DOCSLIB.ORG

Opening Activity ☤Latin Root Word: Myco - Fungus Kingdom Fungi Fungi Are Their Own Kingdom

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Opening Activity ☤Latin Root Word: Myco - Fungus Kingdom Fungi Fungi Are Their Own Kingdom Opening Activity ☤Latin Root Word: myco - fungus Kingdom Fungi Fungi are their own kingdom I. Basic Characteristics/Terminology: Mycology: study of fungi Eukaryotic; BOTH unicellular OR multicellular Range in size from microscopic yeast to LARGEST organism in the world (Armillaria) Dimorphism: ability of fungus to change forms during life cycle (ex. Histoplasma capsulatum) Basic Characteristics “Common” Examples: 1. Molds: tangled masses of filaments of cells; grow on foods like breads and oranges. 2. Yeasts: unicellular organisms; colonies resemble bacteria; make breads rise. II. Basic Structures: Chitin: substance in cell walls; distinguishes fungi from plants (cell walls of cellulose) Hyphae: filaments of fungi Mycelium: mat of hyphae visible to unaided eye Septa: cross sections that divide hyphae in some fungi Coenocytic: hyphae without septa in fungi SEE FIGURE 28-1 (p. 543) ***Bread Mold*** Fungi as Saprobes and Decomposers III. Feeding in Fungi: Nonphotosynthetic “Multicellular Heterotrophs”- Most Saprophytic Secrete digestive enzymes as hyphae grow and encounter new organic matter. Unlike other organisms, digest nutrients BEFORE ingesting them!!! ~85 billion tons of carbon as CO2 are returned to the atmosphere annually Plant pathogens destroy ~3 billion dollars of crops annually in N. America Fungi in History-Salem Witch Trials In 1692 several women in Salem, MA were accused of witchcraft and hung Evidence suggests their “strange behavior” may have been due to poisoning by the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea, a pathogen of rye This fungus produces toxins (alkaloids) that cause vasoconstriction. It is the source of LSD Can lead to cutting off of the blood supply and loss of limbs due to gangrene setting in Heterotrophic by Absorption Fungi get carbon from organic sources Hyphal tips release enzymes Enzymatic breakdown of substrate Products diffuse back into hyphae Nucleus hangs back and “directs” Product diffuses back into hypha and is used Hyphal growth Hyphae grow from their tips Mycelium = extensive, feeding web of hyphae Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi This wall is rigid Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches Reproduce by spores Spores are reproductive cells Sexual (meiotic in origin) Asexual (mitotic in origin) Formed: Directly on hyphae Inside sporangia Fruiting bodies Penicillium hyphae with conidia Pilobolus sporangia Amanita fruiting body IV. Asexual Reproduction: pg 544 Asexual Reproduction: Produce and release thousands of genetically identical haploid spores. Types of Asexual Spores/Reproduction: 1. Sporangiospores: made inside sporangium of sporangiophores; Ex. Rhizopus (bread fungus) 2. Conidia: spores formed without protection of enclosing sac; Ex. Penicillium 1. Fragmentation: cells from septate hypha dry and shatter to act as spores; Ex. Athlete’s foot 1. Budding: part of cell “pinches” off to produce small offspring cells; Ex. Yeast Hyphal growth from spore germinating spore mycelium Mycelia have a huge surface area V. Sexual Reproduction: 1. Occur in “plus” and “minus” mating pairs (NOT male and female) 2. Hyphae fuse in opposites of same species 3. Exchange genetic material 4. Specialized structures form that produce and scatter genetically diverse spores=Fruiting Body VI. Evolution in Fungi: Believed to have arose, like other eukaryotes, by endosymbiosis. Probably colonized dry land at about same time as early plants. ALL THREE modern phyla of fungi are believed to have evolved by about 300 mya. Lab Observation: Bread Mold Fungus (Rhizopus stolonifer) What is the biggest organism ever? Apatosaurus? Blue whale? Coast redwood? None of the above – it’s a fungus “honey mushroom” Armillaria can cover more than 2,200 acres (1,600 football fields) Opening Activity 6.2 The filaments of fungi are known as… Latin Root Word: Rhiza - root Part 2: “Fungi and Humans” Section 28-3 (pp. 550-552) Functional Biology of Fungi Parasites Chestnut blight Ringworm Functional Biology of Fungi Toxin producers Aflatoxin Functional Biology of Fungi Biotic control agents The first antibiotic used by humans Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth Functional Biology of Fungi Biotic control agents Used against termites, rice weevils, etc. Functional Biology of Fungi Interesting example… of fungal cowboys unlucky nematode Some soil fungi snare nematode worms in hyphal nooses and then digest them fungal hypha Functional Biology of Fungi Interesting example… of fungi & conservation The golden toad became extinct within the past 20 years, owing to anthropogenic environmental deterioration, which also facilitated pathogenic chytrid fungi HUMAN-FUNGUS INTERACTIONS Beneficial Effects of Fungi Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling. Biosynthetic factories. Can be used to produce drugs, antibiotics, alcohol, acids, food (e.g., fermented products, mushrooms). Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies. Harmful Effects of Fungi Destruction of food, lumber, paper, and cloth. Animal and human diseases, including allergies. Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms and within food (e.g., grain, cheese, etc.). XIII. Fungi and Human Disease: Mold Spores- cause mild allergies. Fungal Skin Infections: athletes foot, ringworm Other Fungal Illnesses: 1. Respiratory Illness: caused by H. capsulatum, P. brasiliensis, C. immitis, B. dermatittidis. 2. Liver destruction: caused by Amanita mushrooms 3. Liver Cancer: caused by aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus. Found in contaminated peanuts and corn. XIV. Fungi in Industry: Penicillium- used in penicillin. Cephalosporium-used in cephalosporin antibiotics. Rhizopus- used in cortisone. S. cerevisiae- yeast used to develop Hepatitis B vaccine. Yeast also used to produce ethanol. XV. Fungi and Food Industries: Produce citric acids (used in soft drinks and candies) Produces gluconic acid (fed to chickens to harden eggshells). Rhizopus Aspergillus Penicillium Opening Activity: write on 7.1 and then turn to 6.3 Most fungi are a. saprophytic b. Heterotrophic c. autotrophic d. Both a. & b. Latin Root Word: Sapro- decay Part 3: “Fungi Classification” Section 28-2 (pp. 546-549) VII. Fungi Classification: Approx. 100,000 species 3 Phyla Traditionally classified by structure and form of sexual reproduction. Fungal Life Cycles Reproduction Asexual – default mode under stable conditions; spores are produced Fungal Life Cycles Key Haploid (1n) spores Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic are produced by PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) mitosis Diploid (2n) Spores are geneticallyKARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures identical to original SEXUAL Zygote REPRODUCTION Spores mycelium ASEXUAL Mycelium REPRODUCTION Spores disperse and MEIOSIS GERMINATION germinate to GERMINATION produce Spore-producingnew structures Spores myceliun See Fig. 31.5 Fungal Form and Function Reproduction Asexual – default mode under stable conditions; spores are produced Sexual – usually only under stressful conditions; spores are produced; many mating types possible (essentially like having many different sexes or genders) Sexual reproduction in fungi + fusion of compatible hyphae – (plasmogamy) hyphae (n) fused hyphae (n + n) dispersal of spores + zygote (2n) fusion of nuclei + (karyogamy) – – sexual spores (n) meiosis of zygotes (2n) “zygote-like” structures Sexual reproduction in fungi Haploid spores may disperse long distances away from the fruiting body XI. Phylum Basidiomycota: 15,000 known species “club” fungi Includes Mushrooms, puff balls, and shelf fungi Reproduce using dikaryotic structures called basidia. See Figure 28-5 (p. 547) Opening Activity: 7.2 The three fungi are distinguished based on their structure and form of Latin Root Word: Zygon - yoke Opening Activity Sexual reproduction VIII. Phylum Zygomycota: Sexual Reproduction: sporangia Asexual Reproduction: common (sporangia: bags of asexual spores) Found in rich soils Coenocytic hyphae (no cross-sections) Rhizoids: hyphae that anchor mold to surface (rhiza- Greek for “root”). Stolons: hyphae grow across surface. X. Phylum Ascomycota: Sexual reprodcution: asci/ascus 75% of ALL fungi “Sac” Fungi- includes baker’s yeast, morels, and truffles. Reproduction: 1. Fruting body of fungi above ground = ascocarp. 2. Reproductive structure in ascocarp = asci. 3. Ascospores develop and are released. A cluster of asci with spores inside XI. Special Types of Fungi: 1. Deuteromycota: “fungi imperfecti;” fungi without a sexual stage; most now classified in phylum Ascomycota. 2. Mycorrhiza: symbiotic association b/t fungi and plant roots; provides phosphate to plant roots and receives sugar from photosynthesis of plants; many classified in phyla Zygomycota and Basidiomycota. Mycorrhizae Critical role in plant growth extends water absorption of roots without! with! mycorrhizae mycorrhizae Endomycorrhiza Ectomycorrhiza Lichens: : symbiotic relationship b/t fungi and cyanobacteria or green algae; relationship decomposes rocks and helps produce soil; most classified in phylum Ascomycota. Write on 7.3 next to yesterday’s opening activity, will also need week 6.1 _________ allow fungus to reproduce and are usually released to be carried by the wind. Latin Root Word: ultra - above XII. Types of Lichens: Crustose: grow on rocks and trees. Fruticose: shrub-like Foliose: grow on soil surfaces. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reproduction in Plants Which But, She Has Never Seen the Seeds We Shall Learn in This Chapter
    Reproduction in 12 Plants o produce its kind is a reproduction, new plants are obtained characteristic of all living from seeds. Torganisms. You have already learnt this in Class VI. The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction. But, how do Paheli thought that new plants reproduce? There are different plants always grow from seeds. modes of reproduction in plants which But, she has never seen the seeds we shall learn in this chapter. of sugarcane, potato and rose. She wants to know how these plants 12.1 MODES OF REPRODUCTION reproduce. In Class VI you learnt about different parts of a flowering plant. Try to list the various parts of a plant and write the Asexual reproduction functions of each. Most plants have In asexual reproduction new plants are roots, stems and leaves. These are called obtained without production of seeds. the vegetative parts of a plant. After a certain period of growth, most plants Vegetative propagation bear flowers. You may have seen the It is a type of asexual reproduction in mango trees flowering in spring. It is which new plants are produced from these flowers that give rise to juicy roots, stems, leaves and buds. Since mango fruit we enjoy in summer. We eat reproduction is through the vegetative the fruits and usually discard the seeds. parts of the plant, it is known as Seeds germinate and form new plants. vegetative propagation. So, what is the function of flowers in plants? Flowers perform the function of Activity 12.1 reproduction in plants. Flowers are the Cut a branch of rose or champa with a reproductive parts.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Mycology
    INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY The term "mycology" is derived from Greek word "mykes" meaning mushroom. Therefore mycology is the study of fungi. The ability of fungi to invade plant and animal tissue was observed in early 19th century but the first documented animal infection by any fungus was made by Bassi, who in 1835 studied the muscardine disease of silkworm and proved the that the infection was caused by a fungus Beauveria bassiana. In 1910 Raymond Sabouraud published his book Les Teignes, which was a comprehensive study of dermatophytic fungi. He is also regarded as father of medical mycology. Importance of fungi: Fungi inhabit almost every niche in the environment and humans are exposed to these organisms in various fields of life. Beneficial Effects of Fungi: 1. Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling. 2. Biosynthetic factories. The fermentation property is used for the industrial production of alcohols, fats, citric, oxalic and gluconic acids. 3. Important sources of antibiotics, such as Penicillin. 4. Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies. Eg: Neurospora crassa 5. Saccharomyces cerviciae is extensively used in recombinant DNA technology, which includes the Hepatitis B Vaccine. 6. Some fungi are edible (mushrooms). 7. Yeasts provide nutritional supplements such as vitamins and cofactors. 8. Penicillium is used to flavour Roquefort and Camembert cheeses. 9. Ergot produced by Claviceps purpurea contains medically important alkaloids that help in inducing uterine contractions, controlling bleeding and treating migraine. 10. Fungi (Leptolegnia caudate and Aphanomyces laevis) are used to trap mosquito larvae in paddy fields and thus help in malaria control. Harmful Effects of Fungi: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Basidiomycete Mycelia in Forest Soils: Dimensions, Dynamics and Roles in Nutrient Distribution
    Mycol. Res. 109 (1): 7–20 (January 2005). f The British Mycological Society 7 DOI: 10.1017/S0953756204001753 Printed in the United Kingdom. Review Basidiomycete mycelia in forest soils: dimensions, dynamics and roles in nutrient distribution John W. G. CAIRNEY Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Parramatta Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 1797, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Received 15 July 2004; accepted 3 October 2004. Basidiomycete mycelia are ubiquitous in forest soils where they fulfil a range of key ecological functions. Population studies, based largely on basidiome collections, indicate that mycelia of many ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic basidiomycetes can spread vegetatively for considerable distances through soil, but the extent to which these become physically or physiologically fragmented is unclear. This review considers aspects of the distribution, dynamics and translocatory activities of individual basidiomycete mycelia in forest soil, highlighting current gaps in our understanding and possible ways to address these. INTRODUCTION in soil have been constrained by a lack of suitable techniques for discrimination between them, but some On the basis of basidiome collections, it is evident that progress is now being made. A useful method for esti- forest soils in a broad range of habitats house diverse mating ECM mycelial biomass in forest soils has, for communities of basidiomycetes (e.g. Schmit, Murphy example, recently been developed (Wallander et al. & Mueller 1999, de la Luz Fierros, Navarrete-Heredia 2001). This involves burying mesh bags containing & Guzma´n-Davalos 2000, Ferris, Peace & Newton sand in forest plots and comparing mycelial biomass in 2000, Packham et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypha and Its Characteristics
    Clinical Microbiology: Open Access Commentary Hypha and its Characteristics Giusina Caggiano* Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy DESCRIPTION growing tip, dividing the hypha into individual cells. Hyphae can branch by the bifurcation of a growing tip or by the emergence A fungus or actinobacterium's hypha is a long, branching of a new tip from an existing hypha. The behaviour of hypha can filamentous structure. Hyphae are the primary mode of be described as follows: environmental stimuli, such as the vegetative growth and are referred to collectively as a mycelium. application of an electric field, can control the direction of A hypha is made up of one or more cells that are surrounded by hyphal growth. Hyphae can detect reproductive units from afar a tubular cell wall. Most fungi divide their hyphae into cells via and grow towards them. To penetrate a permeable surface, internal cross-walls known as "septa". Septa are typically hyphae can weave through it. Hyphae can be modified in a perforated by pores large enough to allow ribosomes, variety of ways to perform specific functions. Some parasitic mitochondria, and occasionally nuclei to pass between cells. In fungi develop haustoria that aid in absorption within host cells. contrast to plants and oomycetes, which have cellulosic cell walls, Arbuscules of mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi perform a similar the major structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically function in nutrient exchange and are therefore important in chitin. Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, which mean that their assisting plant nutrient and water absorption. In lichens, hyphae hyphae are not divided by septa.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproduction in Fungi: Genetical and Physiological Aspects by CHARLES G
    J. Genet., Vol. 73, Number 1, April 1994, pp. 55-56. (~) Printed in India. BOOK REVIEW Reproduction in Fungi: Genetical and Physiological Aspects By CHARLES G. ELLIOTT; Chapman & Hall, London, 1994; 310 pages; s 35.00 It is now ahnost one hundred years since Klebs (1986)laid the foundation of a scientific approach to the study of reproduction in fungi. Since then an extensive literature has accumulated on reproduction in fungi. To present this information ill terms of principles and concepts and to highlight the immediate problems for study is a daunting task. C. G. Elliott has made a commendable attempt in presenting an overview of the genetical and physiological aspects of fungal reproduction. Fungi are remarkable for producing many kinds of reproductive structures in many ways. They produce spores both asexually and sexually. A single fungus produces a single kind of sexual spore: oospores in phycomycetes, ascospores in ascmnycetes and basidiospores in basidiomycetes. The underlying genetical and physiological mechanisms in the formation of spores are complex and we are only beginning to discern them. The introductory chapter examines the advantages of both asexual and sexual reproduction and the persistence of sex in the face of the apparent advantage of asexual reproduction. The reader is reminded that sexual reproduction in fungi not only serves to generate variability, but also provides a means of repairing damaged DNA. Moreover, it can give rise to propagules resistant to unfavourable environmental conditions. In the chapters that follow, one learns that superimposed on the basic event of nuclear fusion are a variety of regulating medhanisms, the effects of which are to determine a successful mating.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Infections Due to the Dimorphic Fungi
    6 Infections Due to the Dimorphic Fungi T.S. HARRISON l and S.M. LEVITZ l CONTENTS VII. Infections Caused by Penicillium marneffei .. 142 A. Mycology ............................. 142 I. Introduction ........................... 125 B. Epidemiology and Ecology .............. 142 II. Coccidioidomycosis ..................... 125 C. Clinical Manifestations .................. 142 A. Mycology ............................. 126 D. Diagnosis ............................. 143 B. Epidemiology and Ecology .............. 126 E. Treatment ............................. 143 C. Clinical Manifestations .................. 127 VIII. Conclusions ........................... 143 1. Primary Coccidioidomycosis ........... 127 References ............................ 144 2. Disseminated Disease ................ 128 3. Coccidioidomycosis in HIV Infection ... 128 D. Diagnosis ............................. 128 E. Therapy and Prevention ................. 129 III. Histoplasmosis ......................... 130 I. Introduction A. Mycology ............................. 130 B. Epidemiology and Ecology .............. 131 C. Clinical Manifestations .................. 131 1. Primary and Thoracic Disease ......... 131 The thermally dimorphic fungi grow as molds in 2. Disseminated Disease ................ 132 the natural environment or in the laboratory at 3. Histoplasmosis in HIV Infection ....... 133 25-30 DC, and as yeasts or spherules in tissue or D. Diagnosis ............................. 133 when incubated on enriched media at 37 DC. E. Treatment ............................
    [Show full text]
  • Hyphal Tip Growth: Outstanding Questions
    Bartnicki-Garcia HYPHAL TIP GROWTH: OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS Salomón Bartnicki-García Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, México and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California. I. GENERAL 2 II. KEY STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES IN TIP GROWTH 2 A. THE CENTRAL QUESTION - POLARIZED SECRETION.....................................................................................2 B. THE SPITZENKÖRPER .................................................................................................................................3 1. Organizer of vesicle traffic ..................................................................................................................3 2. The Spitzenkörper as a Vesicle supply Center (VSC) .............................................................................4 3. Spitzenkörper Trajectory ......................................................................................................................6 4. Growth Pulses and Satellite Spitzenkörper............................................................................................6 5. Spitzenkörper origin.............................................................................................................................7 6. Questions.............................................................................................................................................7 C. THE CYTOSKELETON .................................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • THE Fungus FILES 31 REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT
    Reproduction and Development SPORES AND SO MUCH MORE! At any given time, the air we breathe is filled with the spores of many different types of fungi. They form a large proportion of the “flecks” that are seen when direct sunlight shines into a room. They are also remarkably small; 1800 spores could fit lined up on a piece of thread 1 cm long. Fungi typically release extremely high numbers of spores at a time as most of them will not germinate due to landing on unfavourable habitats, being eaten by invertebrates, or simply crowded out by intense competition. A mid-sized gilled mushroom will release up to 20 billion spores over 4-6 days at a rate of 100 million spores per hour. One specimen of the common bracket fungus (Ganoderma applanatum) can produce 350 000 spores per second which means 30 billion spores a day and 4500 billion in one season. Giant puffballs can release a number of spores that number into the trillions. Spores are dispersed via wind, rain, water currents, insects, birds and animals and by people on clothing. Spores contain little or no food so it is essential they land on a viable food source. They can also remain dormant for up to 20 years waiting for an opportune moment to germinate. WHAT ABOUT LIGHT? Though fungi do not need light for food production, fruiting bodies generally grow toward a source of light. Light levels can affect the release of spores; some fungi release spores in the absence of light whereas others (such as the spore throwing Pilobolus) release during the presence of light.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare Parthenogenic Reproduction in a Common Reef Coral, Porites Astreoides Alicia A
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NSU Works Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations HCNSO Student Work 1-26-2018 Rare Parthenogenic Reproduction in a Common Reef Coral, Porites astreoides Alicia A. Vollmer [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Alicia A. Vollmer. 2018. Rare Parthenogenic Reproduction in a Common Reef Coral, Porites astreoides. Master's thesis. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, . (464) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/464. This Thesis is brought to you by the HCNSO Student Work at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thesis of Alicia A. Vollmer Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science M.S. Marine Biology M.S. Coastal Zone Management Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography January 2018 Approved: Thesis Committee Major Professor: Nicole Fogarty Committee Member: Joana Figueiredo Committee Member: Xaymara Serrano This thesis is available at NSUWorks: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/464 HALMOS COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND OCEANOGRAPHY RARE PARTHENOGENIC REPRODUCTION IN A COMMON REEF CORAL, PORITES ASTREOIDES By Alicia A. Vollmer Submitted to the Faculty of Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a specialty in: Marine Biology and Coastal Zone Management Nova Southeastern University January 26, 2018 Thesis of Alicia A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lifecycle of a Mushroom
    WEB TUTORIAL 21.1 The Lifecycle of a Mushroom Text Sections Section 21.3 Reproduction in Fungi, p. 354 Introduction Mushrooms have an unusual life cycle. After spores are released from mature fruit- ing bodies, they germinate to form hyphae. Collectively, the hyphae make up a branching web, called a mycelium. Hyphae derived from the spores of two differ- ent mating types then fuse to become one cell with two distinct nuclei. Thus begins a phase of life that is unique to fungi: the dikaryotic phase, in which cells in a fun- gal mycelium have two nuclei. This tutorial illustrates the relationships among these phases in the life cycle of a mushroom. Learning Objectives • Know the structures involved in each stage of a mushroom’s life cycle. • Understand why the life cycle of fungi is unique in the tree of life. Narration The Life Cycle of a Mushroom A mushroom is a member of a group of fungi called the Basidiomycota. Let's con- sider its life cycle, beginning with the spores that are produced by the mature fruit- ing body. A spore germinates, dividing by mitosis to produce a filament called a hypha. The hypha grows and branches to produce a filamentous network called a mycelium. The mycelium has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, which allows the fungus to absorb nutrients efficiently. If the hyphae of different mating types meet, they are attracted to each other and fuse, forming a cell with two nuclei. This is an unusual condition for a cell; in the normal case, one cell has one nucleus.
    [Show full text]
  • Introductory Mycology BI 432/532 Lecture 2: Overview of Fungi
    Introductory Mycology BI 432/532 Lecture 2: Overview of Fungi " Fungi are:! •# Microbes (mostly)! •# Eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by absorption and reproduce by spores. " "Extracellular enzymes act on complex substrates, low molecular weight breakdown products are absorbed through the fungal cell wall." " "Fungi live in their food." Nutrition" •# Heterotrophs (chemoheterotrophs)! •# Aerobes, facultative anaerobes (except Neocallimastix)" •# Absorptive nutrition" •# Secrete extracellular enzymes that act on complex substrates " •# Saprobes: decay dead organic matter" •# Parasites: biotroph, necrotroph " " Reproduce by spores! Reproduction, dissemination or survival structures" " A differentiated structure that may be specialized for dissemination, a resistant structure produced in response to adverse conditions, and/or produced during or as a result of a sexual or asexual reproductive process." " Spores may be one-celled or multicelled, colorless or pigmented (brown)" Fungal spores" Spores of some true fungi (chytrids), and fungus- like taxa (Oomycetes) are motile zoospores" Chytrid zoospores" have a single" posteriorly directed" flagellum" " Oomycetes" fungus-like organisms more closely related to plants than to true fungi" Oomycete zoospores have two flagella," one anteriorly directed and one posteriorly" directed" Spores of “higher fungi”—zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes— are non-motile" Spores of fungi may result from sexual (meiotic division) or asexual (mitotic division) processes" Major groups of
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Date:______Use Page Numbers! Assignment #______Block #____ WORD DEFINITION
    Name:_________________________ Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Date:_________________________ Use Page Numbers! Assignment #_________ Block #____ WORD DEFINITION 1. Cell Cycle The life cycle of a cell Pg 92 2. The structures that DNA is organized into Chromosomes Pg 92 Cellular reproduction in prokaryotic cells. Means “Splitting into two 3. Binary Fission parts” Pg 92 Each chromosome of a pair of similar chromosome 4. Homologous Chromosomes Pg 93 The two copies of the chromosome once it is duplicated 5. Chromatids Pg 93 Where the chromatids are connected 6. Centromere Pg 93 7. Mitosis The complicated process of separating duplicated chromosomes Pg 93 8. Cytokinesis The process where the cytoplasm splits in two Pg 95 WORD DEFINITION 9. Budding A type of asexual reproduction, where a piece of the parents body Pg 612 develops into an independent organism 10. A type of asexual reproduction, where the organism breaks into two or Regeneration more parts, each growing into a new organism that is genetically identical (fragmentation) to the parent Pg 612 The production of offspring by combining the genetic material of more 11. Sexual than one parent reproduction Pg 613 A single parent has offspring that are identical to itself 12. Asexual reproduction Pg 613 The male sex cell 13. Sperm Pg 613 The female sex cell 14. Egg Pg 613 The new type of cell that is made when an egg’s nucleus fuses with a 15. Zygote sperm’s nucleus Pg 613 16. Spores Small reproductive cells that are protected by a thick cell wall Pg 256 WORD DEFINITION 17. Sex Cells Specialized cells that combine to form a zygote, they have half the normal Pg 114 number of chromosomes, one of each pair.
    [Show full text]