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Projet ANR ASTER Rapport De Tâche 4 Potentialité De Stocks Géologiques De Terres Rares En Europe Et Au Groenland Rapport Final

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Projet ANR ASTER Rapport De Tâche 4 Potentialité De Stocks Géologiques De Terres Rares En Europe Et Au Groenland Rapport Final Projet ANR ASTER Rapport de Tâche 4 Potentialité de stocks géologiques de terres rares en Europe et au Groenland Rapport final BRGM/RP-64910-FR Juillet 2015 Projet ANR ASTER Rapport de Tâche 4 Potentialité de stocks géologiques de terres rares en Europe et au Groenland Rapport final BRGM/RP-64910-FR Juillet 2015 Étude réalisée dans le cadre du projet ANR-11- ECOT-002 J. Tuduri, N. Charles, D. Guyonnet, J. Melleton, O. Pourret, A. Rollat Le système de management de la qualité et de l’environnement est certifié par AFNOR selon les normes ISO 9001 et ISO 14001. Mots-clés : Terres Rares, Lithosphère, Europe continentale, Groenland, Stocks géologiques, Exploration minière. En bibliographie, ce rapport sera cité de la façon suivante : Tuduri J., Charles N., Guyonnet D., Melleton J., Pourret O., Rollat A.. (2015) – Projet ANR ASTER. Rapport de Tâche 4. Potentialité de stocks géologiques de terres rares en Europe et au Groenland. Rapport final. BRGM/RP-64910-FR, 119 p., 12 fig., 3 tabl., 4 ann. © BRGM, 2015, ce document ne peut être reproduit en totalité ou en partie sans l’autorisation expresse du BRGM. ASTER – Rapport de Tâche 4 – Potentialité de stocks géologiques de terres rares en Europe et au Groenland Synthèse e projet ASTER se place dans un contexte de risques de sécurité d’approvisionnement L de certaines terres rares, essentielles pour des écotechnologies énergétiques comme les lampes basse-consommation, les éoliennes, les batteries pour véhicules hybrides et électriques, etc. Il s’agît dans ASTER de réaliser une analyse des flux de matière (MFA) pour dresser une cartographie des flux et stocks de ces terres rares dans l’UE des 28. Parmi les caractères novateurs du projet on citera en particulier : - la prise en compte de stocks lithosphériques ; c’est-à-dire de potentialités géologiques, où le champ d’investigation a été élargi à l’Europe continentale afin d’inclure la totalité du bouclier scandinave, l’Ukraine et la Turquie, ainsi que le Groenland. Deux des principaux objectifs du projet sont : i. le développement de diagrammes dits « Sankey », qui permettent de visualiser graphiquement les flux / stocks des terres rares sélectionnées dans l’UE-28 et notamment de mieux identifier la provenance des flux de matière première amonts issus de la production minière ainsi que les potentialités de recyclage. Tandis que les tâches 3 et 6 ont été dédiées à la collecte des informations et à la réalisation de cette méthodologie ; ii. la tâche 4, objet du présent rapport, identifie les domaines géologiques à fort potentiel en gîtes de terres rares et apporte une évaluation des ressources en terres rares contenues dans le sous-sol européen. Les résultats sont présentés sous la forme de cartes gîtologiques et de graphiques permettant notamment : - d’identifier les domaines géologiques les plus fertiles ; - d’identifier le potentiel géologique en terres rares de l’EU-28 ; - d’évaluer les ressources en terres rares du sous-sol européen. L’objectif final du projet ASTER est d’avoir une vision plus réaliste de la « criticité » de certaines terres rares, et notamment les terres rares lourdes, pour l’UE-28. BRGM/RP-64910-FR – Rapport final 3 ASTER – Rapport de Tâche 4 – Potentialité de stocks géologiques de terres rares en Europe et au Groenland Sommaire 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.1. DÉFINITIONS ............................................................................................................. 9 1.2. LES TERRES RARES .............................................................................................. 10 2. Méthodologie .................................................................................................................. 15 2.1. LIMITES DU SYSTÈME ÉTUDIÉ .............................................................................. 15 2.2. SOURCE DES DONNÉES ........................................................................................ 15 2.3. DIFFICULTÉS RENCONTRÉES ............................................................................... 15 2.4. LIVRABLES .............................................................................................................. 16 3. Typologie des gisements de terres rares ..................................................................... 17 3.1. MINÉRALOGIE DES TERRES RARES .................................................................... 17 3.2. GÎTOLOGIE DES TERRES RARES ......................................................................... 19 3.2.1. Les gîtes primaires ou endogènes ................................................................... 20 3.2.2. Les gîtes secondaires ou exogènes ................................................................. 21 4. Caractérisation du potentiel géologique en terres rares de l’Europe et du Groenland ......................................................................................... 23 4.1. LES GÎTES DE TERRES RARES EN EUROPE ....................................................... 24 4.1.1. Les gîtes primaires ........................................................................................... 24 4.1.2. Les gîtes secondaires ...................................................................................... 29 4.2. LES GISEMENTS DE TERRES RARES AU GROENLAND ...................................... 30 4.2.1. Les gîtes primaires ........................................................................................... 30 4.2.2. Les gîtes secondaires ...................................................................................... 30 5. Compréhension des processus de minéralisation ...................................................... 31 5.1. GÉOCHIMIE DES TERRES RARES DANS LES EAUX DE SURFACE FRANÇAISE : UN APERÇU DU CYCLE EXTERNE À TRAVERS L’UTILISATION DES DONNÉES FOREGS ........................................................................................ 31 5.2. GENÈSE DES CONCENTRATIONS AUTHIGÉNIQUES À MONAZITES GRISES RICHES EN EUROPIUM DU MASSIF ARMORICAIN ............................................... 32 5.3. ORIGINE DES CONCENTRATIONS EN TERRES RARES DES BOUES OCÉANIQUES DU PACIFIQUE. ............................................................................... 33 5.4. LE GISEMENT DE TERRES RARES DE MOUNT WELD (AUSTRALIE OCCIDENTALE) : UN EXEMPLE DE GITE ISSU DE L’ALTÉRATION SUPERGÉNE D’UNE CARBONATITE ..................................................................... 33 BRGM/RP-64910-FR – Rapport final 5 ASTER – Rapport de Tâche 4 – Potentialité de stocks géologiques de terres rares en Europe et au Groenland 6. Conclusion - Évaluation du potentiel en terres rares du continent européen et du Groenland ............................................................................................................. 35 6.1. SYNTHÈSES ÉCONOMIQUES ................................................................................ 35 6.2. SYNTHÈSE GÉOLOGIQUE ...................................................................................... 37 7. Bibliographie .................................................................................................................. 39 Liste des illustrations Figure 1 - Les différentes terres rares replacées dans la classification périodique des éléments. ....10 Figure 2 - Économie des terres rares. (a) importations de terres rares dans UE-28 depuis la Chine entre 2001 et 2012 (données EUROSTAT). (b) Quotas d'exportation chinois d’oxydes de terres rares entre 2003 et 2013. En 2010, les exportations chinoises de terres rares ont été limitées à 30 259 tonnes d'oxydes de terres rares. Prix (fob) des (c) terres rares légères (La, Ce, Pr, Nd) et (d) de certaines terres rares lourdes (Eu, Tb, Dy, Y) entre Janvier 2000 and décembre 2014 (données metal-pages). ..............................................12 Figure 3 - Abondance naturelle des terres rares et d’autres éléments dans la croûte terrestre (ppm, d’après Rudnick et Gao, 2003). ...............................................................................13 Figure 4 - (a) Nombre de minéraux comportant un élément specifique, dont les terres rares, dans sa formule strucutrale (Higgins et Smith, 2010) (b) Profils de terres rares d’une sélection des principaux minéraux exploités ainsi que de l’eudialyte qui pourrait dans un futur proche devenir un nouveau minerai de terres rares. Ces données sont comparées à l’abondance moyenne des REE dans la croûte continentale supérieure (Castor, 2008 ; Wall et al., 2008 ; Schilling et al., 2011 ; Henderson, 1984 ; Chi et Tian, 2008 ; McDonough et Sun, 1995). (Pour le chimisme des phases, se reporter au Tableau 2) ................................................17 Figure 5 - Classification des gîtes et gisements de terres rares. Pour chacun des modèles distingués, un exemple de gîte ou gisement européen a été proposé. .............................20 Figure 6 - Caractéristiques des principaux modèles de gisements. En bleu, les gîtes de classe mondiale localisés en Europe ou au Groenland.T : tonnage, * la valeur de 8 % correspond au gisement de Mount Weld, le rapport HREO/LREO correspondant est de 0,3. ..........................................................................................................................20 Figure 7 - Distribution des différentes occurrences primaires (endogènes) et secondaires (exogènes) de terres rares en Europe et au Groenland. ...................................................24 Figure 8 - Distribution
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