relief through- al. This biases ages to appear younger than they origin- out the 34 Ma glaciation. ally were. Our study highlights that radiocarbon dating on marine sediment core material from the Nordic Seas during MIS 3 should undergo weak acid leach pre-treat- Hydrologisk sammenligning av tre ment in order to represent reliable results. store karstakviferer i Nord-Norge

Skoglund, R.Ø1 & Lauritzen, S.-E. 2 Glacial erosion estimates for the Dronning Maud Land Mountains, 1 Institutt for geografi, Universitetet i Bergen, East Antarctica, since Eocene-Olig- [email protected] 2 Institutt for geovitenskap, Universitetet i Bergen, ocene times, using low-temperature [email protected] thermochronological modelling Karstområdene i Nord-Norge er stort sett karakterisert Sirevaag, H.1, Jacobs, J.2 & Ksienzyk, A.K.3 som stripekarst, der lange, smale marmorbånd ligger mellom impermeable og uoppløselige lag av (glimmer) 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, skifer i de kaledonske skyvedekkene. Dette er noe av år- PB 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway, Hallgeir saken til at det er få store dreneringsfelt i Norge som [email protected] domineres av marmor. Vi har undersøkt tre karstakvifer- 2 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, er i Rana og sett på hvordan den hydrologiske responsen PB 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway, i systemene gjenspeiler karstutviklingen og grotte- [email protected] dannelsen i de ulike akviferene. Over en to-årsperiode 3 Geological Survey of Norway, PB 6315 Torgarden, har vi overvåket vanntemperatur, elektrisk konduktivitet 7491 Trondheim, Norway, [email protected] og vannstand i kildene som drenerer to nedbørsfelt som domineres av marmor. Resultatene vil bli sammenlignet The Dronning Maud Land (DML) Mountains represent med Grønli-Seterakviferen som mates gjennom bekke- one of the nucleation sites for the East Antarctic ice nedløp og hvor det er store freatiske passasjer. Videre sheet. Being coast-parallel, these mountains attracted vil vi diskutere forekomsten av ulike karstakviferer i significant precipitation prior to the 34 Ma glaciation of Norge og forekomsten av hengende akviferer i kontrast East Antarctica. Models of the ice sheet initiation com- til store, dype freatiske systemer. monly use the present-day topography, with applied isostatic relaxation of an ice-free surface, as an input parameter, although the 34 Ma glaciation has altered the Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphic landscape considerably. By estimating paleotempera- tures prior to glacial initiation from 55 previously pub- rocks in Rogaland, SW Norway lished thermal models from western and central DML, exposed based on low-temperature thermochronological data (apatite fission track, apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He), we Slagstad, T. 1, Roberts, N.M.W.2, Ganerød, M. 1 & have calculated overburden thicknesses and average Henderson, I.H.C. 1 glacial erosion rates since glacial initiation. Pre-glacial overburdens of c. 0.2-1.6 km and up to c. 2.5 km are 1 Geological Survey of Norway, P.O. Box 6315 calculated in western and central DML, respectively, Sluppen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway corresponding to average glacial erosion rates of c. 5-45 ([email protected]). and c. 75 m/Myr. However, as the ice sheet changed 2 NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British from being wet-based and erosive, to cold-based and Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK. preservative at c. 15 Ma, most of the erosion took place during c. 20 Myr, resulting in erosion rates of c. 10-75 The ultrahigh-temperature (UHT, 900-1000°C, 5–7 and c. 125 m/Myr. Most areas show moderate-good kbar), long-lived (1060–920 Ma) metamorphic conditi- correlation between erosion rate and elevation. The ons recorded by rocks in the vicinity of the Rogaland highest erosion rates are therefore generally found in the Igneous Complex (RIC) in SW Norway are well estab- foothills of the coast-parallel DML escarpment, and also lished and a key area in the world for studying UHT in the vicinity of the present-day fast-flowing Endurance rocks. Until recently, the general interpretation was that and Jutulstraumen glaciers in western DML. The erosi- UHT metamorphism resulted from contact metamorphic on pattern in the E-W trending part of the DML Mount- heating superimposed on regional, upper amphibolite NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 93 metamorphic rocks. However, the recognition of a sharp surfaces have been taken in order to create 3D models gradient in metamorphic grade, from UHT to nearly non using photogrammetry to further quantitatively describe -metamorphic rocks over ca. 10–15 km, as well as the the surface topography and provide a joint roughness timing relationships do not fit easily into such a model. coefficient (JRC). The mechanical data, such as the Here, we argue that UHT metamorphism was regional variance in normal pressure, shear strength and dilation, in geographic extent, driven by near-continuous basaltic provided by the direct shear tests were compared with magmatism of which the anorthosite was a product. We the results. The preliminary results show that the initial interpret the geographically limited exposure near the fracture surfaces are greatly affected by the mode of RIC as related to doming during late-orogenic, crustal- fracturing and the anisotropy of the shale. The two ini- scale extension along flat-lying, ductile detachment tial fractures are mode I and II and can be differentiated zones, juxtaposing low-grade, upper crustal and UHT- by distinct surface textures as plumose patterns and ani- grade, lower/middle crustal rocks and anorthosite. This sotropy. Additionally, the effects of normal stress and interpretation is supported by preliminary structural fracture orientation are evident after comparing the observations and kinematics, Ar–Ar geochronology and topography of the two post-sheared surfaces. Results U–Pb ages on decompression of the UHT rocks and late show the extent and nature of a fractured zone and -orogenic granitic dykes intruding the low-grade hangi- therefore provides valuable information for evaluation ng wall. Late-orogenic crustal extension may have for- of fractured caprocks. med a series of similar domes along the length of the Skurtveit, E., Grande L., Ogebule O.Y., Gabrielsen orogen, one of which may have been truncated during R.H., Faleide J.I., Mondol N.H., Maurer R., Horsrud Late Palaeozoic Caledonian thrusting that formed the P., 2015. Mechanical testing and sealing capacity of Jotun Nappe, consisting of rocs with a similar magmatic the Upper Jurassic Draupne Formation, North Sea. and thermal history as those in Rogaland. This model ARMA 15-331, 49th US Rock Mechanics/ explains the geometry and timing relationships between Geomechanics Symposium, San Francisco, CA, the RIC and its host gneisses, as well as the distribution USA, 28 June-1 July, 2015. of previously inferred metamorphic isograds in the region without invoking RIC-related contact metamorphism. 'PHUSICOS' – a new H2020

Innovation action on Nature Based Engineering parameters of Draupne Solutions (NBS) for reducing risk Shale – Fracture characterization from hydro-meteorological hazards and integration with mechanical Solheim, A.1, , Oen, A.2, & Kalsnes, B.2 data 1 NGI – Norwegian Geotechnical Institute / Dept. of Smith, H.1, Bohloli, B.2, Skurtveit, E.3 & Mondol, N.H.4 geoscience, University of Oslo. [email protected] 1 University of Oslo, [email protected] 2 NGI – Norwegian Geotechnical Institute. 2 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] 3 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute & University of Nature Based Solutions (NBSs) are becoming increas- Oslo, [email protected] ingly important in the EU as reflected in their inclusion 4 University of Oslo & Norwegian Geotechnical in several recent calls for proposals, both for urban and Institute, [email protected] rural areas. NBSs are measures that are based on or in- spired by nature. In addition to reducing risk, NBS can Fracture characteristics are diagnostic features describ- have many co-benefits compared to traditional 'grey' ing the mechanical integrity of a given rock type. In this measures; (i) they may improve or restore the ecological study, the fracture surfaces of naturally fractured cores state of a river source and its floodplains thus providing taken from the Draupne Shale are examined. The need ecosystem services, (ii) they can provide new recreati- for this type of data was recognized by Skurtveit et al. onal services, increasing attractiveness of natural spaces (2015), who concluded that the Draupne shale had a suf- and promoting the accessibility to areas thus improving ficient capillary sealing, but the overall effect of natural the quality of life, and (iii) small scale NBSs have been shear fractures within the formation needed further in- shown to be cost-effective and demonstrating large- vestigation. The samples used in this study are obtained scale proof-of-concept for their replication will thus from a depth of 2574.5-2583.5m from an exploration contribute to the economic resilience of communities. well (16/8-3S) in the Central North Sea. PHUSICOS, which started in May 2018, is a H2020 This study addresses the fracture-surfaces, and the surr- Innovation Action with 15 partner organizations and a ounding area affected by the fracturing. The fracture budget of 10 mill. Euro. It is coordinated by NGI with surface and related micro-structures have been examin- Oppland County Administration as the other Norwegian ed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray partner. The idea behind PHUSICOS is to demonstrate Diffraction (XRD) analysis and with a petrographic their potential for up-scaling by implementing measures microscope. Additionally, photographs of the fracture at three large-scale demonstrator sites located in Gud- 94 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

brandsdalen, Norway; The Pyrenees, France-Spain-An- extremely low (<10 and <0.2, respectively). These sys- dorra; and the Serchio River Basin, Italy. In addition, tems must involve fluids carrying primitive (mantle- the project has two smaller concept case sites, at the Isar derived) Os that enter sedimentary basins and interact River Basin, Germany and the Kaunertal Valley, with kerogen and/or its expelled products. That is not to Austria. say oil is abiogenic, but that oil generation processes go Various measures are to be implemented at the beyond sediment burial, heating, and local basin fluids. PHUSICOS sites include establishing different types of Coupled case studies and experimental work show the vegetation on slopes and along rivers and channels, est- effect of water-oil interaction on different oils [2]. Ages ablishing natural space for rivers to flood and to change for oils are preserved whereas the Os tracer identifies course, various measures to reduce rock-fall and land- fluids involved in hydrocarbon migration history. slides, maximizing the use of natural terrain including [1] Georgiev et al. 2016, GCA 179: 53-75. for example bogs as retention basins to delay flooding, [2] Hurtig et al. accepted, GCA. as well as improved land use planning and management. Developmental work funded by the CHRONOS project Stakeholder involvement through a 'Living Labs' appro- (Aker BP, Eni Norge, Lundin). ach is a key element in PHUSICOS. End users and various stakeholder groups should be involved in the whole process from planning through implementation of mea- Deglacial ice sheet dynamics of the sures and the assessment and evaluation of their perfor- mance. The aim is to combine local knowledge with marine based Fennoscandian ice technical and scientific knowledge to achieve benefits sheet on the Vesterålen margin that include increased credibility of information, and increased acceptance and legitimacy of selected measures. Steinsland, K.1, Brendryen, J.1,2,3, Haflidason, H.1,3, Hannisdal, B.1,2,3 & Haaga, K.A.1,2,3.

Fluids implicated in hydrocarbon 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Norway, [email protected] migration: Identifying the culprits 2 K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research, University

1,2 1,2 of Bergen, Norway Stein, H.J. & Hannah, J.L. 3 Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of 1 Bergen, Norway AIRIE Program, Colorado State University, [email protected] We present results from a detailed sedimentological 2 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), study of an along-slope transect of 6 marine sediment University of Oslo, [email protected] cores retrieved from the upper continental slope off Vesterålen, Northern Norway. The cores are retrieved 8 Hydrocarbons travel with aqueous fluids as they are km northwest of the grounding line of the former marine expelled from source rocks, migrate, and accumulate in based ice sheet created during the last deglaciation, and reservoirs. Traditional models suggest that aqueous close to the terminus of the Andfjorden ice stream. We fluids are derived from source rocks and/or connate utilize sedimentological interpretations aided by high- waters along the migration pathway. Isotopic tracers resolution 3D computer tomographic (CT) imaging, offer a test for such models. Using the Os (osmium) grain size analysis and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core isotope tracer, we show that deep faults transecting the scanning to infer deglacial ice sheet dynamics and ice crust in rift environments provide pathways for primi- stream activity on the Vesterålen continental shelf. tive fluids, puting a new twist on long-standing models The core records are influenced by several sedimentary for hydrocarbon systems. processes such as transport and erosion from bottom Rhenium (Re) and Os comprise a parent-daughter iso- currents, debris flows, ice berg rafting and suspension topic pair, offering both geochronology and a powerful settling from sediment laden meltwater plumes, possibly crust versus mantle isotopic tracer. The AIRIE Program related to ice streaming in the Andfjorden Trough. Em- developed methods for Re-Os dating of single oil samp- phasis will be put on deciphering these processes by us- les using asphaltene-crude-maltene triplets, simultan- ing the geographic position of the cores of the transect eously revealing the Os isotopic composition of the oil relative to potential sediment sources combined with a at the time it formed [1]. Because Re/Os ratios in the precise comparison of sedimentological parameters such mantle are low, over time mantle 187Os/188Os remains 187 188 as sediment structures, grain size distribution and sedi- low (~0.13 today), while crustal Os/ Os ranges from ment flux along the core transect. ~1 (e.g. modern seawater) to extreme values in Re-rich Our results are a contribution to the ongoing work to materials. Source rocks typically have 187Re/188Os ratios 187 188 unravel the dynamics of the ice sheets during deglaci- in the 100s to 1000s, generating Os/ Os ratios of 0.5 ation. Understanding how the marine based part of the to >5 over time. Many oils derived from these source Fennoscandian ice sheet responded to climate change in rocks have broadly similar ratios, suggesting minimal the past is important for the understanding of how elemental or isotopic fractionation during maturation current ice sheets and ice streams of Antarctica and and migration. Greenland will respond to future climate change. In some oil fields on the rifted Norwegian Continental Shelf, measured 187Re/188Os and 187Os/188Os are both NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 95 The Norwegian Petroleum Director- objective of obtaining a solid ground of knowledge for ATES systems. In October 2018 the sequel, ORMEL 2, ate’s seabed mapping of Fe-Mn was established, including the R&D topic iron and crusts and massive sulphide dep- manganese encrustations in ATES systems. Iron and manganese dissolution and precipitation in and osits from the water phase depends on, among others, pH and redox potential; higher pH and redox potential leads to Stenløkk, J., Bering, D., Sandstå, N.R., Brekke, H. & precipitation. When the water enters the ATES system, Bjørnestad, A. factors controlling pH and redox potential change: 1) Contact with the atmosphere leads to oxygenation The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate 2) Hydrostatic pressure drop may, if CO is present, 2 lead to CO2 degassing, resulting in increased pH The seafloor on the Norwegian marine territories may 3) Temperature changes cause an altered gas solubility, be of interest for future exploration and extraction of thus leading to a pH change if CO2 is present minerals. The first discoveries of «black smokers» in the Because of this, iron and manganese precipitate and Norwegian Sea was done by University of Bergen (UiB) encrust the ATES system, leading to lowered water more than fifteen years ago, and later sulphide discover- extraction and heat transfer capacity. ies have been indicated and proven along the volcanic Thus, more knowledge of the geochemical processes Mohn’s Ridge, situated between Jan Mayen and Bear and the water chemistry in the study area is desirable. island. During several years of research cooperation bet- As part of this, a flow-through cell is under construction, ween The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) and allowing measurements and sampling without atmos- UiB, such deposits have been located and sampled, both pheric interference. Further on, the hydrostatic water from sulphide and from manganese crusts. pressure evolution throughout the ATES system will be The governmental responsibility for resource manage- studied, relating it to its effect on CO2 degassing. From ment of the seafloor minerals was given to the Ministry these studies, suggestions on ATES design, maintenance of Oil and Energy in 2018. The NPD, as a governmental and operation preventing iron and manganese encrust- institution for offshore petroleum resources, was given ations will be given. the tasks of mapping and resource estimates, together Bacteria and “mixing” of different water qualities may with data collection and storage of all physical samples. also lead to or catalyze iron and manganese The NPD has contributed to surveys and data collection encrustations in the ATES systems. Studies on and over several years, e.g. the 2013 successful survey with measures against these problems may be of relevance several ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) and collect- later in the ORMEL 2 project. ion of crust material from depths down to 3600 metres. In cooperation with UiB, a hydraulic underwater chain- saw was used for cutting out samples from the seafloor. During August 2018, NPD performed a survey for The architecture and evolution of mapping and sampling sulphide deposits on location on axial volcanic ridges at ultraslow the central part of the Mohn’s Ridge. Bathymetric, video- and geophysical data were also gathered, and a spreading-rates previously undiscovered sulphide field was found at a depth of some 3000 metres. This consisted of both Stubseid, H.H., Bjerga, A. & Pedersen, R.B. active chimney as well as inactive areas. Examples from the geophysical-, sensor- and geochemical analysis will Department of Earth Science and K.G. Jebsen Center be presented. for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway

Mid-ocean ridges represent one of the most dynamic ORMEL 2 – Iron and manganese in areas on the planet, where the interplay between mag- ATES systems matic and tectonic activity is responsible for the production of oceanic crust. The ridges are divided into differ- Stenvik, L.A.1*, Gjengedal, S.1, Frengstad, B.S.1 & ent classes based on spreading-rates and magma budget, Ramstad, R.K.1,2 each with a distinct morphology. Fast-spreading ridges are characterized by continuous production of volcanic 1 2 1 Department of geoscience and petroleum, NTNU, crust with eruptions approximately every 10 -10 year. 2 Asplan Viak The high magma budget in these settings results in large * [email protected] volcanic eruptions and frequent renewal of the seafloor. Their slow- and ultraslow-spreading counterparts have a Groundwater in unconsolidated sediments is a local, magma budget approximately 5-15 times lower and renewable, cost-saving, yet not much utilized, energy therefore exhibit less volcanic activity resulting in a resource, referred to as aquifer thermal energy storage more stable seafloor. The stability of the seafloor is a (ATES). In this regard, the project ORMEL (Optimal first-order control on the lifetime of hydrothermal sys- utilization of groundwater for heating and cooling in tems, where an old and stable crust can facilitate long- Melhus and Elverum) was initiated in 2015, with the lived venting. Even though the slow- and ultraslow- 96 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

spreading ridges make up nearly 1/3 of the global ridge French, HK and Binley, A (2004) Snowmelt Infiltration: system, the size and frequency of volcanic eruptions is Monitoring Temporal and Spatial Variability using largely unknown. Here we present high-resolution Time-Lapse Electrical resistivity. J. of Hyd., 297, 1- bathymetric maps from two different axial volcanic 4, 174-186 ridges (AVRs) in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea to McKenzie JM, Voss CI, Siegel DI (2007) Groundwater demonstrate the architecture of the ridges and to under- flow with energy transport and water-ice phase stand the magmatic crustal accretion that takes place change: simulations, benchmarks, and application to along these ridges. Volcanic rocks collected during freezing in peat bogs. Adv. Water Resources, 30:4 detailed in-situ ROV sampling allow us to link seafloor 966-983 doi:10.1016 morphology with geochemistry in order to reveal the compositional evolution over time. Geochronological results will be presented from both basalts and sedi- Late glacial ice-sheet history at ments to investigate the temporal development of the different AVRs and to estimate the volcanic rejuvenat- Værlandet island, northwest of ion of the seafloor. This study yields insight into vol- Sognefjorden canic processes important for understanding the lifetime of hydrothermal venting at ultralow spreading-rates. Støfring, E.A., Linge, H. & Svendsen, J.I.

Department of Earth Science and Bjerknes Centre for Modelling snowmelt infiltration and Climate Research, University of Bergen, Norway, basal ice formation in a seasonally- [email protected], [email protected], * [email protected] frozen soil In this study we investigate Late glacial ice-sheet hist- Stuurop, J.C.1 & French, H.K.2 ory at Værlandet, northwest of Sognefjorden, by Terre- strial Cosmogenic Nuclide (TCN) dating of erratic boul- 1 Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), ders. [email protected] Previous sediment coring on Værlandet indicate that the 2 Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), southern end of the island was ice-covered during the [email protected] Younger Dryas (YD) whilst the northern end remained ice-free. If true, this implies that the YD ice-sheet ad- Infiltration during snowmelt can be highly heterogene- vance reached much further west than previously sugg- ous due to the formation of ice on the ground surface ested based on mapping of ice-contact deposits. below the snow cover. In situations where snow is con- The aim of our study is to determine the age of deglaci- taminated, such as along highways and airports due to ation and to test whether the YD ice-sheet advance did de-icing agents, the area that takes part in the early infil- reach Værlandet. Here we present the outcome of field- tration will determine the retention time and potential work conducted in 2018 as well as the current status of for degradation in the unsaturated zone. In this modell- the lab work. ing study, we want to test the numerical model SUTRA- ICE for water and heat transport including phase changes (modified version of SUTRA, described in McKen- Hydrogeology for students and soci- zie et al., 2007) in seasonally frozen soils. We plan to simulate shallow vertical unsaturated soil profiles with ety: outreach integration in edu- different physical properties (silt to coarse sand), with a cation slightly sloping soil surface combined with different initial and boundary conditions to examine the infiltration Sundal, A.1, French, H.2 & Aagaard, P.1 properties, runoff generation and the formation of basal ice. Field observations of conditions prior to freezing, 1 University of Oslo (UiO), [email protected], during winter and snowmelt will be used to define [email protected] realistic boundary conditions of the simulated unsaturat- 2 University of Life Sciences (NMBU), ed profiles. Soil physical data will be based on soil mea- [email protected] surements from different field soils. Different infiltration scenarios will be tested, as well as different levels of Hydrogeology is a fundamental science in ensuring sus- initial soil moisture content. Field observations will be tainable exploration and exploitation of natural resourc- used to validate the model. The model will hopefully be es, i.e. minerals, metals, water, oil and gas. Students in successful in advancing our conceptual understanding of Environmental Geoscience (UiO), Environmental Sci- how infiltration of low temperature meltwater and re- ences and Natural Resource Management (NMBU) will freezing occurs in real field situations (French and become important assets to our future society in evaluat- Binley, 2004). ing risk and mitigating contamination. They must be * This project is being performed in cooperation with able to communicate risk and science to the public, to Clifford I. Voss from the US Geological Survey. stakeholders and decision makers. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 97

As in most geoscience subjects, hands-on field experi- The distribution of columnar jointed basalt, bombs and ence is an essential part of training and education to be- volcanic vents indicate multiple eruption sites for the come a hydrogeologist. In the annual course “Field Hoy Volcanic Member, suggestive of a monogenetic methods in hydrogeology” the aim is to address relevant volcanic field related to the developing rift. We propose and real environmental challenges, and for the students that similar settings may be expected associated with to produce data and interpretations that can be incorpor- half-grabens in the offshore West Orkney Basin. ated in further research and/or publicly available The high precision age of the Hoy volcanics also yields reports. The course is a collaboration between institut- new constraints on the Devonian chronostratigraphy. In ions, currently UiO and NMBU are organizers. Joint contrast to previous interpretations, field evidence appe- efforts in teaching have synergies such as common ars to support (local) stratigraphic continuity between research ideas, shared supervision of students and colla- the Hoy Volcanic Member and the underlying Lower boration/communication with institutions. During the Eday Sandstone. This allows the age of the Hoy Volcan- last few decades course participants have investigated ic Member to be tied into published cyclostratigraphic and mapped numerous sites, e.g. acid mine drainage in data. No consensus has been reached as to which Milan- Folldal, drinking water quality and supply to Elverum. kovitch cycle dominates the cyclicity, but the new age We are always working to improve the outreach part of supports that it reflects eccentricity variation, yielding the course, recognizing that this is an important skill and an estimated base Givetian age close to 381 Ma. This part of our responsibility towards society. Successful suggests a need for a chronostratigraphic adjustment of outreach includes significant contributions to public rep- the Givetian stage of several million years. orts and data bases, as well as several MSc’s building on course data sets. This year students were also challenged to summarize their main conclusions in a way that Glacier variations and environment- should be presented to the public. Findings are often relevant for the local community and should be made al changes in the Polar Urals Moun- publicly available. However, this must be done in a way tains through the last 70,000 years that avoids conflicting or misleading information flow, e.g. via teachers in a joint article or press statement. Svendsen, J.I1, Haflidason, H.1, Henriksen, M.2, Hovland, M.1, Mangerud, J.1, Nazarov, D.3, Lohne, Ø.S.4, Regnell, C.1, Gyllencreutz, R.5 Færseth, L.M.B.2 High precision dating of the & Schäfer, J.6,

Devonian Hoy volcanics, Orkney, 1 Department of Earth Science and Bjerknes Centre for northern North Sea, and its impli- Climate Research, University of Bergen. cations [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 1 2 2 [email protected] Svebo, J.R. , Lundmark, A.M. & Augland, L.E. 2 Norwegian University of Life Science. 1 [email protected]; [email protected] MSc graduate, University of Oslo, Norway; 3 [email protected] A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute 2 University of Oslo, Norway; (FGUP-“VSEGEI”), St.Petersburg, Russia. [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] 4 Sweco Norway, Bergen. [email protected] 5 The Orkney Islands provide unique exposures of Stockholm University, Sweden. [email protected] Devonian sedimentary and volcanic rocks related to the 6 two-stage Devonian and Permo-Triassic West Orkney Columbia University, USA. Basin, a frontier hydrocarbon region in the northern [email protected] North Sea. The onshore successions represent an opportunity to better understand the poorly known regional We here present the glacial history and palaeoenviron- basin system. The Hoy Volcanic Member, cropping out ment in the Polar Ural Mountains of Arctic Russia on the Orkney Islands, represents an important temporal during the last Ice Age and the Holocene period up to and structural marker sequence. the present. Our reconstruction of the development is A new high precision CA-ID-TIMS zircon age dates a based on results obtained from lake coring in combinat- trachy-andesitic bed within the up to 100m thick Hoy ion with glacial geological and geo-archaeological Volcanic Member to 378.03±0.21 Ma. Syn-volcanic investigations. The last time the mountain chain was extensional structures indicate that the volcanic sequen- covered by large ice caps appears to have happened ce was deposited in an active rift undergoing E-W ex- during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 at around 70- tension. Preservation of alternating cycles of tuffs and 60,000 years ago, after which the central mountain braided river sediments suggest that sediment supply valleys have remained ice free. A new generation of and accommodation space creation kept pace. Geo- glaciers formed during a late stage of MIS 3 and during chemical analyses support a genetic relation between MIS 2, but they were then smaller than during the fore- elongated north-striking volcanic vents / feeder dikes going glaciation. There is evidence to suggest that these and the extrusive basalts of the Hoy Volcanic Member. glaciers reached their maximum dimension just prior to 98 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

25,000 yrs BP. Exposure dating (10Be) indicate that at erved in all samples of moonmilk and in some samples least some of the mountain glacier that existed during of jarosite collected in Grønligrotta, Mo I Rana. DNA the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) at around 20,000 yrs sequencing have been performed on isolates from Tukt- ago were only a little larger than in1953, and most of huset, Mo i Rana, and shows a dominance of Actinobac- them had melted away as early as 14-15,000 yrs ago. teria. Species of Actinobacteria have been described to The present small glaciers appear to have formed during influence calcite mineralization in previous studies. the late Holocene and had their maximum extent early in the 20.th century. Presently almost all glaciers in the Polar Urals have melted away in response to the on- Sediment particle roundness in going global warming. Svendsen, J.I., Færseth, L.M., Gyllencreutz, R., subsea tailings from Cu-mining in Haflidason, H., Henriksen, M., Hovland, M. N., Arctic Norway Lohne, Ø.S., Mangerud, J., Nazarov, D., Regnéll, C. & Schaefer, J.M.: Glacial and environmental Sæther, O.M., Gautneb, H., Finne, T.E., Eggen, O.A. & changes over the last 60,000 years in the Polar Ural Broekmans, M.A.T.M. Mountains, Arctic Russia. Boreas, https:// doi.org/10.111/bor.12356 Geological Survey of Norway, Postbox 6315 Torgarden, 7491 Trondheim, NORWAY

Biomineralization in Cold caves In this study we have focused on estimating the roundness of clastic sedimentary particles in three grain-size Sæbø, V.1,*, Lauritzen, S.-E.1,* & Øvreås, L.2 fractions, i.e. 180-62 µm, 62-25 µm, and 25-10 µm of subsea tailings from different periods of Cu-mining in 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, the Repparfjord area in Arctic Norway. Norway The BSE micrographs of polished grain-mounts were 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of processed in three successive steps by Zen Blue® pro- Bergen, Norway prietary software: a) segmentation before the dispersed * Corresponding Author. particles are selected, followed by b) removal of noise, and c) automatically measuring morphological grain This project aims to examine the extent of microbiologi- parameters with special emphasis on particle roundness. cal control in the formation of secondary minerals in The sediment particles are classified as Subrounded “cold” cave environments. Such processes are well according to the roundness grades of Powers (1953). documented in temperate and tropical cave environ- Since there is no statistical difference in roundness of ments, but less studied in caves of the sub-arctic and the particles relative to grain size, the particle surface arctic zone where freezing or near-freezing temperatures area is inversely proportional with grain size. Grain size prevail during the year. In our case, where we have will be the main factor in determining the particle inter- studied the formation of sulphate (gypsum, jarosite) and action with sea water or marine habitat and life. If the carbonate (moonmilk) minerals, our hypothesis is that next mining operation produces tailings with the same the main process is bio-induced mineralization. For car- particle size and roundness distribution it is reasonable bonate moonmilk, crystal habitus and fabric is mediated to conclude that the environmental impact will be the through microbial activity, whilst redox reactions of sul- same, if other things are equal. phur species provide H+ and sulphate to the cave environment. The resulting release of acid can then cause karstification, and thus provide a pathway for early Strain localization induced by late speleogenesis (inception) that is independent of the magmatic flux and reaction-driven ambient CO2 supply. This is particularly important when considering subglacial speleogenesis during strain softening, effects of primary Pleistocene stadials, when basal glacial water was dep- mineralogy on the rheological res- leted in CO2 and also largely saturated with respect to calcite. ponse during reaction To examine if biomineralization is in fact happening, samples of jarosite, gypsum and carbonate moonmilk, Sørensen, B.E.*, Grant, T., Larsen, R., Ryan, E.J. &

were collected in 2017 and 2018 from several caves in Voll, M.O. the Rana and Fauske area, Northern Norway. The samples have been examined using microbiology techniques Norwegian University of Science and Technology, such as cultivation, DNA sequencing and microscopic Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Sem Sælands analysis, as well as different geochemical methods. veg 1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway Geochemical methods include SEM, XRD, IC and ICP- * [email protected] OES analysis and potentially isotopic analyses of chemical species. Presence of cells has been confirmed in This study involves narrow shear zones in ultramafic both moonmilk and jarosite samples by the use of fluor- rocks from the Seiland Igneous Province (SIP) compris- escent staining. Growth on agar plates have been obs- ing large volumes (>50,000 km3) of mafic, ultramafic, NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 99 silicic and alkaline melts that were emplaced into the standing of this a MatLab based code was developed to lower continental crust (25-30 km) between 570 and illustrate the 3D character of the interference color. We 560 Ma. implemented in the using the toolbox MTEX [2]. This Fluid-rock interaction in rocks bounding shear zones is enables several simulations to be calculated based on variable and depends on bulk composition because the EBSD data of crystal orientations, such as simulation of involved carbonation and hydration reactions depend of optical crossed polarised images, and interference color bulk composition of the rock. This is confirmed by ther- [1], combined with the MTEX functions [2]. The simul- modynamic modelling, which demonstrates that mineral ated crossed polar images can also be used to verify that reactions involving hydration and carbonation are occ- reference frame has been set up correctly for the ESBD urring at higher temperatures in wehrlites than in dunit- data collection because the inference color depends on es. Evidence of this can be observed at the thin-section both the mineral and the orientation and the simulated scale, where dunites above a cm thick shear zones only and observed optical images should match. Another has a thin opx reaction towards the shear zone, whereas application is to simulate the 3D optical properties on wehrlites 1 cm away show extensive reactions through- spherical projections of inference colors. This also out the thin section. The contrast in reactivity also gen- allows demonstrating how the isogyres in the optical erates a contrast in rheology. The wehrlitic rock behaves interference figure moves as a function of mineral softer and deforms by reaction-driven cataclasis, where- rotation on the spherical projection. Examples calcite, as the juxtaposed dunite only reacts along a mm seam of quartz and olivine are presented, but the method can be opx along the shear zone boundary. Internally the dunite extended to other mineral groups where the refractive is deformed by narrow fractures and seams of ultra- indexes and the relation to crystal axes are known. mylonite with possible remnants of pseudotachylite. In Using 3D inversion procedure we might be able to other words the large contrast in rheology and the strain determine optical data with constraints from EBSD data escalation in the wehrlite generated stresses high enough and quantify lattice preferred orientations from optical to create earthquakes in the neighboring dunite. images. The reaction-driven strain softening in the presence of [1] Sørensen BE 2013, European Journal of CO2-rich fluids, observed in our samples, provides a key Mineralogy. Volume 25, Number 1, 5-10. link between mantle CO2 degassing and lower crustal [2] Bachmann F, et al. 2010, Solid State Phenomena, seismicity in mafic-ultramafic rocks in rift zones such as 160, 63-68. the East African Rift and the Eger Rift. The contrasting reaction products in dunite and wehrlite, and thereby the rheological response of the rocks during deformation, Sedimentology and petrology of the indicate that that at local and km-scale variations in lower crustal mineralogy may strongly influence the Luno II discovery – the southern rheology of the lower crust in rift zones. Utsira High, Norwegian North Sea

Sørlie, R.1*, Gould, A.2, Maast, T.E.3 & Taylor, A.4 Optical modelling of crystallographi- 1 Lundin Norway AS, Strandveien 4, NO-1366 Lysaker, cal data from EBSD and 3D visuali- Norway ([email protected]) zation of optical properties from first 2 RPS Ichron, Century House, Gadbrook Business principles calculations Centre, Northwich, Cheshire, CW9 7TL, United Kingdom ([email protected]) 3 Sørensen, B.E.1, Hielscher, R.2 & Mainprice, D.3 Maast Geo Service, Syverstadkollen 47, NO-1394 Nesbru, Norway ([email protected]) 4 1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Skolithos Limited, Suite 1 Armcon Business Park, Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Sem London Road South, Poynton, Stockport, Cheshire, Sælands veg 1, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, SK12 1LQ, United Kingdom [email protected] ([email protected]) 2 TU Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz 3 Géosciences Montpellier UMR CNRS 5243 The Utsira High is an intra-basinal structural high forming the eastern flank of the South Viking Graben. The optical microscope has played a key role in mineral The Utsira High is a granitic basement high located identification by optical properties and texture/micro- about two kilometers below the seafloor in the Norweg- structure description. Inference color is a key optical ian North Sea. Luno II discovery sits as a series of half- property, which varies with mineral orientation and grabens on the south-western flank of southern Utsira sample thickness. The characteristic birefringence cor- High. The sediments deposited are most likely of Perm- responds to the maximum value (n-gamma - n-alpha) ian and Triassic age. and which varies with mineral orientation, and requires During the time of deposition it is likely that the Luno II several measurements to estimate a characteristic value. half grabens acted as Wadi systems (dry river valley This poses a challenge for most geology students as they characterized by ephemeral streams), draining the Utsira are looking at a 3D property in a 2D section, with min- High into the Vea half-graben towards south. Arid to erals cut in different directions. To improve the under- semi-arid conditions prevailed during the time of depo- 100 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

sition. The Luno II graben fill consist of alluvial to tinguished between water-saturated (representing the aeolian sediments. The sediments are thought to repre- glide-plane) and drained (representing the unstable sent an idealized proximal to distal evolution of facies masses) validating observations that the largest volume within a wadi setting. of unstable bedrock is concentrated on the northwestern The reservoir quality of the sediments is dependent part of the slope. mainly of the texture, petrographic content, diagenesis Moreover, using additional ERT processing routines, and the compaction of the reservoir rock. possible vertical structures have been identified which The sediments have been analyzed in detail to under- could represent possible fracture zones. Projecting them stand their reservoir quality and their petrographic on the surface has unveiled an interesting coherence content. Most of the samples consist of mineralogically with prior structural mapping. Generally, reprocessing immature sandstones and conglomerates. Detrital grains of ERT has provided updated inversion results and fine- are made up principally of quartz and feldspars and to a tuned interpretations exported in ASCII format and thus lesser extent mica. Granitic rock fragments, which are enabling more 3D plotting possibilities. aggregate grains of quartz, feldspars and biotite, are common and their frequency increase with grain-size. A characteristics feature of many samples is the presence Structural control on cave geometry, of detrital matrix. The matrix is mainly made up of silt size grains. a case study from Aspfjordsgrotta, Carbonate cements are the main authigenic phase pres- Fauske, North Norway ent in the sediments. The carbonate cement is mainly patchy dolomite or calcite. Minor opaque cement is Thorvik, M., Pennos, C. & Lauritzen, S.-E. observed in some samples. The opaques observed here is most likely hematite. Authigenic clays are present Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, where chlorite, kaolinite and illite are the most common Norway, [email protected], diagenetic clay minerals. [email protected], [email protected]

The formation of solutional caves in telogenetic and Reprocessing & 3D presentation of metamorphic carbonates are dependent on pre-existing, incipient voids in the rock mass, which are closely con- ERT data from the unstable rock nected to tectonic activity, e.g. faults and joints. Dep- slope area at Åknes, Western ending on the stress type, the fissures are formed either Norway parallel, perpendicular or oblique to the stress fields and may also activate bedding plane discontinuities. Tassis, G.1, Rønning, J.S.2 & Dalsegg, E.3 Our work, focus on deciphering the control of the tectonic structures on the cave architecture. Here, we use 1 Geological Survey of Norway, Aspfjordsgrotta in Fauske, Northern Norway, as a case [email protected] study using a bimodal approach. First, the cave and surr- 2 Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] ounding rock mass are mapped to produce a detailed 3D 3 Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] cave survey including lithological and tectonic data. These are in turn compared with the regional fracture The risk of rockslide in Åknes, western Norway is very pattern and stress field in order to propose a plausible high (observed movement: 5-8 cm per year) and the speleogenetic model for hydraulic selection. Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate The cave morphology can be roughly divided into intact (NVE) has engaged in evaluating countermeasures. The passages (phreatic tubes and vadose incisions) and cha- Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) has conducted otic breakdown features. Our preliminary results suggest ERT investigations in Åknes from 2004 until 2007, foll- that most of the passages with intact morphology are owed by inversion and interpretation which aided the guided by the lines of intersection between foliation general geological understanding at the time. However, planes and NS trending fractures that are perpendicular groundwater drainage is now proposed as a new appro- or oblique to them. In the cases where fracture planes ach to control the unstable masses. are parallel to foliation, breakdown occurs. The goal for this project was to provide NVE with updated ERT results and interpretations which are compatible with software such as PETREL in order to create Sedimentation rates in recently glac- a 3D multidisciplinary model for Åknes. In this sense, a iated fjord-valley systems – Insights recent ERT profile has been added to the 10 old ones and new processing and interpretation took place with from marine data in Fjærlands- the use of up-to-date Res2DInv software. fjorden, a tributary of Sognefjorden Topography was obtained from contemporary LiDAR data whereas the inverted resistivity statistics combined Thuesen, T., Helland-Hansen, W. Eide, C.H., Haflida- with prior NGU experience formed and shaped the color son, H. & Nesje, A. scale utilized. With the use of this custom-made color scale, fractured bedrock areas were highlighted and dis- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 101

Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Box attention in the last decade as higher quality seismic 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway, [email protected]; data become available and more robust algorithms dev- [email protected]; eloped (e.g. Chopra & Marfurt, 2008; Alaei & Torabi, [email protected]; [email protected]; 2017). Fault attributes can be extracted from conventi- [email protected] onal seismic data using different discontinuity-based algorithms (e.g. Alaei, 2014) to detect and visualize Western Norwegian fjord-valley systems are archives faults. Attributes also highlight features otherwise not for changes in sedimentary processes, and typically visible in conventional seismic data. We have recently exhibit a pronounced change in depositional environ- developed and applied a fault imaging workflow speci- ment related to the transition from glacial to interglacial fically for seismic data from the Barents Sea (Torabi et conditions. During a glacial situation, the fjord-valley al.2016; Libak et al. 2017) which provides detailed fault system is emptied of its sediments and further deepened geometric data. by sub-glacial erosion, both removing sediments and The theoretical fault models assume fault shapes such as increasing accommodation space. This process is circular and elliptical with maximum displacement loc- thought to excavate almost all sediments within a fjord- ated at the fault center. Our recent studies on isolated valley system, indicating that most of the sediments in faults in the Barents Sea reveal new findings that are the fjord today have been deposited during and after the beyond the simple theoretical fault shape. Large isolated retreat of the last glacial ice sheet. Western Norwegian faults (max length >1 km) in the Finnmark Platform, fjord basins represent a depositional system where turbi- Loppa High, Hammerfast Basin South, Bjarmeland Plat- dity currents, avalanches and slides interplay with glaci- form and Norsel High show a variety of fault shapes (ir- marine and hemipelagic sedimentation. regular, elliptical, and rectangular) with intensive intern- The overall aim of the study is to integrate the source-to al segmentation at different depths. There is also vari- -sink approach into a modern system in order to gain a ation in displacement irrespective of linkage with other better understanding of parameters that influence sedi- faults, and a large aspect ratio (maximum length/height ment production and partitioning in recently glaciated is up to 16). Noticeably, the maximum displacement for fjord-valley systems. a single fault could be located anywhere in the fault 3D Here, we present results from a cruise with R/V G.O. structure and not necessarily in its center (Torabi et al., Sars in 2018, where several sediment cores, TOPAS 2019). high-resolution seismic profiles (<30 cm vertical resolution), and bathymetric data was collected. The sediment cores are examined using several instruments Towards a modern 1:250 000 (XRF, MSCL and CT-scanning) and sedimentological methods, including dating using radiometric methods national bedrock map database (14C AMS). The data reveal that the Fjærlandsfjorden 1,2, 1 1 1,3 basin infill consists of basal till, overlain by a thick, Torgersen, E. , Lutro, O. , Solli, A. , Gasser, D. , 1 1 1 acoustically well-laminated glacimarine unit (up to a Svendby, K. , Bingen, B. , Pettersen, E. , Arntsen, 1 1 1 maximum of ~105 metres in thickness), occasionally M.L. , Coint, N. & Nordahl, B. disrupted by acoustically transparent lenses interpreted 1 to be slide and avalanche deposits. A 2-3 metre thick Geological Survey of Norway-NGU, Trondheim, hemipelagic unit drapes the glacimarine unit. [email protected] 2 Dept. of Geoscience and Petroleum-IGP, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim The 3D structure of normal faults in 3 Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, the Norwegian Barents Sea Sogndal

Torabi, A.1, Alaei, B.2 & Libak, A.1 Have you ever needed to make a map over all granites in the Sveconorwegian orogen? Or of the extent of the 1 NORCE Norwegian Research Center, Osen-Røa Nappe Complex? Or of all greenstones of [email protected] Paleoproterozoic age? If so, you know how time con- 2 Earth Science Analytics AS, suming it may be. Here we present an updated, seamless [email protected] version of the 1:250 000 national bedrock database that allows you to make such thematic maps in an instance. Knowledge of fault geometry and properties is needed In 1999, the last of forty-four 1:250 000 bedrock map for a better understanding of hydrocarbon migration sheets was published, and this dataset therewith repres- pathways and trapping mechanism of fault-bound traps, ents the highest-resolution bedrock map series with nati- and sealing potential of faults (e.g. Knai and Knipe, onal coverage. Although the map series has been avail- 1998; Ottesen et al., 2005). Currently, there are uncerta- able digitally for many years, it has not been optimized inties in defining fault 3D structure and shape, which for modern applications, nor significantly updated with are related to several issues such as the methodological newer mapping. constraints and utilizing biased data, 1D or 2D data Through an ongoing 4-year project, the existing 1:250 (maps from 3D data). Fault visualization and characteri- 000 map database is therefore being upgraded and har- zation using seismic attributes has received considerable monized to fulfill the requirements and needs of modern 102 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

geologists. This includes (1) filling in a variety of attrib- Cretaceous faults, prior to continental breakup and sea- utes such as lithology, tectonic association, age, meta- floor spreading initiation at the Paleocene-Eocene trans- morphic grade, formation/group name etc., (2) harmon- ition. The Bivrost Lineament is recognized as a major izing the geology across map sheet boundaries, (3) up- margin boundary with an uncertain exact location, dating areas where newer and more detailed mapping is which segments highs and sub-basins on the northern available and (4) extrapolation of geology through Vøring and southern Lofoten margins. Furthermore, two fjords and offshore. Aerial photographs, digital elevati- dome-shaped features have been observed on the south- on models, airborne geophysical data, geochronological ern Lofoten margin, which probably experienced several data and structural data were used intensively to support phases of growth from Late Cretaceous to Miocene the work. The result is a seamless national bedrock map times, reaching their maximum dimensions during Mid- database that can be symbolized and analyzed according dle Miocene. The tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the to the individual needs. study area is compared to the conjugate Northeast The upgraded 1:250 000 map database will be publicly Greenland margin, to get a better understanding of the available from early 2019. We aim to maintain, and con- evolution in a regional and conjugate context. tinuously upgrade, the 1:250 000 map database so that it can remain a benchmark for regional geological knowledge in the future. To do so, we also need your know- Groundwater pressure and drainage ledge and feedback. If you have comments on the data- behind concrete lining of the Ulvin base or new results (maps, ages, correlations etc.), railway tunnel. Evaluation before please do not hesitate to contact us. and after construction

Tuttle, K.J. New insights into the Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectono-stratigraphic Norconsult AS, Sandvika, evolution of the southern Lofoten [email protected]

and northern Vøring margins, off- In modern transportation tunnels, it is important to limit shore northern Norway costs during construction but at the same time create structures that have a long lifespan. A rather new Tsikalas, F.1,2, Faleide, J.I.2 & Kalaè, A.2 development in construction is the drained concrete lining in transport tunnels, as a method to both protect 1 Eni Norge, Stavanger, Norway the infrastructure from rockfall from tunnel ceiling and [email protected] walls as well as from water ingress corroding/eroding 2 University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway the infrastructure. This method was chosen for the rail- [email protected]; [email protected]; way tunnel at Ulvin, along the Norwegian lake, Mjøsa, [email protected] some 75 km north of Oslo. In order to construct a concrete lining that could withstand eventual groundwater The northern Vøring and southern Lofoten margins are pressures from bedrock fractures, a finite difference located offshore northern Norway, and are separated by model (FDM) was established, using the proven soft- the Bivrost Lineament. While the Vøring margin is ex- ware Visual MODFLOW Pro. This lecture presents the tensively studied, the Lofoten-Vesterålen margin is one results from the predicted conditions with the numerical of the least explored areas on the Norwegian continental model, then reveals field measurements of groundwater shelf. The tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the study pressures behind the concrete lining, and finally expla- area has been studied in detail utilizing several datasets: ins the differences. 2D multi-channel seismic reflection profiles, well-to- The groundwater model was a 2-D vertical profile 1000 seismic ties and stratigraphic information from four ex- meters wide, 200 meters high and 1 meter deep. The ploration wells, in addition to gravity and magnetic data. tunnel was placed 150 meters below the surface and the The main focus of the work has been on seismic and tunnel was 14 meters in diameter. The model was structural interpretation in order to refine the rift phases simulated with a constant head at the surface, i.e. 150 that affected the study area and to decipher the eventual meters groundwater pressure, except for one simulation role of the Bivrost Lineament, as well as to improve the where the constant head was placed 50 meters above the understanding of the evolution the West Røst High Fault tunnel in steady state simulations. The modelling results Complex and the outer Lofoten margin. Four main rift show that the largest pressure on the concrete lining phases have been recognised and refined in the study occurred when the grouted bedrock had a relatively high area. Late-Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous rifting controlled conductivity and the drainage mat had a relatively low the initial structuring of the main structural elements. conductivity, giving a groundwater pressure of 40 Mid Cretaceous rifting is responsible for initiation of meters (400 kPa). More surprising was that this same faulting in the West Røst High Fault Complex, while combination also gave the largest groundwater ingress. rifting continued during Late Cretaceous and led to a Preliminary field measurements show that the ground- westward propagation of fault activity. Paleocene rifting water pressure is much less than modeled, for several reactivated several Late Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous and reasons. The Ulvin tunnel was not systematically pre- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 103 grouted its entire length. This, in addition to the EDZ Internal delta-lobe variability and the running the length of the tunnel has had the effect of distributing the drained pressure along large distances. “filtering” effect in low-accommodation fluvial-marine transition zones: A genetic approach for characteri- the Cretaceous Mesa Rica Sand- zing paleokarst reservoirs stone (New Mexico, USA)

1 3 2 Tveranger, J. , Kaschwich , T. Lauritzen, S.-E. , van Yperen, A.1, Poyatos-Moré, M.1, Holbrook, J.2, 2 1,2 2 1 Lecomte, I. , Lønøy, B. , Pennos, C. & Pettersen, Ø. Line, L.H.1 & Midtkandal, I.1

1 NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, 1 University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences, P.O. [email protected], [email protected], Box 1047 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway, [email protected] [email protected], [email protected], 2 Dept. of Earth Science, University of Bergen, [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected], 2 Texas Christian University, School of Geology, [email protected] Energy & the Environment, Fort Worth, Texas, 3 NORSAR, [email protected] [email protected]

Characterizing and modelling reservoirs hosted in kar- The complex interaction between marine and terrestrial stified formations is highly challenging. Overprinting of processes at the fluvial-marine transition zone is chall- initial depositional facies architectures by pre-and/or enging to decipher in low-accommodation systems, post-burial solution features can create substantial, but characterized by relatively thin, condensed, and often often spatially unpredictable, secondary porosity. In- top-truncated sections. This study investigates the ex- filling of larger cavities by cements and sediments, humed Albian-Cenomanian Mesa Rica Sandstone ranging from laminated clays to coarse breccia during (Western Interior Seaway, USA), with 23 sedimentary burial by often highly localised processes may introduce logs (total of 390 m), spatially correlated within a ca. 20 further complexity. Finally, collapse of cave space may, km2 study area. Detailed analysis of facies distribution, besides generating a variety of collapse breccia, alter the depositional architecture, and spatial extent of strati- shape of the initial cavities and introduce secondary graphic surfaces reveals a lower 7-11 m-thick, sharp- fracturing. When adding the fact that some formations based and sand-prone deltaic succession, occasionally may experience multiple cycles of karstification and incised by composite erosional surfaces with multi- subsequent degradation of secondary pore space, paleo- storey fluvial and marine-influenced sandstone-filled karst reservoirs rank among the most complex to cha- channels (12-20 m-thick, 100-250 m-wide). Internal racterize and model. Seismic signatures of paleokarst re- geometries are characterized by tabular and laterally- servoirs can be difficult to interpret, and log data and extensive deltaic lobes. Based on differences in grain cores from wells may not provide representative or ade- size, sedimentary structures, bed thicknesses and biotur- quate geostatistical information for constructing models bation, four different delta lobe components or sub- allowing reliable well planning and production forecast- environments can be distinguished, ranging from lobe ing. axis, off-axis, fringe to distal fringe. They reflect differ- Considering these complexities, a largely data-driven ences in depositional energy but also the presence of approach to characterization of such reservoirs will most intra-lobe variation in dominant process regime, with likely fail. Clearly, generic models built by employing diminishing river-dominance and potential increase in an understanding of the processes forming paleokarst tide-influence from the lobe axis to fringe. Architectural reservoirs may provide guidelines, both with respect to elements and interpreted depositional sub-environments identifying the signatures of specific paleokarst features suggest an overall river-dominated delta, although with in seismic data through forward seismic modelling, but local preservation of tidal signatures. The combined also for conducting sensitivity studies of how specific effects of high sediment supply and low-accommodat- parameters influence production. ion resulted in a sand-prone, regionally-extensive unit, The construction of such models must rest on: a) how which forms the most proximal deltaic expression of a karst geometries relate to stratigraphy, structural geo- large-scale (ca. 450 km along depositional profile) low- logy, climate and base level change; b) an understanding accommodation system. This fluvial-marine transition of paleokarst related processes and products; and c) zone is located ~70 km updip from the most distal delta- modelling techniques and workflow for capturing paleo- ic expression that can be studied. Results of this study karst reservoir architectures and properties in a realistic evidence a common presence of internal variability in manner. dominant processes regime within proximal delta-lobe Here we review some key issues related to the con- sub-environments, but cautions against the potential struction of such models, relying on a genetic under- ‘filtering” effect in the preservation and recording of standing of how paleokarst reservoir form, and present interacting marine and terrestrial processes in low- preliminary results from and ongoing cross-disciplinary accommodation fluvial-marine transition zones. effort addressing the construction and use of such models.

104 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 Accretionary history of Lower Ordo- Ultramafic intrusions may be fertile and therefore also host Cu-Ni-PGE deposits. Our work describes certain vician island arc complexes on sulfide mineralizations in the Reinfjord ultramafic com- Bømlo: evidence from detrital zircon plex (RUC) in the Seiland Igneous Province, North Nor- way. In particular we studied the RF4 drill core that dating and geochemical data intersects several sulfide reefs. The RUC comprises one of several root systems in the Viken, A., Pedersen, R.B. Seiland Igneous Province. Here, at a depth of 25-35 km, thousands of km3 of ultramafic astenospheric melts UiB passed through on the way towards more shallow levels. Several Cu-Ni-PGE reefs were previously described The provenance studies of sedimentary sequences asso- from 3 other drill cores, whereas here we study a thick ciated with island arc complexes on Bømlo within the Cu-Ni rich mineralization in the lower parts of RF-4, ophiolitic terrain of SW Norway has demonstrated that close to the lower contact of the RUC. The Cu reef is ca the provenance signature of these sedimentary rocks 15 meters thick and sub-horizontal, with a maximum of changed dramatically with time. The results provide 900 ppm Cu. Ni has a maximum grade of 4000 ppm new information about the source of these sediments with an average of ca 2400 ppm, however, some Ni is and on the accretionary history of the associated island lattice bound in olivine. The Ni content drops dramatic- arc complexes. On top of oceanic crust, there were ex- ally below the Cu reef. The PGE content peaks at 290 trusions of island arc tholeiitic island arc volcanics (the ppb over 5 meters, and drops drastically in the lower Geitung Unit). Detrital zircons from a sedimentary seq- part of the Cu reef. uence associated with this immature island arc are dom- The main ore minerals are pyrrhotite (Fe S), pent- inated by ages around 494 Ma, which is consistent with 1-x landite ((Fe,Ni)S) and chalcopyrite (FeCuS2). Magnetite the 494  2 Ma age of basaltic-andesites from the same (Fe3O4), ilmenite (FeTiO3) and chromium spinels immature island arc. This suggests only a local source (FeCr2O4) are also common. Most of the ore minerals of the sediments, which indicates that the immature is- occur as isolated grains. The main host minerals are land arc was far away from a continental margin at this olivine (Fo82-85.6) and pyroxene (Mg# 78.8-84.3), with stage. few ore minerals hosted in serpentine and calcareous In contrast, a sedimentary sequence associated with a spots. There is an apparent positive correlation between later, more mature island arc system, are dominated by Cu and Cr in the samples. zircons of Archean (2700 Ma) and Paleoproterozoic ( Most of the ore minerals are primary magmatic crystals, 1900 Ma) ages, together with minor populations of only a small portion is remobilized through serpentini- Meso/Neoproterozoic (1000 Ma) and Cambrian-Ordo- zation. However, as there are 3 distinct generations of vician (500 Ma) ages. This provenance signature is olivine, the primary magmatic crystallization of ore similar to migmatites and S-type granites that became minerals could have occured step-wise as well. Some accreted with the mature island arc system around 474, samples contain small specks of carbonates, possibly suggesting that these, or similar rock complexes, were a originating from carbonate rich magma that mingled source for this sedimentary sequence. Simultaneously, through the not yet solidified dunitic mushes. If so, there were extrusion of subaerial high-K calc-alkaline some of the ore material could originate from these volcanics at 473  2 Ma (the Siggjo Complex). The melts. Because of the correlation between Cu and Cr, large Archean population of grains in the sedimentary these two elements were probably concentrated by the sequence indicates that the ophiolitic terrain of SW Nor- same mechanisms in the magma chamber. way was close the Laurentian margin rather than the Baltic margin, in the early Ordovician. During 20 Ma, the island arc complexes on Bømlo evolved from a Temporal changes of the benthic en- tholeiitic island arc to a more mature calc-alkaline island arc complex, formed adjacent to the Laurentian vironmental conditions in a subarctic continental margin. fjord with aquaculture activity

Vågen, H.K.1, 2, Alve, E.1, Hess, S.1 & Renaud, P.3 Sulfide mineralizations in the deep 1 rooted Reinfjord ultramafic complex, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo [email protected], [email protected] Nord-Troms 2 Sweco Norge AS, [email protected] 3Akvaplan NIVA, [email protected] Voll, M.O.1, Larsen, R. B.-E.2 & Sørensen, B.E.3 Aquaculture activities produce high quantities of organ- 1 IGP, NTNU, [email protected] ic matter which is released into the surrounding water 2 IGP, NTNU, [email protected] and eventually end up on the seafloor. Increased organic 3 IGP, NTNU, [email protected] matter supply to the sea floor can potentially have negative effects on the benthic environment. However, it is sometimes difficult to determine any environmental im- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 105 pact when information about reference conditions, i.e The transition of the Namaqua-Natal Belt into the Maud environmental conditions before aquaculture activity Belt may indicate the conversion from a continental col- started, of the fjord are missing. lision to an accretionary orogen. By analysing two radiometrically dated sediment cores In this study, combined zircon U-Pb-Hf-O isotope in- collected in the northern Norwegian fjord Kaldfjorden, vestigations provide new insights into the tectonic nat- temporal changes in geochemical and micropaleonto- ure of the Maud Belt and how it may fit into the super- logical parameters were recorded since the time before continent Rodinia. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating was 1900 and towards the present. The parameters investig- conducted on a total of 16 samples from central DML, ated were total organic carbon, total nitrogen, heavy eight of which were analyzed for Hf and O isotopic metals, grain size distribution and calcium carbonate composition. In addition, six samples from the Gjelsvik- content. Benthic foraminifera were used to study the fjella area which have been dated before were analyzed (paleo-) ecological status through time. for Hf-O isotopic composition. In CDML, the evolution Kaldfjorden has had an active aquaculture industry since trend of ε Hf (t) values from older to younger samples the early 1970s. The aim of the study was to establish contrast with that of a continent-continent collisional the fjords reference condition, and investigate whether orogen. The significant difference in Hf-O isotopic there can be observed any changes in the analysed para- composition between CDML and Gjelsvikfjella indicat- meters, that can be linked to aquaculture activity in the es that both crustal growth and reworking have been in- area. Results of the study show that the sediments accu- volved in the Maud Belt, which is most likely an acc- mulation rate and the organic matter supply increased in retionary orogeny during Rodina assembly. both analysed sediment cores since the early 1960s. The increase of organic matter to the sea floor since the 1970s has not had a major influence on the diversity of the foraminiferal assemblages. However, the assembl- Noble gas release during reservoir age composition has changed in recent times, with an stimulation increasing relative abundance of the opportunistic species Stainforthia fusiformis in upper core samples. Weber, U.W.1,2, Roques, C.3, Kipfer, R.2, Dutler, N.4, This could be a first reaction of the fauna to the increas- Krietsch, H.3, Jalali, R.5, Gischig, V.6, Doetsch, J.3, ing organic matter supply to the benthic environment. Valley, B.4 & Amann, F.5

1 Department of Geosciences, Universitetet i Oslo, Orogenic evolution of the Grenville- Norway [email protected] 2 Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and age Maud Belt (East Antarctica) Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland during Rodinia assembly: New in- 3 Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, sights from zircon U-Pb geochrono- Switzerland 4 Center for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University logy and Hf-O isotope geochemistry of Neuchâtel, Switzerland 5 Department Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 1 1 2 Wang, C. , Jacobs, J. & Elburg, M. RWTH, Aachen 6 CSD Ingenieure, Berne, Switzerland 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, N- 5020 Bergen, Norway The Gas-Equilibrium Membrane Inlet Mass Spectro- 2 Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, metry1 (GE-MIMS) allows for on-sight sampling and Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa, analysis of dissolved gases with a high temporal resolut- [email protected] ion. Measuring noble gas concentrations Ar, He and Kr can help shed lights on the origin of groundwater, from The Grenville-age Maud Belt in Dronning Maud Land the conditions involved during recharge (temperature, (DML) - East Antarctica, is restored along the eastern excess air) to their residence time underground. margin of Proto-Kalahari during Rodinia assembly. In May 2017 a decameter scale in situ hydraulic fractur- Whether its formation is associated with a continent- ing experiment was conducted at the Grimsel Test continent collisional process or not remains uncertain Site2,3. The test site is located in the Central Aar massif thus far, partly due to a lack of systematic sampling and in the Western Alps, Switzerland at approximately 500 lack of geological analyses. It preserves similar Meso- m depth. A standardized stimulation protocol was defin- proterozoic zircon ages and high-grade deformation ed involving 5 main cycles with the goal to induce a than the Natal Sector in South Africa and is thus regar- new fracture connecting to the pre-existing fracture net- ded as the natural continuation of the continent-contin- work. The transient dislocation field was monitored us- ent collisional Namaqua-Natal Belt into East Antarctica. ing high resolution fiber-optic based strain sensors (i.e., However, the transition of the Natal Belt into the Maud Fiber-Bragg-Grating sensors) inside the volume and tilt- Belt appears to mark changing subduction polarities. meters at the tunnel floor. A gas mass spectrometer was Whilst subduction along the Namaqua-Natal Belt has installed at a naturally seeping fracture located in a tun- persistently been away from Proto-Kalahari, subduction nel at about 30 meters from the injection boreholes. The along the Maud Belt is directly underneath Kalahari. time series of Helium and Argon concentrations moni- 106 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

tored during the hydraulic fracturing experiment are pre- phytane (pr/ph) ratio versus TOC in the Botneheia For- sented in this contribution. mation may indicate that both parameters co-vary with Our results reveal highly valuable information provided changing paleoredox conditions. The pr/ph ratio show by continuous noble gas monitoring in the context of that these middle Triassic shales contain organic matter hydraulic fracturing. We conclude that we can disting- from mixed organic sources, even considering varying uish between fracture propagation through undisturbed degree of biodegradation and/or thermal maturity. This rock releasing fluids from sealed pores, and a propagat- is consistent with previous palaeogeographic reconstruc- ion through a pre-existing fracture network, based on tions indicating source rock deposition in front of a the noble gas signature of the mobilized and thus large deltaic system that advanced NW-ward across the monitored fluids. Barents Shelf in the Triassic (e.g. Lundschien et al., [1] Brennwald, MS, Schmidt, M, Oser, J, and Kipfer, R. 2014). ES&T, 2016, 10.1021/acs.est.6b03669 Further work include trace element analysis (e.g. V, Ni, [2] Amann et al., (2018) The seismo-hydromechanical U, Mo) in order to investigate the relationship between behavior during deep geothermal reservoir stim- palaeoredox proxies by using both trace elements and ulations: Open questions tackled in a decameter biomarkers. scale in situ stimulation experiment, Solid Earth 9 Lundschien, B.A., Høy, T. & Mørk, A.: Triassic http://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-115-2018 hydrocarbon potential in the Northern Barents Sea; [3] Dutler et al.(2018). Observations of fracture pro- integrating Svalbard and stratigraphic core data. pagation during decameter-scale hydraulic fracturing Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Bulletin, No. 11, experiments (pp. ARMA2018-0256). Seattle: Ameri- pp. 3–20. Stavanger 2014, ISSN Online 1894-7670, can Rock Mechanics Association. ISBN 978-82-7257-117-6.

Organic geochemical trends and Shearing, folding and retrogression correlations of Middle Triassic during exhumation of the south- shales in Svalbard – preliminary ernmost culmination of the Western results Gneiss Region, Gulen, SW Norway

Wesenlund, F.1, Grundvåg, S.-A.1, Thiessen, O.2, Wiest, J.D.1, Jacobs, J.2, Fossen, H.3 & Osmundsen, Pedersen, J.H.3 & Skeie, J.E.4 P.T.4

1 Department of Geosciences, UiT – The Arctic 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, 9037 [email protected] Tromsø 2 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 2 Equinor, Margrethe Jørgensens vei 4, 9406 Harstad [email protected] 3 Lundin Norway, Strandveien 4,1366 Lysaker 3 Department of Earth Science/Museum of Natural 4 Aker BP ASA, Postboks 854, 9488 Harstad History, University of Bergen, [email protected] 4 Norges geologiske undersøkelse, Trondheim, Organic rich shales of the Middle Triassic Steinkobbe [email protected] Formation are one of the most prolific source rocks in the Barents Sea. However, the distribution and source The Western Gneiss Region (WGR) of SW Norway rock potential of these shales in the northern frontier represents a giant terrane of continental crust that was areas of the Barents Sea is less known. Similar, although subducted and exhumed during the Caledonian orogeny. slightly younger Middle Triassic shales occur onshore Yet, it is debated to what degree the continental crust Svalbard. This study aims to combine stratigraphy and was transformed during its journey. Along the west geochemistry to increase our understanding of the spat- coast of southern Norway, the WGR forms a series of iotemporal development of Middle Triassic source rocks culminations in the footwall of the Nordfjord-Sogn de- in Svalbard. Here we present some of our preliminary tachment zone and overlaying syn-tectonic Devonian results. basins. The Gulen area represents the southernmost of A dataset consisting of several hundred samples have these culminations and comprises more than 1500 is- been collected across the entire outcrop belt in Svalbard. lands, which offer excellently exposed natural cross This includes samples from the Bravaisberget Format- sections. Here we present results from field mapping ion in western Spitsbergen, the Botneheia Formation in and U-Pb zircon geochronology that provide detailed central Spitsbergen and at Edgeøya in eastern Svalbard, insights into structural and petrological processes during as well as Skuld Formation on Bjørnøya in the south. exhumation of continental crust. Geochemical analysis to determine Total Organic Car- Precambrian protoliths can be clearly distinguished bon (TOC) and bitumen extract characterization using from Caledonian rocks. Most of the area consists of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and migmatites and granites as well as numerous mafic mass spectrometry have been performed. bodies. U-Pb zircon geochronology of granitic leuco- Our results show a wide range of TOC values (ca. 1— somes constrains the migmatization to be Sveconor- 10 wt. %) in the Botneheia Formation in Muen, SW wegian (1.0 Ga). During the Caledonian orogeny, mafic Edgeøya. A correlation of R2 = 0.4 with the pristane/ bodies were statically eclogitized. Deformation NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 107 predominates in gneissic rocks and is clearly related to throughout the experiments to observe and document the exhumation, as demonstrated by fluid-induced changes in Cu isotopic composition. This way we are retrogression of eclogites in shear zones. We identified expecting to identify isotope signatures of ore-forming two distinct deformation domains: In the core of the processes responsible for the supply, transport, and culmination, shear zones show mostly subvertical deposition of Cu in seafloor hydrothermal systems. coaxial amphibolite-facies fabrics with subhorizontal Additionally, Cu isotope analyses of natural samples lineations that indicate N-S shortening and E-W from several distinct seafloor hydrothermal systems will extension. Distinct mylonites formed as part of the be performed to validate our experimental results. extensional detachment system on the flanks of the This work will provide a solid framework for the inter- culmination. Detachment mylonites show shallow- pretation of Cu isotope ratios measured in hydrothermal dipping top-to-W fabrics that are characterized by fluid- deposits and enhance the understanding of sub-seafloor assisted retrogression and indicate vertical shortening. processes leading to the formation of hydrothermal Cu The degree of deformation increases significantly from deposits. Furthermore, our findings could potentially be E to W. Only 25% of the protoliths are deformed in the used to evaluate their capacity as future copper sources. eastern part of the area, while the western part consists of >90% Caledonian shear zones. Late Mesozoic evolution of the We present detailed structural reconstructions that can be correlated with structures identified in deep seismic Southwest Barents Sea and its data from the northern North Sea. tectonic implications

Establishing Cu isotopes as a tracer Wong, P.W.1,2, Faleide, J.I.2 & Gabrielsen, R.H.2 for seafloor ore formation using 1 Polars Consulting AS hydrothermal experiments 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo

Wilborn, H.1, Reeves, E.P.1, Jamieson, J.W.2 & The Southwest Barents Sea is a key to understand how a Roerdink, D.L.1 Post-Caledonian platform dominated by rift basins transformed into a conjugate margin related to open- 1 Department of Earth Science, K.G. Jebsen Centre for ing of the North Atlantic Ocean. Traditional view is Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, the region was dominated by two major extensional Norway, [email protected], events – Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rifting and [email protected], [email protected] Late Cretaceous rifting (Faleide et al. 1993, 2010). 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Compressional structures, in a form of inversion, are Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and believed to be coeval with/ posterior to rifting, spatially Labrador, Canada, [email protected] confined and caused by processes not related to plate tectonics (Gabrielsen et al. 1997; Indrevær et al. 2016, Seafloor hydrothermal ore deposits have been proposed 2017). as a solution to the increasing demand for copper in the New results from my mapping exercise based on an ex- 21st century. However, for exploration, a better under- tensive network of improved 2D seismic data, however, standing of their formation is necessary, as samples that reveals two major episodes of regional-scale compress- originate from the seafloor and processes occurring ion – 1) Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous syn-rift com- below are difficult to investigate. It is unknown what pression caused by an NNW-SSE principle stress and causes deposit size and metal content to vary between 2) Mid Cretaceous ESE-WNW compression which occ- different seafloor hydrothermal systems. Therefore the urred posterior to the formation of Mid- Cretaceous Un- application of novel tracers of geochemical processes is conformity (MCU) but prior to the Late Cretaceous required. Empirical data suggest that Cu isotope ratios rifting. measured in hydrothermal deposits and fluids can pro- During the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous period, vide insights into subsurface processes leading to the clockwise rotation of Greenland created a NNW-SSE formation of Cu-bearing deposits. However, the behav- stress regime which competes with contemporary NE- iour of Cu isotopes under hydrothermal conditions (up SW extension related to opening of the North Atlantic. to 350 °C and 350 bar) is not yet well known. Remanent crustal slivers (or inherited terranes by Gerni- In this project, we aim to experimentally determine Cu gon et al. 2014) as backstops, have part of the resultant isotope fractionation under simulated hydrothermal constrain concentrated along their margins, giving rise to ditions using heated, pressurized batch reactors in the inversions. Large-scale deformations also took place hydrothermal laboratory at the University of Bergen. between crustal slivers. Examples include folds along This experimental set-up enables us to simulate different south and west boundary of Paleo Stappen High, sag sets of temperature and pressure conditions over flexible structures of Tromsø Basin and Bjørnøya Basin and the time periods, producing realistic, controlled hydrother- E-W trending anticline of Hammerfest Basin. mal fluids. Our set-up allows examination of isotope Another episode of regional compression occurred effects during phase separation and complexation. Multi Greenland was pushed eastward during rifting between -collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectro- Greenland and North America. The E-W component of metry (MC-ICP-MS) analyses will be conducted the ESE-WNW stress regime was largely taken up by 108 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 the Paleo Stappen High, causing uplift. Partially shelt- Facies Analysis of the uppermost ered by the Paleo Stappen High, Bjørnøya Basin also experienced moderate degree of folding. Given the loc- Devonian to Lower Carboni- ation and their inherited geometry, the smaller crustal ferous Billefjorden Group of slivers to the south took up the NW-SE component and thus gave rise to a NE-SW trending structural high which Central Spitsbergen, Svalbard

is now known as Senja Ridge and Vestlemøy High. 1,2 1 3 Würtzen, C.L. , Stemmerik, L. & Olaussen, S.

1 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Deep learning of geological structur- [email protected] es in 3-D seismic data 2 University of Oslo, [email protected] 3 University Centre of Svalbard, Wrona, T.1*, Pan, I.2, Bell, R.E.3, Fossen, H.1 & [email protected] Gawthorpe, R.L.1 In this work we present the results of a detailed sedi- 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, mentological study conducted in the uppermost Devon- Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway ian to Lower Carboniferous strata of Central Spitsberg- 2 Centre for Process Systems Engineering & Centre for en (Svalbard, Norway). This succession belongs to the Environmental Policy, Imperial College, London, SW7 Billefjorden Group, which is subdivided into the Hørby- 2AZ, UK breen and Mumien formations. The up to 1000 m-thick 3 Department of Earth Science and Engineering, sequence was deposited in a N-S/NW-SE trending half- Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 graben basin and records both climatic and tectonic 2BP, UK changes in a terrestrial depositional environment. *corresponding author: [email protected] A framework for facies distribution and depositional architecture in the basin has been established for the Understanding the Earth’s internal structure is one of Billefjorden area at Birger Johnsonfjellet (key locality), the key challenges of geophysics. Advanced geophysi- Mumien, Pyramiden, Cowanodden and Carronelva. This cal techniques, such as 3-D seismic technology, produce information, combined with maceral analysis of coal increasingly large datasets of the Earth’s subsurface, samples, palaeocurrent measurements and stratigraphic which require significant amounts of time, experience architecture analysis contributes to a better understand- and expertise to analyze. On the other hand, there have ing of the depositional environment and sedimentary recently been great advances in machine learning for basin development. image classification using deep learning techniques. We Data interpretation in this project suggests that the Hør- explain the advantages of deep learning over traditional bybreen Formation (Famennian-Viséan) consists of all- machine learning methods and demonstrate how deep uvial deposits in its lower part and floodplain deposits in learning can help us analyze large 2-D and 3-D seismic its upper part, recording a change from marginal, steep (reflection) datasets in a quantitative, efficient and re- slopes with rapid flowing rivers, resulting in coarse allu- producible way. Deep learning involves training a set of vial conglomerates, to flat, vegetated marshes with lat- models (e.g. neural networks) which can be used to ext- erally-migrating rivers, resulting in coal-bearing shales ract certain features from the raw data; a task very simi- and lateral accreting channel sandstones. The overlying lar to the interpretation of geological structures in seis- Mumien Formation (Viséan) shows a similar floodplain mic data. To highlight the applicability of deep learning environment but with a prominent, widely distributed to typical seismic interpretations, we show how to map meandering channel complex. This large-scale change normal faults and salt bodies in seismic data using neur- in sediment character is interpreted to reflect a major al networks. First, we train a simple feedforward neural change from arid to humid climate near the Devonian/ network (1 hidden layer with 1000 neurons) to map a Carboniferous boundary. system of normal faults with the help of previous manu- Correlation of data from this project with previous al interpretations. This supervised learning approach studies by John Gjelberg and Roar Aakvik, including allows us to train the model and map the fault system in logs, sedimentological analysis and palaeodrainage 3-D with an accuracy >0.95. Second, we show how to measurements, allows an interpretation of the sediment train a convolutional neural network to map salt in 3-D infill history of the basin along with a recreation of the seismic data with an accuracy >0.98. Our models per- palaeogeography and depositional models. form these tasks, which take seismic interpreters several weeks to months, within a few hours. Moreover, they are able to quantify the probability of detecting salt or Cretaceous-Paleocene tectono- faults at any given data point. In summary, we show that deep learning models offer a quantitative (predicts acc- stratigraphic development of the uracy), efficient (less time) and reproducible (same Møre and Vøring basins, offshore workflow yields the same results) way of analyzing Mid-Norway seismic data of the Earth’s subsurface. Zastrozhnov, D.1,2, Gernigon, L.3, Gogin, I.4, Planke,

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 109

S.1,2, Faleide, J.I.2, Manton, B.1, Abdelmalak, M.M.1,2, Zhong, X.*, Escalona, A. & Augustsson, C. Iyer, K.5, Schmid, D.W.5,6 & Myklebust, R.7 Department of Energy Resources, University of 1 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo, Stavanger, *[email protected] Norway, [email protected] 2 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), Rift systems can be segmented along the axis by both Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, transfer zones (soft linkage) and transfer faults (hard Norway linkage). It is widely accepted that transfer zones have a 3 Geophysics Group, Geological Survey of Norway significant influence on the geometries, dispersal patt- (NGU), Trondheim, Norway erns, catchments, and courses of drainage systems. 4 RPS Ichron, Northwich, UK However, few works have discussed how transfer faults, 5 GeoModelling Solutions GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland which form the longitudinal boundaries of individual 6 Physics of Geological Processes (PGP), Department of segmented blocks, have the potential to modify the nat- Geosciences, University of Oslo ure of drainage systems and therefore determine the 7 TGS, Asker, Norway architecture of the different depositional systems. This The Møre and Vøring basins on the mid-Norwegian study focuses on the Upper Jurassic rift system in the margin are characterized by thick accumulations of southern margin of the Sogn Graben aiming to present Cretaceous-Paleocene sedimentary strata. They were de- how submarine fan systems are controlled by transfer posited during a series of complicated Late Mesozoic- faults. Integrated wells and 3D seismic data show that, Early Cenozoic extensional events and represent vast during the Late Jurassic rifting, the N–S-elongated underexplored areas with a limited number of wells. northern North Sea experienced an along-axis segment- Recently, a new generation of long-offset 2D seismic ation caused by the offsets of longitudinal normal faults reflection lines, has permitted a significant improvement and NW–SE-striking transfer faults with dextral oblique in the regional understanding of the Møre and Vøring -slip motion. Facies associations such as the wave-dom- basins. Advanced processing has enabled much better inated shoreface, gravity-driven submarine fans, and imaging of the deep Cretaceous sub-basins and subbasin plain deposits were defined in order to explain the basalt structures. In light of this significant data im- relationship between the Upper Jurassic sedimentary provement, we believe that there is a strong need to facies and transfer faults. The submarine fan systems make a new regional tectonostratigraphic synthesis of mainly comprise debris-flow-dominated channel and the pre-breakup development of the Møre and Vøring turbidity-flow-dominated lobe complexes, which are basins. We have interpreted eight regional Cretaceous occasionally mixed with slump deposits. The overall and Paleocene horizons, constructed a series of struct- orientation of turbidites is found to be near-parallel to ural and thickness maps, and locally tested our inter- the WNW–ESE-oriented regional extension. pretations by means of 2D potential field and geodyn- Subaqueous channels that fed the turbidites are located amic modelling. The new interpretations allow us to in the hanging-wall blocks of syn-depositional oblique- examine the sequential evolution of the Cretaceous to slip transfer faults. Above observations indicate that Paleocene sedimentary infill and to discuss its relation- transfer faults have a remarkable impact in the course of ship to the deep basement structures and regional tec- the subaqueous channel systems. The results of this tonic events. In summary: 1) The long and polyphase study shed new light on predicting submarine fan reser- basin development of the mid-Norwegian margin is voirs along oblique-slip transfer faults in segmented rift partly controlled by the presence of deep inherited systems. crustal blocks; 2) Active deposition in the Early Creta- ceous was mainly focused in the inner part of the Møre Why you should care about neigh- Basin. The Cenomanian and subsequent Late Cretace- ous-Paleocene depocentres developed principally in the bouring sedimentary systems: Over- Vøring Basin and migrated sequentially west towards printed allocyclic processes by tidal the present ocean; 3) The outer Vøring and Møre basins are likely underlain by a relatively thick continental resonance in the Upper Jurassic crust. In this setting we do not observe any evidence of Curtis Formation, Utah, USA exhumed upper mantle, which has previously been proposed to have formed before breakup; and 4) Cretaceous Zuchuat, V.1, Sleveland, A.R.N.1, Pettigrew, R.2, Clarke, sediments have an underestimated source rock potential S.M.2, Dodd, T.2, Rabbel, O.1, Braathen, A.1 & in the deep basins. Midtkandal, I.1

Control of Upper Jurassic submar- 1 Tectonostratigraphic Research Group, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 1, 0371 Oslo, Norway ine fan systems by oblique-slip 2 Basin Dynamics Research Group, Keele University, transfer faults in segmented rift ST5 5BG, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom Corresponding author: [email protected] systems: Evidence from the southern margin of the Sogn Graben, Modern, tide-dominated and/or tide-influenced coast- northern North Sea lines correspond to deltas, estuaries, and lagoons. How- 110 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019

ever, some tide-dominated basins and related sediment- are 4 production wells. The system has functioned well ary units in the rock record, such as the semi-enclosed, with limited maintenance. shallow, Utah-Idaho Trough foreland basin that the The Vyredox system maintains an oxygen rich radial in Curtis Sea transgressed south-westwards during the situ screen around the production well, forcing more earliest Upper Jurassic, do not correspond to any of reduced regional groundwater to transverse the oxidat- these modern systems. Persistent aridity caused the ion zone, oxidising ferrous iron and precipitates it as characteristic severe starvation of perennial fluvial input iron hydroxide. Thus there is a general understanding of throughout this basin, in which the informal lower, the overall behavior of iron in the Vyredox process, but middle, and upper Curtis, as well as the Summerville the behavior of manganese and other trace metals and Formation were deposited. Wave energy was efficiently metalloids is not so well understood. Sorption and ion dissipated by the shallow basin’s elongated morphology exchange together with co-precipitation are also effect- (ca. 800x190 km), as well as its protected nature. Con- ive in removing trace metals, and also microbiotic pro- sequently, the semi-enclosed, shallow marine system cesses may be involved. A geochemical reactive trans- was dominated by amplified tidal forces, resulting in a port model based on Phreeqc has been developed. The complex distribution of heterolithic deposits. flow properties and the oxidation screen were approxi- In the early stage of the transgression, as the lower mated with a radial symmetry and varying cell lengths. Curtis was deposited, allocyclic forcing was strongly Hydrous iron (III) oxide was included in the reaction impacting upon the system’s intrinsic autocyclic proc- network, and could either precipitate or dissolve accord- esses. Short-lived relative sea-level variations, as well as ing to saturation status. Cation exchange reactions were uplift and deformation episodes, resulted in three para- included with appropriate capacity values, and also sur- sequences, separated by traceable flooding and ravine- face complexation using the complexation model of ment surfaces. The subsequent transgression, which de- hydrous iron (III) oxide. The amount of surface complex fines the base of the middle Curtis, flooded the entire was related to the amount of hydrous iron (III) oxide study area, and beyond, allowing for the shallow-marine present. part of the system to enter into tidal resonance because Model runs gave arrest in several trace metals in addit- the basin reached the optimal length-to-width configur- ion to iron and manganese. Comparison with observed ation. This resonant system overprinted any evidence of chemical changes between the regional aquifer and the allocyclic forcing and related traceable stratigraphic produced water, gave confidence to the conceptual surfaces. However, the contemporaneous and neigh- model. bouring Summerville Formation’s supratidal deposits, as well as the Moab Member’s coastal aeolian dune field, characterised by five stacked aeolian sequences, lingered to record allocyclic signals, as the Curtis Sea Crustal structure across the south- regressed. western Barents Sea: Implications This study shows that (i) a tide-dominated basin can enter into resonance as it reaches its optimal morpho- for Caledonian- and basin trends

logical configuration, leading to the overprinting of 1* 1 2 2 otherwise dominant allocyclic processes by autocyclic Aarseth, I. , Mjelde, R. , Breivik, A.J. , Minakov, A. , Eide, C.H.1, Faleide, J.I.2, Flueh, E.3 & Huismans, R.S.1 behaviour. (ii) It is therefore required to extend the research focus to neighbouring and contemporaneous 1 depositional systems in order to fully understand the Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway dynamic stratigraphic history of a basin alternatively 2 dominated by auto- and allocyclic processes. Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. box 1047, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo Norway 3 GEOMAR, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany * Corresponding author: [email protected], Tel.: In situ removal of iron and mangan- +47 45214608 ese, the Vyredox treatment system In the Barents Sea, structures of the Caledonian orogen at Elverum and the location of the Caledonian deformation front is poorly resolved and both NE-SW and N-S post-Cale- Aagaard, P.1, Sena, C.1, Sundal, A.1 & French, H.K.2 donian basin trends have been proposed. We present 1 results from a 630 km long reflection/refraction transect Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, across the southwestern Barents Sea, coincident with a [email protected] 2 multichannel seismic reflection profile. We use ray- Fakultet for miljøvitenskap og naturforvaltning, tracing based travel time modeling, combined with NMBU, [email protected] potential field modeling, to map the crustal structure. The modeling indicates crystalline crustal velocities The Grindalsmoen water works in Elverum, is based from 6.0 km/s to 7.0 km/s. Basement depth varies from upon an in situ treatment system (Vyredox) to remove 15 km in the Tromsø basin to less than 2 km across the dissolved iron and manganese. The first well with the Loppa High. Moho depth varies from 24 km in the Vyredox system was installed in 1987, and today there southwestern end to 36 km beneath the Loppa High. High crustal velocities beneath the Loppa High correlate NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2019 111 with high densities, indicating the presence of mafic Lateral velocity variations in the crystalline crust is rocks. Our model supports previous interpretations interpreted as a transition from Caledonian basement suggesting that the Laurentia-Baltica suture follows the domain in the west, to Timanian basement in the east, Ringvassøy-Loppa and the Bjørnøyrenna Fault Com- supporting the location of the Caledonian deformation plexes. No evidence of a Barentsia-Baltica suture can be front suggested from magnetic data. However, the mag- observed from our models. If this proposed NE-SW ori- netic anomalies correlate well with the lower-crustal ented Caledonian suture exists, it is located north of our high-velocity/density block under the Loppa High, profile. Comparing the outline of the Ottar Basin with a which suggests that upper-crustal basement structuring nearby refraction profile support a NE-SW post-Cale- may not have significantly affected the magnetic ano- donian basin trend. maly pattern. Structures in this anomaly may therefore not necessarily constrain early post-Caledonian basin formation in the upper crust.