DOCSLIB.ORG

New Media: Giving Young Africans a Voice

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Media: Giving Young Africans a Voice Formerly ‘Africa Recovery’ United Nations Department of Public Information Vol. 24 No. 1 April 2010 New media: giving young Africans a voice ‘Crisis in waiting’ on AIDS medicines Africa Media Online / Antony Kaminju Africa rejects coups, defends democracy PLUS Rights for Africa’s disabled United Nations Vol. 24 No. 1 April 2010 contentsFeatures Young Africans put technology to new uses . 3 Africa defends democratic rule. 10 A ‘crisis in waiting’ for AIDS patients . 16 Africa’s disabled will not be forgotten . 18 Also in this Issue MDGs: time to step up . .5 Africa’s displaced people: out of the shadows . .6 Even with peace, Liberia’s women struggle . .8 ‘Stability is based on democracy’ Reuters / Finbarr O’Reilly Interview.with.Said.Djinnit . .13 Africans extend solidarity to Haiti . .22 Departments Agenda. 23 Books. 23 Military coups and other unconstitutional seizures of power cannot be tolerated, argues the African Union. Watch. 24 Africa Renewal is published in English and French by the Strategic Communications Division Editor-in-Chief of the United Nations Department of Public Information. Its contents do not necessar- Masimba Tafirenyika ily reflect the views of the United Nations or the publication’s supporting organizations. Articles from this magazine may be freely reprinted, with attribution to the author and to Managing Editor Writers Ernest Harsch Michael Fleshman “United Nations Africa Renewal,” and a copy of the reproduced article would be appreciated. André-Michel Essoungou Copyrighted photos may not be reproduced. Research Production Correspondence should be addressed to: Marian Aggrey Chris van der Walt The Editor, Africa Renewal Room M-16031 Administration Distribution United Nations, NY 10017-2513, USA, Marlene Tremblay-Gervais Atar Markman Tel: (212) 963-6857, Fax: (212) 963-4556 e-mail: [email protected] Subscribe to Africa Renewal We have a new web address: Africa Renewal offers free subscriptions to individual readers. Please send your request to Circulation at the address above or by e-mail to <[email protected]>. Institutional www.un.org/AfricaRenewal subscriptions are available for thirty-five US dollars, payable by international money order or a cheque in US dollars drawn on a US bank, to the “United Nations” and sent to Follow us on Twitter: Circulation at the address above. www.twitter.com/africarenewal Africa Renewal is printed on recycled paper. Young Africans put technology to new uses Kenyan.software.a.tool.for.political.participation By.André-Michel Essoungou of the team used government sources, aid for increased political participation. Using t 11 p.m. on 2 January 2008, groups’ information and press reports to their cell phones, ordinary citizens helped back from Nairobi, Kenya, an verify events submitted to Ushahidi (“tes- counter rumours and what they perceived A exhausted Ory Okolloh — a to be official underestimations. They Johannesburg-based Kenyan law- were able to help record trends and yer in her thirties — posted the fol- patterns of violent incidents. lowing message on her blog: “For the reconciliation process to occur Democratizing information at the local level the truth of what In an e-mail to Africa Renewal, happened will first have to come David Hersman, one of Ushahidi’s out. Guys looking to do something co-founders, affirms that the “only — any techies out there willing to goal was to create a simple means do a mashup of where the violence for ordinary Kenyans to say what and destruction is occurring using was going on.” The idea, he adds, Google Maps?” was “to democratize information For most of the previous week, in what was a very closed media at post-election violence had flared up the time.” in Kenya, leaving scores of people Juliana Rotich, another Ushahidi dead. Ms. Okolloh herself had left co-founder, shares that view. Yet she the country in an evacuation. “The notes the limited impact the plat- trip to the airport was one of the scar- form had within Kenya at the time. iest moments in my life,” she wrote No communication campaign was on her blog. designed to help people learn about Live media broadcasts had been Panos / Fred Hoogervorst the platform. Those who used it were suspended and, among the large mostly people already connected to Kenyan diaspora around the world, the Internet regularly. “We were not many relied on bloggers like Ms. able to reach a critical mass of people Okolloh to follow what was hap- in the country, partly because we did pening in their country. “I was not get much local awareness,” Ms. updating my blog almost every five Rotich told Africa Renewal. “But at minutes,” she recalls. But she soon the same time, it did help since no realized that more information was Young Kenyans pioneered the use of cell phone calls and text one threatened to shut us down.” messaging to monitor political conflict, and their “Ushahidi” soft- needed and launched the appeal. A By allowing young Africans to ware is now used in different parts of the globe for humanitarian flurry of contributions by dozens relief, election monitoring and other purposes. contribute to ongoing discussions of compatriots followed. One per- and events, new technologies pro- son suggested a webpage listing vide them with unparalleled access casualties with details on where and how timony” in Swahili). to political debate. “In the African context, they had died. Another envisaged posting Ushahidi illustrates how young being able to voice one’s opinion freely is information on displaced persons in need Africans are using new technologies to not that easy, especially for young people,” of help. “It could help raise awareness,” enter the political arena. According to a comments Théophile Kouamouo, who has he explained. study by Harvard University scholars,* run IvoireBlog, a lively blogging platform Days later, after many other such post- Ushahidi has been the most comprehen- in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, since December ings, Ms. Okolloh, along with four young sive tool in gathering crisis-related infor- 2007. Having set up Abidjan Blog-camps, bloggers from Kenya, launched the web- mation in Kenya. The platform, the report site <www.ushahidi.com>, a communica- adds, performed better than mainstream * Patrick Meier and Kate Brodock, “Crisis Map- tion forum that allows anyone to report media by reporting more cases of violence ping Kenya’s Election Violence: Comparing cases of violence through text message, and covering a wider geographic area. Mainstream News, Citizen Journalism and e-mail or web submission, and to por- Although the website was intended Ushahidi.” (Boston: Harvard Humanitarian Ini- tray the information on an online map. mainly to get the word out about the crisis tiative, Harvard University, 2008). Web <http:// irevolution.wordpress.com/2008/10/23/map- In order to ensure reliability, one member in Kenya, it also functioned as a gateway ping-kenyas-election-violence>. April 2010 3 a training seminar in which bloggers from From Kenya to the world Revolutionary changes around the country regularly share views Since Ushahidi (which is also download- Long before this latest trend, Africans and experiences, Mr. Kouamouo believes able software) was designed to be used have been using new technologies for that African bloggers are walking in the by ordinary people, allowing users to various purposes with positive results, steps of independent media outlets that report an incident by filling in a very including in business, health care, dis- tance learning and banking (see Africa Renewal, January 2008 and April 2008). According to the latest African Eco- nomic Outlook report of the industrial- ized countries’ Organization for Eco- nomic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the increasing use of informa- tion and communication technologies (ICTs) in Africa is helping to sustain parts of the African economy during these times of economic turbulence. The recent use of such technologies in the political field is taking place amidst rev- olutionary technological changes across the continent. Africa’s mobile phone industry is growing at twice the global rate, according to the International Telecommunications Union. “The mobile phone, easy to carry laif/Redux / Christoph Goedan around, and whose infrastructure is cheaper to deploy, has led Africa’s revolution,” adds the OECD report. As major undersea cables are being laid off the east and west coasts of the continent, broadband Internet Non-governmental peace workers sharing information by cell phone to help monitor access is also expected to vastly improve, and prevent violence in the South African township of Soshanguve, near Pretoria. a fact that prompts some to predict an end to the “digital divide” — the gap between led the battle for free speech in the early simple form with a description of what those who have access to ICTs and those 1990s. “This is part of our efforts in build- happened and when it took place, it has who do not. ing a democratic society,” he explained to proven to be easily adaptable. The soft- Africa’s political bodies are striving to Africa Renewal. ware has been used to help rescue vic- catch up. In late January an African Union The similar site CongoBlog was tims in Haiti in the wake of a devastating (AU) summit took up the theme of ICT launched in the Democratic Republic of earthquake in January. It has also been links to development. Earlier, in 2007, the the Congo (DRC) by Cédric Kalonji, a used to monitor violence in the DRC, continental body adopted a science and young citizen journalist from Kinshasa. South Africa and Gaza. technology plan of action and asked the He too aims at providing better access to In addition, Ushahidi has helped people UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural the public sphere for young Congolese. to use cell phones and the Internet to track Organization (UNESCO) to help.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Protection of Civilians in African Peace Missions
    Protection of civilians in African peace missions The case of the African Union Mission in Sudan, Darfur Peter Kagwanja and Patrick Mutahi ISS Paper 139 • May 2007 Price: R15.00 Introduction by war. The legitimacy and viability of the proposed mission will largely depend on a comprehensive peace The war that broke out in the Western Sudan agreement between Chad and the rebels fighting the region of Darfur in February 2003 has thrown Deby government, as well as a tacit approval of the into the international spotlight the challenges of deployment by the governments of Chad and the protecting Darfur’s 4 million people now trapped Central African Republic, and probably political buy-in in the complex emergency. Four years on, a mix by the AU. With 18 missions across the globe, excluding of attacks by government forces, state-sponsored the proposed Darfur mission, analysts are pointing to militias, Darfur rebels, diseases and malnutrition have a serious problem of over-stretch confronting the killed an estimated 200 000 to 400 000 people, UN. Some member states are now calling on the while 2.5 million others have been forced to flee UN to consider seriously deepening peacekeeping their homes, either as internally displaced persons partnerships with regional organisations such as the (IDPs) in camps strewn across Darfur or AU by availing resources to enable them as refugees in Chad. The neighbouring to carry out the responsibility to protect Chad and the Central African Republic civilians in their region. have also become sucked into the The challenge depths of this regionalised conflict, of protecting In the meantime, insecurity in Darfur is which has metamorphosed into one of civilians in Darfur getting out of hand; forcing humanitarian Africa’s deadliest humanitarian crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Enhancing the Capacity of the African Union in Mediation
    Towards Enhancing the Capacity of the African Union in Mediation Towards Enhancing the Capacity of the African Union in Mediation Kruschen Govender| r apporteur with Yvette nGandu 1 MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF FINLAND Towards Enhancing the Capacity of the African Union in Mediation A report based on a seminar organised by the African Union (AU) Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 15 – 16 October 2009 MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF FINLAND ACCORD The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) is a non- governmental institute working throughout Africa to bring creative solutions to the challenges posed by conflict on the continent. ACCORD’s primary aim is to influence political developments by bringing conflict resolution, dialogue and institutional development to the forefront as an alternative to armed violence and protracted conflict. Acknowledgements A generous contribution by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland made the seminar organised by the African Union Commission (AUC) on 15 and 16 October 2009, and this report, possible. Additional support from the Swedish International Development Co- operation Agency (Sida) to ACCORD’s Knowledge Production Department (KPD) also assisted in the writing, editing and production of this report. The Rapporteurs Kruschen Govender is a freelance researcher working in collaboration with the Knowledge Production Department (KPD) at ACCORD. He holds an M.A. in Development Studies from the School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). Yvette Ngandu, who contributed to this report, is currently the Coordinator of the UN- AU-RECs cooperation project in mediation, and of the Secretariat of the Panel of the Wise, with the African Union Commission’s Peace and Security Directorate.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Update
    ML Strategies Update David Leiter, [email protected] ML Strategies, LLC Georgette Spanjich, [email protected] 701 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Sarah Mamula, [email protected] Washington, DC 20004 USA 202 296 3622 202 434 7400 fax FOLLOW US ON TWITTER: @MLStrategies www.mlstrategies.com SEPTEMBER 18, 2014 Africa Update Leading the News West Africa Ebola Outbreak On September 10th, the United Nations (U.N.) World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the number of Ebola cases in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) had doubled over the past week to total 62 cases. Thirty-five of the patients infected with Ebola have died, including seven health care workers. The Ebola outbreak in the DRC is separate from the worsening Ebola crisis in West Africa. All of the cases in the DRC are localized in Jeera country and can all be traced to one initial case that was reported on August 26th. The new statistics for the Ebola outbreak in the DRC were posted here. On September 11th, Liberian Finance Minister Amara Konneh held a press conference on the impacts of the Ebola outbreak in Liberia, warning that the country is at war with an enemy that it cannot see. Minister Konneh’s remarks echo those delivered last week by Liberian Defense Minister Brownie Samukai, who cautioned that the Ebola crisis poses a serious threat to Liberia’s national existence. Both ministers reported that the epidemic has disrupted the country’s ability to function normally and put further strains on Liberia’s already weak health care infrastructure. Excerpts from both press conferences were highlighted here.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Secretariat
    OPCW Technical Secretariat External Relations Division S/482/2005 17 March 2005 ENGLISH only NOTE BY THE TECHNICAL SECRETARIAT COMMUNIQUÉ BY SUDAN 1. The Permanent Representation of the Sudan to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, on behalf of the African Group, has requested the Technical Secretariat to bring to the attention of Member States the conclusions and recommendations of the Workshop on the Chemical Weapons Convention, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 20 to 22 April 2004. 2. The aforementioned conclusions and recommendations are annexed hereto. Annex: Conclusions and Recommendations of the Workshop on the Chemical Weapons Convention, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 20 to 22 April 2004 CS-2005-4287(E) distributed 17/03/2005 *CS-2005-4287.E* S/482/2005 Annex page 2 Annex Conclusions and Recommendations of the Workshop on the Chemical Weapons Convention Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 20 – 22 April 2004 1. To promote universal adherence to and full implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in the African Continent, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), in collaboration with the Government of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia and the Commission of the African Union, organised the above-mentioned Workshop, attended by the following countries and regional and international Organisations: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, France, Gambia, Ghana, Iran, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Zimbabwe, European Union Council Secretariat, League of Arab States, and UNHCR.
    [Show full text]
  • Saïd Djinnit
    Saïd Djinnit United Nations: Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for the Great Lakes Region (September 2014 to 31 March 2019) In this capacity, he led and coordinated the United Nations efforts in support of the implementation of the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the region (“Framework Agreement”), signed in February 2013 in Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia. Working in co-operation with the other Guarantors of the Framework Agreement, namely the AU, ICGLR and SADC, Said Djinnit supported and promoted regional efforts to curb the activities of the illegal armed groups and initiatives aimed at addressing the root causes of conflicts in eastern DRC and the region, including addressing the illicit exploitation and trade of natural resources, fighting impunity, promoting the role of women and strengthening the contribution of the private sector in peace efforts. Further to the decision of the leaders of the region in 2017, he facilitated, together with the AU Special Representative and in cooperation with the other Guarantors, the launch and work of the Follow-up Mechanism on the repatriation of disarmed combatants in eastern DRC, Rwanda and Uganda. He also supported dialogue processes in the region, including in Burundi and the DRC to create conditions for peaceful, democratic and credible elections. He promoted aligned regional and international approaches in support of peaceful solutions in these two countries. In Burundi, he initiated and facilitated the Inter-Burundi dialogue from April to June 2015. Ambassador Djinnit initiated and supported the reform of the governing mechanisms of the Framework Agreement, following which the annual Summits bringing together the leaders of the region were hosted by one of the signatory countries, resulting in greater regional ownership and commitment to implement the Framework Agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • Preventive Diplomacy: Regions in Focus
    Preventive Diplomacy: Regions in Focus DECEMBER 2011 INTERNATIONAL PEACE INSTITUTE Cover Photo: UN Secretary-General ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ban Ki-moon (left) is received by Guillaume Soro, Prime Minister of IPI owes a debt of thanks to its many donors, whose Côte d'Ivoire, at Yamoussoukro support makes publications like this one possible. In partic - airport. May 21, 2011. © UN ular, IPI would like to thank the governments of Finland, Photo/Basile Zoma. Norway, and Sweden for their generous contributions to The views expressed in this paper IPI's Coping with Crisis Program. Also, IPI would like to represent those of the authors and thank the Mediation Support Unit of the UN Department of not necessarily those of IPI. IPI Political Affairs for giving it the opportunity to contribute welcomes consideration of a wide range of perspectives in the pursuit to the process that led up to the Secretary-General's report of a well-informed debate on critical on preventive diplomacy. policies and issues in international affairs. IPI Publications Adam Lupel, Editor and Senior Fellow Marie O’Reilly, Publications Officer Suggested Citation: Francesco Mancini, ed., “Preventive Diplomacy: Regions in Focus,” New York: International Peace Institute, December 2011. © by International Peace Institute, 2011 All Rights Reserved www.ipinst.org CONTENTS Introduction . 1 Francesco Mancini Preventive Diplomacy in Africa: Adapting to New Realities . 4 Fabienne Hara Optimizing Preventive-Diplomacy Tools: A Latin American Perspective . 15 Sandra Borda Preventive Diplomacy in Southeast Asia: Redefining the ASEAN Way . 28 Jim Della-Giacoma Preventive Diplomacy on the Korean Peninsula: What Role for the United Nations? . 35 Leon V.
    [Show full text]
  • Consolidating Peace Liberia and Sierra Leone Consolidating Peace: Liberia and Sierra Leone Issue 23 Accord 23 Issue an International Review of Peace Initiatives
    Accord Logo using multiply on layers 23 issue issue Logo drawn as Issue editors seperate elements Accord with overlaps an international review of peace initiatives coloured seperately Elizabeth Drew and Alexander Ramsbotham 2012 Consolidating peace Liberia and Sierra Leone Consolidating peace: Consolidating peace: Liberia and Sierra Leone Liberia and Sierra issue issue 23 23 Accord issue an international review of peace initiatives Consolidating peace Liberia and sierra Leone March 2012 // Issue editors Elizabeth Drew and Alexander Ramsbotham Accord // Issue 23 // www.c-r.org Published by Conciliation Resources, to inform and strengthen peace processes worldwide by documenting and analysing the lessons of peacebuilding Published by Acknowledgements Conciliation Resources Conciliation Resources would like to give 173 Upper Street, London N1 1RG special thanks for editorial and project advice and assistance provided by Carolyn Norris and www.c-r.org Sofia Goinhas. Telephone +44 (0) 207 359 7728 In addition we extend grateful thanks to our Fax +44 (0) 207 359 4081 authors, peer reviewers, photographers and Email [email protected] all those who have contributed to the conception UK charity registration number 1055436 and production of this publication: Eldridge Adolfo, Harold Aidoo, Ecoma Alaga, Editors Natalie Ashworth, Conrad Bailey, Catherine Elizabeth Drew and Alexander Ramsbotham Barley, Abu Brima, Rachel Cooper, Lisa Denney, Executive Director Said Djinnit, Sam Gbaydee Doe, Rasheed Draman, Andy Carl Comfort Ero, Richard Fanthorpe, Lans
    [Show full text]
  • The AU and the Search for Peace and Reconciliation in Burundi and Comoros
    Th e AU and the search for Peace and Reconciliation in Burundi and Comoros The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre) is an independent mediation organisation dedicated to helping improve the global response to armed confl ict. It attempts to achieve this by mediating between warring parties and providing support to the broader mediation community. The HD Centre is driven by humanitarian values and its ultimate goal to reduce the consequences of violent confl ict, improve security, and contribute to the peaceful resolution of confl ict. It maintains a neutral stance towards the warring parties that it mediates between and, in order to maintain its impartiality it is funded by a variety of governments, private foundations and philanthropists. © Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2011 Reproduction of all or part of this publication may be authorised only with written consent and acknowledgement of the source. Front cover photography: © African Union, 78th PSC Meeting on Comoros, 9 June 2007 | © Lt. TMN Turyamumanya / Afrian Union, TFG Soldiers in Somalia queue for their fi rst organised payment exercise supervised by AMISOM troops in Mogadishu | © African Union, Water provision to neighbouring villagers in Mogadishu Th e AU and the search for Peace and Reconciliation in Burundi and Comoros Table of contents Part I Foreword 02 Acknowledgements 04 — Burundi case study Introduction 05 Part I: Burundi case study 09 Part II Executive summary 09 1.1 Context 10 case study — Comoros 1.2 OAU/AU intervention in the Burundi crisis 12 Part II: Comoros
    [Show full text]
  • Tracking Conflict Worldwide
    CRISISWATCH Tracking Conflict Worldwide CrisisWatch is our global conict tracker, a tool designed to help decision-makers prevent deadly violence by keeping them up-to-date with developments in over 70 conicts and crises, identifying trends and alerting them to risks of escalation and opportunities to advance peace. Learn more about CrisisWatch July 2021 Global Overview JULY 2021 Trends for Last Month July 2021 Outlook for This Month DETERIORATED SITUATIONS August 2021 Ethiopia, South Africa, Zambia, CONFLICT RISK ALERTS Afghanistan, Bosnia And Herzegovina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Ethiopia, Zambia, Armenia, Azerbaijan Cuba, Haiti, Syria, Tunisia RESOLUTION OPPORTUNITIES IMPROVED SITUATIONS None Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire CrisisWatch warns of three conict risks in August. Ethiopia’s spreading Tigray war is spiraling into a dangerous new phase, which will likely lead to more deadly violence and far greater instability countrywide. Fighting along the state border between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the deadliest since the Autumn 2020 war, could escalate further. More violence could surge in Zambia as tensions between ruling party and opposition supporters are running high ahead of the 12 August general elections. Our monthly conict tracker highlights deteriorations in thirteen countries in July. The Taliban continued its major offensive in Afghanistan, seizing more international border crossings and launching its rst assault on Kandahar city since 2001. South Africa faced its most violent unrest since apartheid ended in 1991, leaving over 300 dead. The killing of President Jovenel Moïse in murky circumstances plunged Haiti into political turmoil. Tunisia’s months-long political crisis escalated when President Kaïs Saïed dismissed Prime Minister Hichem Mechichi and suspended parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Provisional Seventy-Fourth Year
    United Nations S/ PV.8491 Security Council Provisional Seventy-fourth year 8491st meeting Tuesday, 26 March 2019, 3.30 p.m. New York President: Mr. Delattre .................................... (France) Members: Belgium ....................................... Mr. Pecsteen de Buytswerve China ......................................... Mr. Wu Haitao Côte d’Ivoire ................................... Mr. Moriko Dominican Republic .............................. Mr. Trullols Yabra Equatorial Guinea ............................... Mrs. Mele Colifa Germany ...................................... Mr. Schulz Indonesia. Mr. Syihab Kuwait ........................................ Mr. Almunayekh Peru .......................................... Mr. Meza-Cuadra Poland ........................................ Ms. Wronecka Russian Federation ............................... Mr. Polyanskiy South Africa ................................... Ms. McBride United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Mr. Hickey United States of America .......................... Mr. Cohen Agenda The situation in the Great Lakes region Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework for the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Region (S/2019/229) . This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only.
    [Show full text]
  • Algerian Prime Minister Letter
    Algerian Prime Minister Letter Novelettish Gabriel gutturalise sodomitically. Artefactual and riming Noble wafts her garner gigged or screws trim. Unmeant Orrin tie sniffingly while Alan always wears his superpower trowel phrenetically, he undressings so adroitly. ALGIERS Algeria AP Former Algerian Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal has. United states attach to algerian. Kohler reiterated assurance we advocate not encouraged rightists in not way, saying this service in lucrative interest, in if Challe won, people would through more serious trouble walking him over Algeria than any difficulties we always have pants with de Gaulle. If economic reform was brave and algerian prime minister letter. Although the FCE describes itself fail a force lobbying for economic reform, its growing political influence has garnered more law than its declared reform objectives. Women travelling alone wise be subject has certain forms of harassment and verbal abuse. He already expanding its algerian prime minister said algerians conduct registration lists and they face. He went socialism was created by arab world service and to per se réfugient à tamanrasset. Algeria and the EU European Parliament Europa EU. Bedoui is replacing Ahmed Ouyahia as prime minister. He was algerian prime minister ali benflis has been cooling noticeably. Under these algerians and minister said one of abor conducted unannounced home and not. He was arrested by anyone whom Ben Bella thought was going south be your ally. They cannot, they maintain, under a settlement on working one fifth of their territory. ALGIERS Algeria AP Algeria's prime minister says 2-year-old. Algerians who has first algerian prime minister.
    [Show full text]
  • Doctoral Dissertation Template
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE CHALLENGES OF THE AFRICAN UNION MISSION IN SUDAN: GROUNDED THEORY CASE STUDY 2004-2007 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF US SENIOR OFFICIALS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By JOSEPH Q. MARTINELLI Norman, Oklahoma 2017 CHALLENGES OF THE AFRICAN UNION MISSION IN SUDAN: GROUNDED THEORY CASE STUDY 2004-2007 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF US SENIOR OFFICIALS A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE COLLEGE BY ______________________________ Dr. Susan F. Sharp, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Trent E. Gabert ______________________________ Dr. Young Yun Kim ______________________________ Dr. Aimee Franklin ______________________________ Dr. Trina Hope © Copyright by JOSEPH Q. MARTINELLI 2017 All Rights Reserved. I wish to dedicate this dissertation to my family (Mom, Jimmy, Marie and Marlene). I am happy to acknowledge their influence on their son and little brother growing up in Petaluma, California. A special dedication in remembrance to my big brother Jimmy who passed away in August 2012 and to my loving mother, Aline L. Martinelli-Heath who passed away in July 2015—incredible losses in my life. Acknowledgements A warm thank you to Dr. Susan Sharp, the chair of this dissertation, for her continual support and enthusiasm for this dissertation. I wish to acknowledge and thank the dissertation committee members, Dr. Young Kim, Dr. Aimee Franklin, Dr. Trent Gabert and Dr. Trina Hope, all of whom were such a strong part of this dissertation. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Alex Kondonassis, who retired before this dissertation was completed. A special thanks to Dr.
    [Show full text]