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Middle and Late Woodland Life at Old House Creek, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

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Middle and Late Woodland Life at Old House Creek, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina MIDDLE AND LATE WOODLAND LIFE AT OLD HOUSE CREEK, HILTON HEAD ISLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA CHICORA FOUNDATION RESEARCH SERIES 42 MIDDLE AND LATE WOODLAND LIFE AT OLD HOUSE CREEK, HILTON HEAD ISLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA Research Series 42 Michael Trinkley and Natalie Adams Contributors: Cheryl Claassen Arthur Cohen David Lawrence Jack H. Wilson, J r. Melissa M. Trushel Chicora Foundation, Inc. PO Box 8664 • 861 Arbutus Drive Columbia, South Carolina 29202 8031787-6910 June 1994 ISSN 0882-2041 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Trinkley, Michael. Middle and late woodland life at Old House Creek, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina / Michael Trinkley and Natalie Adams ; contributors, Cheryl Claassen ... [et al.]. p. em. -- (Research series, ISSN 0882-2042 ; 42) "June 1994." Includes bibliographical references. 1. Old House Creek Site (S.C.) 2. Woodland culture -- South Carolina--Hilton Head Island. 3. Woodland pottery -- South Carolina­ -Hilton Head Island. 4. Fish remains (Archaeology)-- South Carolina- -Hilton Head Island. 5. Hilton Head Island (S.C.)--Antiquities. I. Adams, Natalie, 1963- . II. Title. III. Series: Research series (Chicora Foundation) ; 42. E99.W84T78 1994 975.7 ' 99--dc20 94-48717 CIP The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences - Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. 00 I don't pretend to understand the Universe -- it's a great deal bigger than I am.... People ought to be modester. -- Thomas Carlyle 11 ABSTRACT This study reports on the archaeological to evaluate how local environmental changes might data recovery excavations undertaken at the have affected the subsistence quest. Middle and Late Woodland Period Deptford and St. Catherine's phase shell midden 38BU861 on In addition to these relatively site specific Hilton Head Island in Beaufort County, South questions, the investigations at the Old House Carolina. The site was previously determined Creek site were also intended to test a small array eligible for inclusion on the National Register by of methodological and data gathering issues, the S.C. State Historic Preservation Office and this including the use of auger testing and probing at work was sponsored by Old House Creek Associ­ close intervals to define individual middens, the ates, Inc. and the Habit Corporation, Inc. who ability to distinguish individual middens using anticipate developing the property for single family topographic mapping at quarter foot intervals, and housing. the ability to distinguish midden and associated activity areas using computer density mapping. The site, originally identified by Chicora Also explored was the ability of water screening Foundation's reconnaissance level survey for the the midden soils through Va-inch mesh to improve Town of Hilton Head Island in 1987, extends from data collection techniques. An attempt was made the study tract eastward an unknown distance. to identify a wide range of seasonal indicators These investigations, therefore, have explored only which included very fine screening for recovery of a small part of the total site area. In spite of this, the oyster ectoparasite Boonea impressa. The research has been undertaken on a wide range of research also experimented with different methods significant topics, including settlement, subsistence, of collecting pollen to maximize data return. ceramic typology, and the ecological reconstruction of the site. Ultimately the goal of Chicora Founda­ tion's research at 38BU861 is to generate inform­ Settlement issues included an examination ation which helps us better understand the lifeways of the individual middens, their relationship to one of its occupants. The wide range of methods and another, and their formation process. A goal of the analytical techniques have assisted in meeting this research was to explore the shell middens as goal. But just as importantly, the investigations at features of the total village or settlement layout. A 38BU861 are seen as offering guidance on future second goal was to estimate the period of site shell midden research in South Carolina and formation, using multiple radiocarbon dates. Georgia. Subsistence issues included a reconstruction of the prehistoric foodways, with detailed examinations of faunal, floral, and shellfish remains. One goal of this research was to determine the season of occupation, since this may provide significant information concerning site function. Ceramic typology studies concentrated on an analysis of the paste or fabric of the St. Catherines pottery, as well as a detailed examination of the cordage impressions. A goal of the research was to determine if differences in pottery surface treat­ ment might be found between individual middens. Ecological reconstruction of the site involved both pollen and subsistence studies, since the goal was iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures vi List of Tables vii Acknowledgements viii Introduction Background Goals 4 Curation 5 Natural Setting 6 Physiography 6 Geology, Soils, and Sea Level 7 Climate 10 Floristics 11 Subsistence Resources 13 Land Use History 16 Overview of the Middle and Late Woodland 18 Previous Research in the Vicinity 18 Prehistoric Synopsis 24 Research Strategy and Methods 27 Proposed Research Questions 27 Intrasite Patterning Midden Research Artifact Research Ecofact Research Proposed and Implemented Methodology 30 Site Specific Methodology Additional Methodologies 33 Laboratory Methods and Analysis 34 On the Nature of Analysis The Excavations 39 Site Areas 39 Augur Testing Excavation and Midden Areas The Middens Features 49 Artifacts 54 Pottery 54 Deptford St. Catherines Comparing the Wares of Specific Middens Lithics 62 Introduction Hafted Bifaces Other Bifaces Lithic Debitage Soapstone Horizontal Patterning of Lithics Conclusions Other Tools 67 X-Ray Fluorescence Study of A St. Catherines Pottery Sample 68 Introduction 68 Procedure 68 Data Analysis 69 Conclusion 73 iv Faunal Material .. Michael Trinkley and Jack Wilson, Jr. 75 Introduction 75 Analytical Techniques 75 Identified Fauna 76 Wild Mammals Pisces Analysis and Interpretation of the Faunal Remains 78 Comparison of the Old House Creek Faunal 78 Assemblage with other Faunal Collections Summary 79 Ethnobotanical Remains 81 Introduction 81 Procedures and Results 82 Discussion 83 Pollen Studies .. Arthur Cohen 86 Submidden Samples 86 Feature 1 Feature 3 Midden Samples 87 Unit 21, SW Quad Unit 21, NE Quad Unit 21, SW Corner Conclusions 88 Oyster Shells . David Lawrence 89 Introduction 89 The Shellfish 89 Unit 1, Feature 3 Unit 1, Shell Pocket Above Feature 3 Unit 1, SE Quadrant Unit 1, NE Corner Column, Bag 1 Unit 1, NE Corner Column, Bag 2 Seasonality by Odostome Growth Analysis 91 Summary of Interpretations 92 Clam Shells .. Cheryl Claassen 93 Other Shellfish 98 Atlantic Ribbed Mussel 98 Stout Tagelus 98 Common Cockle 99 Periwinkle 99 Knobbed Whelk 99 Blue Crabs 99 Shellfish Identified at Old House Creek 99 Summary 102 Radiocarbon Dating . Beta Analytic and Michael Trinkley 104 Sample Preparation 104 Calibration of Radiocarbon Dating Results 104 Sample Proveniences and Results 105 Feature 2 Feature 3 Midden 3 Feature 6 Midden 1 Summary 107 Summary and Conclusions 111 Proposed Research Questions 111 Intrasite Patterning 113 Midden Research 114 Artifact Research 116 Ecofact Research 118 The Future of Shell Midden Archaeology 119 Sources Cited 122 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure I. Location of Old House Creek on Hilton Head Island 2 2. Test excavations conducted at Old House Creek 3 3. Auger testing during the testing phase 4 4. Hilton Head Island and Old House Creek 6 5. Old House Creek site 8 6. 1977 aerial photograph of the study tract 9 7. Sea level change curve for South Carolina 10 8. Oyster grown on muddy bottom 15 9. 1873 map of site area 16 10. 1950 map of site area 16 II. Profiles of Middle Woodland pits from 38BU67 19 12. Deptford phase structure at 38BU464 20 13. Late Archaic and Woodland period shell midden site types 21 14. St. Catherines and Savannah pottery 25 15. Beads and bone pins from a St. Catherines burial mound 26 16. Soil effects on oyster shell surface detail 31 17. Comparison of cord space and cord diameter from Kings Bay, Georgia 35 18. Stylized core cross-sections 37 19. Direction of cordage twists 37 20. Plan view of Old House Creek 40 2l. Shell distribution at Old House Creek 41 22. Artifact distribution at Old House Creek 41 23. Plan and profile views of Midden 1 42 24. Plan and profile views of Midden 2 43 25. Plan and profile views of Midden 3 45 26. Midden 5 plan and profile drawings 46 27. Units 10 and 29 with the St. Catherines post hole pattern 47 28. Clustering of shell midden dimensions 48 29. Clustering of Beaufort County shell midden dimensions 50 30. Profiles of features at Old House Creek 51 3l. Features 1 and 2, before excavation 52 32. Feature 3, south half excavated 52 33. Deptford and St. Catherines pottery 56 34. Spatial distribution of lithics around Midden 6 65 35. Lithics recovered from Old House Creek 65 36. Plot of iron and calcium 70 37. Plot of potassium and iron 70 38. Plot of aluminum and iron 71 39. Plot of aluminum and silicon 71 40. Plot of chromium and manganese 72 4l. Plot of potassium and magnesium 72 42. Plot of potassium and titanium 73 43. Pollen graph for Feature 3 87 vi 44. Pollen graph for Unit 21, SW comer 88 45. Typical cross-section of clam shell 95 46. Shellfish found in midden excavations and features 100 47. Chart illustrating 19 radiocarbon dates for Deptford and St. Catherines phase sites 109 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Shell midden content and density 44 2. Midden sizes at Old House Creek 47 3. Middle and Late Woodland middens in Beaufort County 49 4. Shell content of features 53 5. Deptford and St. Catherines cordage 61 6. Deptford and St. Catherines pottery in Middens 1-3 62 7.
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