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Clinical : Open Access Commentary

Hypha and its Characteristics

Giusina Caggiano* Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

DESCRIPTION growing tip, dividing the hypha into individual cells. Hyphae can branch by the bifurcation of a growing tip or by the emergence A or actinobacterium's hypha is a long, branching of a new tip from an existing hypha. The behaviour of hypha can filamentous structure. Hyphae are the primary mode of be described as follows: environmental stimuli, such as the vegetative growth and are referred to collectively as a . application of an electric field, can control the direction of A hypha is made up of one or more cells that are surrounded by hyphal growth. Hyphae can detect reproductive units from afar a tubular wall. Most fungi divide their hyphae into cells via and grow towards them. To penetrate a permeable surface, internal cross-walls known as "septa". Septa are typically hyphae can weave through it. Hyphae can be modified in a perforated by pores large enough to allow , variety of ways to perform specific functions. Some parasitic mitochondria, and occasionally nuclei to pass between cells. In fungi develop haustoria that aid in absorption within host cells. contrast to and , which have cellulosic cell walls, Arbuscules of mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi perform a similar the major structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically function in nutrient exchange and are therefore important in . Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, which mean that their assisting nutrient and water absorption. In , hyphae hyphae are not divided by septa. Hyphae develop at their tips. envelop the gonidia and form a large part of their structure. Cell walls are extended during tip growth by the external Hyphae in nematode-trapping fungi can be transformed into assembly and polymerization of components, as well as trapping structures such as constricting rings and adhesive nets. the internal production of new cell membrane. The To transport nutrients over longer distances, mycelial cords can Spitzenkörper is a fungal hyphal structure that serves as the be formed. Fungal tissues, cords, and membranes, such as those organising centre for hyphal growth and morphogenesis. It is found in and lichens, are primarily made up of made up of many small vesicles and is found in growing hyphal felted and frequently anastomosed hyphae. Hypha classification tips, , and branch formation. It is made up of is based on cell division. Septate, Aseptate or coenocytic and a clump of membrane-bound vesicles containing cell wall Pseudohyphae. Pseudohyphae differ from true hyphae in their components. The spitzenkörper is a fungi endomembrane growth mode, relative frailty, and lack of cytoplasmic connection system that holds and releases vesicles from the . between cells. The characteristics of hyphae can be useful in These vesicles travel to the cell membrane via the classifying fungal species. The hyphae that make up the fruiting and exocytose their contents outside the cell, where they can be body are classified as generative, skeletal, or binding hyphae in transported to where they are needed. Vesicle membranes basidiomycete taxonomy.summarize progress of SARS-CoV-2 its contribute to cell membrane growth, while their contents form structure, prevention and treatment. new cell walls. As a hypha grows, septa may form behind the

Correspondence to: Giusina Caggiano, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy, E-mail: [email protected] Received: June 7, 2021; Accepted: June 22, 2021; Published: June 29, 2021 Citation: Caggiano G (2021) Hypha and its Characteristics. Clin Microbiol. 10:206 Copyright: © 2021 Caggiano G. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Clin Microbiol, Vol.10 Iss.6 No:1000206 1