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Seasonality and Human Mobility Along the Georgia Bight SEASONALITY AND HUMAN MOBILITY ALONG THE GEORGIA BIGHT ELIZABETH J. REITZ, IRVY R. QUITMYER, AND DAVID HURST THOMAS EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers, Number 97 Scientific Publications of the American Museum of Natural History American Museum Novitates Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History Publications Committee Robert S. Voss, Chair Board of Editors Jin Meng, Paleontology Lorenzo Prendini, Invertebrate Zoology Robert S. Voss, Vertebrate Zoology Peter M. Whiteley, Anthropology Managing Editor Mary Knight Submission procedures can be found at http://research.amnh.org/scipubs All issues of Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History are available on the web from http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace Order printed copies from http://www.amnhshop.com or via standard mail from American Museum of Natural History—Scientific Publications, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024 ∞ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper). 2012 SEASONALITY AND HUMAN MOBILITY ALONG THE GEORGIA BIGHT 1 SEASONALITY AND HUMAN MOBILITY ALONG THE GEORGIA BIGHT ELIZABETH J. REITZ, IRVY R. QUITMYER, AND DAVID HURST THOMAS EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY C. Fred T. Andrus, Sarah G. Bergh, Nicole R. Cannarozzi, Gwendolyn D. Carroll, Carol E. Colaninno, Brendan J. Culleton, Chester B. DEPratter, Kandace D. Hollenbach, Douglas S. Jones, Deborah Ann Keene, Douglas J. Kennett, Charles W. Lambert, J.W. Moak, Bruce M. Saul, C. Margaret Scarry, Gregory A. Waselkov, AND Elizabeth S. Wing Proceedings of the Fifth Caldwell Conference St. Catherines Island, Georgia May 14–16, 2010 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 97, 236 pages, 80 figures, 30 tables Issued March 6, 2012 Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2012 ISSN 0065-9452 2 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 97 2012 SEASONALITY AND HUMAN MOBILITY ALONG THE GEORGIA BIGHT 3 CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Participants in the Fifth Caldwell Conference ..................................................................................... 11 Preface. ELIZABETH J. REITZ, Irvy R. QUITMYER, AND David HURST THOMAS ......................................... 13 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 1. Seasonality and mobility on the Georgia Bight: why should we care? David HURST THOMAS ...................................................................................................................... 19 What’s the “Guale problem”? ......................................................................................................... 19 Conflicting views ........................................................................................................................ 19 Competing hypotheses and logical consequences ...................................................................... 20 Archaeology and the Guale problem .............................................................................................. 21 Developing multiscalar chronologies ............................................................................................. 23 The St. Catherines Island ceramic chronology: reading the hour hand....................................... 23 Radiocarbon dating: reading the minute hand ............................................................................ 23 Site seasonality: reading the second hand ................................................................................... 25 Seasonality and the Guale problem ............................................................................................ 27 But did the Jesuits get it wrong? .................................................................................................... 28 Some conclusions and implications ............................................................................................... 29 The St. Catherines Island research design .................................................................................. 31 Potential problems with proxy populations ................................................................................ 33 Chapter 2. A Bayesian chronological framework for determining site seasonality and contemporaneity. DOUGLAS J. KENNETT AND BRENDAN J. Culleton ......................................... 37 Bayesian essentials ......................................................................................................................... 37 Building site chronologies .............................................................................................................. 38 Trimming confidence intervals ....................................................................................................... 39 Toward building a Bayesian model for the McQueen Shell Ring .................................................. 41 A note on precision 14C and seasonality studies ............................................................................. 43 Contemporaneity and Archaic period shell rings ........................................................................... 44 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 3. Interpreting seasonality from modern and archaeological fishes on the Georgia Coast. ELIZABETH J. REITZ, BRUCE M. SAUL, J.W. MOAK, Gwendolyn D. CARROLL, AND CHARLES W. Lambert ....................................................................... 51 Estuaries and fishes ........................................................................................................................ 52 Background premises ..................................................................................................................... 56 Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 56 Caveats ........................................................................................................................................... 61 Results ............................................................................................................................................ 64 Modern South Beach and Cumberland Sound data .................................................................... 64 Archaeological data .................................................................................................................... 71 Comparison ................................................................................................................................. 71 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 77 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 81 Chapter 4. Evaluating δ18O profiles of hardhead catfish and Atlantic croaker otoliths as a method of determining seasonal use of fishes. CAROL E. COLANINNO ...................................... 83 Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 84 18 δ Ootolith fractionation factors and estuarine environments ............................................................ 86 3 4 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 97 δ18O of modern otoliths .................................................................................................................. 89 δ18O of archaeological otoliths ....................................................................................................... 91 The Cannon’s Point Ring ............................................................................................................ 92 The West Shell Ring ................................................................................................................... 92 The McQueen Shell Ring ........................................................................................................... 92 The St. Catherines Shell Ring ..................................................................................................... 92 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 92 18 δ Ootolith, estuarine environments, and archaeological implications .............................................. 92 18 Modern δ Ootolith: problems and areas of future research ........................................................... 92 Archaeological implications ....................................................................................................... 97 Summary and conclusions .............................................................................................................. 98 Appendix 4.1. Modern otoliths sampled for isotopic analysis ....................................................... 99 Appendix 4.2. Archaeological otoliths sampled for isotopic
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