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Irak: Ninewa Provins – Sikkerhetssituasjonen Per Oktober 2018

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Irak: Ninewa Provins – Sikkerhetssituasjonen Per Oktober 2018 Temanotat Irak: Ninewa provins – sikkerhetssituasjonen per oktober 2018 Temanotat Irak: Ninewa provins – sikkerhetssituasjonen per oktober 2018 LANDINFO – 5. NOVEMBER 2018 1 © Landinfo 2018 Materialet i denne publikasjonen er omfattet av åndsverklovens bestemmelser. Uten særskilt avtale med Landinfo er enhver eksemplarfremstilling og tilgjengeliggjøring bare tillatt i den utstrekning det er hjemlet i lov. Alle henvendelser om Landinfos rapporter kan rettes til: Landinfo Utlendingsforvaltningens fagenhet for landinformasjon Storgata 33 A Postboks 8108 Dep N-0032 Oslo Tel: 23 30 94 70 E-post: [email protected] www.landinfo.no Temanotat Irak: Ninewa provins – sikkerhetssituasjonen per oktober 2018 LANDINFO – 5. NOVEMBER 2018 2 Om Landinfos temanotater Utlendingsforvaltningens fagenhet for landinformasjon (Landinfo) innhenter og analyserer informasjon om samfunnsforhold og menneskerettigheter i land som Utlendingsdirektoratet (UDI), Utlendingsnemnda (UNE) og Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet har behov for kunnskap om. Landinfos temanotater er basert på opplysninger fra nøye utvalgte kilder. Opplysningene er behandlet i henhold til anerkjente kvalitetskriterier for landinformasjon og Landinfos retningslinjer for kilde- og informasjonsanalyse. Temanotatene bygger på både skriftlig og muntlig kildemateriale. En del av informasjonen som formidles, er innhentet gjennom samtaler med kilder på informasjonsinnhentingsreiser. Landinfo tilstreber bredde i kildetilfanget, og så langt mulig er det innhentet informasjon fra kilder som arbeider uavhengig av hverandre. Alt benyttet kildemateriale er fortløpende referert i temanotatene. Hensyn til enkelte kilders ønske om anonymitet er ivaretatt. Notatene gir ikke et uttømmende bilde av temaene som undersøkes, men belyser problemstillinger som er relevante for UDIs og UNEs behandling av utlendingssaker. Landinfo er en faglig uavhengig enhet, og informasjonen som presenteres, kan ikke tas til inntekt for et bestemt syn på hva praksis bør være i utlendingsforvaltningens behandling av søknader. Landinfos temanotater gir heller ikke uttrykk for norske myndigheters syn på de forhold og land som omtales. About Landinfo’s reports The Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo, is an independent body within the Norwegian Immigration Authorities. Landinfo provides country of origin information (COI) to the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (Utlendingsdirektoratet – UDI), the Immigration Appeals Board (Utlendingsnemnda – UNE) and the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Reports produced by Landinfo are based on information from carefully selected sources. The information is collected and analysed in accordance with common methodology for processing COI and Landinfo’s internal guidelines on source and information analysis. To ensure balanced reports, efforts are made to obtain information from a wide range of sources. Many of our reports draw on findings and interviews conducted on fact-finding missions. All sources used are referenced. Sources hesitant to provide information to be cited in a public report have retained anonymity. The reports do not provide exhaustive overviews of topics or themes, but cover aspects relevant for the processing of asylum and residency cases. Country of Origin Information presented in Landinfo’s reports does not contain policy recommendations nor does it reflect official Norwegian views. Temanotat Irak: Ninewa provins – sikkerhetssituasjonen per oktober 2018 LANDINFO – 5. NOVEMBER 2018 3 SUMMARY The Iraqi security forces (ISF) have together with the Popular Mobilisation Units (PMU) managed to establish a certain degree of security in the once violence ridden province of Ninewa. The ISF and PMUs have shared responsibilities for securing the province. ISIS does not control any territory in Ninewa, and the group has not been very active in the province in 2018. This situation might be changing, as we have seen increased insurgent activity during the past couple of months. The most obvious targets of ISIS’ violence are police officers and other local authorities, although revenge attacks against clans that have opposed ISIS also occur. The security actors (ISF and PMUs) are accused of abuses against Sunni Muslim Arabs, including their families, who are suspected ISIS affiliates. The most prominent conflicts in Ninewa follow ethnic and sectarian lines. This may lead to violence, but so far, it rather seems to have caused more segregation in villages and towns compared to before 2014. Groups belonging to another ethnic or sectarian group than the majority in a given place are reluctant to return to the place they left when ISIS took control. Sinjar and Tal Afar are especially prone to ethnic and sectarian tensions, but this is also an issue in the Ninewa plains. SAMMENDRAG Fra å ha vært en av Iraks aller mest voldsutsatte provinser, fremstår Ninewa i dag som et område der irakiske sikkerhetsstyrker og Popular Mobilisation Units (PMU) sammen har klart å opprette en viss ro og orden. ISF og PMU-ene har fordelt ansvaret for sikkerheten mellom seg. ISIS har ikke lenger territoriell kontroll i Ninewa, og gruppen har hatt lite aktivitet i provinsen i 2018. Dette bildet kan være i ferd med å endre seg, da man de par siste månedene har sett økt aktivitet. Politi og andre lokale myndighetsrepresentanter er de mest åpenbare målene for denne gruppen, men hevnangrep mot klaner som har motarbeidet dem, forekommer også. Sikkerhetsaktørene (ISF og PMU) anklages for overgrep mot sunnimuslimske arabere som mistenkes å ha vært en del av ISIS. Deres familier er også utsatt. Den mest fremtredende konfliktlinjen i Ninewa går langs etniske og sekteriske skillelinjer. Dette kan gi seg utslag i voldshendelser, men så langt later det til at dette først og fremst har ledet til at landsbyer og byer har blitt mer homogene enn før. Grupper som tilhører en annen etnisk eller sekterisk gruppe enn majoriteten på et sted, vegrer seg for å returnere til hjemstedet de en gang flyktet fra da ISIS overtok makten. Sinjar og Tal Afar er spesielt utsatt for spenninger mellom etniske og sekteriske grupper, men dette gir seg også utslag på Ninewa-sletta. Temanotat Irak: Ninewa provins – sikkerhetssituasjonen per oktober 2018 LANDINFO – 5. NOVEMBER 2018 4 INNHOLD 1. Innledning ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Kilder ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Utfordringer ved informasjonstilfanget .................................................................. 7 2. Bakgrunn: befolkning og nyere konflikthistorie ............................................. 7 3. Det generelle sikkerhetsbildet i provinsen per oktober 2018 ......................... 9 3.1 Reduksjon i voldsnivået, men fortsatt noe ISIS-aktivitet ....................................... 9 3.2 Gjenværende udetonerte eksplosiver i ruinene ....................................................... 9 3.3 Hindre for retur av internt fordrevne .................................................................... 10 4. Antall konfliktrelaterte hendelser og sivile tap ............................................. 10 4.1 Nedgang i antall konfliktrelaterte hendelser ......................................................... 10 4.2 Sivile ofre i perioden juni-oktober 2018 ............................................................... 12 5. Hvem blir angrepet og utsatt for overgrep? .................................................. 13 6. Maktforhold og tilstedeværelse i Ninewa ....................................................... 15 6.1 ISF – Hæren og andre sikkerhetsaktører underlagt myndighetene ....................... 15 6.2 Militser innenfor PMU / hashd al-shabi og hashd al-Asha’iri .............................. 15 6.3 Kurdisk-støttede militser ...................................................................................... 16 6.4 Militser uten tilknytning til PMU eller KRG ........................................................ 16 6.5 ISIS ....................................................................................................................... 17 7. Situsjonen i de ulike områdene ....................................................................... 17 7.1 Ninewa-sletta – minoriteter er sårbare overfor lokale PMU-er ............................ 18 7.2 Sinjar – fortsatt mange yezider som ikke tør returnere ......................................... 19 7.3 Mosul – vestsiden av byen er fortsatt ustabil........................................................ 20 7.4 Tal Afar – vedvarende sekterisk konflikt ............................................................. 21 7.5 Qayyara ................................................................................................................. 22 8. Avsluttende kommentarer ............................................................................... 22 9. Referanser ......................................................................................................... 24 Vedlegg 1 ................................................................................................................... 28 Vedlegg 2 ................................................................................................................... 28 Vedlegg 3 ................................................................................................................... 29 Temanotat Irak: Ninewa provins – sikkerhetssituasjonen
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